1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,120 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:14,120 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:18,000 Speaker 1: I am Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. We 4 00:00:18,079 --> 00:00:24,080 Speaker 1: are due for another six impossible episodes. Always it delights. Yeah, 5 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:26,360 Speaker 1: I'm glad people enjoy these because they are pretty fun 6 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:29,720 Speaker 1: to pull together in a lot of ways. Today we 7 00:00:29,760 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 1: are going to to dive into six topics that listeners 8 00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:36,880 Speaker 1: have asked us for. But they're so so so similar 9 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:39,880 Speaker 1: to other people and events that are already an archive 10 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:42,760 Speaker 1: and relatively recent passed that if we did a whole 11 00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:45,559 Speaker 1: show on them, a lot of folks would probably be 12 00:00:45,640 --> 00:00:50,760 Speaker 1: listening like, wait, didn't I hear this one already? Didn't 13 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:53,760 Speaker 1: you all do this before? Also, a couple of the 14 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:56,360 Speaker 1: things that we are going to talk about are really 15 00:00:56,680 --> 00:01:01,040 Speaker 1: similar to some of the most tragic, violent, and deeply 16 00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:04,640 Speaker 1: upsetting episodes we have ever done. And I mean that 17 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:06,920 Speaker 1: as both the heads up and why we're kind of 18 00:01:06,959 --> 00:01:09,720 Speaker 1: reluctant to dive into some of these in a at 19 00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:12,560 Speaker 1: a deeper level. I don't know about you, Holly, I 20 00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 1: definitely don't shy away from difficult and sometimes painful topics. 21 00:01:17,800 --> 00:01:19,920 Speaker 1: But if I'm going to do that. I don't want 22 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:24,560 Speaker 1: it to feel like a rerun, yeah, especially if they're 23 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:30,120 Speaker 1: really really similar. Uh. Yeah, Like we we have done 24 00:01:30,120 --> 00:01:32,480 Speaker 1: plenty of episodes that have really made our hearts hurt, 25 00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:36,479 Speaker 1: But I don't want to do an episode that makes 26 00:01:36,480 --> 00:01:41,280 Speaker 1: everyone's heart hurt and sounds exactly like something's indistinguishable from 27 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:48,680 Speaker 1: previous with just like names and dates changed. So uh, 28 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: today we have six of those that are very similar. Uh. 29 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:56,000 Speaker 1: And the first one is the Donora smog So. Donora, Pennsylvania, 30 00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:59,280 Speaker 1: is located in a horseshoe shaped bend in the mononga 31 00:01:59,320 --> 00:02:02,200 Speaker 1: Halo River, in which some people, depending on where they live, 32 00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:05,960 Speaker 1: might say manonga HeLa. Uh. This bend in the river 33 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:09,640 Speaker 1: is also framed by hills, creating a very fertile river valley. 34 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:13,240 Speaker 1: People settling there during the late colonial period made their 35 00:02:13,240 --> 00:02:17,120 Speaker 1: living farming grain in its rich soil. By the turn 36 00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:21,200 Speaker 1: of the twentieth century, though, industry started to move into Donora. 37 00:02:21,919 --> 00:02:25,120 Speaker 1: Union Steel built a rod mill that would later become 38 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:29,040 Speaker 1: the American Steel and Wire Works. The Carnegie Steel Company 39 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:32,840 Speaker 1: also built a number of industrial furnaces furnaces, including open 40 00:02:32,880 --> 00:02:37,160 Speaker 1: hearth furnaces there. In nineteen o. Two More steel mills followed, 41 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:41,040 Speaker 1: and a zinc works with open smelting furnaces opened there 42 00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:46,359 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventeen. By eight the heavily industrial town of 43 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:50,360 Speaker 1: Donora had a population of about fourteen thousand people, and 44 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:52,600 Speaker 1: some of them had begun to complain about the area's 45 00:02:52,600 --> 00:02:56,680 Speaker 1: extreme pollution. The river was reported to be too toxic 46 00:02:56,720 --> 00:02:59,639 Speaker 1: for fish to survive in it, and people described the 47 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:05,080 Speaker 1: air as eating paint off their houses. Obvious contributors were 48 00:03:05,120 --> 00:03:08,480 Speaker 1: all of these smelting operations in their open furnaces, but 49 00:03:08,560 --> 00:03:11,960 Speaker 1: also contributing were the coal burning trains and steamboats that 50 00:03:12,040 --> 00:03:15,520 Speaker 1: carried people in supplies in and out of the area. 51 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:21,440 Speaker 1: In late October, an incredibly dense fog settled over to Nora. 52 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:24,760 Speaker 1: It was way heavier and thicker than the locals had 53 00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:29,359 Speaker 1: ever experienced before. People started uh, noting that the air 54 00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:32,440 Speaker 1: was burning their eyes and throats, but they mostly shrugged 55 00:03:32,440 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: it off at first, since the air in Denira was 56 00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:38,520 Speaker 1: typically quite bad. But this fog was way beyond what 57 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:41,320 Speaker 1: was normal for De Noora, and it stayed for five days, 58 00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:46,000 Speaker 1: peaking on October thirty feet. In that span of time, 59 00:03:46,280 --> 00:03:50,680 Speaker 1: nineteen people died. Two of the victims had tuberculosis, and 60 00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:54,559 Speaker 1: the other seventeen all either had heart disease or asthma, 61 00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 1: and all of them were over the age of fifty two. 62 00:03:57,840 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: In that same period, about five hundred people in Donora 63 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:04,960 Speaker 1: reported symptoms of serious respiratory distress, and many many more 64 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 1: became ill. By some estimates, it was half of the 65 00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:11,880 Speaker 1: town that was sick. People started trying to evacuate, although 66 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:16,480 Speaker 1: the dense fog made driving incredibly treacherous. The zinc works 67 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:18,960 Speaker 1: closed down due to the emergency on the thirty one, 68 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:22,120 Speaker 1: and then that evening rain started to clear the air. 69 00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:26,799 Speaker 1: This disaster brought immediate national attention to the problems residents 70 00:04:26,839 --> 00:04:31,440 Speaker 1: had already been complaining about. Local resident Lois Bainbridge, among others, 71 00:04:31,480 --> 00:04:35,279 Speaker 1: began writing to legislators trying to get Donora's industries to 72 00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:38,279 Speaker 1: either close up shop or just cut down on their pollution. 73 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:41,240 Speaker 1: In a letter to the governor, she wrote quote, I 74 00:04:41,279 --> 00:04:43,960 Speaker 1: would not want men to lose their jobs, but your 75 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:48,680 Speaker 1: life is more precious than your job. An investigation by 76 00:04:48,680 --> 00:04:51,600 Speaker 1: the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene found that the air was 77 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:56,839 Speaker 1: contaminated with sulfur dioxide, soluble sulfur compounds and floorides and 78 00:04:56,880 --> 00:04:59,920 Speaker 1: The theory was that the hills surrounding the valley trapped 79 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:03,839 Speaker 1: this incredibly dense pea soup fog, and the fog itself 80 00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:06,600 Speaker 1: kept all of these pollutants very near to the ground 81 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:10,279 Speaker 1: where people were breathing them in. It's incredibly similar to 82 00:05:10,320 --> 00:05:13,359 Speaker 1: the Great London Smog of nineteen fifty two, even down 83 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:16,200 Speaker 1: to some of the same pollutants. We talked about that 84 00:05:16,279 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: event on July two, and another similarity between the two 85 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:25,000 Speaker 1: events is the response in Britain Parliament past the Clean 86 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:29,240 Speaker 1: Air Act in nineteen fifty six. In ninety nine, Pennsylvania 87 00:05:29,400 --> 00:05:33,680 Speaker 1: established the Division of Air Pollution Control to examine the problem. 88 00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:37,640 Speaker 1: A Clean Streams law followed in nineteen sixty five, along 89 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:42,320 Speaker 1: with clean air regulations in nineteen sixty six. Federal regulations, 90 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:45,720 Speaker 1: including the Clean Air Act, followed the Donora disaster as well. 91 00:05:46,960 --> 00:05:49,320 Speaker 1: To move on to our next case of history kind 92 00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: of repeating itself. On January sixteen, we talked about the 93 00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:58,360 Speaker 1: Honey War, which was a relatively absurd border dispute between 94 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:00,880 Speaker 1: Missouri and Iowa that took place in the eighteen thirties. 95 00:06:01,240 --> 00:06:05,520 Speaker 1: The point of contention boiled down to a badly surveyed 96 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:08,320 Speaker 1: boundary line, which created a narrow strip of land that 97 00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:12,880 Speaker 1: both Missouri and Iowa claimed was theirs. A similar conflict 98 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:16,039 Speaker 1: played out between Ohio and Michigan in eighteen thirty five 99 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:20,400 Speaker 1: and eighteen thirty six. Like the Honey Wars inaccurate boundary line, 100 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:23,640 Speaker 1: the heart of this dispute was an inaccurate map that 101 00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:27,440 Speaker 1: long predated the actual conflict and only really became a 102 00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:31,880 Speaker 1: problem when a territory applied for statehood. Back when the 103 00:06:31,960 --> 00:06:35,680 Speaker 1: US government enacted the Northwest Ordinance in seventeen eighty seven, 104 00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:38,480 Speaker 1: it had used a map known as the Mitchell Map 105 00:06:38,560 --> 00:06:41,440 Speaker 1: to draw the boundaries of quote not less than three 106 00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:45,480 Speaker 1: nor more than five states. The Northwest Ordinance went on 107 00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 1: to say, quote if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, 108 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:53,080 Speaker 1: they shall have authority to form one or two states 109 00:06:53,160 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: in that part of the said territory which lies north 110 00:06:57,279 --> 00:07:01,000 Speaker 1: of an east and west line drawn through the southerly 111 00:07:01,040 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. Eventually, this line that 112 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:08,720 Speaker 1: was drawn off the southerly bend or extreme of Lake 113 00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:12,040 Speaker 1: Michigan would be the border between Ohio to the south 114 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: and Michigan to the north. However, the southerly bend or 115 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:21,280 Speaker 1: extreme of Lake Michigan, was in reality farther south than 116 00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:24,480 Speaker 1: shown on the Mitchell mamp which folks realized in eighteen 117 00:07:24,480 --> 00:07:27,480 Speaker 1: oh three, the same year that Ohio became a state. 118 00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:31,960 Speaker 1: When that happened, Ohio just adjusted the description of its 119 00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:35,600 Speaker 1: northern border. Instead of a straight east west line, the 120 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:38,720 Speaker 1: line ran from the actual southern tip of Lake Michigan 121 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: northeast to Mommy Bay. Things were basically fine until Michigan 122 00:07:43,240 --> 00:07:46,160 Speaker 1: applied for statehood about thirty years later, and when it did, 123 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:50,080 Speaker 1: Michigan kept the original Northwest Ordinance very version of its 124 00:07:50,080 --> 00:07:54,080 Speaker 1: boundary line, which ran directly east to west rather than 125 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:58,720 Speaker 1: being at an angle. In addition to moving the Ohio 126 00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:02,000 Speaker 1: border south by five to eight miles, depending on where 127 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:05,320 Speaker 1: you were along the line, that meant that that Ohio 128 00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:08,880 Speaker 1: would no longer have any access to Lake Michigan. This 129 00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:12,440 Speaker 1: led to a whole lot of political posturing, passing of 130 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:16,520 Speaker 1: punitive laws, raising a militia, and various dust ups over 131 00:08:16,560 --> 00:08:18,760 Speaker 1: a piece of land that came to be known as 132 00:08:18,800 --> 00:08:22,800 Speaker 1: the Toledo Strip. Nobody cut down any be trees like 133 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:25,840 Speaker 1: had happened in the disputed strip between Missouri and Iowa, 134 00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: but there was an incident in which Major Benjamin Stickney 135 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:33,040 Speaker 1: and his son's one Stickney and to Stickney, I'm just 136 00:08:33,040 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 1: gonna pause and let us sink in for a moment, 137 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:41,160 Speaker 1: had an altercation with Michigan Sheriff Joseph would Wood was 138 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:44,680 Speaker 1: attempting to arrest the mayor for voting in an Ohio election, 139 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:47,680 Speaker 1: and one of the Stickney boys stabbed him with a 140 00:08:47,720 --> 00:08:52,040 Speaker 1: pocket knife. Congress finally had to get involved in this 141 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:54,000 Speaker 1: whole dispute, which had come to be known as the 142 00:08:54,040 --> 00:08:57,480 Speaker 1: Toledo War, and in this case Michigan got a way 143 00:08:57,520 --> 00:09:00,400 Speaker 1: bigger concession than anybody did in the honeywoll Are. The 144 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:03,000 Speaker 1: Honey War basically ended with okay, put the line back 145 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:07,160 Speaker 1: where it was the end. In this case, Michigan did 146 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 1: have to give up its access to the Toledo Strip 147 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:12,240 Speaker 1: so that Ohio kept its access to Lake Michigan. But 148 00:09:12,280 --> 00:09:16,000 Speaker 1: then in exchange, Michigan got the Upper Peninsula on the 149 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:19,760 Speaker 1: total other side of Lake Michigan. This peninsula lies along 150 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:23,560 Speaker 1: Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior, so it's access to lots 151 00:09:23,559 --> 00:09:26,480 Speaker 1: of bodies of water. And this is basically why there's 152 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:29,120 Speaker 1: a piece of Michigan that looks like it should really 153 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:32,600 Speaker 1: belong to its neighbor, Wisconsin. When you look on a map, 154 00:09:34,120 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: if you've ever wondered why that big chunk of land 155 00:09:36,559 --> 00:09:40,560 Speaker 1: that is adjacent to Wisconsin really belongs to Michigan, That's 156 00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:44,280 Speaker 1: why the two states continued to have boundary disputes until 157 00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:47,240 Speaker 1: the nineteen seventies. But today it's mostly just about their 158 00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: football rivalry, and that I don't follow football, so I 159 00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:53,640 Speaker 1: know that's a rivalry that exists, and that is all 160 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:56,120 Speaker 1: I know. We're in pretty much the same boat, except 161 00:09:56,120 --> 00:10:00,000 Speaker 1: you knew that was a rivalry that existed. Yep. Uh. 162 00:10:00,440 --> 00:10:04,080 Speaker 1: So that's a kind of lighthearted place to end. We 163 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:05,760 Speaker 1: are going to take a brief break for a word 164 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:09,080 Speaker 1: Front sponsor, and then we're going to dive into one 165 00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:13,920 Speaker 1: of the uncanny similarities of one of the most upsetting 166 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:18,640 Speaker 1: episodes I have ever worked on on this show. Your 167 00:10:18,679 --> 00:10:20,800 Speaker 1: to do list can really seem out of control. 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Go to 188 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:19,200 Speaker 1: stamps dot com and before you do anything else, click 189 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:21,080 Speaker 1: on the microphone at the top of the homepage and 190 00:11:21,160 --> 00:11:25,120 Speaker 1: type in stuff that stamps dot com and enter stuff. 191 00:11:29,320 --> 00:11:33,160 Speaker 1: The community of Rosewood was established in central Florida around 192 00:11:33,240 --> 00:11:36,920 Speaker 1: eight seventy. It started out as a logging town, harvesting 193 00:11:37,240 --> 00:11:40,160 Speaker 1: red cedar that would be delivered to pencil factories in 194 00:11:40,240 --> 00:11:42,920 Speaker 1: cedar Key on the Gulf Coast, which was about nine 195 00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,200 Speaker 1: miles away by railroad. But after a few decades that 196 00:11:46,280 --> 00:11:49,480 Speaker 1: supply of cedar trees for which Rosewood had been named 197 00:11:49,559 --> 00:11:54,080 Speaker 1: had basically been exhausted. The pencil factories closed, and many 198 00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:57,640 Speaker 1: of Rosewood's white families moved to the nearby town of Sumner, 199 00:11:57,920 --> 00:12:01,680 Speaker 1: which was home to a newly established sawmill. By around 200 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:06,240 Speaker 1: nineteen hundred, Rosewood had become an independent, predominantly black community, 201 00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:09,760 Speaker 1: nicknamed the Black Mecca of Florida. Most of its black 202 00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:13,719 Speaker 1: population worked for small black owned farms and businesses located 203 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:20,160 Speaker 1: in Rosewood. The black population numbered about three hundred. On Monday, 204 00:12:20,240 --> 00:12:24,679 Speaker 1: January one, Fanny Coleman Taylor, he was a twenty two 205 00:12:24,760 --> 00:12:28,000 Speaker 1: year old white woman who lived in Sumner, alleged that 206 00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:30,960 Speaker 1: a black man had attacked her in her home. Although 207 00:12:30,960 --> 00:12:34,040 Speaker 1: she couldn't give many details about what had happened, Some 208 00:12:34,160 --> 00:12:36,480 Speaker 1: of her neighbors said that they had seen a white 209 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:39,760 Speaker 1: man leaving her home, and there were also some rumors 210 00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:41,719 Speaker 1: that she was having an affair while her husband was 211 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:45,559 Speaker 1: away at work. But nevertheless, she wasn't really questioned more 212 00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:48,360 Speaker 1: deeply about it, and most people in Sumner took her 213 00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:52,240 Speaker 1: at her word. Soon rumors started to spread that a 214 00:12:52,280 --> 00:12:56,440 Speaker 1: black man had raped her. Fanny's husband went to Levy 215 00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,840 Speaker 1: County Sheriff Elias Walker, and they assembled a posse of 216 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:03,959 Speaker 1: white men to go after the alleged perpetrator. The sheriff 217 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:07,480 Speaker 1: brought in bloodhounds from a nearby prison camp. They had 218 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:10,800 Speaker 1: decided on a man named Jesse Hunter, an escape ee 219 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:15,080 Speaker 1: from a chain gang, as their suspect. The bloodhounds led 220 00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:17,680 Speaker 1: them to the empty home of Aaron Carrier. He was 221 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:20,400 Speaker 1: actually at his mother's house at the time. The posse 222 00:13:20,559 --> 00:13:23,760 Speaker 1: found him there and they planned to lynch him, but 223 00:13:23,840 --> 00:13:26,640 Speaker 1: the sheriff took him into protective custody and sent him 224 00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:29,520 Speaker 1: to a jail in another county forty miles away to 225 00:13:29,559 --> 00:13:32,600 Speaker 1: try to keep him out of harm's way. However, at 226 00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:35,920 Speaker 1: this point that posse had grown beyond the Sheriff's ability 227 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:39,000 Speaker 1: to manage it, and it effectively broke away from local 228 00:13:39,040 --> 00:13:43,640 Speaker 1: law enforcement to become a vigilante mob. Soon, the vigilantes 229 00:13:43,720 --> 00:13:46,760 Speaker 1: captured Sam Carter, a black man from Rosewood that they 230 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:50,480 Speaker 1: suspected of harboring Hunter. They hanged him from a tree 231 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:54,400 Speaker 1: before shooting and killing him, and then they repeatedly shot 232 00:13:54,480 --> 00:14:00,400 Speaker 1: his body on Thursday, So this original accused atation had 233 00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:03,800 Speaker 1: happened on Monday. Now we're on Thursday. A mob of 234 00:14:03,840 --> 00:14:07,400 Speaker 1: about thirty white men went to Rosewood because they had 235 00:14:07,440 --> 00:14:11,640 Speaker 1: heard that someone there was harboring Jesse Hunter. They had 236 00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:15,520 Speaker 1: also heard that Aaron Carrier's cousin, Sylvester, had been making 237 00:14:15,679 --> 00:14:19,720 Speaker 1: threatening statements. The New York Times had quoted Sylvester as 238 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: saying that the attack on Fanny Taylor was quote proof 239 00:14:23,080 --> 00:14:26,760 Speaker 1: of what negroes could do without interference, although it really 240 00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:29,280 Speaker 1: doesn't appear that anyone from the New York Times had 241 00:14:29,320 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: ever spoken to the man and said it seems like 242 00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,880 Speaker 1: this quote was another fabricated rumor that had spread among 243 00:14:34,920 --> 00:14:37,520 Speaker 1: the white community and then been reported to the newspaper 244 00:14:37,560 --> 00:14:41,760 Speaker 1: as fact. Carrier also had a reputation among the white 245 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:45,840 Speaker 1: community for a quote not knowing his place among white people. 246 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:50,800 Speaker 1: So with all this in mine, this mob converged on 247 00:14:50,880 --> 00:14:55,120 Speaker 1: the Carrier home. They shot and killed the Carrier's dog 248 00:14:55,280 --> 00:14:59,280 Speaker 1: before they broke in the door. Sylvester Carrier immediately shot 249 00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:01,960 Speaker 1: and killed two men as they tried to invade his home, 250 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: and this led to a lengthy standoff in which the 251 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:09,040 Speaker 1: mob fired indiscriminately into the house, wounding several people who 252 00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:12,960 Speaker 1: were taking cover inside. Both Sylvester and his mother, Sarah, 253 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:15,920 Speaker 1: were killed and four white men were wounded before the 254 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:19,680 Speaker 1: mob ran out of ammunition, retreated and burned a church 255 00:15:19,680 --> 00:15:24,080 Speaker 1: and several houses on their way out of town. Sylvester 256 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:28,280 Speaker 1: Carrier was almost certainly the only gunmen in that home, 257 00:15:28,480 --> 00:15:30,960 Speaker 1: but in spite of that, words started to spread that 258 00:15:31,160 --> 00:15:35,720 Speaker 1: Rosewood's black population was armed and aggressive. A mob of 259 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,840 Speaker 1: about two hundred armed white men, including participants leaving a 260 00:15:39,920 --> 00:15:43,720 Speaker 1: Ku Klux Klan rally in Gainesville, Florida, and people from 261 00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:48,560 Speaker 1: out of state, soon descended on Rosewood. Over the next week, 262 00:15:48,640 --> 00:15:53,040 Speaker 1: this mob rampage through Rosewood, destroying several businesses in every 263 00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:56,040 Speaker 1: home in which a black person or family lived, as 264 00:15:56,040 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 1: well as shooting and killing resident Mingo Williams. Most of 265 00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:03,800 Speaker 1: Rosewood's black residents fled, either hiding in nearby swamps and 266 00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:08,080 Speaker 1: forests or by taking refuge with a few sympathetic white families, 267 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 1: knowing that any attempt to physically resist would be met 268 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:14,240 Speaker 1: with even more violence at the hand of their at 269 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:18,240 Speaker 1: the hands of their white attackers. Two white train conductors 270 00:16:18,320 --> 00:16:22,200 Speaker 1: John and William Bryce evacuated women and children to Gainesville. 271 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:25,880 Speaker 1: By the end of the week, at least six black 272 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: residents of Rosewood had been murdered, although some sources site 273 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:33,640 Speaker 1: numbers as high as forty. Local law enforcement was aware 274 00:16:33,760 --> 00:16:38,240 Speaker 1: of all this violence, and while apparently not actively participating 275 00:16:38,240 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: in it, after that first apprehension of Aaron Carrier, the 276 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:45,360 Speaker 1: local police really did nothing to stop it. They instead 277 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:50,000 Speaker 1: focused on protecting white families and protecting white owned businesses 278 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,840 Speaker 1: where black people worked. And we're being threatened. The governor 279 00:16:53,920 --> 00:16:56,680 Speaker 1: offered to send in the National Guard on January five, 280 00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,840 Speaker 1: but the sheriff declined. Although a grand arey was convened 281 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:04,000 Speaker 1: after it was all over, no arrests were ever made 282 00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:06,600 Speaker 1: and none of the white mob was ever brought to trial. 283 00:17:08,119 --> 00:17:11,760 Speaker 1: This event may remind listeners of our pretty recent episode 284 00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:15,440 Speaker 1: about the nineteen hundred Robert Charles riots in New Orleans, 285 00:17:15,520 --> 00:17:19,160 Speaker 1: and that event, a white mob terrorized New Orleans black 286 00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:23,200 Speaker 1: community after a series of confrontations between Charles and police 287 00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:27,000 Speaker 1: in which he wounded one officer and killed two others. 288 00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:31,359 Speaker 1: But both events involved a white mob violently retaliating against 289 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:35,080 Speaker 1: a black community. The nineteen hundred riot also included a 290 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:38,359 Speaker 1: lengthy standoff and shootout in which Robert Charles, who was 291 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:42,720 Speaker 1: surrounded and trapped in an upstairs bedroom, fired upon law enforcement, 292 00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:47,760 Speaker 1: vigilantes and bystanderds alike. But the more direct comparison is 293 00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:51,720 Speaker 1: the destruction of the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma, also 294 00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:55,919 Speaker 1: known as Black Wall Street. In our podcast on the 295 00:17:55,960 --> 00:17:58,680 Speaker 1: Tulsa Massacre and the Destruction of Black Wall Street came 296 00:17:58,680 --> 00:18:04,000 Speaker 1: out on July. The two massacres happened just a couple 297 00:18:04,080 --> 00:18:06,800 Speaker 1: of years apart, and aside from that, both of them 298 00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:09,679 Speaker 1: began after a rumor spread that a black man had 299 00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: raped a white woman. In both events, a white mob 300 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:15,679 Speaker 1: made its way through a black neighborhood, killing people and 301 00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:21,440 Speaker 1: setting fire to buildings, ultimately completely destroying two independent, prospering 302 00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:25,800 Speaker 1: black communities in two different states. Also in both Florida 303 00:18:25,880 --> 00:18:28,879 Speaker 1: and Oklahoma, there was news coverage at the time, but 304 00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:31,800 Speaker 1: it was followed by a willful effort among the white 305 00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:36,359 Speaker 1: population to erase these events from history. Both massacres were 306 00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:38,960 Speaker 1: left out or glossed over in history books and were 307 00:18:39,080 --> 00:18:43,560 Speaker 1: rarely discussed for decades after they happened. Survivors of Rosewood, 308 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:47,480 Speaker 1: afraid of retribution if they discussed. It also kept the 309 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:51,800 Speaker 1: incident a secret even among their children, grandchildren, and spouses 310 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:55,560 Speaker 1: they later married. That started to change after sixty minutes 311 00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:58,680 Speaker 1: AIR to report on the massacre on December thirteenth of 312 00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:04,920 Speaker 1: ninety three. The big difference between Rosewood and Greenwood, aside 313 00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:08,920 Speaker 1: from obviously different locations and different specific people involved, is 314 00:19:09,040 --> 00:19:13,160 Speaker 1: that in four the state of Florida earmarked two point 315 00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:17,160 Speaker 1: one million dollars in reparations That included one point five 316 00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:20,520 Speaker 1: million dollars of direct reparations to be paid to survivors 317 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:22,560 Speaker 1: who were still living, of which there were fewer than 318 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:25,879 Speaker 1: fifteen at that point, as well as five hundred thousand 319 00:19:25,880 --> 00:19:28,640 Speaker 1: dollars to compensate people for lost property, and a one 320 00:19:28,680 --> 00:19:33,800 Speaker 1: hundred thousand dollars scholarship fund. The call for reparations for Greenwood, Oklahoma, 321 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:37,480 Speaker 1: on the other hand, was unsuccessful. The report of the 322 00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:41,240 Speaker 1: officially convened Oklahoma Commission to study the Tulsa Race Riot 323 00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:47,000 Speaker 1: of strongly called for reparations. The state legislature opted to 324 00:19:47,080 --> 00:19:50,840 Speaker 1: set up scholarships of memorial in an economic development initiative 325 00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:55,920 Speaker 1: for Greenwood, but ultimately declined to pay direct reparations. This 326 00:19:56,119 --> 00:19:59,679 Speaker 1: successful reparations bill for Rosewood. I mean successful in that 327 00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:01,840 Speaker 1: repor rations were actually paid. There were a lot of 328 00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:04,560 Speaker 1: people who felt like that the amount of money was 329 00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:08,120 Speaker 1: quite small once it was divided up among people. Uh. 330 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:11,880 Speaker 1: This this effort was spearheaded by Steve Hamlin and Martha Barnett, 331 00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 1: who were doing a basically pro bono legal operation because 332 00:20:16,040 --> 00:20:18,919 Speaker 1: the statute of limitations had passed. Instead of taking them 333 00:20:18,920 --> 00:20:21,200 Speaker 1: outter to court, they instead had to convince the Florida 334 00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:25,240 Speaker 1: legislature to pass a claims bill. Governor Lawton Childs signed 335 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:29,280 Speaker 1: the bill into law on May fourth, and there was 336 00:20:29,320 --> 00:20:33,360 Speaker 1: a movie about all of this made in Uh. We're 337 00:20:33,359 --> 00:20:35,480 Speaker 1: going to move on to some other incidents of history 338 00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:38,680 Speaker 1: repeating itself after we first pause, because I think we 339 00:20:38,720 --> 00:20:41,080 Speaker 1: could all use a quick break, uh, to talk about 340 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:46,600 Speaker 1: a sponsor. Thanksgiving it's a time to appreciate the loved 341 00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:48,400 Speaker 1: ones in your life. But you can't always go visit 342 00:20:48,440 --> 00:20:51,399 Speaker 1: everyone and have a meal with them and really just 343 00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:53,960 Speaker 1: personally tell them how much you love them. 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On 360 00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:44,240 Speaker 1: your desktop or mobile device, click on the radio icon 361 00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:47,640 Speaker 1: and enter the code stuff that's one hundred flowers dot com. 362 00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:51,120 Speaker 1: Don't forget to click the radio icon and enter stuff. 363 00:21:54,359 --> 00:21:57,159 Speaker 1: For whatever reason, very often when we talk about a 364 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:00,320 Speaker 1: historical fire, we are then inundated with her us to 365 00:22:00,359 --> 00:22:04,000 Speaker 1: talk about other fires. Yeah, people love to set off 366 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:07,320 Speaker 1: a chain reaction of fire requests. Well and I'm not 367 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:11,119 Speaker 1: gonna lie. The fires tend to be really hard um. 368 00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:14,679 Speaker 1: In general, they tend to be quite similar, and in 369 00:22:14,680 --> 00:22:18,240 Speaker 1: this case there is just an uncanny amount of similarity. 370 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:21,879 Speaker 1: On December twenty, eighteen eleven, a fire broke out in 371 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:25,840 Speaker 1: Richmond Theater in Richmond, Virginia. The house was packed, and 372 00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:29,119 Speaker 1: because of the holiday season, many in attendance were families 373 00:22:29,119 --> 00:22:33,480 Speaker 1: with children. The cause of the fire was the stage lighting. 374 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:36,040 Speaker 1: In this case, it was a chandelier one with candles, 375 00:22:36,359 --> 00:22:38,639 Speaker 1: which set fire to a backdrop at the start of 376 00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:41,560 Speaker 1: the third play, which was a melodrama called Raymond and 377 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:45,159 Speaker 1: Agnes or the Bleeding Nun. This fire spread into the 378 00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:48,560 Speaker 1: rafters and soon burning debris was falling onto the stage 379 00:22:48,840 --> 00:22:52,080 Speaker 1: and the fire had spread into the house. The actor 380 00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:55,520 Speaker 1: playing Raymond stopped the show and announced the fire, and 381 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:58,200 Speaker 1: at that point the crowd panicked. There were about six 382 00:22:58,280 --> 00:23:00,720 Speaker 1: hundred people in the theater and many were trampled on 383 00:23:00,720 --> 00:23:03,359 Speaker 1: the way to the theater three exits, all of which 384 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:07,639 Speaker 1: opened inward rather than outward. Some made their escape by 385 00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:12,080 Speaker 1: leaping from windows. Seventy two people were killed, including Richmond's 386 00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:15,200 Speaker 1: mayor George W. Smith, who got out safely, but ran 387 00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:18,439 Speaker 1: back inside to try to save his daughter. A U. 388 00:23:18,560 --> 00:23:22,080 Speaker 1: S Senator named Abraham B. Venable was also killed, and 389 00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:26,040 Speaker 1: fifty four of the victims were women. With the fact 390 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:28,600 Speaker 1: that it happened at Christmas time, the large number of 391 00:23:28,720 --> 00:23:31,840 Speaker 1: women killed, the fact that it was stage lighting that 392 00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:35,560 Speaker 1: had started the fire, and the panicked rushed to exits 393 00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:39,040 Speaker 1: that opened inward, it sounds so much like the December 394 00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:43,080 Speaker 1: Iroquois Theater fire, which we talked about on December eight. 395 00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:47,200 Speaker 1: The biggest difference in these two stories is that the 396 00:23:47,320 --> 00:23:50,840 Speaker 1: Richmond fire pre dates most fire safety regulations and building 397 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:53,720 Speaker 1: codes that are intended to prevent loss of life in 398 00:23:53,760 --> 00:23:56,600 Speaker 1: the event of a fire. The Iroquois Theater, on the 399 00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,400 Speaker 1: other hand, had been built in willful disregard for those 400 00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:03,080 Speaker 1: laws and standards. I will say I mean in the 401 00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:08,080 Speaker 1: United States when I make that claim about about it 402 00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:10,840 Speaker 1: being in the other parts of the world had different standards. 403 00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:15,119 Speaker 1: So the other big difference is that uh more laws 404 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,239 Speaker 1: and codes were passed after the Iroquois Theater fire with 405 00:24:18,320 --> 00:24:21,919 Speaker 1: the aim of making theaters safer for people, including the 406 00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:24,600 Speaker 1: standard that theater doors need to open outward from the 407 00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:27,119 Speaker 1: audience and have to be opened just by pushing like 408 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:31,159 Speaker 1: you can't have a weird hard to figure out closure 409 00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:34,920 Speaker 1: for the door. After the Richmond fire, on the other hand, 410 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:38,320 Speaker 1: there was not a big push to make theaters safer. Instead, 411 00:24:38,359 --> 00:24:41,400 Speaker 1: the biggest response was a lot of anti theater sentiment 412 00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:44,560 Speaker 1: and the conclusion that the fire had been God's punishment 413 00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:48,000 Speaker 1: against the people of Richmond. So to move on to 414 00:24:48,119 --> 00:24:52,399 Speaker 1: our next impossible episode. In eighteen o three, Denmark became 415 00:24:52,440 --> 00:24:56,160 Speaker 1: the first nation to ban the Transatlantic slave trade. However, 416 00:24:56,280 --> 00:25:01,480 Speaker 1: slavery itself still existed in Denmark's Caribbean colony, particularly Saint Croix, 417 00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:05,159 Speaker 1: and that continued for quite some time. In this regard, 418 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:09,000 Speaker 1: it ended up being behind some other nations. Britain abolished 419 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:12,520 Speaker 1: slavery in its Caribbean colonies in eighteen thirty three, although 420 00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:15,119 Speaker 1: that was not fully in effect until eighteen thirty eight, 421 00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:18,480 Speaker 1: and the delay between the announcement of abolition in eighteen 422 00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:21,800 Speaker 1: thirty three and people actually being freed in eighteen thirty 423 00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:25,080 Speaker 1: eight was the reason behind the Saint Kitts slave uprising 424 00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,160 Speaker 1: of eighteen thirty four, which we talked about. On May 425 00:25:28,240 --> 00:25:33,880 Speaker 1: eleventh of twenty fifteen, Denmark started discussing emancipating the people 426 00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:36,679 Speaker 1: that had enslaved in the Caribbean in eighteen forty four. 427 00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:40,399 Speaker 1: In eighteen forty seven, the nation decided on a gradual 428 00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:44,160 Speaker 1: abolition process. Children born after that point would be free 429 00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:47,320 Speaker 1: rather than enslaved at their birth, and the institution of 430 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:50,320 Speaker 1: slavery would be entirely abolished in eighteen fifty nine, so 431 00:25:50,359 --> 00:25:53,320 Speaker 1: that slift left a twelve year window in which people 432 00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:57,359 Speaker 1: were still enslaved. Just as the enslaved people of St. 433 00:25:57,400 --> 00:25:59,920 Speaker 1: Kitts had not been satisfied with the idea that they 434 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:03,520 Speaker 1: would be unpaid quote apprentices doing the exact same work 435 00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:06,399 Speaker 1: in the window between eighteen thirty three and eighteen thirty eight, 436 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:10,520 Speaker 1: the enslaved people of St. Croix were also not satisfied 437 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:12,640 Speaker 1: with the idea that they would need to wait twelve 438 00:26:12,760 --> 00:26:16,840 Speaker 1: years for their freedom. On July twelve, eighty eight, a 439 00:26:16,920 --> 00:26:20,760 Speaker 1: slave uprising started on St. Croix, with the protesting population 440 00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:24,879 Speaker 1: stopping their work, burning down plantations and besieging the city 441 00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:28,119 Speaker 1: of Frederick's did. One of the most prominent leaders was 442 00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:32,040 Speaker 1: an enslaved man named John Gottlieb, called General bud Ho. 443 00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:38,120 Speaker 1: In response, Governor General Peter von Scholten abolished slavery in St. 444 00:26:38,119 --> 00:26:41,399 Speaker 1: Croix immediately, even though he actually did not have the 445 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:45,240 Speaker 1: authority to do this. He had been advocating for abolition 446 00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:48,119 Speaker 1: for some time, so some people speculated that he and 447 00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:52,240 Speaker 1: John Gottlieb had orchestrated the uprising and the abolition, although 448 00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:56,840 Speaker 1: there's there's no historical evidence that that's what actually happened. However, 449 00:26:57,240 --> 00:27:01,240 Speaker 1: this immediate abolition didn't actually age much for the enslaved 450 00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:04,600 Speaker 1: people of St. Croix. Their lives basically went on in 451 00:27:04,640 --> 00:27:07,400 Speaker 1: the exact same way as they had before, although now 452 00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:11,280 Speaker 1: they were at least on paper free. The Governor General 453 00:27:11,359 --> 00:27:15,159 Speaker 1: also faced an immediate backlash from the plantation owners, so 454 00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 1: much so that he had a mental health crisis and 455 00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:25,199 Speaker 1: left the island of St. Croix. After being on paper freed, 456 00:27:25,359 --> 00:27:29,040 Speaker 1: St crois newly uh free labor force wound up being 457 00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:32,440 Speaker 1: subject to an increasing set of more and more restrictive 458 00:27:32,520 --> 00:27:35,160 Speaker 1: rules and penalties that were put in place on the plantations. 459 00:27:35,600 --> 00:27:38,080 Speaker 1: This was so much so that there was another labor 460 00:27:38,160 --> 00:27:41,159 Speaker 1: uprising in eighteen seventy eight. At that point, three of 461 00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:43,800 Speaker 1: its most vocal leaders were women who were known as 462 00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:48,360 Speaker 1: Queen Mary, Queen Agnes, and Queen Matilda. This second uprising 463 00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:52,520 Speaker 1: was a lot more destructive and deadly than the event 464 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:55,600 Speaker 1: had been UH and then labor rights continued to be 465 00:27:55,640 --> 00:27:59,480 Speaker 1: an issue afterward. So in both of these uprisings on St. 466 00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:03,280 Speaker 1: Kittsin St. Croix, like there was, they were both motivated 467 00:28:03,280 --> 00:28:06,639 Speaker 1: by the same delay between uh an announced abolition and 468 00:28:06,680 --> 00:28:10,680 Speaker 1: the actual abolition, and they both just like things continued 469 00:28:10,760 --> 00:28:13,120 Speaker 1: to be basically the same afterward, except in the case 470 00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:16,800 Speaker 1: of St. Croix UH in theory they were freed but 471 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,639 Speaker 1: still doing the same work for the same people in 472 00:28:19,880 --> 00:28:27,399 Speaker 1: terrible conditions. Cheery m. So we have one more impossible 473 00:28:27,440 --> 00:28:31,240 Speaker 1: episode to go. And we talked about women pilots during 474 00:28:31,240 --> 00:28:34,639 Speaker 1: World War Two in Tracy's fantastic two part interview with 475 00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:38,280 Speaker 1: Dr Catherine Sharp Landic on the Women Air Force Service 476 00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:43,880 Speaker 1: Pilots or WASP from March twenty one and March But 477 00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:46,720 Speaker 1: the WASP were not the only women pilots serving in 478 00:28:46,760 --> 00:28:49,520 Speaker 1: the war. In the U. S. Navy, there was another 479 00:28:49,560 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: set of women who saw wartime duties. The women accepted 480 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:58,560 Speaker 1: for Voluntary Emergency Service or WAVES. This was a segregated program. 481 00:28:58,560 --> 00:29:01,840 Speaker 1: There were no black Waves until Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered 482 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,320 Speaker 1: racial integration of the armed services. Like the WASP. The 483 00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:09,520 Speaker 1: WAVES program was established to recruit women to take on 484 00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,440 Speaker 1: tasks that would free up men for active combat duty. 485 00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:15,160 Speaker 1: Their work was initially meant to take place only in 486 00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:18,520 Speaker 1: non combat roles and only on the United States mainland, 487 00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:21,680 Speaker 1: although that did expand a little bit later on. A 488 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:25,120 Speaker 1: lot of this involved clerical and administrative work, although there 489 00:29:25,160 --> 00:29:27,440 Speaker 1: were also a lot of women who, like the WASP, 490 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:32,000 Speaker 1: served as pilots, including working as flight instructors. They did 491 00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:35,440 Speaker 1: other aviation work as well, including being mechanics and control 492 00:29:35,480 --> 00:29:39,280 Speaker 1: tower operators. Some of the Waves who had college educations 493 00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:43,400 Speaker 1: in math, engineering, and physics also worked in more scientific roles. 494 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:47,200 Speaker 1: A total of more than one thousand women served with 495 00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:50,880 Speaker 1: the WAVES. While the WASP program was disbanded in nineteen 496 00:29:50,960 --> 00:29:53,800 Speaker 1: forty four as the trajectory of the war shifted, the 497 00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:57,240 Speaker 1: Waves were still in existence in ninety eight, and that's 498 00:29:57,280 --> 00:30:00,440 Speaker 1: when the Women's Are In Services Integration Act made them 499 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:03,360 Speaker 1: a permanent part of the United States Navy. Although the 500 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:06,920 Speaker 1: WAVES didn't initially serve overseas, the program was still in 501 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:09,320 Speaker 1: existence all the way through the US involvement in the 502 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:13,040 Speaker 1: Korean War, and several thousand WAVES did serve in Korea. 503 00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:16,480 Speaker 1: The WAVES program itself existed until ninety eight, with the 504 00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:21,120 Speaker 1: Navy stopped maintaining units exclusively for women and instead integrating 505 00:30:21,160 --> 00:30:25,080 Speaker 1: women and men into one unit. One of the most 506 00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:28,440 Speaker 1: famous women to serve with the Waves was Admiral Grace Hopper, 507 00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:31,320 Speaker 1: who is definitely on the list for an episode of 508 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:34,640 Speaker 1: her very own. Uh. To be clear, there was also 509 00:30:34,720 --> 00:30:37,080 Speaker 1: a women's Auxiliary Corps in the U. S. Army, and 510 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:40,960 Speaker 1: these three are all very distinct groups. Their overall stories 511 00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:43,520 Speaker 1: have a lot of the same elements of like a 512 00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,440 Speaker 1: lot of resistance to having women in the service and 513 00:30:46,480 --> 00:30:49,640 Speaker 1: a lot of suspicion that the women who were uh 514 00:30:49,640 --> 00:30:52,920 Speaker 1: serving were in some way disreputable. Like a lot of 515 00:30:52,960 --> 00:30:55,920 Speaker 1: the same themes of discrimination and sexism come up in 516 00:30:55,960 --> 00:30:59,520 Speaker 1: all of these stories. UH, So we're we're not trying 517 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:03,320 Speaker 1: to leave out the Women's Auxiliary Corps. These are basically 518 00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:06,600 Speaker 1: three distinct groups which have a ton of overlap in 519 00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:11,600 Speaker 1: their stories, but also some distinct differences as well. So 520 00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:14,400 Speaker 1: that's six episodes that are so much like other episodes 521 00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:16,720 Speaker 1: who already have that they will probably never be a 522 00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:21,480 Speaker 1: free standing episode of their own unless some magical additional 523 00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:24,000 Speaker 1: piece of information is unearthed and then they'll probably be 524 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:28,880 Speaker 1: an unearthed. Yeah, it's convenient to have unearthed to tackle 525 00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:31,760 Speaker 1: things like that that come up sometimes. It is also 526 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,360 Speaker 1: almost the unearthed time of year it is. Do you 527 00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:37,600 Speaker 1: have some listener mail for us? I do. This listener 528 00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:41,840 Speaker 1: mail is from Akasha, and Akasha says greetings. I finally 529 00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:43,959 Speaker 1: caught up on some old episodes, such as the one 530 00:31:44,040 --> 00:31:46,840 Speaker 1: featuring the mongolf Ye Brothers, and also listen to the 531 00:31:46,880 --> 00:31:50,200 Speaker 1: most recent broadcast about the Orphans tsunami. Both of these 532 00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,200 Speaker 1: things rang bells to me for reasons completely unrelated to 533 00:31:53,240 --> 00:31:55,479 Speaker 1: each other or history class, and I thought you might 534 00:31:55,520 --> 00:31:58,400 Speaker 1: be amused by a couple of short stories. As soon 535 00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:00,440 Speaker 1: as I heard you ladies discuss earth quakes in the 536 00:32:00,920 --> 00:32:04,480 Speaker 1: Pacific Northwest, you had my attention even more so than usual. 537 00:32:04,960 --> 00:32:07,200 Speaker 1: I grew up in got out of and ultimately returned 538 00:32:07,240 --> 00:32:10,440 Speaker 1: to Port Angeles, Washington, on the Olympic Peninsula, about two 539 00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:13,880 Speaker 1: hours west of Seattle. This past June, there was a 540 00:32:13,960 --> 00:32:18,800 Speaker 1: major multiple day earthquakes tsunami disaster prepared dis drill across 541 00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:22,440 Speaker 1: western Washington. It was referred to as Cascadia or Rising. 542 00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:27,280 Speaker 1: The National Guard ran exercises alongside many local emergency response 543 00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:30,440 Speaker 1: organizations and departments, and with all the bruhaha, for a while, 544 00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:34,680 Speaker 1: there was another uptick in conversations about disaster preparedness on 545 00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:38,120 Speaker 1: this side of the Cascade Mountain Range. Honestly, until listening 546 00:32:38,160 --> 00:32:41,120 Speaker 1: to the podcast, I didn't put together all the pieces 547 00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:44,280 Speaker 1: as to why they named the drill Cascadia Rising. My 548 00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:47,840 Speaker 1: public school education regarding Pacific Northwest history took place in 549 00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:51,680 Speaker 1: the late nineties and early auts. We talked about the earthquakes, 550 00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:54,000 Speaker 1: of course, but I wouldn't be surprised if one or 551 00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:56,440 Speaker 1: two of my middle school science teachers said something about 552 00:32:56,480 --> 00:33:00,360 Speaker 1: the Sevred event at some point. My reign probably ditched 553 00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:03,240 Speaker 1: the info as soon as I handed in the final test. 554 00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:06,880 Speaker 1: I'm simultaneously grateful now to be more informed and a 555 00:33:06,920 --> 00:33:09,240 Speaker 1: little embarrassed I made it so long without knowing Without 556 00:33:09,280 --> 00:33:12,640 Speaker 1: already knowing more about this. The other thing I wanted 557 00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:15,080 Speaker 1: to mention is much sillier, but I find it delightful. 558 00:33:15,840 --> 00:33:18,520 Speaker 1: In high school, I was somewhat obsessed with the electropop 559 00:33:18,560 --> 00:33:22,440 Speaker 1: synth pop artist Ronnie Martin, operating under the label Joy Electric. 560 00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:26,200 Speaker 1: In two thousand five, he released an EP titled Mongolfier 561 00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:29,200 Speaker 1: and the Romantic Balloons, a many concept album with the 562 00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:33,520 Speaker 1: title track October three, The Romantic Balloons. It was the 563 00:33:33,560 --> 00:33:36,360 Speaker 1: first time I ever heard of the Mongolfs, but being sixteen, 564 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:39,080 Speaker 1: I didn't bother to research the lyrics any further, and 565 00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:42,200 Speaker 1: eventually I just forgot I hadn't thought about that particular 566 00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:44,640 Speaker 1: song in a long time. It was a delight to revisit, 567 00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:48,360 Speaker 1: inspired by our episode and with a more thorough perspective. 568 00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:50,920 Speaker 1: If you give it a listen, I hope you're half 569 00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:53,760 Speaker 1: as charmed as I was and still am. Thank you 570 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:57,160 Speaker 1: for all your ladies do and the random circles like 571 00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,640 Speaker 1: these two instances that your work inadvertently helped so many 572 00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:04,360 Speaker 1: people close. Sincerely, Akasha, Thank you a Kasha. I'm gonna 573 00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:08,280 Speaker 1: put a link to that song in our show notes. UM. 574 00:34:08,360 --> 00:34:10,080 Speaker 1: We've had a number of people write to us about 575 00:34:10,080 --> 00:34:13,360 Speaker 1: disaster preparedness drills and other disaster preparedness things in the 576 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:16,799 Speaker 1: Pacific Northwest since that episode came out. Somebody tweeted at 577 00:34:16,880 --> 00:34:21,080 Speaker 1: us a like, uh like a public service announcement style 578 00:34:21,719 --> 00:34:28,279 Speaker 1: comic about earthquakes and tsunami, and I read it and 579 00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:31,320 Speaker 1: I was kind of traumatized because some of the characters 580 00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:34,200 Speaker 1: in this comic are are three kayakers who are caught 581 00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:37,120 Speaker 1: up in this tsunami um and and they leave it 582 00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:41,440 Speaker 1: with one one of the kayakers not knowing where their 583 00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:44,080 Speaker 1: friends are. And so I got to the end and 584 00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:50,200 Speaker 1: I was like, but are they okay? Uh? I was 585 00:34:50,200 --> 00:34:54,320 Speaker 1: a little distressed by that. So I'll try to remember 586 00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:55,960 Speaker 1: to put a link to that in the show notes. Also, 587 00:34:56,719 --> 00:34:58,160 Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us about this 588 00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:00,879 Speaker 1: or any other podcast, where History podcasts at how stuff 589 00:35:00,920 --> 00:35:03,560 Speaker 1: works dot com. We're also on Facebook at Facebook dot 590 00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:05,719 Speaker 1: com slash miss in history, and they're on Twitter at 591 00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:08,480 Speaker 1: miss in History. Are tumbler is missing History dot tumbler 592 00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:11,600 Speaker 1: dot com. We're on pinterest pinterest dot com slash miss 593 00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,880 Speaker 1: in history. Our instagram is missing History. Basically everything except 594 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:19,080 Speaker 1: for our email address is just missing history. Yeah, at 595 00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:21,760 Speaker 1: whatever the place is. You can come to our website, 596 00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:24,000 Speaker 1: which is missed in history dot com, and you can 597 00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:26,080 Speaker 1: find show notes for all of our episodes we've worked 598 00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:28,440 Speaker 1: on on archive of every episode that has ever existed. 599 00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:30,759 Speaker 1: Lots of cool stuff. You can also come to our 600 00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,400 Speaker 1: parent company's website, which is how stuff works dot com 601 00:35:33,440 --> 00:35:36,239 Speaker 1: to research anything your heart desires. So you can do 602 00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:38,120 Speaker 1: all that and a whole lot more at how stuff 603 00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:46,439 Speaker 1: works dot com. Or Missed in History dot com. More 604 00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:48,799 Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics. Is it how 605 00:35:48,840 --> 00:36:02,080 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com