1 00:00:02,960 --> 00:00:05,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind, a production of 2 00:00:05,360 --> 00:00:11,119 Speaker 1: My Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to Stuff to Blow 3 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 1: Your Mind Listener Mail. I am Joe McCormick, and my 4 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:18,000 Speaker 1: regular co host Robert Lamb is off work this week, 5 00:00:18,160 --> 00:00:21,400 Speaker 1: so we've got a bit of a scheduling changeup, So 6 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:25,759 Speaker 1: I'm gonna be recording today's Listener Mail episode solo, and 7 00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:28,560 Speaker 1: then on Tuesday and Thursday of this week we will 8 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:31,560 Speaker 1: have a couple of core episodes from the Vault, and 9 00:00:31,720 --> 00:00:34,960 Speaker 1: on Friday a Weird House Cinema rewind, and then I 10 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:39,000 Speaker 1: should be back with a fresh Listener Mail episode next Monday. 11 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:41,720 Speaker 1: And at some point that week I'm not sure exactly 12 00:00:41,800 --> 00:00:44,840 Speaker 1: which day yet, Robert will be rejoining me and we'll 13 00:00:44,880 --> 00:00:48,160 Speaker 1: have all new stuff for you then. But for today, 14 00:00:48,360 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: I'm going to be reading back a few of the 15 00:00:49,840 --> 00:00:52,440 Speaker 1: messages that you've sent in over the past week or so, 16 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:55,160 Speaker 1: and I think we should kick things off with some 17 00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 1: responses to the series that Rob and I did on Thirst. 18 00:00:59,040 --> 00:01:01,720 Speaker 1: So I'm going to begin with a message from Ahmed. 19 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:11,120 Speaker 1: Ahmed says, hey, guys, your mention of rabies during the 20 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:14,160 Speaker 1: Thirst series made me think of a neat application of 21 00:01:14,200 --> 00:01:18,120 Speaker 1: this virus in research. The reason rabies can take a 22 00:01:18,160 --> 00:01:22,399 Speaker 1: long time to cause disease is because the virus jumps 23 00:01:22,520 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: up the neurons retrograde from the site of infection to 24 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:30,120 Speaker 1: the brain, and the further away it is, the longer 25 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:33,400 Speaker 1: it takes to make the trek. Yeah. So if you're 26 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:36,280 Speaker 1: trying to picture that, imagine you get bitten, say on 27 00:01:36,319 --> 00:01:40,479 Speaker 1: the hand, by a by an infected animal, and then 28 00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:43,880 Speaker 1: the rabies virus transfers from the saliva into the bite 29 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:46,880 Speaker 1: and then from there I believe it either I think 30 00:01:46,920 --> 00:01:50,080 Speaker 1: gets into the muscle, but somehow it gets into the nerves. Yeah, 31 00:01:50,080 --> 00:01:53,560 Speaker 1: and it has to climb the nerve pathways back up 32 00:01:53,600 --> 00:01:55,800 Speaker 1: to the central nervous system to get into the brain. 33 00:01:56,040 --> 00:01:58,720 Speaker 1: But anyway, here here, Ahmed goes on describing something I 34 00:01:58,760 --> 00:02:01,000 Speaker 1: thought was really interesting that I don't think I was 35 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 1: aware of before, uh Ahmed rights. In neuroscience, we can 36 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:10,200 Speaker 1: use this feature to trace what upstream neurons synapse onto 37 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:14,480 Speaker 1: an area or population of interest, using a rabies virus 38 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:17,520 Speaker 1: whose genome has been tweaked so that instead of just 39 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:21,119 Speaker 1: being instructions that to a host cell say make more 40 00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:25,080 Speaker 1: rabies virus, they say make more rabies virus and a 41 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:30,239 Speaker 1: fluorescent protein. This labels the neurons with that fluorescent protein 42 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:34,080 Speaker 1: as the virus goes up. Make the virus deficient in 43 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:37,079 Speaker 1: a crucial piece of machinery. Added only to the cells 44 00:02:37,120 --> 00:02:39,920 Speaker 1: of interest, and you can get fancier and ensure that 45 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:43,680 Speaker 1: it will only be able to jump one synapse, thereby 46 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:47,200 Speaker 1: only labeling the neurons that directly link up to the 47 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:50,360 Speaker 1: ones you're interested in. More generally, this is a good 48 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:53,000 Speaker 1: example of a theme and research. So many of the 49 00:02:53,000 --> 00:02:55,920 Speaker 1: tools we use in the lab are adapted from nature. 50 00:02:56,360 --> 00:03:00,160 Speaker 1: Everybody knows about PCR now thanks to COVID, but the 51 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:04,600 Speaker 1: first polyme race enzyme used in PCR was from hot 52 00:03:04,639 --> 00:03:09,600 Speaker 1: springs bacteria. Oh yeah, that's the thermos aquaticus from Yellowstone right, 53 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:14,000 Speaker 1: um Ahmed writes. Our own polyme races couldn't stand the 54 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:18,240 Speaker 1: high temperatures required, but after all, that's what the bacteria 55 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:21,240 Speaker 1: evolved for. This is also a good case to bring 56 00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:25,280 Speaker 1: up when people complain about money wasted in quotes on 57 00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:29,720 Speaker 1: unapplied science without an immediate payoff. The people first studying 58 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:32,839 Speaker 1: hot springs microbes had no way of foreseeing that this 59 00:03:32,919 --> 00:03:36,800 Speaker 1: is what they would be applied to anyway, protein engineering 60 00:03:36,840 --> 00:03:39,120 Speaker 1: has made a lot of strides recently, but until we 61 00:03:39,160 --> 00:03:42,240 Speaker 1: can design them better a priori, our best bet remains 62 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:46,400 Speaker 1: tweaking what we find around us. Keep up the great work. Ahm, ed, Well, 63 00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:48,320 Speaker 1: this is a great email, im it yet And I'm 64 00:03:48,400 --> 00:03:50,880 Speaker 1: I'm fully on board with you. You know, I think 65 00:03:50,920 --> 00:03:54,600 Speaker 1: studying nature, even if you don't see an immediate financial 66 00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:57,280 Speaker 1: payoff to that research is is always a great thing 67 00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:00,280 Speaker 1: to do. Uh, you don't know what other in formation 68 00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:03,040 Speaker 1: it will lead to down the line or other applications. 69 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:06,720 Speaker 1: And as for this application of the rabies virus, yeah, 70 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:09,280 Speaker 1: I was not aware of this before, but I looked 71 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:11,200 Speaker 1: this up and this is really interesting that you can 72 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:17,320 Speaker 1: use the rabies virus to trace natural pathways between neurons, 73 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:20,359 Speaker 1: So you can use the virus in a modified form 74 00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:23,200 Speaker 1: to study the nervous system so we understand it better. 75 00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 1: And yeah, that's wonderful. A great and benevolent application for 76 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:29,719 Speaker 1: for the virus that causes one of the worst diseases 77 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:38,400 Speaker 1: known to humankind. Alright, this next message comes from Brett. 78 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:41,760 Speaker 1: Brett says, Hello, gentlemen, I hope you've all been doing well. 79 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:45,520 Speaker 1: Quick comment on the thirst episodes. Excellent way you guys 80 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: have described what's going on in the biological responses we 81 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:51,120 Speaker 1: have when we're thirsty, and how to stop that thirst. 82 00:04:51,640 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: One comment regarding de ionized water, I believe in water 83 00:04:55,440 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: is distilled through a column and condensed, some minerals can 84 00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:01,680 Speaker 1: be carried over in low amounts due to a phenomenon 85 00:05:01,800 --> 00:05:06,359 Speaker 1: called a zeotrope. This occurs when water coordinates with another 86 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:11,200 Speaker 1: chemicals like say tallween, and lowers the boiling point of 87 00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:14,919 Speaker 1: the tollween. I believe some minerals might also perform the 88 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,520 Speaker 1: same way. If water is treated by reverse osmosis, this 89 00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:21,200 Speaker 1: is more of a true way to remove all minerals 90 00:05:21,240 --> 00:05:24,200 Speaker 1: to obtain a more pure form of water. The issue 91 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 1: with water that has been treated this way is it 92 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:28,880 Speaker 1: can be harmful to ingest due to the water stability 93 00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:32,680 Speaker 1: to remove salts and minerals from our body. Drinking de 94 00:05:32,880 --> 00:05:36,839 Speaker 1: ionized water or water by reverse osmosis is not recommended. 95 00:05:36,960 --> 00:05:40,279 Speaker 1: Keep it for your humidifier. As for the taste of water, 96 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 1: it seems every municipality has its own unique flavor profile, 97 00:05:44,240 --> 00:05:46,640 Speaker 1: and we all seem to get numb to it. Then 98 00:05:46,839 --> 00:05:50,200 Speaker 1: we visit somewhere and we notice those low concentrations of 99 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:54,360 Speaker 1: minerals that are different. I've heard of breweries adding minerals 100 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:57,359 Speaker 1: to try to mimic a certain flavor profile they're trying 101 00:05:57,400 --> 00:05:59,919 Speaker 1: to achieve. I guess Brett means from from a different 102 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:02,839 Speaker 1: city where the beer was originally made. We can definitely 103 00:06:02,880 --> 00:06:05,919 Speaker 1: tell the difference looking forward to the third episode. I 104 00:06:05,920 --> 00:06:08,960 Speaker 1: guess this came after the second cheers Brett, Well Brett, 105 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:12,239 Speaker 1: along the lines of what you say about breweries. Uh. 106 00:06:12,279 --> 00:06:14,600 Speaker 1: I don't know if if there was ever a definitive 107 00:06:14,640 --> 00:06:17,880 Speaker 1: answer to this controversy, but I remember reading years ago 108 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:23,919 Speaker 1: some arguments about the the cause of the the the 109 00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:28,160 Speaker 1: reasoning behind the fact that pizza and bagels are inarguably 110 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:30,680 Speaker 1: better in New York City than anywhere else in the world. 111 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:34,800 Speaker 1: And the argument was that that maybe it's because of 112 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:37,479 Speaker 1: the New York City tap water. The city tap water 113 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:40,640 Speaker 1: that's used to hydrate the dough for the bagels has 114 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: some special New York e goodness to it. Uh. And 115 00:06:44,440 --> 00:06:46,640 Speaker 1: I think the reasoning under that was that New York 116 00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 1: has unusually soft water, meaning that it is low in 117 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:54,800 Speaker 1: certain minerals like calcium, and that low mineral content has 118 00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:58,600 Speaker 1: some mitigating effect on gluten formation, which I think would 119 00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: basically make the bread products softer and more fluffy to 120 00:07:01,839 --> 00:07:05,840 Speaker 1: the tooth. So I don't know. It. Intuitively seems kind 121 00:07:05,839 --> 00:07:07,680 Speaker 1: of unlikely to me that it would make that big 122 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:10,400 Speaker 1: of a difference city by city by itself, but I 123 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:13,080 Speaker 1: am not an expert in does so maybe I don't know. 124 00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:16,160 Speaker 1: New York listeners, do you have opinions on this? Right? 125 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:17,920 Speaker 1: Right in? Tell me? Tell me what's going on with 126 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:20,200 Speaker 1: your bagel, is your pizza crust? What makes them special? 127 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: Is it? Is it just different technique or or is 128 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:31,960 Speaker 1: that water really magic? All right? This next message comes 129 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:35,480 Speaker 1: from Eric. Eric says, Hi, Rob and Joe great episodes 130 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:38,120 Speaker 1: on Thirst. You talked about tea at the beginning of 131 00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:40,840 Speaker 1: part two and mentioned that you can make tea. Uh, 132 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:42,840 Speaker 1: I guess that's sort of tea and quotes out of 133 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: a lot of things. I drink lots of tea, including 134 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:49,640 Speaker 1: actual black tea, herbal tea, and mint. In Robert Jordan's 135 00:07:49,640 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: Wheel of Time series, one group of people who had 136 00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:56,520 Speaker 1: never seen tea before referred to it as leaf soup, 137 00:07:56,640 --> 00:07:59,240 Speaker 1: which made me laugh, and then it made me wonder, 138 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:02,600 Speaker 1: where exactly is the boundary between tea and soup? You 139 00:08:02,640 --> 00:08:05,720 Speaker 1: could in theory have made have a soup made only 140 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:09,040 Speaker 1: of vegetable broth? Could that be considered a tea? I 141 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:11,360 Speaker 1: assume that if it has chunks of vegetable in it, 142 00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:14,400 Speaker 1: that would make it definitely a soup. My infuser has 143 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:17,080 Speaker 1: leaked bits of tea leaves and it turned my tea 144 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:22,560 Speaker 1: into soup several times. I think you can go even farther, Eric, 145 00:08:22,680 --> 00:08:26,240 Speaker 1: and there there is certainly a I think this is 146 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,280 Speaker 1: a British expression to say, like beef tea or meat tea. 147 00:08:29,520 --> 00:08:33,960 Speaker 1: It's basically just beef broth. Yeah, I know we've gotten 148 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:36,080 Speaker 1: at least one message from a listener about that before. 149 00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:38,679 Speaker 1: There's some kind of beef tea and biscuits thing. Anyway, 150 00:08:39,280 --> 00:08:41,960 Speaker 1: Eric goes on, I've lived in several places, each with 151 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:45,280 Speaker 1: its own flavor of water. Central California gets most of 152 00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:48,080 Speaker 1: its water from mountain streams that flow into reservoirs, and 153 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:51,160 Speaker 1: it typically has a nice, mineral rich flavor. But if 154 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:53,640 Speaker 1: you get your water from a well, it's often heavy 155 00:08:53,679 --> 00:08:56,840 Speaker 1: with nitrogen, which and Eric says this gives it a 156 00:08:56,880 --> 00:08:58,959 Speaker 1: more bitter taste that I've got a note about that 157 00:08:59,120 --> 00:09:03,679 Speaker 1: after after email, Eric says, Los Angeles water basically tastes 158 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:06,400 Speaker 1: like pool water. I've also spent a lot of time 159 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:10,560 Speaker 1: in Imperial County. I guess that's probably California, incidentally, a 160 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:14,080 Speaker 1: land rich in tumbleweeds, and the water here is incredibly 161 00:09:14,080 --> 00:09:17,880 Speaker 1: alkaline and very bitter. While the tap water is completely potable. 162 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:21,080 Speaker 1: Everyone recoils at the idea of drinking it. Everyone I 163 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:24,560 Speaker 1: know uses a filter or drinks bottled water. Oh. But 164 00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:27,880 Speaker 1: then Eric says that the same water, the bitter water, 165 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:31,000 Speaker 1: is used to grow a large number of vegetables that 166 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:34,079 Speaker 1: are eaten throughout the United States. Uh. And then finally 167 00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:37,200 Speaker 1: Eric says, speaking of water and crops. Not sure if 168 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:39,679 Speaker 1: I mentioned it in a previous message, but I think 169 00:09:39,679 --> 00:09:42,120 Speaker 1: you could do a full episode, if not too on dirt. 170 00:09:42,559 --> 00:09:44,880 Speaker 1: There's such a wide range of dirt, from all the 171 00:09:44,920 --> 00:09:49,360 Speaker 1: types of soils, sands, extraterrestrial regulith and dust in our 172 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:52,000 Speaker 1: houses to the grime on our clothes. All the best, 173 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:54,960 Speaker 1: keep up the good work, Eric, Well, thanks Eric the 174 00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:58,280 Speaker 1: great email. The one thing I might wanna differ with 175 00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: you on here is whether the nitre gen content of 176 00:10:00,920 --> 00:10:03,360 Speaker 1: well water would be the thing that makes it bitter. 177 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:07,600 Speaker 1: Wellwater can indeed have a lot of nitrogen compounds in it, 178 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:11,280 Speaker 1: in the forms of nitrite and nitrate. I think especially 179 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:14,440 Speaker 1: like as a result of nearby use of fertilizers and 180 00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:16,800 Speaker 1: manure in the in the soil, but I think there 181 00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:20,000 Speaker 1: can be other causes as well, like sewer, inseptic leakage, 182 00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:22,640 Speaker 1: and grows stuff like that. But you can end up 183 00:10:22,679 --> 00:10:26,559 Speaker 1: with nitrogen compounds in your well water. But all the 184 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:29,640 Speaker 1: sources that I was reading about this made clear to 185 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:33,280 Speaker 1: stress that these compounds typically have no taste or smell, 186 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: So I don't know if that's always the case, but 187 00:10:36,240 --> 00:10:38,720 Speaker 1: it's at least commonly reported that they have no taste 188 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:40,440 Speaker 1: or smell, And I think that would be an important 189 00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:43,800 Speaker 1: fact because it means they can be present in unsafe 190 00:10:43,880 --> 00:10:47,199 Speaker 1: quantities in well water and go totally unnoticed when you're 191 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: actually drinking it. So don't you shouldn't just assume that 192 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:53,400 Speaker 1: if if it was there, you'd be able to taste it. 193 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:56,679 Speaker 1: Uh And and this can actually be dangerous because if 194 00:10:56,720 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: you consume too much nitrate or nitrite it and cause 195 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:02,680 Speaker 1: a condition called I'm not sure how to pronounce this, 196 00:11:02,720 --> 00:11:08,160 Speaker 1: but I think it's like methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia, which is basically 197 00:11:08,240 --> 00:11:13,160 Speaker 1: where your red blood cells have difficulty transporting oxygen because 198 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:15,400 Speaker 1: of the presence of too much nitrite, and that that 199 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 1: nitrite causes oxidation of the hemoglobin uh and it it 200 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:22,360 Speaker 1: makes your blood not work. Basically. You can read case 201 00:11:22,440 --> 00:11:26,240 Speaker 1: reports about this that sometimes have very weird features describing 202 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:29,319 Speaker 1: people's skin turning blue and things like that. So you 203 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:32,040 Speaker 1: definitely don't want that to happen. And uh and and 204 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:33,840 Speaker 1: the bottom line is if you get your water from 205 00:11:33,880 --> 00:11:36,200 Speaker 1: a well, you should get it tested on a regular 206 00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:38,840 Speaker 1: basis to to make sure that there is not significant 207 00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:42,920 Speaker 1: nitrogen compound contamination. And I guess probably for other things too, 208 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:45,000 Speaker 1: but yeah, if you if you have well water, get 209 00:11:45,080 --> 00:11:56,320 Speaker 1: it tested. Okay. And this next message also comes from 210 00:11:56,360 --> 00:11:59,840 Speaker 1: an Eric, a completely different one. So the second Rick says, 211 00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:03,000 Speaker 1: one thing I thought of during your podcast about thirst 212 00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:05,559 Speaker 1: was how at one point in college, I had the 213 00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:08,360 Speaker 1: thought that drinking really cold water would be a decent 214 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,480 Speaker 1: way to burn some extra calories in a day, since 215 00:12:11,559 --> 00:12:13,959 Speaker 1: my body has to raise that cold water up to 216 00:12:14,080 --> 00:12:18,559 Speaker 1: body temperature, and one kilo calorie of food value is 217 00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:22,319 Speaker 1: the energy used to raise one kilogram or leader of 218 00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:26,360 Speaker 1: water one degree celsius. Drinking cold water let's say two 219 00:12:26,440 --> 00:12:29,679 Speaker 1: degrees c and bringing that up to body temperature about 220 00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:33,600 Speaker 1: thirty seven degrees c. That's thirty five calories per leader 221 00:12:33,679 --> 00:12:36,280 Speaker 1: of water. If I crank through six liters of ice 222 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:39,240 Speaker 1: water in a day, then boom, that's two hundred calories 223 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:42,040 Speaker 1: burned right there. I imagine there are some flaws in 224 00:12:42,120 --> 00:12:45,080 Speaker 1: my math, or that it's a bit more complicated than 225 00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:48,040 Speaker 1: that doing the full energy balance of my body, maintaining 226 00:12:48,080 --> 00:12:50,600 Speaker 1: its core temperature and so forth, But I still think 227 00:12:50,679 --> 00:12:53,640 Speaker 1: it would be at least close to that number of calories. 228 00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:56,719 Speaker 1: Big fan of the show, Eric Well, Eric, I went 229 00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:58,760 Speaker 1: digging around to try to find a good answer to 230 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:01,960 Speaker 1: this question, see if there was anything authoritative about how 231 00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:05,240 Speaker 1: many calories you burn by drinking very cold water. And 232 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:09,040 Speaker 1: I think my conclusion after everything I've read, is that yes, 233 00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:12,680 Speaker 1: drinking ice water as opposed to room temperature water will 234 00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,480 Speaker 1: put demands on your metabolism. You will burn a few 235 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:18,560 Speaker 1: extra calories, but probably not enough to be a really 236 00:13:18,640 --> 00:13:21,760 Speaker 1: significant source of of a deficit for weight loss. Uh, 237 00:13:22,120 --> 00:13:24,760 Speaker 1: if you're just drinking a normal amount of water. Now, 238 00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:27,840 Speaker 1: obviously that raises questions of like, what is a normal 239 00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:30,360 Speaker 1: amount of water to drink? In a day. That's actually 240 00:13:30,440 --> 00:13:32,520 Speaker 1: kind of hard to pin down. Some of the most 241 00:13:32,559 --> 00:13:37,280 Speaker 1: commonly cited figures are from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, 242 00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:42,280 Speaker 1: and Medicine Table on Dietary Reference Intakes, and that table 243 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:44,560 Speaker 1: I think this was compiled in the early two thousands, 244 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:46,719 Speaker 1: so I don't know how current it is, but it's 245 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:49,360 Speaker 1: still referenced a lot, and that recommends a daily water 246 00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:52,440 Speaker 1: intake of three point seven leaders per day for adult 247 00:13:52,520 --> 00:13:55,679 Speaker 1: men and two point seven leaders per day for adult women. 248 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:58,320 Speaker 1: But obviously that that's not something you need to measure 249 00:13:58,360 --> 00:14:00,880 Speaker 1: out and be strict about. And these are just averages, 250 00:14:00,920 --> 00:14:03,319 Speaker 1: so there's gonna be a lot of individual variation, and 251 00:14:03,440 --> 00:14:06,400 Speaker 1: of course variation based on what you're doing, if you're 252 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,320 Speaker 1: sweating exercise, if you're on the hot sun and things 253 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:12,640 Speaker 1: like that. Now, obviously you can drink more water than 254 00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:15,640 Speaker 1: the than the average daily recommended intake, but you do 255 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:19,400 Speaker 1: need to be careful there, since it is actually quite 256 00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:22,280 Speaker 1: possible to hurt or kill yourself by drinking too much 257 00:14:22,320 --> 00:14:25,760 Speaker 1: water too fast. One of the big risks of drinking 258 00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:30,160 Speaker 1: too much water too fast is hypetremia, where the salt 259 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:34,280 Speaker 1: concentration in your blood gets too low, and your kidneys 260 00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:37,720 Speaker 1: can't purge the extra water fast enough to keep your 261 00:14:37,760 --> 00:14:40,720 Speaker 1: salt osmolality at the right level, So there's a build 262 00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:43,880 Speaker 1: up of fluid inside cells. It makes your cells swell, 263 00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:46,760 Speaker 1: I think, including the brain cells, and that's just that's 264 00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:50,680 Speaker 1: really bad. So this is something that's also difficult to 265 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:54,200 Speaker 1: put a universally applicable number on. Uh. Several sources I 266 00:14:54,280 --> 00:14:57,200 Speaker 1: was looking at side of study from warning that you 267 00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,360 Speaker 1: you don't want to drink more than something like zero 268 00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:02,920 Speaker 1: point eight leaders to one leader of water per hour, 269 00:15:03,480 --> 00:15:07,840 Speaker 1: since this exceeds what the kidneys can safely eliminate. But again, 270 00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:10,480 Speaker 1: I think that's something that's it's hard to put a 271 00:15:10,640 --> 00:15:13,600 Speaker 1: very solid number on it. But generally I think you 272 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:18,120 Speaker 1: just want to stay away from chugging ridiculous amounts of water. Also, 273 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:20,920 Speaker 1: big caveat. As always, you know, I'm not a doctor, 274 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,320 Speaker 1: we're not doctors. This is not a medical advice show, 275 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:27,480 Speaker 1: so you should not be uh making any medical decisions 276 00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:31,680 Speaker 1: based on anything you heard here. But yeah, as far 277 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:33,960 Speaker 1: as I can tell, there's basically you know, there's no 278 00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:37,960 Speaker 1: harm in drinking a normal amount of cold water, and 279 00:15:38,120 --> 00:15:42,440 Speaker 1: that will help you create a calorie deficit but maybe 280 00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:45,600 Speaker 1: not as much as you would buy. For example, refraining 281 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:49,640 Speaker 1: from eating a couple of fun sized candy bars. Uh. 282 00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:53,360 Speaker 1: And whatever you do, just please don't give yourself water intoxication, 283 00:15:53,520 --> 00:16:02,320 Speaker 1: trying to lose weight? Okay, onto some responses to Weird 284 00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:06,040 Speaker 1: How Cinema. Both of these were about the episode we 285 00:16:06,120 --> 00:16:09,160 Speaker 1: did on The Beast with Five Fingers, the Peter Laurie 286 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:13,200 Speaker 1: movie about a severed hand that goes up, strikes out 287 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:16,320 Speaker 1: on its own, and goes on a choking spree. When 288 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:18,800 Speaker 1: we did that episode about the Beast with Five Fingers, 289 00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:23,120 Speaker 1: we were talking about other killer hand movies and we 290 00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:27,440 Speaker 1: got to a nine stone or horror comedy called Idle 291 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:32,440 Speaker 1: Hands starring Devin Sawa and Jessica Alba. And Rob had 292 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:35,880 Speaker 1: a very strong memory that Jake Busey was in this movie. 293 00:16:36,640 --> 00:16:38,960 Speaker 1: I argued that Jake Busey was not in this movie. 294 00:16:39,880 --> 00:16:42,680 Speaker 1: Now here comes our listener Thomas, to solve the mystery. 295 00:16:43,200 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: Thomas says, I'm yelling into my headphones here you think 296 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:52,440 Speaker 1: you remember Jake Busey because there's an amazing cameo The Offspring. 297 00:16:53,160 --> 00:16:56,200 Speaker 1: The band The Offspring are playing the high school Halloween 298 00:16:56,320 --> 00:17:00,720 Speaker 1: dance and Dexter Holland gets scalped by the possessed hand 299 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:05,840 Speaker 1: on stage. Dexter and Jake are extremely similar looking, Thomas Thomas, 300 00:17:05,920 --> 00:17:08,760 Speaker 1: I think you're exactly right. That must be it. So 301 00:17:09,480 --> 00:17:12,879 Speaker 1: in this movie, somehow they got the offspring the very 302 00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:16,760 Speaker 1: very popular sort of pop punk band to to play 303 00:17:16,840 --> 00:17:19,320 Speaker 1: this high school dance on a basketball court they're doing. 304 00:17:19,359 --> 00:17:21,119 Speaker 1: I remember they're doing a cover of I Want to 305 00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:24,440 Speaker 1: Be Sedated by the Ramons, And yeah, the lead singer 306 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:27,840 Speaker 1: does have significant Jake bauc overlap. I think they both 307 00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:34,080 Speaker 1: have the same platinum blonde hair, spiky with alarming vertical dimension. 308 00:17:39,640 --> 00:17:42,440 Speaker 1: This next message is from a listener who wanted to 309 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:46,440 Speaker 1: stay anonymous, but she had some really great insights in 310 00:17:46,560 --> 00:17:49,159 Speaker 1: response to that same Weird House Cinema episode on the 311 00:17:49,240 --> 00:17:51,840 Speaker 1: Beast with five Fingers. She starts off by saying that 312 00:17:51,960 --> 00:17:55,640 Speaker 1: she's been listening for several years and introduces her credentials 313 00:17:55,720 --> 00:17:59,720 Speaker 1: as a trained pianist who works in a musical academic setting, 314 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:02,680 Speaker 1: and then moves on to our comments about the movie. 315 00:18:03,080 --> 00:18:07,440 Speaker 1: The writer seems well informed about certain oddly specific aspects 316 00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:11,440 Speaker 1: of piano playing. With one hand, it's much easier to 317 00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:15,040 Speaker 1: play something which sounds reasonably impressive with one's left hand 318 00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:18,480 Speaker 1: than with the right, no matter which hand is dominant 319 00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 1: in everyday life. This is generally supposed to be because 320 00:18:22,119 --> 00:18:27,400 Speaker 1: the thumb is quote heavier, essentially louder than the other fingers, 321 00:18:27,760 --> 00:18:31,440 Speaker 1: and therefore carries a melodic line better, and the left 322 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:35,520 Speaker 1: hand thumb plays higher notes where the melodic line generally lies, 323 00:18:35,920 --> 00:18:39,520 Speaker 1: whereas the right hand thumb plays the base. The relative 324 00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:43,639 Speaker 1: independence of the melodic thumb is also helpful. And yes, 325 00:18:43,760 --> 00:18:46,320 Speaker 1: this did correspond to the movie, because the one handed 326 00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:49,600 Speaker 1: pianist in in the beast Um he played with his 327 00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:52,399 Speaker 1: left hand. That was where all of his power and 328 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:56,119 Speaker 1: skill was concentrated, as if by magic. But the listener 329 00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:59,280 Speaker 1: goes on. There are quite a few historical precedents of 330 00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:03,000 Speaker 1: left hand pieces, and some but fewer for the right 331 00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:06,720 Speaker 1: hand alone. The most well known are probably Johannes Brahms 332 00:19:06,800 --> 00:19:10,680 Speaker 1: transcription of the box Shikan for solo violin for the 333 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:15,399 Speaker 1: left hand, Revels Piano Concerto for the left hand, and 334 00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:20,399 Speaker 1: the Scriabin Prelude and nocturn Opus number nine for the 335 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:44,000 Speaker 1: left hand scrib and a Russian composer and really interesting 336 00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:46,399 Speaker 1: biographical details that I want to get to after this 337 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:50,360 Speaker 1: emails over, but the listener continues. Scriabin, like so many 338 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:54,200 Speaker 1: of us, hurt his right hand practicing and didn't want 339 00:19:54,240 --> 00:19:58,960 Speaker 1: to stop playing, even temporarily. Unfortunately, most people can't compose 340 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,600 Speaker 1: such wonderful music for themselves. A lot of these pieces 341 00:20:02,640 --> 00:20:06,040 Speaker 1: are not immediately audible as being played by a single hand, 342 00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:10,320 Speaker 1: especially for non pianists. The revel and an impressive list 343 00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:14,800 Speaker 1: of other pieces was written for Paul Wittgenstein, brother of 344 00:20:14,840 --> 00:20:18,240 Speaker 1: the philosopher, who lost his right arm in the First 345 00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:22,159 Speaker 1: World War and continued to perform as a concert pianist afterwards. 346 00:20:22,800 --> 00:20:27,440 Speaker 1: More recently, both Gary Graffman and Leon Fleischer lost some 347 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:29,840 Speaker 1: or all of the use of their right hands due 348 00:20:29,880 --> 00:20:34,680 Speaker 1: to probably in Graftman's case and certainly in Fleischer's focal dystonia, 349 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:38,080 Speaker 1: and they have both performed the left handed repertoire for 350 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: many years. Sorry for the long email. It was very 351 00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:44,240 Speaker 1: exciting for me to hear about a horrific and independent 352 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:47,359 Speaker 1: left hand, as I sometimes feel like mine is also 353 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:51,320 Speaker 1: possessed by a demon. Finally, it's very unusual to make 354 00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,400 Speaker 1: past one's early thirties as a musician without at least 355 00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:58,200 Speaker 1: one significant period of injury. My first came during my 356 00:20:58,320 --> 00:21:01,840 Speaker 1: bachelor's degree, when a burnt finger on my right hand 357 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,639 Speaker 1: became severely infected because I was too stupid to stop 358 00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 1: practicing for a few days, and pianos shared by a 359 00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:12,600 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty people are in obvious hindsight hotbeds of 360 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:16,200 Speaker 1: all kinds of bacteria and so forth. I recovered quickly, 361 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:19,399 Speaker 1: but spent five weeks variously having fits of hysterics and 362 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:23,240 Speaker 1: becoming acquainted with the repertoire for the left hand. Thank 363 00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:25,960 Speaker 1: you again for the fascinating podcast. I so much enjoy 364 00:21:26,119 --> 00:21:28,159 Speaker 1: learning more about all kinds of things which are very 365 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:30,280 Speaker 1: far away from my daily life, and it was a 366 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:33,119 Speaker 1: pleasant surprise to hear about something a bit more familiar. 367 00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:36,159 Speaker 1: All the best, Well, thank you so much for the email. 368 00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,000 Speaker 1: To follow up with another interesting tidbit, since you raised 369 00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:43,240 Speaker 1: the subject of Alexander Scriabin. If anybody out there is 370 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:47,600 Speaker 1: not familiar with this Russian pianist and composer, uh Scriabin 371 00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:50,760 Speaker 1: is not only interesting for having written piano music for 372 00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:53,800 Speaker 1: the left hand alone, but he is also the only 373 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:57,080 Speaker 1: person I know of who ever tried to compose a 374 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: literal eschatological event. If you want to learn more about this, 375 00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:07,040 Speaker 1: look up Scriabin's work called The Mysterium. It was unfinished 376 00:22:07,119 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: at the time of his death. I think heavily influenced 377 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:15,080 Speaker 1: by Scriabin's fascination with occultism, mysticism, UH and the new 378 00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:19,280 Speaker 1: religion at the time of Theosophy. But essentially the Mysterium, 379 00:22:19,359 --> 00:22:21,320 Speaker 1: as far as I understand, it was supposed to be 380 00:22:21,560 --> 00:22:24,920 Speaker 1: like the artwork to end all artworks, and in fact, 381 00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,280 Speaker 1: to end the world. It was going to be a 382 00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:31,440 Speaker 1: musical and visual performance staged in the foothills of the 383 00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:35,399 Speaker 1: Himalayas that would be so awesome that it would summon 384 00:22:35,480 --> 00:22:38,800 Speaker 1: the end of the eon and transform all matter into spirit. 385 00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,359 Speaker 1: I found a description of what Scriabin intended for the 386 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:45,000 Speaker 1: at least the first part of this event, in a 387 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:50,240 Speaker 1: book called Scriabin, a Biography by Faubian Bowers, published in 388 00:22:50,359 --> 00:22:55,000 Speaker 1: nineteen So he's describing here a portion of the Mysterium 389 00:22:55,119 --> 00:22:57,800 Speaker 1: that the composer left behind when he died, and this 390 00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:01,720 Speaker 1: part was called the Prefatory Action. In the Prefatory Action 391 00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:05,480 Speaker 1: would still be a stage work of immense proportion and conception. 392 00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:09,320 Speaker 1: Bells suspended from the clouds in the sky would summon 393 00:23:09,440 --> 00:23:12,800 Speaker 1: the spectators from all over the world. The performance was 394 00:23:12,920 --> 00:23:15,399 Speaker 1: to take place in a half temple to be built 395 00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:18,840 Speaker 1: in India. A reflecting pool of water would complete the 396 00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:22,760 Speaker 1: divinity of the half circle stage. Spectators would sit in 397 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:26,520 Speaker 1: tears across the water. Those in the balconies would be 398 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:30,840 Speaker 1: the least spiritually advanced. The seating was strictly graded, ranking 399 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:34,120 Speaker 1: radially from the center of the stage, where Scriabin would 400 00:23:34,119 --> 00:23:39,080 Speaker 1: sit at the piano, surrounded by hosts of instruments, singers, dancers. 401 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:43,280 Speaker 1: The entire group was to be permeated continually with movement 402 00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:47,639 Speaker 1: and costumed speakers reciting the text in processions and parades 403 00:23:48,119 --> 00:23:52,879 Speaker 1: would form parts of the action. The choreography would include glances, looks, 404 00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:57,400 Speaker 1: eye emotions, touches of the hands, odors of both pleasant 405 00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:02,760 Speaker 1: perfumes and acrid smokes, frankinsense and myrrh pillars of incense 406 00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:06,960 Speaker 1: would form part of the scenery. Lights, fires, and constantly 407 00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:10,800 Speaker 1: changing lighting effects would pervade the cast an audience, each 408 00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:14,840 Speaker 1: to number in the thousands. This prefaces the final mysterium 409 00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: and prepares people for their ultimate dissolution in ecstasy. Now, 410 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:22,880 Speaker 1: like I said, the mysterium was unfinished when Scriabin died, 411 00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,440 Speaker 1: but he left behind a bunch of sections and notes 412 00:24:26,560 --> 00:24:29,120 Speaker 1: on on parts that he had composed. And I think 413 00:24:29,359 --> 00:24:32,080 Speaker 1: that there there was at least one case, maybe multiple 414 00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:35,280 Speaker 1: where other composers came along and tried to make something 415 00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:38,920 Speaker 1: out of the the notes and unfinished parts that he 416 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:42,080 Speaker 1: left behind. So so you can look up the mysterium 417 00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:45,280 Speaker 1: and hear parts of it as interpreted by by other composers. 418 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:49,399 Speaker 1: But but yeah, it was never put together in its 419 00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:53,480 Speaker 1: entirety and obviously never staged because we're all still here. 420 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:19,760 Speaker 1: M m m m m okay, So that's gonna wrap 421 00:25:19,840 --> 00:25:22,240 Speaker 1: things up for this episode, but we will be back 422 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:25,119 Speaker 1: to talk to you again soon. In the meantime, if 423 00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:27,960 Speaker 1: you're new to the show, why don't you subscribe? Just 424 00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:30,439 Speaker 1: look up the Stuff to Blow your Mind feed wherever 425 00:25:30,560 --> 00:25:33,440 Speaker 1: you get your podcast will be on there somewhere, or 426 00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:35,800 Speaker 1: you can go to stuff to Blow your Mind dot com. 427 00:25:36,359 --> 00:25:39,720 Speaker 1: We usually feature listener mail on Monday's, core science and 428 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:44,359 Speaker 1: culture episodes on Tuesdays and Thursdays, short form episodes on Wednesdays, 429 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,800 Speaker 1: and on Fridays, we do something we call weird House Cinema, 430 00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:50,720 Speaker 1: a more casual show where Rob and I usually talk 431 00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:53,800 Speaker 1: about a movie with a giant crab or a star 432 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:57,480 Speaker 1: mummy or something of that ilk Remember this week we're 433 00:25:57,480 --> 00:26:00,160 Speaker 1: gonna have some vault episodes for you because Robert's out, 434 00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:03,040 Speaker 1: but we'll be back with you with all new content 435 00:26:03,160 --> 00:26:06,399 Speaker 1: sometime next week. And big thanks as always to our 436 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:09,920 Speaker 1: excellent audio producer Seth Nicholas Johnson. If you would like 437 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:11,920 Speaker 1: to get in touch with us with feedback on this 438 00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:14,560 Speaker 1: episode or any other, to suggest a topic for the future, 439 00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:16,960 Speaker 1: or just to say hello, you can email us at 440 00:26:17,359 --> 00:26:28,240 Speaker 1: contact at stuff to Blow your Mind dot com. Stuff 441 00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:30,440 Speaker 1: to Blow Your Mind is a production of I Heart Radio. 442 00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:33,160 Speaker 1: For more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the I heart 443 00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:35,919 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 444 00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:36,600 Speaker 1: favorite shows.