1 00:00:02,400 --> 00:00:06,680 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, everybody. In this week's episodes on Antie jump Canon, 2 00:00:06,800 --> 00:00:09,880 Speaker 1: we talked about her making several trips to observe total 3 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:14,040 Speaker 1: solar eclipses, and back in when we were each making 4 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:17,760 Speaker 1: plans to observe an upcoming solar eclipse, we recorded an 5 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:21,480 Speaker 1: episode on some solar eclipses in history. So when we 6 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:24,720 Speaker 1: recorded that episode back in we of course had not 7 00:00:24,840 --> 00:00:27,960 Speaker 1: actually seen the eclipse yet. The episode came out on 8 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:32,120 Speaker 1: eclipse Day and it was recorded beforehand. But now we have, 9 00:00:32,920 --> 00:00:37,000 Speaker 1: and having seen a total solar eclipse, which I did 10 00:00:37,040 --> 00:00:40,880 Speaker 1: from a vantage point in Missouri, I found Annie jump 11 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:45,479 Speaker 1: Canon's writing about her experiences truly moving and lovely, and 12 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:48,080 Speaker 1: I felt like I kind of bonded with her over 13 00:00:48,159 --> 00:00:52,519 Speaker 1: our eclipse viewing experiences. So I wanted to pull that 14 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:55,880 Speaker 1: eclipse episode out for our classic today. We hope you 15 00:00:56,000 --> 00:01:02,000 Speaker 1: enjoy Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a 16 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:11,679 Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 17 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:15,120 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry, I'm Tracy V. Wilson, Jersey. Do you 18 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:18,840 Speaker 1: know what everyone on Earth is talking about? It is 19 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:23,319 Speaker 1: We've reached It's all eclipses all the time. We reached 20 00:01:23,400 --> 00:01:25,440 Speaker 1: the point that my mom and her sisters are talking 21 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:29,039 Speaker 1: about eclipses on our family Yahoo group, which is a 22 00:01:29,160 --> 00:01:33,679 Speaker 1: threshold in how many people are talking about something right. Uh. 23 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:35,520 Speaker 1: And that is, of course because of the event that 24 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:37,600 Speaker 1: is being built, at least in the US, is the 25 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:40,679 Speaker 1: Great American Eclipse, which will have happened on the same 26 00:01:40,760 --> 00:01:46,960 Speaker 1: day that this episode publishes August. Uh. I suspect this 27 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:50,120 Speaker 1: episode will air after the eclipse actually happened, or right 28 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:55,280 Speaker 1: around it in terms of when it goes live. But um, Moreover, 29 00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:57,760 Speaker 1: if people are into the eclipse, they're probably out watching 30 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:00,000 Speaker 1: the eclipse and not sitting somewhere listening to a podcas. 31 00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:01,960 Speaker 1: I'm gonna tell you that's where I will be. Is 32 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: there I'm traveling to because we you are near the 33 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:10,840 Speaker 1: line of tortality. I am not. So we're going on 34 00:02:10,919 --> 00:02:14,800 Speaker 1: a trip. Yeah, we have a little officey thing planned. Um. 35 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:17,000 Speaker 1: But so for that end, we are not going to 36 00:02:17,080 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 1: fill this with warnings about how to carefully observing eclipse. 37 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:23,720 Speaker 1: I hope you will have gotten those before you may 38 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:26,840 Speaker 1: be looked up. Um. But it seems like a great 39 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:30,560 Speaker 1: time to discuss some eclipses in history. There are a 40 00:02:30,639 --> 00:02:33,000 Speaker 1: lot of eclipses that have been recorded through the ages, 41 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: but today we're going to talk about five of them. Uh, 42 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:38,480 Speaker 1: if we leave your favorite out, our apologies, but we 43 00:02:38,560 --> 00:02:41,520 Speaker 1: just wanted kind of a sampling of eclipses and kind 44 00:02:41,520 --> 00:02:45,400 Speaker 1: of their interesting points in the historical record. Yeah, And 45 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:48,720 Speaker 1: to be clear, today we are talking specifically about solar 46 00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:52,400 Speaker 1: eclipses when the Moon passes between the Earth and the 47 00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 1: Sun and at least a portion of the Sun is blocked, 48 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: casting a shadow on the Earth. We are not getting 49 00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:01,440 Speaker 1: into lunar eclipses, when the Earth passes between the Sun 50 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:04,919 Speaker 1: and the moon, which causes the Moon to go dark. Right. 51 00:03:05,120 --> 00:03:09,520 Speaker 1: And there are four types of solar eclipse, partial, annular, total, 52 00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:12,679 Speaker 1: and hybrid. And a partial eclipse occurs when the Moon 53 00:03:12,760 --> 00:03:14,959 Speaker 1: only obstructs a part of the Sun, and this is 54 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:17,639 Speaker 1: often described as the Sun looking as though there is 55 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:20,720 Speaker 1: a bite taken out of it. Annular means ring shaped. 56 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:23,400 Speaker 1: I don't know about you, Holly, but the eclipses that 57 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:26,960 Speaker 1: I have seen so far, aside from partial ones, have 58 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 1: all been annular eclipses um, which comes from the Latin 59 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:35,080 Speaker 1: word annulus, so an annual. An annular eclipse is when 60 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:37,000 Speaker 1: the Moon passes in front of the center of the Sun. 61 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:40,120 Speaker 1: But it leaves a ring of the Sun visible around 62 00:03:40,120 --> 00:03:42,920 Speaker 1: the moon, and a total eclipse, as when the Moon 63 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: is close enough to the Earth that as it passes 64 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:47,640 Speaker 1: in front of the Sun, the Sun is completely blacked out, 65 00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:50,240 Speaker 1: so there's not a sliver or a ring around the 66 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:53,080 Speaker 1: outside as in the case of the annular eclipse. The 67 00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:58,120 Speaker 1: Sun's corona is still visible. Though there is this much 68 00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:01,600 Speaker 1: talked about eclipse that's happening that the day this episode airs, 69 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:07,440 Speaker 1: which is August, that is a total eclipse. Yeah, sometimes 70 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:09,920 Speaker 1: I have found in it when I was younger. It 71 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:12,400 Speaker 1: took me a long time to really grasp This sounds 72 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:15,040 Speaker 1: so foolish as I say it, but the difference between 73 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:18,880 Speaker 1: an annular eclipse and a total eclipse, because you still 74 00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:21,280 Speaker 1: see that coronal ring on a total eclipse. And I'm like, 75 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:22,520 Speaker 1: but you can still see it, And they're like, no, 76 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:24,760 Speaker 1: you're not seeing the sun. You're seeing the light off 77 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:26,719 Speaker 1: of the sun, right, And I'm like, but I'm seeing 78 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:29,760 Speaker 1: sunlight and so, but it's that's the thing. You still 79 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:33,799 Speaker 1: see light. And as we were planning our whole our trip, 80 00:04:34,480 --> 00:04:36,359 Speaker 1: we were talking to the other folks who are going 81 00:04:36,400 --> 00:04:38,919 Speaker 1: to be traveling with us, Um and I had, I 82 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:42,640 Speaker 1: was like, okay, but I remember watching an eclipse at 83 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:45,000 Speaker 1: my elementary school and I had to go look that 84 00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:47,760 Speaker 1: up and like figure out what year was that, what 85 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:49,560 Speaker 1: was going on? It was an annular eclipse. And then 86 00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:52,039 Speaker 1: I said, okay, now I also remember watching one in 87 00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:56,200 Speaker 1: our yard. Look that one up, also an annular eclipse. 88 00:04:56,240 --> 00:04:58,440 Speaker 1: And then I was like, Okay, Obviously my memory is 89 00:04:58,480 --> 00:04:59,919 Speaker 1: not as sharp as I would like it to be 90 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:04,640 Speaker 1: regarding what eclipses I have seen. Oh, mine definitely is 91 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:08,200 Speaker 1: not um. And the fourth type that we mentioned, a 92 00:05:08,279 --> 00:05:10,800 Speaker 1: hybrid eclipse, is one that appears to be a total 93 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:14,000 Speaker 1: eclipse from one vantage point on Earth and an annular 94 00:05:14,200 --> 00:05:16,479 Speaker 1: eclipse from another point on Earth at the same time. 95 00:05:16,560 --> 00:05:18,520 Speaker 1: And that has to do with where the Moon is 96 00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:21,760 Speaker 1: in position in relation to your position on Earth in 97 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:25,080 Speaker 1: the position of the Sun. So additionally, annular, total and 98 00:05:25,160 --> 00:05:29,680 Speaker 1: hybrid eclipses will look like partial eclipses from positions that 99 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:32,800 Speaker 1: are outside of the path of totality. So where you 100 00:05:32,839 --> 00:05:36,480 Speaker 1: are in Atlanta is near the path of totality. So 101 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 1: we mostly covered up. Yeah, Also we're kind of excited 102 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 1: about this whole eclipse situation. If you cannot tell the 103 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:47,120 Speaker 1: oldest known story of a solar eclipse also comes with 104 00:05:47,160 --> 00:05:50,400 Speaker 1: a sad tale of two men who failed to predict it. Uh. 105 00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:54,360 Speaker 1: This particular event took place in China around seven b C. 106 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:57,839 Speaker 1: There are actually some discrepancies as to whether or not 107 00:05:57,880 --> 00:06:01,239 Speaker 1: that you're is accurate. Writings in China from this period 108 00:06:01,240 --> 00:06:04,920 Speaker 1: have described such events really quite poetically, as quote, the 109 00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:08,520 Speaker 1: Sun and Moon did not meet harmoniously. So to be clear, 110 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:10,560 Speaker 1: there were eclipses before this point, but we are just 111 00:06:10,600 --> 00:06:14,840 Speaker 1: talking about ones that were recorded. It was not the 112 00:06:14,880 --> 00:06:20,120 Speaker 1: first that I happened, must have been, but yeah, so 113 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:23,360 Speaker 1: Ancient China's mythology around eclipses was that they took place 114 00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:26,760 Speaker 1: when a celestial dragon was eating the sun, and in 115 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: a tradition that built around the idea of scaring the 116 00:06:29,760 --> 00:06:32,240 Speaker 1: dragon a way to get the sun back, people would 117 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:35,679 Speaker 1: make lots of noise by blinking, banging pots together, playing drums, 118 00:06:35,720 --> 00:06:40,200 Speaker 1: and basically doing anything that would create the loudest sound possible, 119 00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: which sounds pretty fun. Uh. The apocryphal story attached to 120 00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: this ancient eclipse involves to court astronomers Ho and He. 121 00:06:50,040 --> 00:06:53,680 Speaker 1: Their job was to predict any important celestial events and 122 00:06:53,839 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: inform the emperor of them. And as the story goes, 123 00:06:57,040 --> 00:07:00,520 Speaker 1: in this case, the emperor only learned of the eclipse 124 00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: event when he heard the banging noises of his people 125 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:08,520 Speaker 1: trying to frighten the mythical dragon. Naturally, this failing on 126 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:11,600 Speaker 1: the part of the astronomers, who according to legend, were 127 00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:14,080 Speaker 1: drunk when they should have been doing their jobs, was 128 00:07:14,160 --> 00:07:16,440 Speaker 1: met with a great deal of anger on the part 129 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:19,440 Speaker 1: of the emperor, and the story goes that they were 130 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:23,240 Speaker 1: then executed for their poor job performance. There's even a 131 00:07:23,280 --> 00:07:28,440 Speaker 1: pretty unkind poem that's often cited when this story is discussed, 132 00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:30,960 Speaker 1: and the poem goes, here lie the bodies of Ho 133 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:37,040 Speaker 1: and He, whose fate, though sad, was visible, being hanged 134 00:07:37,080 --> 00:07:40,440 Speaker 1: because they could not spy the clips which was invisible. 135 00:07:41,760 --> 00:07:44,560 Speaker 1: Hi Ho Tis said, a love of drink occasioned all 136 00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:47,480 Speaker 1: the trouble. But this is hardly true, I think for 137 00:07:47,680 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 1: drunken folks c double. This text is unattributed. We don't 138 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,800 Speaker 1: know who wrote it, and it was likely almost certainly 139 00:07:54,800 --> 00:07:57,760 Speaker 1: written long after the event in China by a Western author, 140 00:07:58,280 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 1: just based on these sort of apocryphal stories of Ho 141 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:04,960 Speaker 1: and He, and this has led to this blanket assumption 142 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,800 Speaker 1: that these two men were incompetent, but there have been 143 00:08:07,840 --> 00:08:11,679 Speaker 1: other discussions of them in the historical record and China's 144 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:15,720 Speaker 1: astronomical knowledge that was done in a few different works 145 00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:19,880 Speaker 1: throughout the centuries. So, according to Chinese animals analyzed by 146 00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: later astronomers, he and Ho had actually done a great 147 00:08:23,480 --> 00:08:26,560 Speaker 1: deal of work on reforming the Chinese calendar through their 148 00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: observations and their calculations, and they had made it a 149 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:34,440 Speaker 1: lot more accurate. Eighteenth century Englishman John Jackson, after doing 150 00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:37,559 Speaker 1: his own research and analysis and pulling from translations of 151 00:08:37,679 --> 00:08:41,840 Speaker 1: Chinese animals as well as contemporary astronomy authors, found that 152 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:44,960 Speaker 1: accounts suggested that this eclipse, if it's the one that 153 00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:48,480 Speaker 1: astronomers were pointing to, was very brief, and he wrote 154 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:51,760 Speaker 1: in seventeen fifty two quote, if the eclipse was really 155 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: so small and so short, it is not to be 156 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:57,320 Speaker 1: wondered that the two astronomers he and Ho, should not 157 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:00,680 Speaker 1: have observed it, nor could any others hardly be supposed 158 00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:03,760 Speaker 1: to have seen it. But part of the problem is 159 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:06,800 Speaker 1: that all of this is backwards engineering an event that 160 00:09:06,880 --> 00:09:09,880 Speaker 1: could have been just one of any number of possible 161 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:14,120 Speaker 1: eclipses that were referenced within ancient Chinese writings. The Jackson 162 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:16,560 Speaker 1: quote that we just mentioned is an analysis of one 163 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:19,040 Speaker 1: of those events, which may or may not have been 164 00:09:19,080 --> 00:09:22,800 Speaker 1: the one that sealed the astronomer's spates. So again, that 165 00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:26,560 Speaker 1: is if this whole execution story is actually true. The 166 00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:32,240 Speaker 1: Proceedings and Transactions of the Scientific Association includes the full 167 00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:35,199 Speaker 1: text of an address that was given by the Reverend J. T. 168 00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,200 Speaker 1: Petty about this story, and he makes the case that 169 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:40,679 Speaker 1: if you take this story at its word, it really 170 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:44,319 Speaker 1: serves as a testament to how advanced China's astronomical knowledge 171 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:48,280 Speaker 1: was at the time. As part of his case, he says, quote, 172 00:09:48,440 --> 00:09:51,400 Speaker 1: China must have been pretty well stocked with astronomers, or 173 00:09:51,440 --> 00:09:54,640 Speaker 1: she could not have afforded to sacrifice two of them. 174 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:57,760 Speaker 1: Had they been the only astronomers in the empire, their 175 00:09:57,800 --> 00:10:00,679 Speaker 1: lives would have been spared for future service, whatever their 176 00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 1: dereliction of duty. Yeah, so those poor drunken astronomers maybe 177 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,800 Speaker 1: just got a bad room. Uh. And next up, we're 178 00:10:07,840 --> 00:10:10,000 Speaker 1: going to talk about Homer's Odyssey, But before we get 179 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:19,560 Speaker 1: into that, we're gonna pause and have a little sponsored break. 180 00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:23,839 Speaker 1: The Odyssey was written by Homer around eight hundred b C. 181 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:27,320 Speaker 1: But it tells the story set around twelve d BC, 182 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:32,000 Speaker 1: centuries before this poem was actually conceived, and in telling 183 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:35,720 Speaker 1: the tale of Odysseus in his decade long voyage, Homer 184 00:10:35,880 --> 00:10:39,319 Speaker 1: might have recounted an eclipse that took place in eleven 185 00:10:39,440 --> 00:10:44,240 Speaker 1: seventy eight b c E. The Acclimatists, a seer character 186 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:47,680 Speaker 1: within the narrative, shares a prophecy about the doomed fate 187 00:10:47,720 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 1: of penelope suitors, and ends with what some people believe 188 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:54,120 Speaker 1: is a description of an eclipse quote. The sun has 189 00:10:54,160 --> 00:10:57,679 Speaker 1: been obliterated from the sky and an unlock an unlucky 190 00:10:57,920 --> 00:11:01,600 Speaker 1: darkness invades the world. In the story that's still very 191 00:11:01,679 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 1: much alive. Odysseus kills all of the suitors during this event. 192 00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:09,679 Speaker 1: In the early part of the twentieth century, astronomers Carl 193 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:13,360 Speaker 1: Shock and Paul Nugebauer determined that the Ionian Islands would 194 00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:16,719 Speaker 1: have seen a total solar eclipse on April sixteenth of 195 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 1: eleven seventy eight b c E, and this place did 196 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:22,199 Speaker 1: about one decade after the city of Troy was destroyed. 197 00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:26,280 Speaker 1: But this idea was largely dismissed by critics, who felt 198 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:28,160 Speaker 1: that there was no way that Homer could have had 199 00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:30,680 Speaker 1: knowledge of such an event and written about it when 200 00:11:30,679 --> 00:11:33,560 Speaker 1: it had happened several hundred years before his time. But 201 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:37,839 Speaker 1: this topic was revived in two thousand seven when two biophysicists, 202 00:11:37,920 --> 00:11:42,160 Speaker 1: Constantino by Cuzas and Marcello oh Magnasco, used software to 203 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: analyze data they collected from this text. They combed through 204 00:11:46,040 --> 00:11:49,400 Speaker 1: the Odyssey and noted mentions of constellations and the positions 205 00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:52,000 Speaker 1: of Venus and Mercury, and the new moon which happened 206 00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:55,000 Speaker 1: the night before the prophecy, And using all of that 207 00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:58,960 Speaker 1: collected data, they determined the possible dates that could have 208 00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:03,440 Speaker 1: matched the dis oyptions in the epic poem, and their 209 00:12:03,640 --> 00:12:09,959 Speaker 1: match was drumroll please, April sev. But even in their paper, 210 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:13,760 Speaker 1: which was published in two thousand eight by Cusus and Magnasco, 211 00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:17,600 Speaker 1: are very clear that it would be amazing and not 212 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:20,439 Speaker 1: terribly likely if Homer knew about this event, they wrote, 213 00:12:20,559 --> 00:12:23,960 Speaker 1: quote The main implausibility in the conclusions is that they 214 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:26,480 Speaker 1: imply that the author of the lines in question was 215 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:30,000 Speaker 1: first interested in advanced astronomy at a time when there 216 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,200 Speaker 1: were no traces left that the Greek had an interest 217 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:36,480 Speaker 1: in it beyond clindrical purposes. And in possession of detailed 218 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:41,320 Speaker 1: astronomical data of events happening perhaps five centuries before him. 219 00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:44,200 Speaker 1: This paper goes on to discuss the indications that Homer 220 00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:48,200 Speaker 1: was interested into in astronomy and then examines various improbable 221 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:51,240 Speaker 1: but not impossible means by which the knowledge of a 222 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:54,160 Speaker 1: historical eclipse could have made its way into his sphere 223 00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:57,120 Speaker 1: of knowledge. But they acknowledge that it's really hard, a 224 00:12:57,160 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: really hard case to prove, and they conclude with quote 225 00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:03,400 Speaker 1: much research is needed before we can move beyond such speculations. 226 00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:07,040 Speaker 1: We can only modestly hope to convince other scholars that 227 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:11,200 Speaker 1: the case against Chokes eclipse may have been too hastily closed, 228 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 1: and just inspire them to ponder if the remarkable coincidence 229 00:13:14,559 --> 00:13:17,320 Speaker 1: described in this paper may in fact not be coincidental 230 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:21,360 Speaker 1: at all. And to be clear, they have definitely had 231 00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:25,240 Speaker 1: detractors like they have they have had people right response 232 00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:28,400 Speaker 1: papers that are criticizing all of this. But it's an 233 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:31,520 Speaker 1: interesting idea to think about. The next eclipse that we're 234 00:13:31,559 --> 00:13:34,400 Speaker 1: going to talk about happened in eighteen thirty six. So 235 00:13:34,559 --> 00:13:37,960 Speaker 1: on May fifty six, there was an annular eclipse that 236 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:42,079 Speaker 1: crossed over the United Kingdom and its totality, and during 237 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:45,920 Speaker 1: this particular event, a characteristic of eclipses was identified and 238 00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:49,959 Speaker 1: named for its observer, Francis Bailey. Francis Bailey was a 239 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:53,080 Speaker 1: British astronomer who had been born in seventeen seventy four, 240 00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:55,840 Speaker 1: and initially he had gone into business and done quite 241 00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:58,120 Speaker 1: well for himself, but at the age of fifty one, 242 00:13:58,280 --> 00:14:01,560 Speaker 1: he retired from his work on the London Stock Exchange 243 00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:04,320 Speaker 1: and writing books about annuities, to instead to vote his 244 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,679 Speaker 1: time to science. That charms me a lot, me too, 245 00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:10,400 Speaker 1: But this really wasn't like an out of the blueshift 246 00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:12,400 Speaker 1: for him. It's not like he said, Okay, business time 247 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:14,880 Speaker 1: over now I'm when I think about the night sky. 248 00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:18,040 Speaker 1: He had actually been interested in science and astronomy for 249 00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:20,800 Speaker 1: quite some time, and in eighteen twenty, which was five 250 00:14:20,880 --> 00:14:23,480 Speaker 1: years before he left his finance work, he had been 251 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:27,760 Speaker 1: a driving force behind the formation of the Royal Astronomical Society, 252 00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:30,360 Speaker 1: and in the founding of that society, which aimed to 253 00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:33,640 Speaker 1: promote research in astronomy, he was among colleagues such as 254 00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:37,560 Speaker 1: John Herschel and Charles Babbage for the eighteen thirty six eclipse. 255 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:41,520 Speaker 1: Bailey wanting to see it at his best advantage, traveled 256 00:14:41,520 --> 00:14:44,040 Speaker 1: to Scotland and the weather on a day of the 257 00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:48,320 Speaker 1: event was excellent. The sky was cloudless, and Bailey's experience 258 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:51,720 Speaker 1: was relayed in a December ninth, eighteen thirty six proceeding 259 00:14:51,960 --> 00:14:55,320 Speaker 1: of the Royal Astronomical Society, as he had spoken about 260 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:58,720 Speaker 1: it at their meeting, and this is kind of long, 261 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:01,480 Speaker 1: but it's a relaying of what he saw, so bear 262 00:15:01,520 --> 00:15:04,440 Speaker 1: with us on this lengthy quote. After a brief discourse 263 00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:08,560 Speaker 1: on Bailey's position and set up to watch the eclipse, 264 00:15:09,040 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 1: this account in the proceedings reads quote he says he 265 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:16,320 Speaker 1: was in expectation of meeting with something extraordinary at the 266 00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:20,040 Speaker 1: formation of the annualis, but imagined it would only be momentary, 267 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:22,720 Speaker 1: and consequently that it would not interrupt the noting of 268 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:26,480 Speaker 1: the time of its occurrence. In this, however, he was deceived, 269 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: as the following facts will show. For when the cusps 270 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:33,440 Speaker 1: of the sun were about forty degrees asunder, a row 271 00:15:33,560 --> 00:15:36,800 Speaker 1: of lucid points, like a string of beads, irregular in 272 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:40,520 Speaker 1: size and distance from each other, suddenly formed around that 273 00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:42,960 Speaker 1: part of the circumference of the Moon that was about 274 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:46,400 Speaker 1: to enter on the Sun's disk. This he intended to 275 00:15:46,440 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: note as the correct time of the formation of the annualists, 276 00:15:49,480 --> 00:15:52,240 Speaker 1: expecting every moment to see the ring of light completed 277 00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:55,800 Speaker 1: round the Moon, and attributing this serrated appearance of the 278 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:58,360 Speaker 1: Moon's limb, as others had done before him, to the 279 00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:02,320 Speaker 1: lunar mountains. Although the remaining portion of the Moon's circumference 280 00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:05,479 Speaker 1: was perfectly smooth and circular as seen through the telescope, 281 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:09,680 Speaker 1: he was somewhat surprised, however, to find that these luminous points, 282 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:13,960 Speaker 1: as well as the dark intervening spaces, increased in magnitude, 283 00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:17,160 Speaker 1: some of the contiguous ones appearing to run into one 284 00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:21,080 Speaker 1: another like drops of water. Finally, as the Moon pursued 285 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:25,640 Speaker 1: her course, these dark intervening spaces were stretched out into long, black, 286 00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:28,880 Speaker 1: thick parallel lines joining the limbs of the Sun and 287 00:16:28,880 --> 00:16:31,840 Speaker 1: the Moon, when all at once they suddenly gave way 288 00:16:32,040 --> 00:16:34,240 Speaker 1: and left the circumference of the Sun and the Moon 289 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,840 Speaker 1: in those points, as in all the rest, apparently smooth 290 00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:41,560 Speaker 1: and circular, and the Moon perceptibly advanced on the face 291 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:44,920 Speaker 1: of the Sun. After the Moon had crossed over the 292 00:16:44,960 --> 00:16:48,280 Speaker 1: center of the Sun, Bailey observed another surprise. According to 293 00:16:48,320 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: his account quote, all at once, a number of long, black, thick, 294 00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:54,760 Speaker 1: parallel lines exactly similar in appearance to the former ones 295 00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:58,960 Speaker 1: mentioned suddenly darted forward and joined the two limbs as before, 296 00:16:59,440 --> 00:17:02,560 Speaker 1: and the same phenomena were repeated, but in inverse order. 297 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:06,720 Speaker 1: So we witnessed the lines terminating in a curved line 298 00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:10,239 Speaker 1: of bright beads, which vanished as the annualists ended. The 299 00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:14,280 Speaker 1: formation of the beads wasn't witnessed by other astronomers as well, 300 00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:18,320 Speaker 1: several of which Bailey consulted with. And Bailey was right. 301 00:17:18,359 --> 00:17:21,320 Speaker 1: It's the lunar geography that causes these beads to form 302 00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:23,800 Speaker 1: as the sun outlines the valleys and peaks on the 303 00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,399 Speaker 1: Moon's surface. Uh Incidentally, when only one beat is visible, 304 00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:29,439 Speaker 1: this is called a diamond ring effect because you kind 305 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:32,480 Speaker 1: of see the little corona of light and then one 306 00:17:32,560 --> 00:17:34,600 Speaker 1: bright spot, so it kind of looks like a sparkly ring. 307 00:17:35,760 --> 00:17:38,560 Speaker 1: And no other astronomers did observe this happening. The beat 308 00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:42,440 Speaker 1: effect is named for Bailey, and while observing eclipses after 309 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:45,560 Speaker 1: the one in May of eighteen thirty six, astronomers continued 310 00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:49,760 Speaker 1: to look for Bailey's beads as hallmarks of the eclipse process. Today, 311 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:53,280 Speaker 1: photos of eclipses are readily available in books and online, 312 00:17:53,320 --> 00:17:56,280 Speaker 1: but that certainly was not always the case. So in 313 00:17:56,320 --> 00:17:58,879 Speaker 1: a moment we are going to talk about the first 314 00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:01,720 Speaker 1: photo of an eclipse, but first we will pause for 315 00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:13,320 Speaker 1: a word from a sponsor. On July one, there was 316 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:16,800 Speaker 1: a total eclipse with the totality over Prussia, and this 317 00:18:16,920 --> 00:18:20,320 Speaker 1: particular eclipse is noteworthy because in preparation for the event, 318 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:24,080 Speaker 1: the director of the Royal Observatory in Knigsberg hired a 319 00:18:24,119 --> 00:18:28,679 Speaker 1: photographer to capture it. Johann Julius Friedrich Brokowski was a 320 00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:31,639 Speaker 1: skilled de garatypist and he was the man the observatory 321 00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:35,919 Speaker 1: reached out to. Brokowski used a small refracting telescope in 322 00:18:36,040 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 1: conjunction with a heliometer, which is a telescope design for 323 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:43,080 Speaker 1: measuring the apparent diameter of the Sun and for measuring 324 00:18:43,119 --> 00:18:46,600 Speaker 1: angles between celestial bodies or points on the lunar surface. 325 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,240 Speaker 1: It took an eight four second exposure once the eclipse 326 00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:54,800 Speaker 1: is totality began, and what resulted was the first successful 327 00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:58,360 Speaker 1: photo of a solar eclipse, which included the visual capture 328 00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:02,119 Speaker 1: of prominences emanating on the Sun's surface. And this image 329 00:19:02,119 --> 00:19:04,920 Speaker 1: is tiny. It's one of those things when you think 330 00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:07,680 Speaker 1: about a photograph, and especially if you've seen it online 331 00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:10,440 Speaker 1: or in books, you think of like photograph size, like 332 00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:12,640 Speaker 1: a four by. This thing is little, little, It's way 333 00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:15,399 Speaker 1: smaller than that. The moon on the original plate was 334 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:19,080 Speaker 1: only seven point eight five millimeters in diameter. And while 335 00:19:19,119 --> 00:19:22,160 Speaker 1: the director of the observatory initially wrote about the groundbreaking 336 00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:27,400 Speaker 1: photo without crediting Burkowski, eventually the photographer Slash Degirotypist made 337 00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:31,000 Speaker 1: his own prints from his plate. These prints were slightly enlarged, 338 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,600 Speaker 1: but still quite small. As a point of reference, the 339 00:19:33,640 --> 00:19:38,000 Speaker 1: moon's diameter and these prints was eight point six nine millimeters. 340 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:41,359 Speaker 1: One of these prints still exists and is in the 341 00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:46,399 Speaker 1: collection of the Yenna University Observatory in Yenna, Germany. Another 342 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:49,280 Speaker 1: set of prints from Burkowski's plates was ordered by German 343 00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:54,199 Speaker 1: astronomer Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Peters in and copies of the 344 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:56,840 Speaker 1: Peters prints would go on to be used in textbooks 345 00:19:56,840 --> 00:20:01,000 Speaker 1: and other publications. Today, you can easily find Brokowski's iconic 346 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:03,720 Speaker 1: photograph online and there are even some images of a 347 00:20:03,840 --> 00:20:07,880 Speaker 1: human hand holding a framed prince to illustrate how little 348 00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:12,480 Speaker 1: this groundbreaking photograph is yeah. It with the frame included, 349 00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:14,639 Speaker 1: We're talking like a couple inches that someone can just 350 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:17,240 Speaker 1: hold between their thumb and four finger is very small. 351 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:20,400 Speaker 1: The last eclipse that will talk about is one that's 352 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,160 Speaker 1: come to be known as Einstein's eclipse. It took place 353 00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:27,240 Speaker 1: on May twenty nine, nineteen and several years prior to 354 00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 1: this eclipse, Einstein had published his now famous General Theory 355 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:34,639 Speaker 1: of Relativity UH for very broad strokes. The crux of 356 00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:36,960 Speaker 1: the theory is that space can be curved by the 357 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,320 Speaker 1: influence of gravity of anybody with mass, and this was 358 00:20:40,359 --> 00:20:43,080 Speaker 1: at odds with Newton's Principia, which we have talked about 359 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:46,679 Speaker 1: on the podcast before, and which established mathematical rules that 360 00:20:46,720 --> 00:20:49,840 Speaker 1: applied to celestial motion and was more static and did 361 00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:53,400 Speaker 1: not take into account something like a gravity bend. Sir 362 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:56,880 Speaker 1: Frank Watson, Dyson, Astronomer Royal of Britain, began to think 363 00:20:56,920 --> 00:21:00,400 Speaker 1: about the possibility of testing the theory by observing light 364 00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:04,639 Speaker 1: with gravity could distort space, then light passing through that 365 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: space would also curve. But our Sun is so bright 366 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:10,960 Speaker 1: that we can't really see the way other stars light 367 00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:14,280 Speaker 1: might be bent by the Sun's gravity, and this led 368 00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:17,000 Speaker 1: him to realize that the darkness of the Sun as 369 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:20,520 Speaker 1: viewed from Earth during an eclipse would offer an opportunity 370 00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:24,600 Speaker 1: to observe light bending as it approached the Sun's edge 371 00:21:24,640 --> 00:21:28,920 Speaker 1: if Einstein's theory was correct. And side note, you might 372 00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: be wondering if photographs of previous eclipses in the decades 373 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:35,680 Speaker 1: since Burkowski's first Digara type would have offered any evidence. 374 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:39,680 Speaker 1: But this bend and light is seriously slight the photographs 375 00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:41,720 Speaker 1: at that point we're not of good enough quality to 376 00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:44,719 Speaker 1: detect such a change, which really can only be analyzed 377 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:48,520 Speaker 1: with really quite precise measurement. Once it was determined the 378 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:52,800 Speaker 1: eclipse would be the testing ground, another British astrophysicist, Arthur 379 00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:56,320 Speaker 1: Stanley Eddington, led the test. In the first two months 380 00:21:56,359 --> 00:21:59,240 Speaker 1: of nine nineteen. He measured the position of the stars 381 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:01,560 Speaker 1: that the Sun would be passing in front of during 382 00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:05,199 Speaker 1: the predicted May eclipse. For the eclipse itself, he traveled 383 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,200 Speaker 1: to an island off of Africa's western coast, and at 384 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:11,080 Speaker 1: the same time he dispatched another team of astronomers to 385 00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:14,000 Speaker 1: Brazil to take measurements, and this was for coverage in 386 00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:17,080 Speaker 1: the event that the island had cloud cover on May 387 00:22:17,119 --> 00:22:19,520 Speaker 1: the twenty nine, but as it turned out, both locations 388 00:22:19,520 --> 00:22:21,920 Speaker 1: had a clear view of the eclipse, so there were 389 00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:26,040 Speaker 1: two separate sets of measurements to use. The eclipse lasted 390 00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:29,000 Speaker 1: for six minutes during its totality, and both teams took 391 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:32,440 Speaker 1: photos throughout that brief time. And after the eclipse ended, 392 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:35,240 Speaker 1: Eddington gathered all the information and went back to England 393 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:38,920 Speaker 1: and spent the next several months analyzing it. Eddington's findings, 394 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,720 Speaker 1: which are announced on November six, nineteen nineteen, vindicated Einstein 395 00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:46,800 Speaker 1: improved his general theory of relativity was correct. While there 396 00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:51,560 Speaker 1: were certainly detractors who suspected that Eddington had somehow falsified 397 00:22:51,560 --> 00:22:54,800 Speaker 1: the data to support Einstein, this is literally the moment 398 00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:57,879 Speaker 1: that made Einstein famous. On November seven, he was front 399 00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:00,639 Speaker 1: page news and suddenly the German born as Assist was 400 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:05,040 Speaker 1: the global poster child for genius measurements taking during eclipses. 401 00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:12,080 Speaker 1: After continued to back up Einstein's theory and Eddington's findings, Yeah, 402 00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:14,719 Speaker 1: which is really cool. I did somehow I missed that 403 00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:17,400 Speaker 1: growing up, that piece of information that it was really 404 00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:22,240 Speaker 1: an eclipse that made Einstein famous. In my head because 405 00:23:22,240 --> 00:23:24,200 Speaker 1: he's such a famous figure, I think in my head 406 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,520 Speaker 1: he just people are like, wow, this is an amazing theory. 407 00:23:27,240 --> 00:23:31,199 Speaker 1: You're smart. I never think of him as being, you know, 408 00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:34,159 Speaker 1: having detractors, but of course he did, and it's just 409 00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: my weird, uh take on it. But yeah. So those 410 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:41,600 Speaker 1: are a few stories of eclipses in history. As we said, 411 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:43,600 Speaker 1: there are many many more. I think the next eclipse 412 00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:46,720 Speaker 1: doesn't happen until four so if we're still doing this 413 00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:52,399 Speaker 1: podcast in seven years, we can do another, or just 414 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:54,240 Speaker 1: if we want to talk about eclipses at some point 415 00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:57,000 Speaker 1: between now and then, we could do an eclipse survey 416 00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:00,400 Speaker 1: episode and talk about a few more about looter eclipses. 417 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:05,800 Speaker 1: People don't get as excited about lunar eclipses, yeah, because 418 00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,439 Speaker 1: they're like, it's already dark, so the darkening of the 419 00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:12,160 Speaker 1: moon isn't quite as dramatic, even though it's very cool 420 00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:13,960 Speaker 1: and you can sometimes get like a blood moon, which 421 00:24:14,080 --> 00:24:20,720 Speaker 1: is amazing. Um yeah, yeah, but they're fascinating. I hope 422 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:26,440 Speaker 1: if everybody listening watched it, whether in person or online 423 00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:28,800 Speaker 1: or some other way one, I hope anybody that actually 424 00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:31,439 Speaker 1: watched it in person was very careful with their vision 425 00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:35,760 Speaker 1: and with their camera. Don't and does your camera, point 426 00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:38,920 Speaker 1: your camera at the sun. No, there are so many 427 00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:41,840 Speaker 1: things you have to have to be careful with. Uh. So, 428 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:44,959 Speaker 1: I hope you enjoyed it, and if you, uh you know, 429 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:47,479 Speaker 1: missed it. The good news is we live in an 430 00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:56,240 Speaker 1: information age where it's all going to be online instantly. Hooray. Yeah, 431 00:24:57,320 --> 00:25:00,200 Speaker 1: thanks so much for joining us on this Saturday. Since 432 00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:02,239 Speaker 1: this episode is out of the archive, if you heard 433 00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:04,280 Speaker 1: an email address or a Facebook U r L or 434 00:25:04,359 --> 00:25:06,960 Speaker 1: something similar over the course of the show, that could 435 00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:11,480 Speaker 1: be obsolete now. Our current email address is History Podcast 436 00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:15,240 Speaker 1: at I heart radio dot com. Our old health stuff 437 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:18,440 Speaker 1: works email address no longer works, and you can find 438 00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:21,679 Speaker 1: us all over social media at missed in History. 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