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Speaker 1: Welcome to stuff to blow your mind from House that

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Speaker 1: Works dot com. It really is darker out here in

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Speaker 1: the outer Solar System. Your space freighters one remaining forest

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Speaker 1: dome struggles but barely scrapes along, surviving the plants still

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Speaker 1: put out leaves. It seems only yesterday that you defied

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Speaker 1: orders to jettison the dome and return to Earth immediately,

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Speaker 1: But instead you absconded. You took the plant life capsule,

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Speaker 1: and you flew away away from the Sun, out into

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Speaker 1: the outer Solar System. You have only the forest and

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Speaker 1: a pair of robots now to accompany you through this

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Speaker 1: long twilight. You'd hope to pass beyond Jupiter and find

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Speaker 1: refuge within the rings of Saturn, But the great gas

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Speaker 1: giant will not be defied. It's massive gravity tugs at

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Speaker 1: your humble freighter. The red eye of its century spanning

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Speaker 1: storm taunts you as Jupiter drags you into the orbital

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Speaker 1: realm of its many moons. But still there's hope. Perhaps

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Speaker 1: one of the four greater moons, the Galilean moons, will

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Speaker 1: offer some place of refuge. But which of these strange

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Speaker 1: and hostile worlds might serve as a new home for you?

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Speaker 1: And this geodesic refugium from old Earth's lost biodiversity. Hey,

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Speaker 1: you're welcome to stuff to blow your mind. My name

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Speaker 1: is Robert lamp and I'm Joe McCormick. And you should

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Speaker 1: imagine yourself in the scenario we just described. You're in

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Speaker 1: some kind of spacecraft, hopefully one that has some some

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Speaker 1: plants along with it to keep you sustained through the

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Speaker 1: long Outer Solar System journey and no hostiles, in a

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Speaker 1: morp onboard exactly. Uh, And you are caught in the

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Speaker 1: gravitational influence of the planet Jupiter. You didn't mean to

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Speaker 1: end up this way, but hey, you know, Jupiter's gravity

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Speaker 1: is something that's difficult to escape. And now now you're

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Speaker 1: stuck spiraling in towards Jupiter, slowly decaying in your orbit,

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Speaker 1: getting closer and closer all the time. But one thing

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Speaker 1: you have noticed is that you will get to see

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Speaker 1: a close up view and perhaps, if you're lucky enough,

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Speaker 1: maybe land on Jupiter's four largest moons, known as the

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Speaker 1: Galilean moons. This is the tour we want to take

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Speaker 1: you on today. Indeed, these moons are of course of

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Speaker 1: immense interest to science. Now, one analogy that I think

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Speaker 1: is interesting to help us understand the way the Jupiter

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Speaker 1: system and its gravitational influence works is to think of

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Speaker 1: Jupiter kind of like a star within our solar system,

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Speaker 1: like it's its own star, and the planet, the moons

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Speaker 1: that are going around Jupiter kind of like planets orbiting

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Speaker 1: this solar system within a solar system. Indeed, because it

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Speaker 1: is a massive planet, it's mass is three hundred and

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Speaker 1: seventeen point eight to eight uh times that of Earth,

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Speaker 1: and uh, it's of course a gas giant. It's mostly gas,

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Speaker 1: but it might have a solid core about the size

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Speaker 1: of Earth at the center, possibly a rocky ice covered core,

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Speaker 1: within sane levels of atmospheric pressure and temperatures hotter than

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Speaker 1: the surface of the Sun. And Jupiter features no fewer

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Speaker 1: than sixty seven lunar objects. That includes fifty confirmed moons

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Speaker 1: and seventeen unconfirmed or provisional moons. And these are the

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Speaker 1: ones we know about. Yeah, but yeah, and they've got

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Speaker 1: cool names like Metis and and Drastia. And then of

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Speaker 1: course there's also the There are also three faint gossamer

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Speaker 1: rings around Jupiter as well, certainly not as robust as

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Speaker 1: the Saturn's rings, but they're there. Nonetheless, so we should

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Speaker 1: back up and start at the beginning, because we're learning

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Speaker 1: a whole lot more about Jupiter's moons, especially at Jupiter's

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Speaker 1: Galilean moons, the ones we're going to focus on today,

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Speaker 1: the four largest moons. But we were learning a lot

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Speaker 1: more about that recently. But we've known about Jupiter since

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Speaker 1: ancient times because you don't need a telescope to see Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: That's right, it's visible from Earth, and so it factors

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Speaker 1: into many ancient systems of astrology and by virtue virtue

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Speaker 1: of that cosmology. The Roman name Jupiter stems from the

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Speaker 1: king of the gods, but the planet that plays a

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Speaker 1: role in many cultural beliefs. In Chinese astrology. For instance,

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Speaker 1: it's the character of Fu uh character of foods tied

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Speaker 1: to Jupiter, and he's the who is Fu. He's the

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Speaker 1: embodiment of good fortune uh symbolized in a scholar's dress,

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Speaker 1: and he's cradling a child. The three stars that you

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Speaker 1: often see. You often see these three statues of these

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Speaker 1: men in Chinese households, Chinese businesses UH. And they each

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Speaker 1: kind of they each represent a different form m of

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Speaker 1: of idealized to success. The one is old and wise,

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Speaker 1: one and one is a successful with his family and

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Speaker 1: the other one is successful with business. I always think

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Speaker 1: it's interesting that we see this cross cultural phenomenon of

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Speaker 1: associating planetary bodies or objects in the sky with God's Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's fascinating because you see this in other systems as well.

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Speaker 1: For instance, the Vedic astrology, Jupiter is everything from the

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Speaker 1: dwarf incarnation of Vishnu to to Ganesha or sometimes Brahma.

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Speaker 1: So it it varies with within that system. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: that Jupiter always seems to have a pretty cushy role

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Speaker 1: within a given a given cultures astrology. Yeah. So we

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Speaker 1: mentioned that ancient cultures knew about Jupiter because you can

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Speaker 1: see it with the naked eye, But one of the

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Speaker 1: things they didn't know was much more about Jupiter other

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Speaker 1: than it being a point of light. That's right. For instance,

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Speaker 1: when we think of Jupiter, what what do we in picture?

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Speaker 1: We picture that big, big gas giant with a big

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Speaker 1: red eye, right, red spot, Yeah, the giant red hurricane

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Speaker 1: on Jupiter's outer surface. Yeah, it's great to focus in

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Speaker 1: on on the red storm because it helps us really

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Speaker 1: understand Jupiter and our relationship to Jupiter, because, for one,

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Speaker 1: On one hand, that storm has not been there forever, uh,

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Speaker 1: and it will not be there forever, but it spans centuries.

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Speaker 1: It's been there as long as we've been able to

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Speaker 1: see Jupiter in that kind of detail. Uh. And it

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Speaker 1: in the storm itself is two to three times the

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Speaker 1: size of Earth. Uh. So that helps put again the

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Speaker 1: massive scale of Jupiter. Can you imagine if on Earth

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Speaker 1: we had storms that lasted for I don't know, hundreds

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Speaker 1: of years. I've I've thought about it, like when you

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Speaker 1: start teasing apart our weather system and you start looking

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Speaker 1: at the different the different systems involved there, and the

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Speaker 1: different factors that end up decreasing a hurricane's power. You know,

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Speaker 1: what if those were not there? What if you had

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Speaker 1: a scenario where the storm was essentially just a permanent

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Speaker 1: part of the planet as a mortal individual would experience it.

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Speaker 1: You know, that would be a great setup for like

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Speaker 1: a sci fi thriller. Imagine the weather conditions on Earth

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Speaker 1: change that such that tornadoes tend not to dissipate on

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Speaker 1: their own unless you have to. You have to find

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Speaker 1: a way to essentially dissipate tornadoes by force. Yeah. Indeed,

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Speaker 1: and that red storm on Jupiter is dissipating slowly, but

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Speaker 1: it's still there as of this recording. Now, as far

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Speaker 1: as how far away Jupiter is, it's fo four million

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Speaker 1: miles seven million kilometers or five point two astronomical units

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Speaker 1: uh from the planet Earth. Okay, so we know Jupiter

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Speaker 1: is a gas giant. But you always wonder what's inside

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Speaker 1: a gas giant. I mean, is it all just gas

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Speaker 1: or is there something solid inside there? Well, we don't

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Speaker 1: know for certain. We uh, the atmosphere of Jupiter's mostly

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Speaker 1: hydrogen and helium, but it might have a solid core

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Speaker 1: about the size of Earth. And this might be an

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Speaker 1: icy covered core with just really insane levels of atmospheric pressure.

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Speaker 1: An temperature is hotter than the surface of the Sun.

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Speaker 1: So it's very much the core and not you know,

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Speaker 1: not the surface of the planet. But but you know,

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Speaker 1: you can't help it. Imagine, well, what if what if

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Speaker 1: you could what if you could transport yourself down to

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Speaker 1: the physical surface of this gas world. It would of

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Speaker 1: course be just unimaginable with one of the most hostile

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Speaker 1: environments you could even envision in the Solar System. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's pretty rough and one of the things that's going

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Speaker 1: to come up repeatedly. I think today is how Jupiter,

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Speaker 1: though it may look very serene and beautiful to us,

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Speaker 1: is it kind of meets that analogy I worked out

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Speaker 1: at the beginning about it being like a star, because

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Speaker 1: Jupiter is it has massive gravitational influence. It's very electrically active,

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Speaker 1: and it's just it's just full of radiation. You don't

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Speaker 1: want to go near Jupiter, right, Yeah. Yeah, to be

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Speaker 1: sucked into Jupiter would be to be sucked into death, really,

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Speaker 1: and that's one of the things we're out lying in

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Speaker 1: the intra material. Yeah, so it's really unfortunate that we're

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Speaker 1: slowly spiraling into Jupiter in today's thought experiment. But but

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Speaker 1: we we should at least take the time to appreciate

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Speaker 1: the sites we'll see along the way. That's right, and

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Speaker 1: uh and and maybe if we're lucky, grasp onto them

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Speaker 1: and uh and seek refuge a refuge upon them, because

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Speaker 1: even though they are all very hostile worlds in their

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Speaker 1: own right, there's still a better bargain and they still

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Speaker 1: present a better chance for not only the potential like

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Speaker 1: the real life potential for for human visitation. But in

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Speaker 1: some of these cases we'll discuss the possibility for extraterrestrial life. Yeah, okay, Now,

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Speaker 1: Jupiter is not entirely unexplored today. We've actually sent quite

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Speaker 1: a few probes Jupiter's way that have that have orbited

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Speaker 1: Jupiter and made various observations about it and it's major satellites, right,

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Speaker 1: that's right. To date, NASA has sent nine space missions

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Speaker 1: to or by the gas. So we're talking the Pioneer

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Speaker 1: program seventy four, the Voyager program seventy nine, Ulysses and Cassini,

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Speaker 1: and two thousand new horizons in two thousand seven. Also,

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Speaker 1: Galileo is a big one, and that's a two thousand

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Speaker 1: three Juno. That one's of course a very current that's

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Speaker 1: two thousand sixteen. And there are various additional missions and

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Speaker 1: schemes for missions in the works. Oh yeah, I know.

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Speaker 1: The E. S A is working on the Juice Explorer, right,

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Speaker 1: the Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer, which I don't know. I

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Speaker 1: don't know if I agree with the wisdom of calling

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Speaker 1: it Juice. It seems just a little too cool, like

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Speaker 1: like it's like the name doesn't need to be that

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Speaker 1: cool because it's going to Jupiter. You know, it's going

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Speaker 1: to the moons of Jupiter. That alone is is just

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Speaker 1: mind bending. Yeah, and so hopefully it's going to explore

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Speaker 1: three of the four main moons we're gonna talk about today,

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Speaker 1: the icy moons, the icy Galilean moons of Jupiter, and

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Speaker 1: it's launching in two right, Yeah, I believe that's the

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Speaker 1: current plan and NASA is currently putting together the Europa

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Speaker 1: Multiple flat by mission for the same time period. Alright,

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Speaker 1: So I mentioned earlier thinking about the Jupiter system like

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Speaker 1: a solar system within a solar system, and if you

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Speaker 1: do that, of course you've got lots of bodies out there.

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Speaker 1: We mentioned the sixty seven known satellites of Jupiter, things

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Speaker 1: that are orbiting, but a lot of them are very small.

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Speaker 1: If we do think about Jupiter like a solar system,

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Speaker 1: it has four main planets, that's right. They stand out

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Speaker 1: in the most due to the just their sheer size.

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Speaker 1: And these are Calisto, Ganymede, Europa, and Io. So you

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Speaker 1: can think of them as it's four scoops on a

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Speaker 1: on a Jovian ice cream cone, and you get the

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Speaker 1: following flavors of scoops. You'll get salty craters, magnets, ice,

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Speaker 1: and of course lava lava. That's a good flavor. Now, Robert,

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Speaker 1: did you know that you semed to be you're a

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Speaker 1: fan of ice cream metaphors? I did. I use them

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Speaker 1: when thinking about planets. I use them when thinking about

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Speaker 1: the brain. Though, Is this a good way of explaining

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Speaker 1: things to children? Did they just really grasp onto ice

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Speaker 1: cream metaphors? You know? I don't know. I guess it's

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Speaker 1: a good way to explain it to the child within. Um, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean maybe it comes back to sort of like

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Speaker 1: a Sesame Street mentality, Like I grew up watching these

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Speaker 1: visual representations, and it seems like it seems like there

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Speaker 1: were more than one Sesame Street skit that had ice

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Speaker 1: cream in them, So maybe that that ended up sticking.

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Speaker 1: I guess that doesn't make sense. But it is interesting

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Speaker 1: to think about the flavors of each of these moons

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Speaker 1: because they kind of do each have their own flavor,

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Speaker 1: especially the inner two. I think yes, Yeah, each one

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Speaker 1: is is its own weird world, with its own properties,

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Speaker 1: its own unique landscape, and that's why we wanted to

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Speaker 1: take our listeners on a journey through each one. Now,

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Speaker 1: one thing we should mention about all of these worlds

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Speaker 1: is kind of different than most of the inner planets,

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Speaker 1: of the solar system that we think about that have

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Speaker 1: like a soul, uh you know, a solar rotational day.

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Speaker 1: Is that all of these moons are tidally locked with Jupiter.

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Speaker 1: The same side of the moon always faces in towards Jupiter. Yes,

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Speaker 1: almost like they're completely obedient. They dare not look away

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Speaker 1: from their their master, right, yeah. Or or it's kind

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Speaker 1: of like in in Mario, you know, they're afraid to

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Speaker 1: turn their back on the ghosts because that's when the

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Speaker 1: are referred to as the Galilean moons, and we should

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Speaker 1: probably explain first how they were discovered and why they're

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Speaker 1: called the Galilean moons today. The obvious conclusion you might

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Speaker 1: reach is that they're named after Galileo. You know, he's

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Speaker 1: an astronomer, and if you assume to that, you'd be right.

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Speaker 1: That's where the name comes from. That's right. And I

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Speaker 1: think most of your probably familiar at least a little

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Speaker 1: bit with Italian astronomer slash heretic Galileo galile He who

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Speaker 1: was born in fifteen sixty four died in sixteen forty two,

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Speaker 1: and he was a true Renaissance man. Uh In the Renaissance.

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Speaker 1: He was also assistant engineer, a philosopher, mathematician, a true

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Speaker 1: superstar in the history of science and really in the

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Speaker 1: history of human civilization in general. It's really, it's really

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Speaker 1: difficult to overstate the importance the importance of Galileo. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean, often today scientific struggles against ingrained orthodoxy are

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Speaker 1: framed in terms of Galileo's struggle against the uh the

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Speaker 1: scientific and religious orthodoxy of the day, both of which

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Speaker 1: opposed him. Yeah. Well, tell our listeners a little more

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Speaker 1: about the controversy surrounding heliocentritism. All right, Yeah, well, so

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Speaker 1: you'll probably associate Galileo with heliocentrism. The idea that the

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Speaker 1: planets in the Solar System go around the Sun could

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Speaker 1: have also in the day, in the at the time,

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Speaker 1: meant that everything in the universe goes around the Sun.

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Speaker 1: Of course, now we know that's not correct, but we

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Speaker 1: were still very much working our way outward and our

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Speaker 1: understanding of the universe. But it was certainly onto something

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Speaker 1: in the idea that the Earth goes around the Sun

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Speaker 1: and not the other way around the Earth end all

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Speaker 1: the other bodies in the Solar System, and so Galileo

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Speaker 1: did not come up with the idea of heliocentrism. He

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Speaker 1: didn't invent this. This was a Copernican idea. It was

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Speaker 1: already in circulation, and Galileo was one of the Copernican

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Speaker 1: astronomers of the seventeenth century. However, a version of the

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Speaker 1: geocentric Aristotelian Ptolemaic model was what was dominant in the day,

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Speaker 1: was what most people believed. And in this model, the

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Speaker 1: Earth is It's not just that the Sun goes around

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Speaker 1: the Earth and the Moon goes around the Earth and

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Speaker 1: all that. It's that the Earth is literally the center

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Speaker 1: of motion in the universe. So by by a principle

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Speaker 1: that centers on the Earth, the whole universe just goes

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Speaker 1: all goes around us. So we're what everything else is

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Speaker 1: focused on. And the role of Galileo's discovery is that

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Speaker 1: in observing the sphere of Jupiter's gravitational influence, Galileo provided

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Speaker 1: new evidence against that type of geocentrism that dominated in

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Speaker 1: his day. Uh And one one piece of evidence became

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Speaker 1: apparent in January six when Galileo made his first round

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Speaker 1: of observations through a telescope looking at Jupiter. So Galileo

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Speaker 1: also like not inventing heliocentrism, did not invent the telescope,

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Speaker 1: but what he did do was improved it. He made

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Speaker 1: a series of improvements to a design of the telescope

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Speaker 1: that allowed him to resolve farther objects than ever before.

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Speaker 1: And by the time Galileo got the magnification power of

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Speaker 1: his telescope cranked up to twenty times, he aimed at

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Speaker 1: the planet Jupiter and he saw something really weird. As

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Speaker 1: we mentioned earlier, you can see Jupiter with the naked eye, right, yes, yeah,

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Speaker 1: and so ancient astronomers had been seeing Jupiter for a

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Speaker 1: long time. They're already aware of its existence. But what

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Speaker 1: Galileo saw when he focused on Jupiter was interesting. He

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Speaker 1: saw stars. He saw three stars lined up right next

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Speaker 1: to Jupiter, almost as if strung along a spear extending

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Speaker 1: out through Jupiter's equator. So Galileo made a note of this,

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Speaker 1: and he decided to check back on it later. Now,

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Speaker 1: if those had been stars that were just in the background,

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Speaker 1: you know, if they just happened to line up with

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Speaker 1: Jupiter from the star field beyond, the next time you

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Speaker 1: looked at Jupiter, they shouldn't be there, right, because Jupiter

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Speaker 1: should have moved on relative to the background starfield. Right,

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Speaker 1: they shouldn't be following the planet because they would be

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Speaker 1: distant optics based on the planet exactly. But instead the

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Speaker 1: stars followed Jupiter. Where Jupiter went, the spear of stars followed,

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Speaker 1: and they changed their positions relative to Jupiter. And so

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Speaker 1: after some observation, Scalio realized that there are actually four

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Speaker 1: stars on this spear, not just three. And the conclusion

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Speaker 1: he realized was that these weren't stars. The star spear

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Speaker 1: was not a star spear, it was a moon spear.

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Speaker 1: These are moons that are orbiting Jupiter the same way

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Speaker 1: Earth's moon orbits the Earth. And so, okay, well, so

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Speaker 1: Jupiter has moons. What does that mean for the cosmological

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Speaker 1: debate of the day. Well, if there are moons orbiting Jupiter,

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Speaker 1: it disproves the Aristotelian principle that Earth is the universal

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Speaker 1: hub of motion of planetary bodies. Those moons don't orbit

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Speaker 1: the Earth, they orbit something else. And so this gives

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Speaker 1: you a kind of general principle of things orbiting things

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Speaker 1: rather than everything orbiting Earth. And it's clear that there's

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Speaker 1: more than one center of motion possible. There at least

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Speaker 1: two that now that we know of Jupiter and Earth,

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Speaker 1: and if there are two, you can assume they're probably

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Speaker 1: more than two. And this eventually led to the type

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Speaker 1: of thinking that showed us what was really out there

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Speaker 1: in terms of heliocentrism in the way gravity works. Now,

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Speaker 1: I should also add that the discovery of Jupiter's moons

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Speaker 1: wasn't unique to Galileo, and he wasn't even necessarily the

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Speaker 1: only or first person to have discovered them. I found

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Speaker 1: accounts that at least one other guy, a German astronomer

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Speaker 1: named Simon Marius, discovered them independently at around the same time.

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Speaker 1: And it's also been suggested that an ancient Chinese astronomer

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Speaker 1: named gone Day might have discovered one of the moons

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Speaker 1: of Jupiter in the fourth century b C. When he

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Speaker 1: said that he saw around Jupiter a small red star. Now, technically,

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Speaker 1: under the right circumstances, the moons of Jupiter should be

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Speaker 1: visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the only

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Speaker 1: thing that really prevents it is that Jupiter is too bright.

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Speaker 1: You look up at Jupiter and it's it's so bright

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Speaker 1: that it drowns out other tiny points of light that

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Speaker 1: are close to it. So you can't usually see them,

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Speaker 1: but if Jupiter weren't there, you should be able to

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Speaker 1: see these objects. Oh but you know what, I think

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Speaker 1: that sound means that we're coming up on Jupiter's first

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Speaker 1: gull and moon spiraling in from the outside, and that's

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Speaker 1: going to be the moon Callisto. Yes, and I think

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Speaker 1: this is this is a pretty good pit stop to consider.

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Speaker 1: So Callisto is about the size of the planet Mercury.

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Speaker 1: It's the third largest moon in the entire Solar System,

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Speaker 1: and it's the outermost of the four Galilean moons as

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Speaker 1: we've discussed. Uh, and it orbits beyond jupiter main radiation belts.

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Speaker 1: So Jupiter is highly radioactive, it's putting out a lot

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Speaker 1: of scary stuff, but Callisto is far enough away that

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Speaker 1: it's relatively safe. That's right. Yeah, we're we're outside of

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Speaker 1: that that that deathly the death z. Yeah. It's also

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Speaker 1: the most heavily cratered object in the Solar System, so

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Speaker 1: that's interesting. Yeah, this is this is really fascinating. So

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Speaker 1: as we as we as we we get closer and closer,

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Speaker 1: as we're able to observe the surface of Callisto, and

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Speaker 1: maybe I mean hopefully even get out even land our

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Speaker 1: vessel and find a semi permanent home on this, uh,

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Speaker 1: this this strange moon. You would find that that the surface.

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Speaker 1: To to walk the surface of Callisto would be to

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Speaker 1: walk a dead landscape of craters and occasional small icy peaks.

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Speaker 1: And this surface, this landscape has not changed in four

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Speaker 1: billion years. Yeah, that's one of the things that we

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Speaker 1: often associate having heavy cratering with, right, like more cratering

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Speaker 1: you see the older the surfaces, because what does cratering mean.

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Speaker 1: It's been like that a long time without any kind

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Speaker 1: of repaving, that's right. This was the last time Callisto

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Speaker 1: suffered any extensive resurfacing was four billion years ago. And

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Speaker 1: there are no plate tectonics, there are no volcanoes, a

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Speaker 1: no active geology to alter the landscape. So it seems

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Speaker 1: like a kind of quiet, serene dead Yeah. I mean,

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Speaker 1: it's like a dinosaur world. Right. It's like the moon

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Speaker 1: itself is only four point five billion years old, and

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Speaker 1: again it hasn't changed in four billion um. It's also

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Speaker 1: the darkest of the four moons that we're discussing here,

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Speaker 1: in the least dents. So Callisto's composition is about half

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Speaker 1: water ice and half rocky material. And the mean surface

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Speaker 1: temperature of Callisto is negative two and eighteen point forty

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Speaker 1: seven degrees fahrenheit, and the thin atmosphere consists of mostly

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Speaker 1: carbon dioxide. Okay, so it may be very quiet and

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Speaker 1: serene on this, on this seemingly dead rock. But should

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Speaker 1: we take away from that that Callisto is definitely not

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Speaker 1: a place to look for signs of life. Well, I

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Speaker 1: think we've both watched enough science fiction to know that

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Speaker 1: that world that you land on it seems dead is

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Speaker 1: never It's not always really that dead. I have a

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Speaker 1: sidetrack to take here. Do you notice how in science fiction,

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Speaker 1: whenever you land on a planet that does turn out

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Speaker 1: to have hostile aliens on it, you never land where

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Speaker 1: the aliens are doing something right. Then you always land

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Speaker 1: in somewhere where there's no sign of them, and it's

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Speaker 1: only after exploring for a while that you run into them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it would be it would be interesting to have that

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Speaker 1: story where the ship touches down and all the hideous

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Speaker 1: night creatures are already out, you know, viciously killing the

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Speaker 1: eight creatures that lived there during the day. I like

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Speaker 1: how the the viciously killing motion you made was like

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Speaker 1: lopping with shears. Yeah, like I'm thinking like two big

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Speaker 1: old picture arms that are just for stabbing apes. Um,

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Speaker 1: so we're not thinking about big pincher arms on Callisto.

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Speaker 1: But there might be something to look for here, right,

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Speaker 1: that's right. Surprisingly for a world that we've described in

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Speaker 1: these terms, you know, it's just being this dead crater landscape.

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Speaker 1: There is some talk of life on or more specifically

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Speaker 1: within Callisto, specifically the possibility of an electric, salty subsurface ocean.

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Speaker 1: So you're probably wondering, well, where do we Where did

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Speaker 1: we dream up this idea? How do you say? Who

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Speaker 1: says yeah, because you could say you couldn't you say

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Speaker 1: that about any world like oh, well maybe there's an

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Speaker 1: ocean beneath mercury. Now, so there's life on the moon.

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Speaker 1: Come on, it's so spiders from that what's that horrible movie?

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Speaker 1: Horrible movie with spiders? Pick one. It's a rich, rich tapestry. Okay, sorry,

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Speaker 1: who said this about Callisto? Well this comes from a

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Speaker 1: doctor Krishn K. Corona of U c l A and

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Speaker 1: his colleagues who examined Galileo's measurements. Not not Galileo, the

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Speaker 1: scientistic Galileo, the spacecraft that we mentioned earlier. Uh, the

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Speaker 1: they examined galleos measurements of Callisto's magnetic field, and they

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Speaker 1: noticed that the magnetic field fluctuated in time with Jupiter's rotation. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so what does that mean. It means that Jupiter's powerful

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Speaker 1: magnetic field was creating electrical currents inside of Callisto, and

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Speaker 1: those currents in turn created a fluctuating magnetic field around Callisto.

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Speaker 1: Now for that to happen, you need a conductor, and

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Speaker 1: that thin uh atmosphere crater scape that we've touched on earlier,

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Speaker 1: that's just not gonna cut it. What would work, however,

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Speaker 1: is a salty layer of melted ice down there, a

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Speaker 1: subsurface ocean electrolytes. Yeah, it's what alien life. Yeah, a

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Speaker 1: sub world gatorade ocean, if you will, so cautiously, very cautiously,

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Speaker 1: there is the potential for extreme of file life within

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Speaker 1: this theorized subsurface ocean. There's liquid water, perhaps salty, there's energy.

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Speaker 1: So we'd be talking micro if we were to, you know,

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Speaker 1: consider life using our only model of it, which is

424
00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:10,719
Speaker 1: Earth life, we'd be talking micro organisms like our keya bacteria,

425
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:15,840
Speaker 1: salt loving bacteria. There wouldn't be any gigantic electronic moon whales.

426
00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:19,600
Speaker 1: There wouldn't be any uh, there's certainly no mandible eight

427
00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:22,919
Speaker 1: stabbing creatures. But and of course it would also be

428
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:26,040
Speaker 1: very cold, and the ocean would only be heated by

429
00:25:26,119 --> 00:25:30,680
Speaker 1: radioactive elements. So it's a very very very very hostile

430
00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:33,920
Speaker 1: environment that we're picturing here. But based on our understanding

431
00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:37,199
Speaker 1: of life on Earth, it would not be impossible for

432
00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:41,400
Speaker 1: something to have evolved and and even thrive there still. Yeah,

433
00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:43,560
Speaker 1: and though we do want to point out that when

434
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,880
Speaker 1: we think about what hostile to life is, we're thinking

435
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,800
Speaker 1: about hostile to Earth life, right, And of course the

436
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:53,399
Speaker 1: Earth environment might be incredibly hostile to organisms adapted to

437
00:25:53,520 --> 00:25:56,760
Speaker 1: some other kind of world. So, like you know, on Earth,

438
00:25:56,840 --> 00:26:00,800
Speaker 1: on Earth we have oxygen and oxygen app sphere. Oxygen

439
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:03,600
Speaker 1: is nice to us because we're adapted to it, but

440
00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:07,760
Speaker 1: it could be highly corrosive to some other type of organism. Yeah, indeed,

441
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,760
Speaker 1: So you know, with all this, it's it's relative based

442
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:14,040
Speaker 1: on our human perspective and our our preference for all

443
00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:17,879
Speaker 1: things that support human life. Now, as far as the

444
00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:22,560
Speaker 1: exploration goes, we've we've had nothing Callisto specific in the past,

445
00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:27,920
Speaker 1: but most missions to or by Jupiter involve some level

446
00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:30,439
Speaker 1: of Callisto study. I mean, you're you're, you're swinging by.

447
00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:32,919
Speaker 1: It's in the neighborhood, it's one of the four largest moons.

448
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:35,680
Speaker 1: You're you're gonna get some data off of it. Now,

449
00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:38,440
Speaker 1: I know we mentioned earlier the juice, the juice is

450
00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:41,600
Speaker 1: thinking about studying icy moons of Jupiter, and that would

451
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:45,680
Speaker 1: include Callisto right indeed. And then as far as considering

452
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:49,760
Speaker 1: any kind of far future visitation of specific study there,

453
00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:54,119
Speaker 1: NASA's two thousand three Human Outer Space Exploration or HOPE

454
00:26:54,760 --> 00:27:01,080
Speaker 1: project suggested that in a hypothetical five Jovi mission UH,

455
00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:04,919
Speaker 1: Callisto could serve as a base of operations UH for

456
00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:08,959
Speaker 1: study of Jupiter UH as well as other Outer Solar

457
00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:12,800
Speaker 1: System concerns thanks to its stable geology and low radiation.

458
00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:16,360
Speaker 1: So again, nothing's changing their no earthquakes, there, no volcanoes,

459
00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:19,560
Speaker 1: and you're outside of that death zone for the most part.

460
00:27:19,880 --> 00:27:22,560
Speaker 1: So it would be a great place to U to

461
00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:26,320
Speaker 1: UH to tell operate say a Europa submarine, we'll get

462
00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:28,240
Speaker 1: into Europe in a little bit, a little bit or

463
00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:31,400
Speaker 1: or other. Galilee and Moon explorations. It could also serve

464
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:34,240
Speaker 1: as a way station for outward bound vessels. I think

465
00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:36,960
Speaker 1: that teleoperation idea is very interesting in the future of

466
00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:39,880
Speaker 1: space exploration because one of the things you often run

467
00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:43,119
Speaker 1: into and space exploration is, well, Okay, when you've got

468
00:27:43,160 --> 00:27:47,200
Speaker 1: a job that's very dangerous and and requires an extremely

469
00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:50,480
Speaker 1: hardy explorer, you think, okay, we need a robot, right.

470
00:27:50,840 --> 00:27:53,520
Speaker 1: But then when you've got a job that requires quick

471
00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:57,120
Speaker 1: thinking and adaptability, you think you need a human explorer because,

472
00:27:57,160 --> 00:27:58,800
Speaker 1: I mean, a robot is not going to be able

473
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:01,400
Speaker 1: to figure out how to get around a problem very

474
00:28:01,400 --> 00:28:04,359
Speaker 1: easily if you didn't anticipate it in advance. And a

475
00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:07,119
Speaker 1: good way I've heard of of bridging this gap is

476
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:12,000
Speaker 1: having teleoperated robots. So instead of putting a human on

477
00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:14,720
Speaker 1: the surface of Europa, you have a human in some

478
00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:19,479
Speaker 1: nearby vessel, in a you know, spacecraft orbiting Europa or

479
00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:23,040
Speaker 1: some or nearby on callisto maybe, and they are essentially

480
00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:26,800
Speaker 1: by by avatar type of control, making a robot do

481
00:28:27,119 --> 00:28:29,399
Speaker 1: what it needs to do, but also being able to

482
00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:33,200
Speaker 1: adapt to unexpected conditions and problems. So you send a

483
00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:35,440
Speaker 1: robot to Europa, and you send maybe like a human

484
00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:39,880
Speaker 1: brain and a scream canister to Callisto to remote control

485
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,800
Speaker 1: the robot in Europe. I feel like, after reading about Callisto, though,

486
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:46,920
Speaker 1: I kind of felt bad for Callisto reading this proposal,

487
00:28:47,120 --> 00:28:50,720
Speaker 1: because I'm like, you landed on Callisto. Callisto's cool, Callisto's fascinating.

488
00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:53,600
Speaker 1: Don't get to Callisto and then dream of Europa. That's

489
00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:56,320
Speaker 1: kind of inconsiderate. That's like, you're you're hanging out with

490
00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:59,120
Speaker 1: this friend, don't text that one the other one during

491
00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,440
Speaker 1: the hang But I mean, what if this other friend

492
00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:04,840
Speaker 1: you're texting is just way more likely to have life

493
00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:07,800
Speaker 1: on them. It's true, it's true. Okay, I think we're

494
00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:09,560
Speaker 1: gonna take a break, but when we come back, we're

495
00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:12,680
Speaker 1: going to get into the three inner Galilean moons where

496
00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:23,960
Speaker 1: things really start to get interesting. Alright, we're back. We've

497
00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:28,160
Speaker 1: left Callisto. We've left that dead, cratered world and it's

498
00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:33,040
Speaker 1: uh potential salt ocean hidden beneath its surface. What is

499
00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:36,160
Speaker 1: our next destination in our journey? Well, our next destination

500
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:39,040
Speaker 1: isn't going to be all that different from Callisto in

501
00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:42,959
Speaker 1: many respects. So we left one cold, icy, rocky world.

502
00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:46,320
Speaker 1: And we're headed to another cold, icy, rocky world, but

503
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:50,680
Speaker 1: this one is Ganymede. Now what the basic stats on

504
00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:54,280
Speaker 1: Gannam Ganymede is about in diameter about three thousand, two

505
00:29:54,320 --> 00:29:57,080
Speaker 1: hundred and seventy three miles across or five thousand, two

506
00:29:57,120 --> 00:30:00,080
Speaker 1: hundred sixty eight kilometers. This makes it the large just

507
00:30:00,320 --> 00:30:03,200
Speaker 1: moon in orbit around Jupiter, and not just there. In fact,

508
00:30:03,320 --> 00:30:06,960
Speaker 1: it's the largest moon in the entire Solar System. It's

509
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:10,560
Speaker 1: bigger than Pluto, bigger than the planet Mercury, but not

510
00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:16,400
Speaker 1: nearly as massive due to low density composition. So you

511
00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:19,240
Speaker 1: take an interior cross section of this planet, imagine you

512
00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:21,960
Speaker 1: could shear away half of it and look at an

513
00:30:21,960 --> 00:30:25,440
Speaker 1: interior profile. You've got an iron core kind of like

514
00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:30,720
Speaker 1: Earth has, but it's also possibly partially molten iron, and

515
00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:33,120
Speaker 1: that's important for something I'm gonna get to in a second.

516
00:30:33,680 --> 00:30:36,320
Speaker 1: Then around that iron core you've got a layer of

517
00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:41,320
Speaker 1: rocky inner mantel that's so like silicate rock standard rock.

518
00:30:41,960 --> 00:30:44,960
Speaker 1: And then around that is a layer of water ice

519
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:50,320
Speaker 1: probably also some salty liquid water. And then finally on

520
00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:53,880
Speaker 1: top you've got an ice crust that shows signs of age,

521
00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:57,880
Speaker 1: craters and scarring. So the molten metal in the iron

522
00:30:57,920 --> 00:31:01,960
Speaker 1: core is probably why Ganymede has its own magnetosphere like Earth,

523
00:31:02,040 --> 00:31:04,240
Speaker 1: and and the fact that it has its own magnetosphere

524
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:06,960
Speaker 1: is interesting. A lot of objects in the Solar System don't,

525
00:31:07,640 --> 00:31:10,720
Speaker 1: but don't have a magnetic shield that extends outward from

526
00:31:10,720 --> 00:31:14,240
Speaker 1: the planet, which makes possible visitation to those worlds all

527
00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:17,960
Speaker 1: the more problematic. So I'm thinking this, I mean, we

528
00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:20,200
Speaker 1: missed Coldisto. This one sounds like a good place to

529
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:22,560
Speaker 1: touch down. What's it like on the surface. Okay, well,

530
00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:24,800
Speaker 1: let's take a little tour of the surface of Ganymede.

531
00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:27,920
Speaker 1: First of all, you're gonna notice as a thin oxygen atmosphere,

532
00:31:28,360 --> 00:31:30,880
Speaker 1: but the emphasis is on thin. It's not thick enough

533
00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:33,040
Speaker 1: that you could breathe it, but there is gonna be

534
00:31:33,080 --> 00:31:36,720
Speaker 1: a little bit of gas around there. And imagine you

535
00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:39,800
Speaker 1: step out of the spacecraft. Say, okay, anamie, So you're

536
00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:42,280
Speaker 1: walking on ice. The crust of the planet is ice.

537
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:46,680
Speaker 1: It's this dark, endless plane of ice, possibly with some

538
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:49,480
Speaker 1: rocky elements here and there, but mostly it's going to

539
00:31:49,560 --> 00:31:53,640
Speaker 1: be ice. It's like a frozen pond extending over the

540
00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:58,000
Speaker 1: whole planet. So bring ice skates. Maybe actually I wonder,

541
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:01,280
Speaker 1: you know, if so ice is slippery here on Earth,

542
00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:04,840
Speaker 1: is ice slippery on Ganymede. I have no idea why

543
00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:06,840
Speaker 1: I would even wonder that. I would have to assume

544
00:32:06,880 --> 00:32:09,440
Speaker 1: the physics are somewhat similar, but maybe not. I mean

545
00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:12,400
Speaker 1: it depends. Yeah, there's it's easy to take for granted

546
00:32:12,560 --> 00:32:15,200
Speaker 1: something like ice skating, but ice skating it it's going

547
00:32:15,240 --> 00:32:17,480
Speaker 1: to depend on I don't know what the gravity is

548
00:32:17,520 --> 00:32:19,840
Speaker 1: like on the world, right, Yeah, yeah, gravity and the

549
00:32:20,520 --> 00:32:23,080
Speaker 1: surface conditions. Now, one thing actually I think is that

550
00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,600
Speaker 1: ice is less slippery the colder it gets outside, right,

551
00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:30,160
Speaker 1: like an extremely cold conditions, you're less likely to slip

552
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:32,840
Speaker 1: on the ice. I feel like the novel that Forever

553
00:32:32,920 --> 00:32:35,200
Speaker 1: War went into this a little bit. I believe like

554
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:37,320
Speaker 1: there's a section where he was getting into like the

555
00:32:37,320 --> 00:32:40,880
Speaker 1: physics of being a visitor to an icy world and

556
00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:42,640
Speaker 1: how slippery would be. But it's a long time since

557
00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:44,720
Speaker 1: they've read that. Left up here from listeners. Yeah, I

558
00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:46,800
Speaker 1: would like to hear if you have ideas about that.

559
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:50,240
Speaker 1: But anyway, you're out on this ice crust, and one

560
00:32:50,280 --> 00:32:52,440
Speaker 1: thing you can notice is that you can, as you

561
00:32:52,480 --> 00:32:55,840
Speaker 1: travel the surface of Ganymede, move from different kinds of

562
00:32:55,920 --> 00:33:01,600
Speaker 1: landscapes into one another. So Ganymede has interlocking sections of

563
00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:04,760
Speaker 1: an old face and a young face. Both are made

564
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:08,120
Speaker 1: of ice, but the old face is dark, covered in

565
00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:11,480
Speaker 1: ancient craters from impacts over billions of years. That's what

566
00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:13,680
Speaker 1: we talked about earlier. You know, the more craters you

567
00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:16,680
Speaker 1: see on the surface, typically the older it is because

568
00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:20,120
Speaker 1: it's been there to absorb blows from the shooting gallery

569
00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:23,200
Speaker 1: of the Solar system for a longer period of time. Yeah,

570
00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:24,960
Speaker 1: be aware of those plants where you don't see craters

571
00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:31,640
Speaker 1: everywhere because something's happening there. Yeah. The craters on Ganymede

572
00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:34,640
Speaker 1: i've read, are actually relatively smooth and gentle, and this

573
00:33:34,720 --> 00:33:37,680
Speaker 1: possibly might be from millions of years of ice settling.

574
00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:41,200
Speaker 1: So unlike rock, where there's a crater, it's a brittle

575
00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:43,760
Speaker 1: crater with edges, and it remains that way for a

576
00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:46,680
Speaker 1: long time. With ice over a long period of time,

577
00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,560
Speaker 1: even though it's very cold, there is some kind of

578
00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:53,520
Speaker 1: almost kind of gelatinous quality to the ice over long

579
00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:56,480
Speaker 1: enough time scales, so it'd be kind of like kind

580
00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:59,120
Speaker 1: of ice jelly. It's kind of like the way glaciers

581
00:33:59,160 --> 00:34:02,840
Speaker 1: can deform for a long period of touch um. But

582
00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:06,040
Speaker 1: then there's also a younger ice plane on the surface

583
00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:09,840
Speaker 1: of Ganymede, So you can move from one dark, scarred

584
00:34:09,880 --> 00:34:13,720
Speaker 1: plane to another one. And these these younger ice planes

585
00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:17,279
Speaker 1: are brighter in color, with fewer craters, and instead of craters,

586
00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:21,799
Speaker 1: you'd walk through these deep grooves known as sulki. Each

587
00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:25,480
Speaker 1: each of these it's a sulcus, is this groove running

588
00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:27,600
Speaker 1: along the surface of the planet. It's like a wrinkle

589
00:34:28,120 --> 00:34:31,400
Speaker 1: in the face of Ganymine, the sulki of Ganymede. I

590
00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:34,839
Speaker 1: like it. Yeah, it's beautiful. And what are those caused by? Well,

591
00:34:34,880 --> 00:34:37,800
Speaker 1: it's not exactly known, but I think the main idea

592
00:34:37,840 --> 00:34:42,640
Speaker 1: I've read is that it's caused by internal stresses, entitled

593
00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:45,840
Speaker 1: forces acting upon the planet, kind of causing wrinkles and

594
00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:48,920
Speaker 1: perturbations in the crust. Okay, well, what are the natives

595
00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:51,880
Speaker 1: like here? Well, if there are any, and there actually

596
00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:53,799
Speaker 1: is a possibility, it's going to be kind of like

597
00:34:53,840 --> 00:34:56,680
Speaker 1: what we talked about with calisso a similar kind of situations.

598
00:34:56,760 --> 00:35:00,840
Speaker 1: Because findings announced by NASA in from the Hubble Space

599
00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:06,719
Speaker 1: telescope showed that Ganymede probably has liquid underground oceans. Sandwich

600
00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:09,239
Speaker 1: between I see layers. And they figured this out by

601
00:35:09,239 --> 00:35:13,759
Speaker 1: looking at at the aurora around Ganymede and figured out

602
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:16,800
Speaker 1: that you know, to see the to see the charged

603
00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:19,680
Speaker 1: particle displays that we see around the outside of Ganymede,

604
00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:22,840
Speaker 1: we would probably be expected that we would probably expect

605
00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:25,960
Speaker 1: that to be caused by liquid oceans under the surface.

606
00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:29,239
Speaker 1: Uh and anywhere of course that there's liquid water, we

607
00:35:29,480 --> 00:35:32,400
Speaker 1: kind of have to wonder is there a possibility, And

608
00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:35,520
Speaker 1: so that's the idea, and it's another case of subsurface

609
00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:39,840
Speaker 1: liquid water that may indeed harbor microbial life. Now, past

610
00:35:39,880 --> 00:35:42,759
Speaker 1: observations of Ganymede have been done by the some of

611
00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:45,239
Speaker 1: the same missions we've talked about in the past, the

612
00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:48,920
Speaker 1: usual suspects here, and of course Ganymede is one of

613
00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:52,719
Speaker 1: the potential targets of juice that the juice it's so

614
00:35:52,760 --> 00:35:55,440
Speaker 1: it's we mentioned earlier, but it's part of the Essays

615
00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:58,680
Speaker 1: Cosmic Vision program. And the idea is that the probe

616
00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:01,640
Speaker 1: would launch in putting it on course to arrive in

617
00:36:01,719 --> 00:36:05,560
Speaker 1: the Jupiter System around twenty and it would make observations

618
00:36:05,560 --> 00:36:09,759
Speaker 1: of Jupiter itself, but also Europa, Ganymede and Callisto and

619
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:12,120
Speaker 1: the main focus on Ganymede would be to learn more

620
00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:15,279
Speaker 1: about its underground oceans and whether they have the potential

621
00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:18,400
Speaker 1: to sustain life. But in addition to that, there are

622
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:23,320
Speaker 1: some Russian scientists who want to put a lander on Ganymede. Again,

623
00:36:23,360 --> 00:36:26,200
Speaker 1: this would be to study potential habitable habitability. But this

624
00:36:26,239 --> 00:36:27,960
Speaker 1: wouldn't just be a fly by. This would be a

625
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:31,759
Speaker 1: probe settling down on the surface and uh and using

626
00:36:31,880 --> 00:36:34,279
Speaker 1: various tools to figure out what's going on on the

627
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:37,040
Speaker 1: surface of Ganymede and and what might be going on

628
00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:40,799
Speaker 1: under the surface. Indeed, as a tantalizing part right to

629
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,759
Speaker 1: to not only arrive there, but to but but to

630
00:36:43,960 --> 00:36:47,080
Speaker 1: but to actually dig down into the surface and see

631
00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,239
Speaker 1: if these oceans are really there and then what it

632
00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:53,960
Speaker 1: consists up. Yeah, and of course Ganymede is not the

633
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:57,200
Speaker 1: only place where scientists want to drill under some ice

634
00:36:57,480 --> 00:37:00,880
Speaker 1: and look at habitability concerns. In fact, there's an even

635
00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:03,399
Speaker 1: better spot to study that, and it's the one that's

636
00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:08,120
Speaker 1: coming up next on our death spiral into Jupiter. That's right, Europa,

637
00:37:08,239 --> 00:37:11,600
Speaker 1: and Europa is quite a big one in our in

638
00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:14,840
Speaker 1: our consideration of Jovian moons. Yeah, if you read science fiction.

639
00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:17,239
Speaker 1: I bet this is the most likely one you've read

640
00:37:17,239 --> 00:37:20,839
Speaker 1: a story about, and it's often I would say, would

641
00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:24,000
Speaker 1: you agree that of all the places in the Solar System,

642
00:37:24,120 --> 00:37:27,799
Speaker 1: it's the one where astrobiologists most often talk about the

643
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,919
Speaker 1: possibility of finding life. Yes, this is definitely the one

644
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:34,560
Speaker 1: where where that has the most excitement around it. Yeah.

645
00:37:34,560 --> 00:37:37,759
Speaker 1: So Robert introduced us to this moon we're coming up

646
00:37:37,760 --> 00:37:40,600
Speaker 1: on now, right. So one of the surface of Europa

647
00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:43,560
Speaker 1: appears to be a solid sheet of ice. Scientists believe

648
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:47,160
Speaker 1: this outer shell hides a deep liquid ocean or an

649
00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:50,880
Speaker 1: ocean of of ice slush underneath, the heated by tidal

650
00:37:50,920 --> 00:37:55,600
Speaker 1: friction and thermal vents sixty two miles beneath Europa's ice caps.

651
00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:59,760
Speaker 1: So Europa boasts a layered structure like Earth that consists

652
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:03,319
Speaker 1: of an iron core, a rock mantle around that core,

653
00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:06,880
Speaker 1: a thick soft ice layer, and a thin crust of

654
00:38:06,960 --> 00:38:10,880
Speaker 1: impure water ice over again what is probably a global

655
00:38:10,960 --> 00:38:14,400
Speaker 1: subsurface water layer. Yeah. And so though Europa is a

656
00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:18,040
Speaker 1: little bit smaller than Earth's moon, based on the Galileo data,

657
00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:20,360
Speaker 1: you know, the data from the galileto trobe again not

658
00:38:20,440 --> 00:38:24,240
Speaker 1: from Galileo, galile a uh, scientists think that Europa actually

659
00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:27,880
Speaker 1: has more water on it than Earth does, which is

660
00:38:28,239 --> 00:38:31,520
Speaker 1: pretty incredible because Earth is often known as the water planet.

661
00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:33,880
Speaker 1: So if you you are the aliens from signs, it

662
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:37,879
Speaker 1: is even worse to try colonizing Europa than Earth. Now

663
00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:43,040
Speaker 1: that ocean finding, as with Callisto's suspected subwa subsurface waters,

664
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:47,520
Speaker 1: come down to the Galileo spacecraft's measurements, specifically the manner

665
00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:53,160
Speaker 1: in which Jupiter's magnetic field was disrupted in space around Europa,

666
00:38:53,160 --> 00:38:55,960
Speaker 1: and the theory is that the field is induced by

667
00:38:56,000 --> 00:39:01,240
Speaker 1: a large body of electrocly conductive salty fluid beneath the surface. Now,

668
00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:04,239
Speaker 1: if we're to actually move in a little closer, if

669
00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:07,399
Speaker 1: we were to touch down on Europa, what would we find. Well,

670
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:10,960
Speaker 1: the surface is apparently a vast landscape of frozen ice,

671
00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:14,960
Speaker 1: and it's crisscrossed by long linear fractures, and these are

672
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:19,880
Speaker 1: caused by tidal flexing, the tidal force caused by Jupiter's gravity.

673
00:39:19,960 --> 00:39:23,400
Speaker 1: There are a very few craters to be seen blemishing

674
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,239
Speaker 1: this landscape, as the surface is actually quite young, only

675
00:39:26,360 --> 00:39:30,040
Speaker 1: forty nine million years old, which is kind of creepy

676
00:39:30,080 --> 00:39:33,320
Speaker 1: when you think about it. Yeah, this this ancient planet.

677
00:39:33,360 --> 00:39:36,359
Speaker 1: We've never been there and it's got a young surface. Yeah,

678
00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:39,680
Speaker 1: that's that's the first red red flag for any sci

679
00:39:39,719 --> 00:39:44,440
Speaker 1: fi visitors. Right now, you'll also spot reddish brown materials

680
00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:47,680
Speaker 1: and some of the fractures and splotchy deposits. So we're

681
00:39:47,680 --> 00:39:49,840
Speaker 1: not yet sure what those are exactly. It might be

682
00:39:49,920 --> 00:39:53,799
Speaker 1: magnesium sulfate, maybe sulfuric acid hydrate. You know, I think

683
00:39:53,840 --> 00:39:57,640
Speaker 1: I've read that recent research suggested that the dark discolorations

684
00:39:57,640 --> 00:40:00,480
Speaker 1: on Europa's ice crust could be caused by sea salt

685
00:40:01,080 --> 00:40:04,719
Speaker 1: supposed to radiation. Yet another piece of evidence that the

686
00:40:04,719 --> 00:40:08,080
Speaker 1: water below the ice crust might be salty. Well, there

687
00:40:08,120 --> 00:40:11,640
Speaker 1: you go. Now you'll also come across pits and domes

688
00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:15,040
Speaker 1: in the ice that suggests that it could be slowly

689
00:40:15,080 --> 00:40:19,960
Speaker 1: turning over or convicting due to heat from the possible

690
00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:23,799
Speaker 1: oceans below. Or maybe they're just the dome cathedrals and

691
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:28,120
Speaker 1: fighting pit of some weird off world elder species. Right now, now, wait,

692
00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:32,320
Speaker 1: a second heat coming from the oceans below. Now that's interesting. Yeah, yeah,

693
00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:35,600
Speaker 1: that's because if there's heat, that's one more possibly not

694
00:40:35,640 --> 00:40:37,919
Speaker 1: only do we have a salty ocean, but there's there's heat.

695
00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:41,280
Speaker 1: There's energy there, energy rich, yeah, energy rich, more potential

696
00:40:41,320 --> 00:40:45,359
Speaker 1: for life. Now there's also the chaos terrain. This is

697
00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:48,840
Speaker 1: one of my favorite terms in astronomy, or is it astronomy,

698
00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:53,399
Speaker 1: I don't know, astrogeology, planetology, Yeah, I guess so. Yeah,

699
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:57,480
Speaker 1: the chaos terrain. This is a broken, blocky landscape covered

700
00:40:57,680 --> 00:41:01,360
Speaker 1: in the mysterious reddish material that we mentioned earlier. So

701
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,839
Speaker 1: it might be spots of geo geologic activity. It might

702
00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:07,759
Speaker 1: be places where the ice is collapsed into lakes in

703
00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,760
Speaker 1: the ice. And it's also possible that we're just merely

704
00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:17,319
Speaker 1: over interpreting h imperfections in the Galileo spacecraft imagery. Oh yes,

705
00:41:17,360 --> 00:41:20,320
Speaker 1: and as revealed in the in two thousand thirteen Hubble

706
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:25,240
Speaker 1: telescope data, Europa is actively venting plumes of water into space.

707
00:41:25,880 --> 00:41:30,560
Speaker 1: So this means that it's definitely geologically active. So it's

708
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:33,760
Speaker 1: like geyser is shooting off of the Yeah. Yeah, So

709
00:41:33,760 --> 00:41:35,800
Speaker 1: so we've got that to think of two, like space

710
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:39,239
Speaker 1: geysers shooting water into space. So does it have an

711
00:41:39,280 --> 00:41:42,960
Speaker 1: atmosphere at all? It does. It has a molecular oxygen

712
00:41:43,040 --> 00:41:46,360
Speaker 1: an O two atmosphere. Hydrogen floats away from the planet

713
00:41:46,360 --> 00:41:49,960
Speaker 1: because it's too light and collects in a gas torus

714
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:54,040
Speaker 1: around the planet. Less impressive than than the one on

715
00:41:54,160 --> 00:41:58,360
Speaker 1: Io that will discuss, but still pretty pretty interesting. Nonetheless,

716
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,640
Speaker 1: And it's our size goes for your Europa. It's slightly

717
00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:05,759
Speaker 1: smaller than Earth's moons. So Europa is the smallest of

718
00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:09,760
Speaker 1: the four Gallean moons. Yes, but size doesn't necessarily matter

719
00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:13,200
Speaker 1: when it comes to subsurface life, that's right. So if

720
00:42:13,239 --> 00:42:17,399
Speaker 1: Europa's oceans do exist, and we're pretty sure they do, Yeah,

721
00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:20,439
Speaker 1: it's I think most scientists agree that that's what's what's

722
00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:23,320
Speaker 1: going on under there. Then the tides might also create

723
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:27,279
Speaker 1: volcanic or hydrothermal activity on the seafloor, supplying nutrients that

724
00:42:27,360 --> 00:42:30,840
Speaker 1: could make the ocean sustainable for living things. Yeah. So

725
00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:34,520
Speaker 1: often when you want to imagine what kind of alien

726
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:37,880
Speaker 1: life could exist on plate in places other than Earth,

727
00:42:38,040 --> 00:42:40,280
Speaker 1: it's a good idea to look at extrem a files

728
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:43,080
Speaker 1: on Earth, what exists in some of the most difficult

729
00:42:43,160 --> 00:42:46,560
Speaker 1: conditions on Earth. And one of the things to look

730
00:42:46,560 --> 00:42:49,160
Speaker 1: out on Earth might be the life that is sustained

731
00:42:49,160 --> 00:42:52,239
Speaker 1: by hydrothermal vents on the ocean's floor. Yes, we're talking

732
00:42:52,239 --> 00:42:54,520
Speaker 1: about deep, dark places where really the only font of

733
00:42:54,640 --> 00:42:59,080
Speaker 1: energy is is the the the hydrothermal vent. But that is,

734
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:02,440
Speaker 1: you know, pumping out some very high temperatures in an

735
00:43:02,440 --> 00:43:06,120
Speaker 1: otherwise cold and lightless environment. And uh and there are

736
00:43:06,160 --> 00:43:09,920
Speaker 1: there are organisms that have evolved to thrive in that environment.

737
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:12,280
Speaker 1: But again it's to go back to what you said earlier,

738
00:43:12,280 --> 00:43:14,319
Speaker 1: we call them extreme of files. But of course if

739
00:43:14,320 --> 00:43:17,640
Speaker 1: that were the only place life could exist on a world,

740
00:43:18,280 --> 00:43:20,600
Speaker 1: would they really be extreme of files? It kind of

741
00:43:20,600 --> 00:43:23,359
Speaker 1: depends on how you know, where you're approaching it from. Yeah,

742
00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:25,520
Speaker 1: that's what they're adapted to. Yeah, I mean try to

743
00:43:25,520 --> 00:43:27,920
Speaker 1: put them in a in a lush farm land on

744
00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:31,080
Speaker 1: Earth and then die out, that would be their extreme environment. Yeah.

745
00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:33,040
Speaker 1: So there's a lot of a lot of hope, a

746
00:43:33,040 --> 00:43:37,640
Speaker 1: lot of excitement, uh, specifically for Europa because a number

747
00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:41,080
Speaker 1: of the factors uh in the or in the emergence

748
00:43:41,120 --> 00:43:44,600
Speaker 1: of life seemed to exist there. Yeah, and because of that,

749
00:43:44,719 --> 00:43:48,880
Speaker 1: Europa is a prime target for future exploration and research.

750
00:43:49,480 --> 00:43:52,400
Speaker 1: So if we mentioned juice, Juice wants to go to

751
00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:56,200
Speaker 1: Europa of course, but what else is going to Europa? Well,

752
00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,560
Speaker 1: NASA is currently putting together the Europa multiple fly by

753
00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:01,960
Speaker 1: mission for the same time period that mission is scheduled

754
00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:08,640
Speaker 1: launch in arriving at the Jovian System in two seems

755
00:44:08,680 --> 00:44:11,080
Speaker 1: to be a big year in general. According to a

756
00:44:11,160 --> 00:44:14,600
Speaker 1: BBC report from actually earlier this month, NASA is eyeing

757
00:44:14,960 --> 00:44:17,400
Speaker 1: that year as a potential launch date for a soft

758
00:44:17,480 --> 00:44:21,080
Speaker 1: landing mission to Europa. Also e s A. Scientists are

759
00:44:21,080 --> 00:44:26,480
Speaker 1: currently considering these five different concepts um for their own explorations.

760
00:44:26,520 --> 00:44:29,200
Speaker 1: So one is a remote sensing instrument that would go

761
00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:34,440
Speaker 1: aboard the that American two probe. Another is a small

762
00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:38,880
Speaker 1: free flying satellite that would detach from this probe. Another

763
00:44:38,960 --> 00:44:41,160
Speaker 1: is a small satellite that would detach from the lander's

764
00:44:41,280 --> 00:44:46,120
Speaker 1: mother ship. Another is one or two instrumented projectiles that

765
00:44:46,120 --> 00:44:49,799
Speaker 1: would drop from the mother ship. Projectiles. Yeah, and we'll

766
00:44:49,880 --> 00:44:52,200
Speaker 1: we'll get to to the projectile aspect here in a second.

767
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:55,480
Speaker 1: Also an instrument to ride on the soft lander and

768
00:44:55,680 --> 00:44:59,640
Speaker 1: uh quote quote do science at the surface. Um U.

769
00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:02,200
Speaker 1: I love it when landers do science. Yeah, I mean,

770
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:03,840
Speaker 1: it's one of those things where it's you know that

771
00:45:04,080 --> 00:45:07,520
Speaker 1: when in the early enough stages for figuring out exactly

772
00:45:07,520 --> 00:45:09,560
Speaker 1: what it would do, but then we also know a

773
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:13,839
Speaker 1: number of the science that it would do. But then

774
00:45:13,840 --> 00:45:16,880
Speaker 1: the one that really is fascinating is the idea of

775
00:45:16,920 --> 00:45:19,759
Speaker 1: a penetrat or hard lander. So this would be a

776
00:45:19,840 --> 00:45:25,520
Speaker 1: steel missile loaded with sensors that strikes at three hundred

777
00:45:25,560 --> 00:45:28,920
Speaker 1: miles per second and collect data on the interior. So

778
00:45:28,960 --> 00:45:32,160
Speaker 1: we're talking some very rugged instruments. They've apparently tested this

779
00:45:32,280 --> 00:45:34,560
Speaker 1: out a little bit on Earth, uh and found that, yes,

780
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:38,160
Speaker 1: that the instruments do survive such an impact. Well, that's

781
00:45:38,160 --> 00:45:40,480
Speaker 1: one of the interesting questions is what we would do

782
00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:44,880
Speaker 1: to get to that subsurface ocean, because so you'd have

783
00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:47,000
Speaker 1: to if you land on the surface of Europa, if

784
00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:50,120
Speaker 1: you imagine it has an extremely thick ice crust and

785
00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:53,200
Speaker 1: the subsurface ocean is underneath that, you'd have to drill

786
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:55,799
Speaker 1: down or melt down to get to it. And then

787
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:57,800
Speaker 1: once you're down there, how do you get the data

788
00:45:57,880 --> 00:46:00,359
Speaker 1: back up to the surface. Right, And and we don't

789
00:46:00,360 --> 00:46:03,200
Speaker 1: want to discount just the journey to any of these

790
00:46:03,239 --> 00:46:06,080
Speaker 1: moons in general, because this is not like the friendliest

791
00:46:06,080 --> 00:46:09,000
Speaker 1: neighborhood to enter into. Your kind of entering. As we mentioned,

792
00:46:09,040 --> 00:46:12,080
Speaker 1: you're kind of going into a sub solar system with

793
00:46:12,120 --> 00:46:17,719
Speaker 1: plenty of objects singing around with rings, etcetera. So it's uh,

794
00:46:17,960 --> 00:46:19,800
Speaker 1: there are a number of factors that there are a

795
00:46:19,880 --> 00:46:23,360
Speaker 1: number of hurdles to even getting to your destination. Now, Robert,

796
00:46:23,360 --> 00:46:26,840
Speaker 1: have you seen the science fiction movie Europa Report. I

797
00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:31,200
Speaker 1: have not. I really liked Europa Report. I I would

798
00:46:31,239 --> 00:46:33,279
Speaker 1: be interested in hearing what you guys out there think,

799
00:46:33,320 --> 00:46:36,200
Speaker 1: our listeners. Have you seen this movie? I thought it

800
00:46:36,280 --> 00:46:38,960
Speaker 1: was cool and that it was a modest science fiction

801
00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:42,560
Speaker 1: movie that did it did a lot with a little

802
00:46:43,080 --> 00:46:45,000
Speaker 1: and one thing I really liked about it is that

803
00:46:45,040 --> 00:46:48,719
Speaker 1: it was truly a science fiction movie about the exploration

804
00:46:48,760 --> 00:46:51,960
Speaker 1: of Europa and science fiction, I mean, um, a lot

805
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:54,600
Speaker 1: of movies that are called science fiction are really just

806
00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:59,320
Speaker 1: sort of action fantasy where the instead of having magical weapons,

807
00:46:59,360 --> 00:47:02,439
Speaker 1: you have technolog logical weapons, but they're still basically the same.

808
00:47:02,640 --> 00:47:05,840
Speaker 1: The viewer that has no idea what it's just. Instead

809
00:47:05,840 --> 00:47:08,719
Speaker 1: of to be having a religious or supernatural explanation for

810
00:47:08,760 --> 00:47:13,240
Speaker 1: the magic, it is a vaguely science explanation for the magic. Yeah, exactly.

811
00:47:13,280 --> 00:47:15,360
Speaker 1: And this movie was not like that. I mean that

812
00:47:15,480 --> 00:47:18,120
Speaker 1: it was a science fiction movie in that the plot

813
00:47:18,160 --> 00:47:22,160
Speaker 1: was inherently about science. It had a it has scientific

814
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:24,680
Speaker 1: plot and a scientific thrust, and the characters had a

815
00:47:24,719 --> 00:47:28,200
Speaker 1: scientific mission that was actually grounded in real things we'd

816
00:47:28,239 --> 00:47:30,440
Speaker 1: want to learn in the real ways we'd go about

817
00:47:30,440 --> 00:47:33,920
Speaker 1: trying to learn them. Uh, And so I won't I

818
00:47:33,960 --> 00:47:36,360
Speaker 1: will try not spoil anything about the movie. But they

819
00:47:36,360 --> 00:47:39,759
Speaker 1: it's a movie about a manned mission, or I should say,

820
00:47:39,760 --> 00:47:42,640
Speaker 1: a crude mission, a mission with a crew going to

821
00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:45,799
Speaker 1: the surface of Europa and trying to figure out if

822
00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:48,640
Speaker 1: there's life in the oceans underneath. And so I give

823
00:47:48,640 --> 00:47:51,879
Speaker 1: it a thumbs up. This hilarity against it, No, not

824
00:47:51,920 --> 00:47:57,719
Speaker 1: really hilarity, maybe some Without spoiling too much, I will

825
00:47:57,760 --> 00:48:00,920
Speaker 1: say that things don't go exactly to plan. If it

826
00:48:00,960 --> 00:48:04,240
Speaker 1: wouldn't be much of a moon. Alright, Well, at this point,

827
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:09,839
Speaker 1: let us sadly leave Europa um with its mysteries unsolved,

828
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:15,080
Speaker 1: and continue on to the innermost of the Galilean moons. Yes,

829
00:48:15,640 --> 00:48:22,200
Speaker 1: now does time. We're approaching Io. It's spelled two letters io,

830
00:48:22,480 --> 00:48:25,279
Speaker 1: and that seems to make sense. But because there's a

831
00:48:25,360 --> 00:48:30,880
Speaker 1: kind of grinding simplicity and beauty and weirdness to this planet,

832
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:35,960
Speaker 1: it's it's it's maybe the strangest and most gorgeous of

833
00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:38,640
Speaker 1: all of them, and of all of them, it most

834
00:48:38,760 --> 00:48:44,040
Speaker 1: wants to kill you. So IOW is Jupiter's innermost Galilean moon.

835
00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:47,600
Speaker 1: In terms of diameter, it is slightly, but only slightly

836
00:48:47,719 --> 00:48:52,000
Speaker 1: larger than Earth's moon. It's almost comparable in size, and

837
00:48:52,080 --> 00:48:56,200
Speaker 1: its orbit keeps it within four hundred and two kilometers

838
00:48:56,280 --> 00:48:59,400
Speaker 1: or two hundred and sixty two thousand miles of Jupiter.

839
00:49:00,560 --> 00:49:03,200
Speaker 1: That's not not a whole lot farther than the distance

840
00:49:03,280 --> 00:49:07,040
Speaker 1: between the Earth and its moon, except think about how

841
00:49:07,040 --> 00:49:12,919
Speaker 1: big Jupiter is. Yeah, yeah, so what's yeah, So, what's

842
00:49:12,920 --> 00:49:16,200
Speaker 1: it like on the surface of Io. It's freezing hell

843
00:49:16,320 --> 00:49:19,800
Speaker 1: and burning hell at the same time, where the ground

844
00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:22,800
Speaker 1: that you walk on churns up and down like a

845
00:49:22,920 --> 00:49:26,000
Speaker 1: tsunami as the tides go in and out. On the

846
00:49:26,040 --> 00:49:30,160
Speaker 1: solid world, Io is a world of extremes. It's uh.

847
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:34,320
Speaker 1: It's the most geologically active object in the Solar System,

848
00:49:34,400 --> 00:49:37,319
Speaker 1: the whole Solar System, including Earth, with more than four

849
00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:42,440
Speaker 1: hundred active volcanoes that we know about. Some eruptions of

850
00:49:42,480 --> 00:49:47,040
Speaker 1: these volcanoes shoot ejecta plumes of three hundred kilometers or

851
00:49:47,080 --> 00:49:49,600
Speaker 1: a hundred and eighty six miles out into space above

852
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:53,320
Speaker 1: the surface. If you see some images of these, it's incredible.

853
00:49:53,360 --> 00:49:55,680
Speaker 1: It looks like it looks like there's something else going

854
00:49:55,719 --> 00:49:58,520
Speaker 1: on behind Io that's being obscured by the planet. But no,

855
00:49:58,719 --> 00:50:01,120
Speaker 1: you that's not what it as. You're just seeing in

856
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:06,640
Speaker 1: profile plumes of planet sized proportions exploding off of the surface.

857
00:50:07,640 --> 00:50:10,840
Speaker 1: And uh. And so the average temperature on the surface

858
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:14,720
Speaker 1: is negative two hundred and two degrees fahrenheit or negative

859
00:50:14,760 --> 00:50:18,280
Speaker 1: a hundred and thirty degrees celsius, which is far colder

860
00:50:18,320 --> 00:50:23,040
Speaker 1: than the coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth. That is,

861
00:50:23,320 --> 00:50:26,719
Speaker 1: unless you're standing near one of Io's hundreds of volcanoes

862
00:50:26,760 --> 00:50:29,600
Speaker 1: while it's erupting, and here the temperatures are more like

863
00:50:29,760 --> 00:50:34,960
Speaker 1: three thousand degrees fahrenheit or one thousand sixty nine degrees celsius.

864
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:39,200
Speaker 1: There is an atmosphere, but it's thin and mostly made

865
00:50:39,280 --> 00:50:43,960
Speaker 1: of the toxic gas sulfur dioxide, which is often associated

866
00:50:43,960 --> 00:50:46,640
Speaker 1: with volcanic activity even on Earth. So if you know,

867
00:50:46,719 --> 00:50:49,279
Speaker 1: you get killed by toxic fumes near a volcano or

868
00:50:49,320 --> 00:50:53,600
Speaker 1: something like that, you may be breathing sulfur dioxide. And

869
00:50:53,760 --> 00:50:57,480
Speaker 1: speaking of sulfur compounds, the planet is also going to

870
00:50:57,520 --> 00:51:02,319
Speaker 1: be covered, probably in fields of yellow snow. You don't

871
00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:04,760
Speaker 1: eat the yellow snow in this case, and it's because

872
00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:08,759
Speaker 1: it's sulfur dioxide snow. So the planet it has these

873
00:51:08,880 --> 00:51:12,279
Speaker 1: eruptions where these particles of sulfur dioxide gas come out

874
00:51:12,360 --> 00:51:15,560
Speaker 1: and go all around the planet. But then because it's

875
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:18,879
Speaker 1: so cold, they tend to crystallize and fall down as

876
00:51:18,960 --> 00:51:23,400
Speaker 1: the sulfur dioxide yellow snow. Uh. So it's just covered

877
00:51:23,520 --> 00:51:27,120
Speaker 1: in these poisonous golden snow fields. But other than that,

878
00:51:27,200 --> 00:51:30,040
Speaker 1: it's a good place to visit. No. No, it's also

879
00:51:30,239 --> 00:51:35,319
Speaker 1: a blasted heath of radiation. So uh, it's the closest

880
00:51:35,600 --> 00:51:39,680
Speaker 1: to Jupiter and the most exposed to Jupiter's radiation. And

881
00:51:39,680 --> 00:51:44,799
Speaker 1: then there's also because Io is connected to Jupiter through

882
00:51:44,840 --> 00:51:49,280
Speaker 1: a sort of magnetic ring that comes out of Jupiter's magnetosphere,

883
00:51:49,840 --> 00:51:53,600
Speaker 1: it also creates what's called a plasma torus, which is

884
00:51:53,640 --> 00:51:58,360
Speaker 1: just this ring of killer charged particles flowing off of

885
00:51:58,440 --> 00:52:02,719
Speaker 1: Io and into Jupiter. Er uh. And it's it's kind

886
00:52:02,760 --> 00:52:04,960
Speaker 1: of unbelievable. You wouldn't want to get near it, you

887
00:52:04,960 --> 00:52:06,759
Speaker 1: wouldn't want to stand in it. You really don't even

888
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:10,240
Speaker 1: want to fly a probe through it. And I mentioned

889
00:52:10,280 --> 00:52:15,480
Speaker 1: earlier the tidle heaving on Io. So on Io there

890
00:52:15,480 --> 00:52:19,200
Speaker 1: there are tides, but there are no oceans. It doesn't

891
00:52:19,239 --> 00:52:22,239
Speaker 1: have water to have tides. It has tides in the

892
00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:26,279
Speaker 1: ground itself. Now other planets well too, tides of course,

893
00:52:26,360 --> 00:52:28,960
Speaker 1: you know, being influenced by the gravity of surrounding bodies.

894
00:52:29,000 --> 00:52:32,680
Speaker 1: There's there's tidal action acting on Io from Jupiter and

895
00:52:32,680 --> 00:52:35,960
Speaker 1: from the other moons that are going around Jupiter. But

896
00:52:36,080 --> 00:52:40,640
Speaker 1: these incredibly powerful gravitational forces, instead of moving water around

897
00:52:40,640 --> 00:52:43,520
Speaker 1: on the surface, end up moving the ground up and

898
00:52:43,640 --> 00:52:47,880
Speaker 1: down hundreds of feet. Now, from what I understand, I

899
00:52:47,880 --> 00:52:50,399
Speaker 1: think you wouldn't feel this like you know, waves coming

900
00:52:50,480 --> 00:52:52,920
Speaker 1: up and down really fast or anything like that. But

901
00:52:53,040 --> 00:52:57,160
Speaker 1: it does. This tidle flexing and stretching of the solid

902
00:52:57,239 --> 00:53:00,600
Speaker 1: mass of the planet does lead to incredible old friction.

903
00:53:00,680 --> 00:53:03,239
Speaker 1: I mean, think what would happen if you were constantly

904
00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:06,800
Speaker 1: flexing a rock in and out. We get pretty hot,

905
00:53:06,880 --> 00:53:09,600
Speaker 1: and this is what happens to the interior of Io,

906
00:53:09,760 --> 00:53:14,080
Speaker 1: leading it to be this burning hellscape within the freezing hellscape.

907
00:53:14,719 --> 00:53:19,160
Speaker 1: Another crazy fact about Io Jupiter is going to loom

908
00:53:19,400 --> 00:53:23,239
Speaker 1: huge in the sky. The NASA JPL website has a

909
00:53:23,280 --> 00:53:26,200
Speaker 1: really interesting app that I recommend you try to use. It.

910
00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:30,200
Speaker 1: It's the Solar System Simulator, which lets you simulate looking

911
00:53:30,239 --> 00:53:33,680
Speaker 1: at one object in the Solar System from another object

912
00:53:33,800 --> 00:53:36,920
Speaker 1: in the Solar System at any given time. Uh. And

913
00:53:37,160 --> 00:53:38,759
Speaker 1: I tried this out. I was like, Okay, what does

914
00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:41,960
Speaker 1: it look like looking at Jupiter from Io right now?

915
00:53:42,320 --> 00:53:44,720
Speaker 1: And from the surface of Io right now? Jupiter currently

916
00:53:44,719 --> 00:53:48,400
Speaker 1: takes about it takes up about nineteen point five degrees

917
00:53:48,600 --> 00:53:52,279
Speaker 1: in the sky. So you know, imagine the degrees from

918
00:53:52,360 --> 00:53:55,919
Speaker 1: horizon to horizon. You've got about a hundred and eighty degrees. Uh,

919
00:53:56,120 --> 00:53:59,000
Speaker 1: so this is about twenty degrees. That's like one ninth

920
00:53:59,120 --> 00:54:02,680
Speaker 1: of the width of the sky. It's crazy to imagine that.

921
00:54:02,719 --> 00:54:05,480
Speaker 1: I mean, it's it's crazy to imagine even course, standing

922
00:54:05,920 --> 00:54:08,280
Speaker 1: on the surface of Io and you're I guess God

923
00:54:08,360 --> 00:54:10,920
Speaker 1: likes space suit that somehow protects you from all of

924
00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:14,839
Speaker 1: these extreme conditions somehow, I think we're not ever going

925
00:54:14,880 --> 00:54:18,080
Speaker 1: to be walking on I yeah, I mean you would

926
00:54:18,120 --> 00:54:21,360
Speaker 1: have to be dealing with like a what like a

927
00:54:21,480 --> 00:54:26,480
Speaker 1: level level one or level two civilization just kardashiv yea

928
00:54:26,719 --> 00:54:30,959
Speaker 1: Cardassian level like like some sort of like crazy sci

929
00:54:31,000 --> 00:54:33,120
Speaker 1: fi field system like where it wouldn't even be a

930
00:54:33,120 --> 00:54:36,120
Speaker 1: physical suit as much as like a crazy energy field

931
00:54:36,600 --> 00:54:39,239
Speaker 1: that is somehow protecting you unless you're Sean Connery with

932
00:54:39,280 --> 00:54:42,720
Speaker 1: a shotgun. Right. Oh yes, Um, is it too early

933
00:54:42,760 --> 00:54:45,480
Speaker 1: to mention Outland? No, it's not so. Before we recorded

934
00:54:45,520 --> 00:54:48,600
Speaker 1: the episode, we were talking about how Robert just rediscovered

935
00:54:48,640 --> 00:54:51,480
Speaker 1: that the movie Outland, the starring Sean Connery, which is

936
00:54:51,560 --> 00:54:54,800
Speaker 1: essentially high Noon in Space. Yeah, it's a space western,

937
00:54:55,719 --> 00:54:58,399
Speaker 1: nice and gritty. It's it's it feels like you could

938
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:01,680
Speaker 1: take place in the same universe as Alien. It's, you know,

939
00:55:01,719 --> 00:55:05,040
Speaker 1: a lesser film, but it has that kind of grimy

940
00:55:05,560 --> 00:55:09,240
Speaker 1: um you know, Workman's vision of life in the solar

941
00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:13,560
Speaker 1: opposite of Flash Gordon. But it takes place on Io.

942
00:55:13,760 --> 00:55:17,279
Speaker 1: Right again, how realistic is that? Seems not very Yeah,

943
00:55:17,280 --> 00:55:18,840
Speaker 1: it's been a while since I've seen it, but I

944
00:55:18,880 --> 00:55:22,280
Speaker 1: do not recall the I do not recall any highly

945
00:55:22,360 --> 00:55:25,399
Speaker 1: volcanic scenes. I could be wrong on that. I felt

946
00:55:25,440 --> 00:55:30,080
Speaker 1: feel like they delivered like a cold or vision of Io. Yeah,

947
00:55:30,160 --> 00:55:33,319
Speaker 1: but it's a great film, very violent, a very very

948
00:55:33,360 --> 00:55:37,720
Speaker 1: gritty space drugs, space prostitutes, Sean Connery with a shotgun,

949
00:55:37,840 --> 00:55:40,960
Speaker 1: Peter Boyle uh and some other actors that would go

950
00:55:40,960 --> 00:55:42,960
Speaker 1: on to make a name for themselves and in the

951
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:45,760
Speaker 1: cast as well. Is it kind of like Leviathan in space?

952
00:55:46,239 --> 00:55:49,239
Speaker 1: Not really, there's no monster. It's like it's a very

953
00:55:49,360 --> 00:55:52,520
Speaker 1: human story. It's it's essentially you know, it's it's a

954
00:55:52,560 --> 00:55:57,680
Speaker 1: mining town Western scenario. But on this Jovian, I guess

955
00:55:57,680 --> 00:56:01,239
Speaker 1: I was just going with the mining outpost sect to Leviathan.

956
00:56:01,800 --> 00:56:04,160
Speaker 1: Do we need to talk about Leviathan on this podcast?

957
00:56:04,200 --> 00:56:07,960
Speaker 1: We can carry on. Sorry, I've seen that one more recently. Yeah,

958
00:56:08,040 --> 00:56:11,360
Speaker 1: well it does have a great poster, it does. Okay,

959
00:56:11,400 --> 00:56:14,680
Speaker 1: So back to Io. Given everything we've said so far,

960
00:56:15,160 --> 00:56:21,080
Speaker 1: freezing hell and burning hell, uh, sulfur dioxide, vicious radiation bath,

961
00:56:21,800 --> 00:56:24,919
Speaker 1: we shouldn't expect to this place to have any life

962
00:56:24,920 --> 00:56:28,200
Speaker 1: at all, right, it seems a ridiculous proposition. Also, no

963
00:56:28,360 --> 00:56:31,400
Speaker 1: liquid water on the surface. It sounds like the last place,

964
00:56:32,440 --> 00:56:38,040
Speaker 1: no organic molecules ever detected there, I mean, why ferocious radiation?

965
00:56:38,600 --> 00:56:41,759
Speaker 1: So we can definitely rule out the possibility, right, Well,

966
00:56:41,840 --> 00:56:45,640
Speaker 1: actually not according to everyone. And I wonder if this

967
00:56:45,719 --> 00:56:50,040
Speaker 1: is just an expert uh an astrobiologists trying to emphasize

968
00:56:50,080 --> 00:56:54,239
Speaker 1: what possibilities are out there, more thought experiment than anything

969
00:56:54,280 --> 00:56:56,359
Speaker 1: it could be. But from two thousand ten, I found

970
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:59,000
Speaker 1: an article by Charles Q. Choi that speaks to Dr

971
00:56:59,080 --> 00:57:03,640
Speaker 1: Dirk Schultz may Cooch uh an astrobio, an astrobiologist at

972
00:57:03,680 --> 00:57:08,800
Speaker 1: Washington State University, and uh. Dr Schultz may Couch said quote,

973
00:57:09,239 --> 00:57:11,920
Speaker 1: life on the surface is all but impossible, but if

974
00:57:11,960 --> 00:57:15,319
Speaker 1: you go down further into the rocks, it could be intriguing.

975
00:57:16,000 --> 00:57:19,200
Speaker 1: We shouldn't categorize it as dead right away just because

976
00:57:19,240 --> 00:57:23,240
Speaker 1: it's so extreme. So based on this guy's comments, this

977
00:57:23,320 --> 00:57:27,080
Speaker 1: astrobiologist comments, the article went on to sort of explore

978
00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:29,800
Speaker 1: what life could be like on Io. You know, if

979
00:57:29,840 --> 00:57:32,080
Speaker 1: we if we look at Europa and Ganymede, which have

980
00:57:32,160 --> 00:57:34,960
Speaker 1: water ice, we can get a picture closer to what

981
00:57:35,080 --> 00:57:38,240
Speaker 1: Io might have looked like billions of years ago, closer

982
00:57:38,280 --> 00:57:41,840
Speaker 1: to the time of its formation. Radiation from Jupiter probably

983
00:57:41,880 --> 00:57:44,760
Speaker 1: would have ripped away Io's water within about ten million

984
00:57:44,880 --> 00:57:48,440
Speaker 1: years or so, but life that evolved on the surface

985
00:57:48,520 --> 00:57:52,640
Speaker 1: during that period could possibly have retreated underground, surviving in

986
00:57:52,760 --> 00:57:56,920
Speaker 1: subterranean lava tubes, which could contain moisture and protect the

987
00:57:56,960 --> 00:58:01,640
Speaker 1: microbial life forms from radiation. That's on io surface. What

988
00:58:01,640 --> 00:58:04,880
Speaker 1: what is impossible up above may not be impossible below,

989
00:58:05,960 --> 00:58:08,240
Speaker 1: And as we've pointed out before, they're extreme a file

990
00:58:08,360 --> 00:58:11,000
Speaker 1: organisms on Earth that can survive and thrive in lava

991
00:58:11,040 --> 00:58:15,000
Speaker 1: tubes and even near active geothermal hotspots like Geyser's. So

992
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:18,560
Speaker 1: Shultz make each comments that the ultimate chances of finding

993
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:21,600
Speaker 1: life on Io seem pretty low, but we shouldn't rule

994
00:58:21,640 --> 00:58:25,120
Speaker 1: it out. And besides, how amazing would that be to

995
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:28,720
Speaker 1: find life on this sulfurous golden hell. It would really

996
00:58:28,760 --> 00:58:32,200
Speaker 1: change your idea of what's possible for self replicating organisms

997
00:58:32,240 --> 00:58:34,840
Speaker 1: in the universe. I think, indeed, you know, and it

998
00:58:34,880 --> 00:58:37,680
Speaker 1: also makes me want, you know, we've thought we've been

999
00:58:37,680 --> 00:58:40,280
Speaker 1: discussing some sci fi a little bit here, but you're

1000
00:58:40,280 --> 00:58:43,640
Speaker 1: always encountering that idea of of of either a human

1001
00:58:43,720 --> 00:58:47,480
Speaker 1: or other intelligence civilization seating life in other worlds, and

1002
00:58:47,520 --> 00:58:51,120
Speaker 1: generally that doesn't take the form of extreme of files.

1003
00:58:51,160 --> 00:58:53,120
Speaker 1: But but I wonder, like, what could we one day

1004
00:58:53,120 --> 00:58:57,120
Speaker 1: reach the point where a human or human derived civilization

1005
00:58:57,560 --> 00:59:01,840
Speaker 1: would reach a world like like Io. Look at it,

1006
00:59:02,120 --> 00:59:04,840
Speaker 1: determine that there's no even there's no life, even extreme

1007
00:59:04,920 --> 00:59:08,320
Speaker 1: file life. But then custom makes something to survive, and

1008
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:15,080
Speaker 1: it's like it's in its most tolerable um locations. I

1009
00:59:15,120 --> 00:59:17,240
Speaker 1: don't know, it's fun to think about. Yeah, well there,

1010
00:59:17,280 --> 00:59:19,360
Speaker 1: I mean, I think you get into, of course, the

1011
00:59:19,640 --> 00:59:23,120
Speaker 1: ethics questions about seeding life. You know, you'd have to

1012
00:59:23,120 --> 00:59:27,000
Speaker 1: be sure if that's even possible that there was no

1013
00:59:27,120 --> 00:59:31,200
Speaker 1: life there now and that life wasn't you know, in

1014
00:59:31,320 --> 00:59:34,680
Speaker 1: store for it at some point in the future. Um

1015
00:59:34,800 --> 00:59:37,080
Speaker 1: so who's to say. But then again, I think that's

1016
00:59:37,160 --> 00:59:39,520
Speaker 1: kind of weird, Like I feel this ethical intuition that

1017
00:59:39,520 --> 00:59:43,400
Speaker 1: you shouldn't go about, you know, contaminating other worlds with

1018
00:59:43,520 --> 00:59:46,720
Speaker 1: possible life that could extinguish the life that exists there now.

1019
00:59:46,760 --> 00:59:49,560
Speaker 1: But then again, I really don't feel bad about using

1020
00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:53,840
Speaker 1: alcohol to kill bacteria if you're washing your hands before

1021
00:59:53,920 --> 00:59:57,840
Speaker 1: surgery or something like that. You know, it's I don't know, Well,

1022
00:59:57,920 --> 00:59:59,520
Speaker 1: you know that the bacteria was never going to make

1023
00:59:59,520 --> 01:00:02,840
Speaker 1: a dial anyway, so it's fine. I guess. So alien

1024
01:00:02,880 --> 01:00:08,040
Speaker 1: bacteria just has so many more rights than Earth bacteria. Okay,

1025
01:00:08,040 --> 01:00:11,840
Speaker 1: So future missions to IO one would be the Io

1026
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:16,000
Speaker 1: Volcano Observer one proposed future mission at least we don't know,

1027
01:00:16,080 --> 01:00:19,200
Speaker 1: but uh, the proposed future mission to IO would be

1028
01:00:19,280 --> 01:00:23,240
Speaker 1: this observer. Primarily the work of the planetary geologist Alfred McEwan,

1029
01:00:23,720 --> 01:00:25,480
Speaker 1: And this would be a probe that goes into orbit

1030
01:00:25,520 --> 01:00:28,200
Speaker 1: around Jupiter and observes Io close up over the course

1031
01:00:28,240 --> 01:00:31,360
Speaker 1: of at least nine flybys over two years. And this

1032
01:00:31,400 --> 01:00:34,520
Speaker 1: would be studying Io's temperature, it's a volcanic activity and

1033
01:00:34,560 --> 01:00:38,240
Speaker 1: its surface composition. And if the proposed mission is accepted,

1034
01:00:38,240 --> 01:00:41,040
Speaker 1: it's going to launch by around one So it seems

1035
01:00:41,040 --> 01:00:43,320
Speaker 1: like in the early twenties there's gonna be a lot

1036
01:00:43,360 --> 01:00:47,800
Speaker 1: of potential Jupiter missions launching. That has got to be

1037
01:00:47,800 --> 01:00:50,800
Speaker 1: a I mean, we've already discussed the volcanic eruptions that

1038
01:00:51,120 --> 01:00:53,920
Speaker 1: blast out into into space ye off of Io, so

1039
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:55,440
Speaker 1: that would see it would seem like it would be

1040
01:00:55,480 --> 01:00:58,240
Speaker 1: a difficult orbit to maintain, and maybe that's part of

1041
01:00:58,240 --> 01:01:00,280
Speaker 1: the gamble, like how well I mean, I guess question

1042
01:01:00,320 --> 01:01:02,280
Speaker 1: would be exactly how close is it getting to Io

1043
01:01:02,320 --> 01:01:04,840
Speaker 1: if it's gonna be orbiting Jupiter that I think I

1044
01:01:04,880 --> 01:01:07,920
Speaker 1: read something like that the closest point it would ever

1045
01:01:07,960 --> 01:01:11,919
Speaker 1: get to Io would be around two kilometers away, which

1046
01:01:11,920 --> 01:01:15,960
Speaker 1: is I mean, that's pretty close. But the bigger question,

1047
01:01:16,000 --> 01:01:18,800
Speaker 1: I think, much more than the geologic activity, is just

1048
01:01:18,840 --> 01:01:22,360
Speaker 1: the radiation. I mean, even even non organic you know,

1049
01:01:22,440 --> 01:01:25,040
Speaker 1: just our instruments at that point are going to be

1050
01:01:25,080 --> 01:01:27,520
Speaker 1: subject to extreme radiation, and so it would have to

1051
01:01:27,520 --> 01:01:31,040
Speaker 1: be a hardy kind of probe to survive. If anything

1052
01:01:31,040 --> 01:01:33,920
Speaker 1: were to actually land on Io, it would have to

1053
01:01:33,920 --> 01:01:37,080
Speaker 1: be a flying fallout shelter. As we mentioned, the radiations

1054
01:01:37,120 --> 01:01:40,880
Speaker 1: fierce and it has damaged instruments on probes in the past, right, Yes,

1055
01:01:40,920 --> 01:01:43,520
Speaker 1: I mean that's how that's how potent the radiation of

1056
01:01:43,960 --> 01:01:47,280
Speaker 1: Io is. One last thing I wanted to add about

1057
01:01:47,520 --> 01:01:54,120
Speaker 1: Io coming from the angle of exo theology. Uh, the

1058
01:01:54,160 --> 01:01:57,080
Speaker 1: religion space religion. Oh, this is a this is a

1059
01:01:57,160 --> 01:01:59,720
Speaker 1: topic I love. Yeah, of course I love it too.

1060
01:01:59,760 --> 01:02:02,280
Speaker 1: And uh, we should add that we keep using the

1061
01:02:02,280 --> 01:02:05,280
Speaker 1: Hell analogy for Io just merely for descriptive reasons, to

1062
01:02:05,320 --> 01:02:07,560
Speaker 1: give you an image to map it onto in your brain.

1063
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:11,560
Speaker 1: But there's actually at least one theologian who exists who

1064
01:02:11,560 --> 01:02:14,680
Speaker 1: believes Hell can be found in the Solar System. Uh.

1065
01:02:14,720 --> 01:02:19,320
Speaker 1: He is a guy named Michael sin teeny, and he's

1066
01:02:19,360 --> 01:02:23,680
Speaker 1: a reverend who he self published a book that argues

1067
01:02:23,760 --> 01:02:26,080
Speaker 1: that the Christian Hell is literally to be found on

1068
01:02:26,120 --> 01:02:30,160
Speaker 1: the planet Venus. And I don't know how many people

1069
01:02:30,160 --> 01:02:32,440
Speaker 1: he's managed to convince of this. This is obviously not

1070
01:02:32,560 --> 01:02:37,000
Speaker 1: a standard Christian belief. This is his idea. Um, but

1071
01:02:37,440 --> 01:02:40,200
Speaker 1: I wonder why not Io instead? I know, seems like

1072
01:02:40,240 --> 01:02:43,560
Speaker 1: an even better candidate. Yeah, I mean you have It's

1073
01:02:44,120 --> 01:02:47,200
Speaker 1: it flows perfectly with Dante's vision, right, because you have

1074
01:02:47,560 --> 01:02:51,160
Speaker 1: both the hot region, the hot regions, the cold regions.

1075
01:02:51,600 --> 01:02:54,120
Speaker 1: It's it's perfect. All you need is a Satan there

1076
01:02:54,280 --> 01:02:56,520
Speaker 1: to his waist. And yeah, and it matches with our

1077
01:02:56,600 --> 01:02:59,160
Speaker 1: journey of descent, right. You know, as we've gone closer

1078
01:02:59,160 --> 01:03:02,480
Speaker 1: and closer into the planet, which reminds me now that

1079
01:03:02,520 --> 01:03:05,480
Speaker 1: we've reached the end of our journey, we're getting very

1080
01:03:05,520 --> 01:03:09,800
Speaker 1: close to Jupiter itself. Yeah, and our our little terrarium

1081
01:03:09,840 --> 01:03:14,840
Speaker 1: capsule is withering a little bit, was standing the inner

1082
01:03:14,960 --> 01:03:18,640
Speaker 1: radiation of the Jovian System. I wonder what's going to

1083
01:03:18,720 --> 01:03:21,880
Speaker 1: happen as we descend into the gas. I don't know.

1084
01:03:21,960 --> 01:03:26,640
Speaker 1: We're descending into a into a massive gas world of

1085
01:03:26,800 --> 01:03:31,960
Speaker 1: storms and poison and uh and eventually a rocky core

1086
01:03:32,440 --> 01:03:36,600
Speaker 1: uh with a pressure and the is just insane. I'm

1087
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:41,240
Speaker 1: pretty sure we'll be obliterated before we reach the rocky core. Oh, yes, yes, certainly.

1088
01:03:41,760 --> 01:03:43,880
Speaker 1: I doubt we'll have to reach the rocky core. But

1089
01:03:44,760 --> 01:03:47,640
Speaker 1: maybe there is no rocky core. Maybe the Rocky Core

1090
01:03:47,840 --> 01:03:49,760
Speaker 1: is all in your mind. Well, the important thing is

1091
01:03:49,840 --> 01:03:51,560
Speaker 1: we made it this far. I mean, we were ordered

1092
01:03:51,560 --> 01:03:54,520
Speaker 1: to jettison the dome a while back. We held on

1093
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:56,800
Speaker 1: this long. Everything got to survive there, just a little

1094
01:03:56,800 --> 01:03:59,280
Speaker 1: bit longer, so we can. We can play one last

1095
01:03:59,320 --> 01:04:03,320
Speaker 1: game of checkers or cards with the robots and just

1096
01:04:03,880 --> 01:04:05,880
Speaker 1: go out on a high note. Well. One thing I

1097
01:04:05,960 --> 01:04:07,960
Speaker 1: should have mentioned you as we were going, but I

1098
01:04:08,040 --> 01:04:11,000
Speaker 1: didn't because I was afraid, was that at each moon

1099
01:04:11,040 --> 01:04:13,680
Speaker 1: we passed along the way, I jettisoned off a capsule

1100
01:04:13,760 --> 01:04:18,080
Speaker 1: of Earth life, unethically seating these planets and potentially contaminating

1101
01:04:18,120 --> 01:04:21,600
Speaker 1: them for all future research. But maybe these little life

1102
01:04:21,600 --> 01:04:24,880
Speaker 1: forms will take hold. Yeah, well, hey, that's better than nothing, right,

1103
01:04:25,080 --> 01:04:30,600
Speaker 1: So let's hope something takes route alright. So there you

1104
01:04:30,640 --> 01:04:35,320
Speaker 1: have it, an exploration of the Galilean moons, just the

1105
01:04:35,560 --> 01:04:39,280
Speaker 1: four greatest of the Jovian moons in general, but each

1106
01:04:39,280 --> 01:04:43,080
Speaker 1: one a fascinating world. And uh and the cool thing too,

1107
01:04:43,240 --> 01:04:46,479
Speaker 1: is that even over the course of the next year

1108
01:04:46,560 --> 01:04:48,800
Speaker 1: or so, we're hopefully going to learn more and more

1109
01:04:48,840 --> 01:04:51,800
Speaker 1: about these these places. Yeah, so we want to thank

1110
01:04:51,840 --> 01:04:54,440
Speaker 1: you for joining us on our journey through this solar system.

1111
01:04:54,480 --> 01:04:58,840
Speaker 1: Within a solar system, the the gas Giant and it's

1112
01:04:58,880 --> 01:05:02,200
Speaker 1: wonderful sphere of in fluence. Indeed, and if you want

1113
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:05,520
Speaker 1: to see images of some of these moons as well

1114
01:05:05,560 --> 01:05:08,520
Speaker 1: as explore some links out to additional data about them,

1115
01:05:08,600 --> 01:05:10,320
Speaker 1: be sure to check out the landing page for this

1116
01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:13,640
Speaker 1: episode at stuff to Blow your Mind dot com. That's

1117
01:05:13,640 --> 01:05:16,040
Speaker 1: the mothership. That's where we'll find all the podcast episodes.

1118
01:05:16,080 --> 01:05:20,920
Speaker 1: You'll find blog posts, you'll find galleries, lists, videos, links

1119
01:05:20,920 --> 01:05:23,600
Speaker 1: out to our social media accounts such as Facebook and Twitter,

1120
01:05:23,680 --> 01:05:26,320
Speaker 1: where Blow the Mind on both of those. We also

1121
01:05:26,440 --> 01:05:30,000
Speaker 1: have a Tumbler and Instagram accounts. That is your jam.

1122
01:05:30,080 --> 01:05:31,480
Speaker 1: And if you want to get in touch with us

1123
01:05:31,520 --> 01:05:34,360
Speaker 1: with your favorite fact about Jupiter or its moons, or

1124
01:05:34,480 --> 01:05:35,760
Speaker 1: you want to let us know what you think the

1125
01:05:35,800 --> 01:05:38,960
Speaker 1: most interesting object in the Solar system is, or where

1126
01:05:39,040 --> 01:05:41,720
Speaker 1: you think we're most likely to find the life outside

1127
01:05:41,720 --> 01:05:44,240
Speaker 1: of Earth, you can email us at blow the Mind

1128
01:05:44,320 --> 01:05:55,960
Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com. For more on this

1129
01:05:56,160 --> 01:05:59,080
Speaker 1: and pathans of other topics is how stuff Works dot com.

1130
01:06:06,200 --> 01:06:15,440
Speaker 1: The Big I think the Big Four starts about