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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm fair Dowdy and I'm de Blane in chuk Reboarding

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Speaker 1: and recently our co worker Christianna shared a strange story

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Speaker 1: with us and you might have seen it in the

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Speaker 1: news that's been in a lot of sites, but most

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Speaker 1: notably on MSNBC. They originally covered the story. A reclusive

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Speaker 1: heiress named Huguett Clark died in May under a pseudonym,

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Speaker 1: in an unmarked room at Beth Israel Medical Center. And

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Speaker 1: she was a hundred and four years old, so a

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Speaker 1: near contemporary of Brooke Astor and the owner of the

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Speaker 1: States in Santa Barbara, California. In Connecticut and the largest

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Speaker 1: apartment on Fifth Avenue, which this kind of mind blowing here,

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Speaker 1: forty two rooms worth one hundred million dollars. I looked

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Speaker 1: it up in Google Map and it's like right across

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Speaker 1: the street from Central Park. Yeah. But one of the

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Speaker 1: most remarkable things about the story, in my opinion at least,

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Speaker 1: is that the last known photo of her was from

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Speaker 1: nineteen thirty. She hadn't had any photos of herself, and

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Speaker 1: not many people had seen her around in the past

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Speaker 1: twenty years or so, right, very few people had seen

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Speaker 1: her really since the sixties. Yeah, but at one point

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Speaker 1: she was a great heiress, so would be socialite. At

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Speaker 1: the age of twenty one, she had inherited one fifth

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Speaker 1: of her father's estate, the whole worth of which was

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Speaker 1: three hundred million or about three point six billion in

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Speaker 1: today's terms. So he gets own story is really fascinating,

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Speaker 1: and we're going to get into that a little more later.

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Speaker 1: But her age, her father, and her inheritance connects her

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Speaker 1: to one of the most interesting stories of the Gilded

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Speaker 1: Age and the West, the Wars of the Copper Kings. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so beaute. Montana is a far cry from a fancy

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Speaker 1: Fifth Avenue apartment, but that's where this story starts, and

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Speaker 1: it's where our feud starts as well. So I hope

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Speaker 1: we've intrigued you proper. Like in the eighteen sixties, miners

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Speaker 1: from Virginia City discovered gold in what is now Butte Montana.

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Speaker 1: By the eighteen seventies, the game had shifted to silver mining,

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Speaker 1: and by eighteen seventy four, a man named Marcus Daily,

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Speaker 1: who was an Irish immigrant with a quote nose for

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Speaker 1: or had struck a fifty or one hundred foot wide

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Speaker 1: vein of copper, depending on which source you're looking at.

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Speaker 1: And not long after that, the city of Beaute was

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Speaker 1: formed and was soon connected to the wider world by rail,

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Speaker 1: and that in turn began the copper boom. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: that was fueled by a need for telegraph wires, electric

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Speaker 1: power lines, and electric motors. And other industries sprung up

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Speaker 1: to support the mining, like lumber and railroads, and a

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Speaker 1: handful of companies came to dominate the state's industry. Daily

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Speaker 1: became one of the first so called copper Kings, along

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Speaker 1: with his partner George Hurst. William Randolph Hurst father and

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Speaker 1: Daily's chief rival was you gets father William Andrews Clark,

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Speaker 1: who had been born in a Pennsylvania log cabin and

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Speaker 1: who started off panning for gold and selling eggs at

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Speaker 1: a markup to minors. Yeah. And later we have a

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Speaker 1: man named Frederick Augustus Hines entering the picture. He's a

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Speaker 1: German immigrant. He joined the barons, but he only appears

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Speaker 1: for round two of this war will be discussing. The

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Speaker 1: first battle was fought between Daily and Clark, who, in

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Speaker 1: addition to being fabulously wealthy, desperately wanted a political career,

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Speaker 1: and that's really at the root of these two men's rivalrype.

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Speaker 1: So we're gonna make it clear round one. The first election. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: just a little background. Montana at this time was, of course,

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Speaker 1: not yet a state. It was a territory and there

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Speaker 1: had to be a non Indian population of sixty thousand

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Speaker 1: before it could apply for statehood. Though they sort of

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Speaker 1: jumped the gun on that a little bit, they did.

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Speaker 1: They tried to get statehood before they really legally could.

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Speaker 1: It was still allowed though, to have a territorial representative

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Speaker 1: of to Congress, someone who could lobby in petition real representatives.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty eight, William Andrews Clark decided he wanted

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Speaker 1: to run for that position. Yeah, but Daily wasn't about

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Speaker 1: to let power slip into the hands of his chief

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Speaker 1: Copper rival, especially because he didn't think that all of

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Speaker 1: his interests would be successfully represented by Clark to the representatives.

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Speaker 1: So he worked to elect Clark's Republican opponent, and he

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Speaker 1: bribed voters with things like cigars and whiskey, or he threatened,

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Speaker 1: probably more menacingly here, he threatened his own employees with

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Speaker 1: firing if if they went out and voted for Clark.

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Speaker 1: So Clark lost and obviously held a pretty big grudge

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Speaker 1: against Daily for the rest of his life. That wasn't

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Speaker 1: the end of the story, though, of course. There was

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Speaker 1: a second election just a year later, and at that

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Speaker 1: point Montana had become a state. Unsurprisingly, they also soon

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Speaker 1: adopted a secret ballot after that last elections fiasco, and

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Speaker 1: Clark he decides to have another or go this time,

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Speaker 1: and this time he's running for US Senate. At the time,

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Speaker 1: senators weren't elect elected directly though, they were elected by

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Speaker 1: the state legislature, and that posed a bit of a

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Speaker 1: problem for Montana, where each party would only elect its

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Speaker 1: own representatives, they ended up with this terribly awkward situation.

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Speaker 1: A brand new state sent four senators to Washington, two Democrats,

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Speaker 1: one of whom was Clark, and two Republicans, and at

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Speaker 1: the time, the Republicans controlled the Senate, so the two

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Speaker 1: Democratic senators were sent home. Sorry, again, Clark lost out.

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Speaker 1: He doesn't give up, though, This guy just keeps on

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Speaker 1: trying to get political office. The third election occurs in

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Speaker 1: eighteen ninety three, and this time he wasn't about to

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Speaker 1: let party politics get in the way of his ambitions.

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Speaker 1: He wasn't going to be sent home again, so this

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Speaker 1: time he bribed the legislators to vote for him regardless

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Speaker 1: of their political affiliation. That's one way to get around it.

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Speaker 1: But Daily, not to be outdone, followed right behind him,

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Speaker 1: counter bribing all the people that he had bribed to

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Speaker 1: reverse their vote, and Clark lost again, but only by

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Speaker 1: three votes. Yeah, so the following year there was no

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Speaker 1: Senate election to squabble over, so the guys had to

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Speaker 1: do something else with their time. Besides ranking in the

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Speaker 1: money from all of their business, they fought over the

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Speaker 1: state capital location, and of course, having the state capital

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Speaker 1: near your own business is a it's a profitable thing.

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Speaker 1: You have access to your representatives, you have some sort

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Speaker 1: of influence and power. And after an initial election where

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Speaker 1: there were quite a few cities in Montana to choose

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Speaker 1: from the top choices ended up being Helena and Anaconda,

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Speaker 1: which was Daily's own mining town, so Daly obviously supported

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Speaker 1: his own location. He wanted the capital to be right

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Speaker 1: outside of his mind, but Clark arranged to support Helena

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Speaker 1: if it's businessmen would help him in turn get elected

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Speaker 1: to the Senate next chance he had. Yeah, and the

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Speaker 1: two men put everything they had into this petition. They

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Speaker 1: stage parades and fireworks displays. They gave out five dollar bills.

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Speaker 1: Clark even made up a miniature copper collars to show

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Speaker 1: what a stranglehold anaconda would have on the state if

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Speaker 1: the capital moved there. He gave him out like party favors. Basically, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and the Montana Historical Society estimates that they ended up

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Speaker 1: each spending about fifty six dollars per head on the election,

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Speaker 1: which would translate to about one thousand, three d fifty

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Speaker 1: six dollars today. Clark one. In this instance, the capital

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Speaker 1: went to Helena. Yeah, so triumphant, Clark again ran for

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Speaker 1: Senate in but just as the legislature was about to vote,

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Speaker 1: and he was pretty confident this time and he was

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Speaker 1: finally going to make it, State Senator Fred Whiteside stormed

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Speaker 1: into the room waving around four envelopes filled with thirty

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Speaker 1: thousand dollars, accusing Clark of bribing him and a few

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Speaker 1: other state senators. Seems like everybody would have known this

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Speaker 1: by this point, but I guess somebody coming in waving

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Speaker 1: the cash around really stood for something. So ultimately four

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Speaker 1: state senators said that Clark tried to bribe them, and

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Speaker 1: there was testimony in front of a grand jury and

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Speaker 1: a lot of hullabaloo. Yet Clark still managed to get

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Speaker 1: elected to the US Senate, and right away opponents filed

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Speaker 1: a petition which launched a Senate investigation led by the

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Speaker 1: Committee on Privileges and Elections to see what exactly had

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Speaker 1: happened during this campaign, and after hearing ninety six witnesses,

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Speaker 1: the committee decided that he in fact wasn't entitled to

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Speaker 1: his seat. He had given bribes ranging from two forty

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Speaker 1: dollars to a hundred thousand dollars. His son had organized

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Speaker 1: further bribes like paid mortgages, new ranches, new banks, and

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Speaker 1: clear debts. And it also became clear that his old

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Speaker 1: rival Daily had spent as much on counter bribes, which

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Speaker 1: I think some people on the committee sort of tried

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Speaker 1: to use that as an excuse, like, oh, he had

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Speaker 1: Daily out there bribing all these people, he had to

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Speaker 1: do something. But obviously that's two wrongs don't make a

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Speaker 1: right Clark, as we as we know. Yeah, but Clark

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Speaker 1: said privately, I never bought a man who wasn't for sale,

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Speaker 1: but he also resigned before the Senate could act on this.

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Speaker 1: He was furious, obviously. He finally got to the Senate

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Speaker 1: and and he's disgraced. So in nineteen o one, though,

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Speaker 1: he finally got his wish in the fifth election. A

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Speaker 1: new state legislature, which was mostly elected with his help

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Speaker 1: so that all the guys are on his side exactly

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Speaker 1: voted him to the Senate, and Daily had died by

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Speaker 1: this point in nineteen hundred, and he obviously couldn't put

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Speaker 1: up a fight, So with his prime opponent gone, Clark

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Speaker 1: made it to the Senate. He didn't have all fans, though,

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Speaker 1: Mark Twain for one, said some pretty nasty things about him. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he said, Clark is as rotten human being as can

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Speaker 1: be found anywhere under the flag. He is ashamed of

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Speaker 1: the American nation, and no one has helped to send

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Speaker 1: him to the Senate, who did not know that his

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Speaker 1: proper place was the penitentiary with a chain and ball

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Speaker 1: on his legs. Yeah, pretty brutal, Mark Twain. Yeah. So

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Speaker 1: Clark served one term. But by the time Clark finally

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Speaker 1: got that long awaited Senate seat, a new battle in

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Speaker 1: the Wars of the Copper Kings had already begun two

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Speaker 1: years before Daily's death. He had sold part of his

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Speaker 1: mind to Standard Oil. Of course, probably most of you

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Speaker 1: have heard of that company, William Rockefeller's company, one of

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Speaker 1: the greatest or at least largest American companies at the time.

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Speaker 1: Rockefeller and executive Henry H. Rogers formed a holding company

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Speaker 1: after that called Amalgamated Copper Company, and they started buying

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Speaker 1: up other big producers, Clark's included um and there were

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Speaker 1: a few scandals right from the start. But Daily's nineteen

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Speaker 1: hundred death really gave Rogers and Rockefeller even more control,

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Speaker 1: which was not necessarily good news for Montana. Yeah, because

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Speaker 1: the competition between Daily and Clark had at least left

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Speaker 1: workers with some options on leverage. But now there was

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Speaker 1: a monopoly. People called it the company. One guy, however,

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Speaker 1: was trying to out fox Amalgamated or at least blatantly

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Speaker 1: steal from them, depending on how you look at it.

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Speaker 1: And I'm referring to the man that we mentioned earlier

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Speaker 1: in the podcast New Copper King, Frederick Augustus Hines, and

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Speaker 1: he had been working in Butte since eighteen eighty nine.

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Speaker 1: He cashed in by working the apex law, which was

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Speaker 1: a law that said that the owner of a mining

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Speaker 1: claim could pursue any vein of ore that rose to

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Speaker 1: the surface of his claim, even if it went on

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Speaker 1: to someone else's land. Now, Hines knew that the copper

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Speaker 1: veins were a complete mess, just super interconnected, so no

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Speaker 1: one would really be able to tell which were the

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Speaker 1: veins that apex his claim. So a long story short,

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Speaker 1: he started mining Amalgamated claims among others, and so when

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Speaker 1: the company sued him, he basically bought the judges off

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Speaker 1: and they would throw out the suits, forcing Amalgolmated to

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Speaker 1: go all the way to the Supreme Court. Well, he

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Speaker 1: was even cleverer than that. With his first investments. He

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Speaker 1: had bought the judges no ing that Amalgamated was gonna

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Speaker 1: come in and contest them, So he knew he was

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Speaker 1: saved right from the start as long as his judges

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Speaker 1: stuck with him. Ultimately, there were a hundred lawsuits by

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Speaker 1: nineteen o two brought against Hines by Amalgamated, But Beaute

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Speaker 1: and many other people in Montana supported Hines over the

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Speaker 1: New Yorkers. They thought that he had a better chance

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Speaker 1: And finally, in October nineteen o three, a very frustrated

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Speaker 1: Amalgamated Copper shut down its operations and protests and fifteen

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Speaker 1: thousand people were suddenly jobless. So this is shutting down

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Speaker 1: the mines and all of the associated businesses as well.

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Speaker 1: Only the newspapers stayed open so that they could keep

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Speaker 1: on blasting Hines, blaming him for causing all this trouble

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Speaker 1: in the first place. Interestingly, when Hines finally got a

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Speaker 1: chance to explain himself, the people of Beaute stuck with him.

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Speaker 1: They thought, well, okay, his explanation is is better than

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Speaker 1: that of of the company. But they still wanted to

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Speaker 1: stop the shutdown. So Montana's governor concedes to Amalgamated's demands.

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Speaker 1: They decided that the company will be allowed to have

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Speaker 1: its cases heard outside of Butte, so they'll be able

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Speaker 1: to get away from Hines has bought judges. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: Amalgamated one and Hines eventually sold his shares to them

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Speaker 1: for twelve million dollars, and soon after that William Clark

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Speaker 1: sold his two and all the companies became Anaconda Copper

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Speaker 1: Mining company and just sort of a side note on

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Speaker 1: that company. It has a strange history. It goes on

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Speaker 1: till nineteen seventy seven when it was sold, but it

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Speaker 1: bought the Chile Copper Company and had its minds expropriated

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Speaker 1: by the Chilean President Salvador A Linde, who was exhoomed recently,

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Speaker 1: as many of our listeners alerted us UM, and in

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Speaker 1: March of this year, the old Anaconda Copper Mining Company

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Speaker 1: was designated a super fund site. So not a very

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Speaker 1: good history, I guess, right. So that's the history of

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Speaker 1: the company. But what about Clark's career. Well, while serving

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Speaker 1: that one senate term that he got to serve, he

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Speaker 1: announced in nineteen o four that three years earlier he

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Speaker 1: had been remarried secretly in France. He was sixty five

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Speaker 1: at the time and his new wife was twenty six

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Speaker 1: and had been his ward and they already had a

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Speaker 1: two year old named Andre Hugh Gett was born in

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Speaker 1: nineteen o six and she was the last of Clark's

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Speaker 1: six kids. Yeah, and this was you can you can

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Speaker 1: see tabloid style news papers regarding this story. It's he's

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Speaker 1: married and has two kids, and it must have all

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Speaker 1: been quite scandalous, but the family moved into a one

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Speaker 1: hundred and twenty room house at Fifth Avenue in seventy

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Speaker 1: seven Street, and you can also see pictures of this.

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Speaker 1: I put one in our notes so we could admire

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Speaker 1: it while discussing. But um, you wouldn't admire it too much.

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Speaker 1: It's really kind of horrifying. It was known as Clark's Folly.

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Speaker 1: Combines almost every architectural style you can imagine, but it

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Speaker 1: was elaborate. That's one thing that we can definitely say about.

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Speaker 1: It had Turkish baths, it had a rotunda, it had

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Speaker 1: its own railroad line. The oaks feelings were imported from

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Speaker 1: Sherwood Forest, and it even included four art galleries. Because

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Speaker 1: Clark was quite an art buff. He collected works from

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Speaker 1: Degas and run Brand and Titian and Rousseau Um. But

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Speaker 1: that's where our our young you get grew up. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you get actually took the traditional society girl truck for

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Speaker 1: a time. She attended Spencers School for Girls. She was

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Speaker 1: married at twenty two, but after a divorce two years later,

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Speaker 1: she moved in with her mother and started to gradually

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Speaker 1: withdraw from the public. That last known photo of her

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Speaker 1: taking a nineteen thirty that we mentioned earlier in the podcast,

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Speaker 1: that dates from the day of her divorce. After her

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Speaker 1: mother's nineteen sixty three death, she was rarely seen. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: But the the unusual thing, I think, the thing that

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Speaker 1: might so capture people's imagination to about this story is

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Speaker 1: that she didn't let all those properties just decay. They

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Speaker 1: were all kept up two remarkable standards. Really. The Santa

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Speaker 1: Barbara estate contained pictures of Andre growing up, even though

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Speaker 1: she had died at sixteen. That's you gets older, sister,

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Speaker 1: to remind everyone, Um, two fifteen acres were given to

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Speaker 1: the Boy Scouts, and and the house in Connecticut was

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Speaker 1: the same, kept up immaculately, even though you get never

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Speaker 1: even spent to night there. Um. The building staff at

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Speaker 1: the fifth Avenue apartment, even though that is where you

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Speaker 1: get lived for for a lot of her life, rarely

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Speaker 1: saw her. Yeah. They would just catch an occasional glimpse.

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Speaker 1: And it's a belief that she checked herself into the

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Speaker 1: hospital about twenty two years ago. It's still unclear how

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Speaker 1: the estate will be divvied up. I think there again,

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Speaker 1: to make a Brooke Aster comparison, there have been some

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Speaker 1: fears that maybe there was some sort of elder abuse

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Speaker 1: from manipulation with her estate, but that's not definite yet.

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Speaker 1: It is still pretty pretty new story. Yeah, I think

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Speaker 1: there's still a lot that we have to learn about

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Speaker 1: her personal story and just about this new story unfolding

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Speaker 1: with her estate. So yeah, I just I think it's interesting.

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Speaker 1: Maybe because she so removed herself from modern life, she

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Speaker 1: is sort of a stronger connection to the era of

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Speaker 1: her father almost we we don't have other associations too

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Speaker 1: to make for her. Yeah, she's a connection I think

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Speaker 1: to a time that people are still really a time

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Speaker 1: of in American history that people are still really very

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Speaker 1: interested in UM. And I think that's a good transition

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Speaker 1: into our listener mail segment. We have a postcard from

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Speaker 1: Stephanie in Australia, and she's an American living in Australia.

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Speaker 1: She says, Dear Sarah Dablina, thank you for putting out

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Speaker 1: a consistently interesting, informative and educational podcast. I can't choose

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Speaker 1: a favorite, but would love more on a mary Or

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Speaker 1: and Royalty, for example, the Rockefellers or the Vanderbilts, or

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Speaker 1: facts behind the Myths. Thanks again for helping my walks

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Speaker 1: to work go buy more quickly, so already the Rockefellers

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Speaker 1: mentioned in this podcast. Hopefully you'll like this one, Stephanie,

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Speaker 1: we can. We can check it off the last. It

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Speaker 1: also has a kili on the front, which, as you

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Speaker 1: all now know from from Facebook. I have a stuffed

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Speaker 1: animal kiwi that I got from a New Zealand Listener's

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Speaker 1: pretty awesome. We also have a cool postcard from John

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Speaker 1: and it is a postcard from Havana, and I don't

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Speaker 1: think we've ever gotten a postcard from Cuba before he

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Speaker 1: was he was betting on that. I think he had

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Speaker 1: contacted us on Twitter already too to say promised a

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Speaker 1: postcard from somewhere where we had never gotten one from before.

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Speaker 1: And I hazarded to guess Atlantis because I know we've

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Speaker 1: definitely never gotten in Atlantis postcard. But he was pretty close,

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Speaker 1: so he wrote in to say I spent the last

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Speaker 1: ten weeks traveling solo through Central America doing photography work

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Speaker 1: with two great n g o s. And he also

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Speaker 1: suggested that we cover some Cuban history at some point.

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Speaker 1: So thank you John for the postcard. It's a it's

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Speaker 1: a lovely picture of a sunset and fishing, so too fun,

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Speaker 1: postcards for the Day, Yeah, and some possible suggestions for

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Speaker 1: future episodes. If you have any suggestions for a future episode,

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Speaker 1: please write us Where History Podcast at how Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com or you can look us up on Facebook

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Speaker 1: or on Twitter at Miston History. Yeah. And if you

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Speaker 1: want to learn a little bit more about the clean

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Speaker 1: up kind of stuff that's probably going to be going

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Speaker 1: down at the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, we have an

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Speaker 1: article called what is Super Fun Redevelopment written by our

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Speaker 1: own Jane McGrath, so you can check it out by

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Speaker 1: searching for what is Super Fun Redevelopment on the home

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Speaker 1: page at www dot how stuff works dot com. Be

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Speaker 1: sure to check out our new video podcast, Stuff from

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Speaker 1: the Future. Join how Stuff Work staff as we explore

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Speaker 1: the most promising and perplexing possibilities of tomorrow. The House

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Speaker 1: Efforts iPhone app has arrived. Download it today on iTunes,

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Speaker 1: m