1 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:18,200 Speaker 1: You're listening to Part Time Genius, the production of Kaleidoscope 2 00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:24,000 Speaker 1: and iHeartRadio. Guess what will? 3 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:24,920 Speaker 2: What's that mango? 4 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 1: So let me ask you something. How often you clean 5 00:00:29,400 --> 00:00:30,880 Speaker 1: the inside of your trash can? 6 00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 2: Clean the inside of the tres I don't know, maybe 7 00:00:34,479 --> 00:00:37,880 Speaker 2: every few somewhere in between, every few months and never 8 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:38,840 Speaker 2: I would guess. 9 00:00:40,159 --> 00:00:43,720 Speaker 1: Well, you and I can both thank Canada for saving 10 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:46,320 Speaker 1: us from having to do that particular chore. 11 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:48,920 Speaker 2: I do want to say thank you to Canada, But also, 12 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:49,960 Speaker 2: what do you mean by this? 13 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:53,480 Speaker 1: So we take it for granted today, But the plastic 14 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:58,200 Speaker 1: trash bag wasn't invented until the nineteen fifties. And before that, 15 00:00:58,560 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 1: people through trash die directly into their metal trash cans, 16 00:01:02,200 --> 00:01:05,959 Speaker 1: kind of Oscar the Grouch style, But that meant they 17 00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:09,399 Speaker 1: had to clean the cans regularly to keep them from smelling. 18 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:13,040 Speaker 1: But three Canadian inventors came up with a solution, which 19 00:01:13,080 --> 00:01:16,720 Speaker 1: is the plastic trash bag. And what's really interesting is 20 00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:19,920 Speaker 1: that these inventors weren't working together. They actually didn't even 21 00:01:19,959 --> 00:01:21,360 Speaker 1: know about each other's work. 22 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:23,319 Speaker 2: So what's the deal here? They were just all sick 23 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:25,760 Speaker 2: of cleaning their trash cans. Or what I think that's 24 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:28,840 Speaker 2: part of it. But also polyethylene, which was a new 25 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:31,600 Speaker 2: type of plastic around that time. It had just recently 26 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:35,920 Speaker 2: become available. And polyethylene is soft and stretchy. It's also 27 00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:38,600 Speaker 2: waterproof and air proof, and that. 28 00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:41,560 Speaker 1: Obviously makes it the ideal material for trash bags. So 29 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:45,800 Speaker 1: the three inventors their names were Frank Plump, Harry Wis Silik, 30 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:50,080 Speaker 1: and Larry Hanson. They all found out about polyethylene around 31 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:51,720 Speaker 1: the same time, and they more or less had this 32 00:01:51,840 --> 00:01:54,960 Speaker 1: same genius idea, which was, let's melt it down and 33 00:01:55,040 --> 00:01:58,080 Speaker 1: shape it into bags. Now. Plump began selling his bags, 34 00:01:58,120 --> 00:02:03,440 Speaker 1: which he called garbags, to hospitals and offices. Hanson worked 35 00:02:03,480 --> 00:02:06,000 Speaker 1: for a company called Union Carbide and made bags for 36 00:02:06,120 --> 00:02:08,880 Speaker 1: the company's Ontario plant, and with Silk, meanwhile built up 37 00:02:08,880 --> 00:02:11,920 Speaker 1: a successful trash bag manufacturing business which he sold to 38 00:02:12,040 --> 00:02:14,520 Speaker 1: Union Carbide. And that was in the nineteen sixties. 39 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:17,359 Speaker 2: So did he and Hanson just end up joining forces. 40 00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:20,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, and you might actually be familiar with the product 41 00:02:20,240 --> 00:02:23,560 Speaker 1: that emerged from their team up, because Union Carbide decided 42 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:26,280 Speaker 1: to rename their new product the Glad bag. 43 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:29,000 Speaker 2: Oh Glad. I actually didn't know. Glad was a Canadian brand. 44 00:02:29,320 --> 00:02:32,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, it still is, and they still manufactured their bags 45 00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:35,680 Speaker 1: in Canada. But garbage bags are just one of the many, 46 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:38,480 Speaker 1: many amazing inventions to come out of the Great White North. 47 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:42,840 Speaker 1: So we've got eight more equally innovative Canadian inventions to 48 00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:44,320 Speaker 1: talk about. Let's dive in. 49 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:07,639 Speaker 2: Hey their podcast listeners, welcome to Part Time Genius. I'm 50 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:09,920 Speaker 2: Will Pearson and as always I'm joined by my good 51 00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:12,520 Speaker 2: friend Mangesh hot Ticketter and over there in the booths 52 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 2: enjoying a double double and a box of tim Bits, 53 00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:18,000 Speaker 2: that's our pal and producer Dylan Fagan. 54 00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:21,520 Speaker 1: I feel like, not even like five minutes in and 55 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:24,920 Speaker 1: we're already have this Tim Horden's reference. 56 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 2: I was hoping to get to it sooner. Actually, I'm 57 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:29,359 Speaker 2: pretty sure it is the law, and if you talk 58 00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:31,880 Speaker 2: about Canada for more than a couple of minutes, you 59 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:34,239 Speaker 2: do have to bring it up. But speaking of things 60 00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:37,280 Speaker 2: that are inherently Canadian, mango, are you familiar with Canada's 61 00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:38,120 Speaker 2: national sport? 62 00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:41,240 Speaker 1: Well, I've got a guess for it. But before we 63 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:43,400 Speaker 1: get to that, I do want to say we absolutely 64 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:46,520 Speaker 1: do love Canada on this show. But we had two 65 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:50,800 Speaker 1: different weird brainstorms where I was wondering, like what's going 66 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 1: on with New Finland? And another one where Mary and 67 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:56,880 Speaker 1: Gabe we're talking about incredible comedians that come out of 68 00:03:56,880 --> 00:03:59,720 Speaker 1: Canada and they were wondering, like what else is Canada 69 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:02,240 Speaker 1: given the world. And so we ended up with two 70 00:04:02,280 --> 00:04:08,000 Speaker 1: shows in fairly close succession about America's hat but and 71 00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:10,680 Speaker 1: so like for listeners, please know we were aware of 72 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:13,640 Speaker 1: it when we signed it. And in terms of your question, 73 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:17,679 Speaker 1: what is Canada's national sport? I feel like the obvious 74 00:04:17,720 --> 00:04:21,200 Speaker 1: answer is hockey, but I actually think it's lacrosse. 75 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:24,880 Speaker 2: Right, Well, Canada has two national sports, so you're you 76 00:04:24,920 --> 00:04:26,960 Speaker 2: are you are right on the money with this, Mango. 77 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:30,359 Speaker 2: Lacrosse is it's summer national sport. But my next fact 78 00:04:30,400 --> 00:04:33,400 Speaker 2: is actually about hockey, which is the winter national sport. 79 00:04:33,400 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 2: In the sport I think most people outside of Canada 80 00:04:35,839 --> 00:04:36,760 Speaker 2: associate with them. 81 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:40,400 Speaker 1: Sure, obviously hockey is a big deal in Canada. Were 82 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:42,359 Speaker 1: you much of a hockey fan growing up? You know, 83 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:45,359 Speaker 1: hockey was just not a thing in the in the 84 00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:47,960 Speaker 1: South when I was growing up, certainly very few people 85 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: played it. 86 00:04:48,320 --> 00:04:50,320 Speaker 2: I knew maybe a couple of kids that played it 87 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 2: there really weren't professional teams in the southeast. You think 88 00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:56,240 Speaker 2: of teams in Nashville and Atlanta and others. It was, 89 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:59,279 Speaker 2: you know, they came along after my childhood, so I 90 00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:01,840 Speaker 2: really didn't know much about the sport. But how about you. 91 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:04,120 Speaker 1: We played a little like floor hockey and gym and 92 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:07,560 Speaker 1: street hockey. But as soon as roller skates got involved, 93 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:11,120 Speaker 1: I just became a goalie and I said, to the 94 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:15,560 Speaker 1: goal But yeah, hockey wasn't that much of a big 95 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:16,720 Speaker 1: part of my growing up. 96 00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:20,040 Speaker 2: Well, obviously, Canadians take hockey pretty seriously, so it should 97 00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:22,520 Speaker 2: come as no surprise that one of the biggest innovations 98 00:05:22,520 --> 00:05:26,320 Speaker 2: in hockey history, of course, originated in Canada. Now I'm 99 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:28,239 Speaker 2: talking about the goalie mask. 100 00:05:28,520 --> 00:05:31,279 Speaker 1: Can you imagine playing goalie without a mask? 101 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:35,680 Speaker 2: That feels insane. I just simply would not do it. So, 102 00:05:36,839 --> 00:05:39,479 Speaker 2: you know, if you enjoy not being concussed, I would 103 00:05:39,480 --> 00:05:42,560 Speaker 2: say it's a pretty crucial invention. So hockey's been around 104 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,280 Speaker 2: since the nineteenth century, but the hockey mask of today 105 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:48,760 Speaker 2: wasn't actually invented until the nineteen fifties. Of course, a 106 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:52,120 Speaker 2: handful of safety conscious hockey players before then took measures 107 00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:55,920 Speaker 2: to protect themselves. So in nineteen twenty seven, Elizabeth Graham 108 00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:59,240 Speaker 2: of Queen's University became the first goalie and organized hockey 109 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:02,160 Speaker 2: history to wear a mask when she started wearing a 110 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:05,360 Speaker 2: fencing mask during games. And before the invention of the 111 00:06:05,360 --> 00:06:08,520 Speaker 2: goalie mask, some players would protect their faces with baseball 112 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:10,680 Speaker 2: catchers mask. That was actually the first thing that came 113 00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:13,800 Speaker 2: to my mind. But in general, safety just wasn't that 114 00:06:13,880 --> 00:06:16,320 Speaker 2: much of a priority back then as it is today. 115 00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:19,200 Speaker 2: But that all changed in nineteen fifty nine thanks to 116 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:22,919 Speaker 2: amateur hockey coach Bill Birchmore. Now Birchmore worked for the 117 00:06:22,920 --> 00:06:26,400 Speaker 2: company called Fiberglass Canada. This was in Montreal, and was 118 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:28,320 Speaker 2: a huge fan of the hockey team there those are 119 00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:32,200 Speaker 2: the Canadians Now. When one of his favorite players, Jacques Plant, 120 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:36,160 Speaker 2: got injured during a game, Birchmore took action. He created 121 00:06:36,160 --> 00:06:40,479 Speaker 2: a custom fiberglass mask that Plant began wearing to team practices. 122 00:06:40,880 --> 00:06:44,119 Speaker 2: So there was just one problem. Canadians coach Toe Blake 123 00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 2: didn't want him to wear it during their actual games. 124 00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:50,320 Speaker 1: Now I'm wondering, is this kind of like the underhanded 125 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:53,440 Speaker 1: free throw where it just didn't seem manly to wear 126 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 1: a mask? 127 00:06:54,279 --> 00:06:56,960 Speaker 2: Well, actually it was because the eyeholes made it harder 128 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:59,599 Speaker 2: to see the puck, and so Blake told Plant in 129 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:02,560 Speaker 2: no uncertain terms that he had to go maskless during 130 00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 2: the games, and it first Plant complied, but then he 131 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:07,320 Speaker 2: got hit in the face with a puck during a 132 00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 2: game against the Rangers in nineteen fifty nine, and after that, 133 00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:14,760 Speaker 2: Plant refused to play without the mask, and Blake eventually 134 00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 2: gave in. By the way, can you imagine getting hit 135 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:21,160 Speaker 2: by my hockey puck at the speed that an NHL 136 00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:24,320 Speaker 2: player would hit it? So, you know, over in insane 137 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:27,440 Speaker 2: it's yeah, I just I simply wouldn't do it. But 138 00:07:27,920 --> 00:07:31,160 Speaker 2: over time, more and more players started wearing masks, and eventually, 139 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:35,240 Speaker 2: in nineteen seventy nine, goalie mask became mandatory in the NHL. 140 00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 1: I wish there's a counter to show how many teeth 141 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:41,040 Speaker 1: and broken noses that has saved, you know, like, it 142 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:42,760 Speaker 1: feels like it would be amazing to see that. But 143 00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:46,520 Speaker 1: shifting gears to something slightly safer than hockey. What are 144 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,200 Speaker 1: your feelings on instant mashed potatoes? 145 00:07:49,600 --> 00:07:52,720 Speaker 2: All right, I hesitate to confess this, but there was 146 00:07:52,760 --> 00:07:56,400 Speaker 2: a time in my childhood when I actually preferred instant 147 00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:58,400 Speaker 2: potatoes to real potatoes. 148 00:07:59,560 --> 00:07:59,800 Speaker 1: Sure. 149 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:02,880 Speaker 2: Going up two parents working a lot, obviously, we had 150 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:05,320 Speaker 2: to figure out how to get meals together pretty quickly, 151 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,080 Speaker 2: and so instant potatoes appeared on the table quite a 152 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:11,720 Speaker 2: few times, and they were probably a top five food 153 00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:15,600 Speaker 2: for me at some point in life until later in 154 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:18,160 Speaker 2: life when the in laws introduced me to like really 155 00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:21,000 Speaker 2: good homemade mashed potatoes, and there was no turning back. 156 00:08:21,040 --> 00:08:23,320 Speaker 2: But I admit it. I would still eat them if 157 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:25,320 Speaker 2: they were in front of me, how about you, one 158 00:08:25,360 --> 00:08:25,920 Speaker 2: hundred percent? 159 00:08:26,360 --> 00:08:28,320 Speaker 1: I loved them as a kid. I agree. I grew 160 00:08:28,320 --> 00:08:31,640 Speaker 1: to love real potatoes later, but there was something about 161 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:35,920 Speaker 1: instant mashed potatoes that just was joyous. And I had 162 00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:38,760 Speaker 1: no idea about this, But instant mashed potatoes are partially 163 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:39,880 Speaker 1: a Canadian invention. 164 00:08:40,240 --> 00:08:42,720 Speaker 2: I like the idea that something is partially an invention, 165 00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:45,280 Speaker 2: especially with something like instant mashed potatoes. So what do 166 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:45,840 Speaker 2: you mean by that? 167 00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:50,439 Speaker 1: So people have actually been drying and preserving potatoes for centuries, 168 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:54,000 Speaker 1: and a handful of companies started making instant mashed potatoes 169 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:57,720 Speaker 1: during World War Two. But by all accounts, those early 170 00:08:57,800 --> 00:09:03,520 Speaker 1: iterations were really really gross, and they sound so unappetizing. 171 00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:07,680 Speaker 1: They were soggy, they only vaguely resembled actual potatoes. But 172 00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:10,880 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty one, a Canadian inventor his name was 173 00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:15,079 Speaker 1: Edward Asselberg's he created a new type of flaked mashed 174 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:18,560 Speaker 1: potato that changed everything. And by changed everything, I mean 175 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:21,600 Speaker 1: you know they tasted good, all right. 176 00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:25,240 Speaker 2: So to clarify your earlier statement, Canada invented the first 177 00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:27,280 Speaker 2: not gross instant mashed potato. 178 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:31,280 Speaker 1: I guess, yeah, exactly. And Asselbergs was a food scientist 179 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:35,040 Speaker 1: for Agriculture Canada when he developed this technique for flaking 180 00:09:35,200 --> 00:09:39,440 Speaker 1: dried potatoes. Previous instant potatoes were made of potato granules, 181 00:09:39,559 --> 00:09:42,120 Speaker 1: which is why they became all goofy and soggy. But 182 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:46,360 Speaker 1: by comparison, the flakes created this richer, creamier texture, you know, 183 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:49,320 Speaker 1: the one you and I love now. Asselbergs didn't really 184 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:52,600 Speaker 1: anticipate how popular his invention would become. According to his wife, 185 00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:56,199 Speaker 1: his real interest was helping people in developing countries preserve food. 186 00:09:56,280 --> 00:10:00,600 Speaker 1: But obviously instant mashed potatoes were also a huge commercial success. 187 00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:03,200 Speaker 2: All right, that's pretty awesome, all right. Well, my next 188 00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:07,160 Speaker 2: Canadian invention is another popular shelf stable food. This one 189 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:08,880 Speaker 2: is another one that a lot of people love as well, 190 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:11,560 Speaker 2: unless they have life threatening allergies to it. It's one 191 00:10:11,559 --> 00:10:15,080 Speaker 2: of my favorite foods, and that is, of course, peanut butter. Now, 192 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:17,200 Speaker 2: this one's similar to instan potatoes in the sense that 193 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:19,720 Speaker 2: people have been eating ground up peanuts for a very 194 00:10:19,840 --> 00:10:24,040 Speaker 2: long time. The Astac's eight mashed roasted peanuts, for example. 195 00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:27,560 Speaker 2: So it's hard to pinpoint exactly when peanut butter was invented, 196 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:31,319 Speaker 2: but the peanut butter patent actually belongs to Canadian inventor 197 00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 2: Marcellus Gilmour Edson. Now Edson was a pharmacist who in 198 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:37,840 Speaker 2: eighteen eighty four he developed a novel way of turning 199 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,280 Speaker 2: peanuts into paste by roasting them and then grinding them 200 00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:45,680 Speaker 2: between two heated surfaces. Edson called his peanut paste quote 201 00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:49,800 Speaker 2: peanut candy, because candy sounds more appetizing than paste. Of course, 202 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:51,960 Speaker 2: we tested that a lot of people. We did a 203 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:55,439 Speaker 2: big focus study, and they agreed that candy sounds better 204 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:58,920 Speaker 2: than paste. So now, he touted a few different uses 205 00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,800 Speaker 2: for his product, and this included as a flavoring for 206 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:05,080 Speaker 2: candy and as a nutritious, easy to chew food for 207 00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:08,080 Speaker 2: the elderly. Although Edson described his product as having a 208 00:11:08,240 --> 00:11:11,880 Speaker 2: quote consistency like that of butter. He didn't envision it 209 00:11:11,960 --> 00:11:14,679 Speaker 2: being used as a spread. The honor of that innovation 210 00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:18,600 Speaker 2: actually goes to the American John Harvey Kellogg, who patented 211 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:22,040 Speaker 2: his own peanut butter making technique in eighteen ninety five, 212 00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:25,679 Speaker 2: and he began selling peanut butter in eighteen ninety six. 213 00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:28,520 Speaker 1: I love that we can look at our sandwiches and 214 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:31,240 Speaker 1: you know, peeb and J's and think as this great 215 00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:33,079 Speaker 1: Canadian American invention. 216 00:11:33,760 --> 00:11:37,080 Speaker 2: Exactly, and it's so so good. You're a fan of 217 00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:39,360 Speaker 2: peanut butter too, right, It's oh my god, I love. 218 00:11:39,240 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 1: Peanut butter so much. You know what's also funny, though, 219 00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:43,160 Speaker 1: is that, like I just assumed, everything to do with 220 00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:47,360 Speaker 1: peanuts was invented by George Washington Carver. You know which 221 00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:51,040 Speaker 1: feels say. I think that you hear so much about 222 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:54,680 Speaker 1: peanuts and inventions with him, like I just assumed. 223 00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:57,600 Speaker 2: It's also hard not to go back to the old 224 00:11:57,720 --> 00:12:01,600 Speaker 2: Eddie Murphy's ketch talking about George Washington Carver and Jiffy 225 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:04,240 Speaker 2: and Skip and all the other characters in peanut butter history. 226 00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:05,840 Speaker 2: If you don't know what I'm talking about, you should 227 00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:08,280 Speaker 2: go look it up definitely. 228 00:12:08,520 --> 00:12:11,160 Speaker 1: So I know we've talked about two food dimensions in 229 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:14,559 Speaker 1: a row now, but I am going to add one 230 00:12:14,559 --> 00:12:17,959 Speaker 1: more food dimension because it turns out that egg cartons 231 00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:23,080 Speaker 1: are also Canadian genius. So, according to legend, in nineteen eleven, 232 00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 1: a British Columbia man named Joseph Coyle overheard a hotel 233 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:29,760 Speaker 1: owner complaining to a farmer that the eggs he delivered 234 00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:33,880 Speaker 1: were broken. Now, it is unclear whether this story is 235 00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:37,280 Speaker 1: apocryphal or that part of the story is, but what 236 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:41,760 Speaker 1: comes next definitely happens. So Coyle, who was a newspaper 237 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:44,840 Speaker 1: publisher not a professional engineer, decided to find a better 238 00:12:44,920 --> 00:12:48,079 Speaker 1: way to transport eggs. The farmer was carrying them in 239 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: a basket, which doesn't sound super safe, and Coyle designed 240 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:54,880 Speaker 1: a carton with separate slots for each individual egg to 241 00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:58,160 Speaker 1: keep them from smashing into each other. He made prototypes 242 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 1: by hand out of newspaper and then create a machine 243 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:04,000 Speaker 1: that could mass produce them. He actually patented the idea 244 00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:07,000 Speaker 1: in eighteen eighteen, and the rest is more or less history. 245 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:09,760 Speaker 1: Now Coil set up factories to produce the cartons in 246 00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:13,360 Speaker 1: Vancouver and Toronto and a few US cities as well, 247 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:16,720 Speaker 1: and in later years other inventors would build on Coil's work, 248 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:20,440 Speaker 1: but the Coil safety egg carton was the first great 249 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:24,360 Speaker 1: leap forward in egg transportation technology. 250 00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:26,520 Speaker 2: That's pretty great, all right, Well we have to take 251 00:13:26,559 --> 00:13:28,280 Speaker 2: a quick break, but when we come back, we'll have 252 00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:32,199 Speaker 2: more Canadian inventions to talk about it, including a broadcasting breakthrough, 253 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 2: an iconic underwear. Of course, what a tease, Mango, So 254 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:53,960 Speaker 2: stay tuned, Welcome back to part time genius. This is 255 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:56,559 Speaker 2: Will to Mango. Mango. Can you hear me over? 256 00:13:57,120 --> 00:13:58,800 Speaker 1: I mean, obviously I can hear you. 257 00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:01,960 Speaker 2: What's going Thanks for getting in on the sketch there, Mango. 258 00:14:02,240 --> 00:14:04,720 Speaker 2: I'm just setting the scene for our next fact, which 259 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:07,720 Speaker 2: is the walkie talkie. The walkie talkie was actually invented 260 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:11,720 Speaker 2: in Canada by engineer and inventor Donald Hings. So like 261 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:14,440 Speaker 2: nine year old ten year old Will and Mango would 262 00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:17,120 Speaker 2: certainly think this is one of the coolest inventions efforts. 263 00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:18,760 Speaker 1: Absolutely so. 264 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:21,520 Speaker 2: In the nineteen thirties, Hings was working for a Canadian 265 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:25,320 Speaker 2: mining company called Comenko when he started tinkering with radios. 266 00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:28,960 Speaker 2: Two way radio communication did exist, but it wasn't portable 267 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 2: and it generally relied on Morse code, so Hings created 268 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:35,680 Speaker 2: the first truly portable, wireless two way radio device that 269 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:38,840 Speaker 2: let people actually speak to each other. Now, he originally 270 00:14:38,880 --> 00:14:41,160 Speaker 2: developed the device, which he called the pack Set, for 271 00:14:41,240 --> 00:14:43,920 Speaker 2: Kamenko to use in its minds, but with World War 272 00:14:43,920 --> 00:14:47,440 Speaker 2: II looming, Hings started to think about other applications, and 273 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,360 Speaker 2: in nineteen thirty seven he patented the pack set, which 274 00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,240 Speaker 2: became known as the walkie Talkie, and he offered it 275 00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:55,280 Speaker 2: to the Canadian government for the war effort. 276 00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:57,880 Speaker 1: I mean, I do not know a lot about World 277 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:00,960 Speaker 1: War two communication technology, but it seemed like this would 278 00:15:00,960 --> 00:15:03,320 Speaker 1: have been, you know, like a really big deal at 279 00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:03,600 Speaker 1: the time. 280 00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:06,320 Speaker 2: It totally was. Yeah, it was a game changer for them. 281 00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:09,400 Speaker 2: So one newspaper article in the nineteen forties compared giving 282 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:12,120 Speaker 2: the walkie talkie to the military to giving a football 283 00:15:12,160 --> 00:15:16,200 Speaker 2: team a quarterback. In fact, a nonprofit called the Telecommunications 284 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:19,640 Speaker 2: Hall of Fame estimated that Hing's inventions saved thousands of 285 00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:22,960 Speaker 2: lives during World War Two. Now, after the war, walkie 286 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:27,200 Speaker 2: talkies became commercially available and were more often sold as toys. 287 00:15:27,640 --> 00:15:29,760 Speaker 2: In the pre cell phone era, they were an essential 288 00:15:29,760 --> 00:15:32,760 Speaker 2: communication device, especially for kids who wanted to keep chatting 289 00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:33,800 Speaker 2: past their bedtime. 290 00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:37,400 Speaker 1: Can you imagine if kids had to learn Morse code 291 00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:39,240 Speaker 1: to like chatting with their neighbors. 292 00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:42,040 Speaker 2: I remember trying. I would try for like five minutes 293 00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:43,240 Speaker 2: a time and just give up. 294 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:47,360 Speaker 1: It's so difficult. Well, you know who else uses walkie 295 00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:50,800 Speaker 1: talkies is referees, And as it turns out, that's not 296 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:53,880 Speaker 1: the only thing Canadian inventors have done for refs. Instant 297 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:58,320 Speaker 1: replay is also a Canadian invention. It was first conceived 298 00:15:58,360 --> 00:16:02,280 Speaker 1: by a Toronto based tea producer for the Canadian Broadcasting 299 00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: Corporations program Hockey Nights in Canada. His name was George 300 00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:08,280 Speaker 1: Rhetz Laugh. This was in the nineteen fifties and he 301 00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:10,800 Speaker 1: thought it'd be really cool to quickly replay moments from 302 00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 1: the games. So he started experimenting with this rapid film 303 00:16:14,080 --> 00:16:16,880 Speaker 1: processor that could actually develop film in as little as 304 00:16:16,920 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 1: thirty seconds, and he comes up with this amazing technique 305 00:16:19,760 --> 00:16:22,480 Speaker 1: that would allow him to replay moments from games just 306 00:16:22,600 --> 00:16:26,440 Speaker 1: seconds after they occurred. Retslaugh first used instant replay on 307 00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,320 Speaker 1: air in nineteen fifty five when he replayed a goal 308 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:33,040 Speaker 1: during a game, and unfortunately he forgot to tell anyone 309 00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:35,560 Speaker 1: that he was playing on doing this, So instead of 310 00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:41,200 Speaker 1: celebrating this incredible, marvelous invention, Hockey Night sponsors were really upset. 311 00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:45,120 Speaker 1: The show's lead advertiser, which was the McLaren advertising agency. 312 00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 1: They were angry that Rhet's laugh didn't give them advance 313 00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:51,239 Speaker 1: warning so that they could promote the new feature to audiences. 314 00:16:51,680 --> 00:16:53,680 Speaker 1: And on top of that, apparently there was a rule 315 00:16:53,720 --> 00:16:56,000 Speaker 1: that hockey games had to be shown in the exact 316 00:16:56,080 --> 00:16:59,640 Speaker 1: same way across networks, which meant that Retslas's innovation actually 317 00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:03,040 Speaker 1: broke the rules by using this replay feature because all 318 00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:05,679 Speaker 1: the other networks didn't have it. He never tried the 319 00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:08,600 Speaker 1: technique again, but it did set the stage for future 320 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:10,320 Speaker 1: iterations of the technology. 321 00:17:10,600 --> 00:17:12,840 Speaker 2: You know, it's hard to imagine watching sports now without 322 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:14,240 Speaker 2: instant replay. 323 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:16,439 Speaker 1: Do you remember. I mean, I remember when I was 324 00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:18,399 Speaker 1: in like eighth grade or ninth grade, and we went 325 00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:20,920 Speaker 1: to someone's house and they said they had a TV 326 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:24,119 Speaker 1: where they could rewind for sports, And it was just 327 00:17:24,520 --> 00:17:27,359 Speaker 1: unbelievable that you could do that, because it was before 328 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,560 Speaker 1: you'd have to like tape a game and then rewind 329 00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:31,200 Speaker 1: the game to be able to do that. But like 330 00:17:31,359 --> 00:17:34,439 Speaker 1: for the first time and now like this technology is 331 00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:35,440 Speaker 1: just everywhere. 332 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:38,480 Speaker 2: It's non stop. Yeah, it's pretty amazing, all right, another 333 00:17:38,520 --> 00:17:40,800 Speaker 2: Canadian invention. In fact, I think this is my last 334 00:17:40,840 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 2: one of the day, and it is the iconic Wonderbra mango. 335 00:17:45,119 --> 00:17:47,920 Speaker 1: You know, I remember seeing the ads for that. There 336 00:17:47,920 --> 00:17:50,119 Speaker 1: was like such a big deal in the nineties, right. 337 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:52,120 Speaker 2: They were. That's all the nineties was about, I think, 338 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:55,280 Speaker 2: if I remember correctly, they were everywhere. So in nineteen 339 00:17:55,359 --> 00:17:58,719 Speaker 2: ninety four, Wonderbra launched an ad campaign that made a 340 00:17:58,880 --> 00:18:03,159 Speaker 2: huge splash. It featured model Eva Herzegova and she was 341 00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:06,199 Speaker 2: wearing this wonderbra and very little else if you remember 342 00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:08,959 Speaker 2: the ad there, and they plastered her picture on billboards 343 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:12,240 Speaker 2: across the US and across the UK, and the campaign 344 00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:15,399 Speaker 2: stirred up a ton of publicity and no small amount 345 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,199 Speaker 2: of controversy. Of course, there were even rumors that the 346 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:21,600 Speaker 2: billboards were so distracting that they cause car crashes, although 347 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,080 Speaker 2: there doesn't seem to be any real evidence of this happening. 348 00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:27,280 Speaker 2: Either way, the ads worked and the Wonderbra became a 349 00:18:27,359 --> 00:18:31,600 Speaker 2: household name. But the story of the brand starts decades earlier, actually, 350 00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:35,120 Speaker 2: way back to nineteen thirty nine. That's when the Canadian 351 00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:38,520 Speaker 2: Lady corset company first started selling a new product called 352 00:18:38,560 --> 00:18:39,240 Speaker 2: the Wonderbra. 353 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:42,639 Speaker 1: That is so weird that it's like it's actually from 354 00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:43,680 Speaker 1: the nineteen thirties. 355 00:18:43,720 --> 00:18:46,719 Speaker 2: That's insane, that's pretty old. Well, it was a pretty 356 00:18:46,760 --> 00:18:50,200 Speaker 2: different look back then, So the original Wonderbra wasn't designed 357 00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:53,520 Speaker 2: for looks. It was more about comfort. Now that changed 358 00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:57,040 Speaker 2: in nineteen sixty three when Canadian Lady released its first 359 00:18:57,119 --> 00:18:59,960 Speaker 2: push up bra. It was called the Wonderbra Dream Lift 360 00:19:00,119 --> 00:19:03,800 Speaker 2: Model thirteen hundred sounds very scientific and it was a 361 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:06,479 Speaker 2: huge hit, and that design was the basis for the 362 00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:10,200 Speaker 2: plunging style that became iconic in the nineteen nineties. 363 00:19:10,720 --> 00:19:13,600 Speaker 1: Now, as someone who's never worn one of these things, 364 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:17,040 Speaker 1: what made this particular bra so popular? Like, how was 365 00:19:17,080 --> 00:19:18,160 Speaker 1: it different from everything else? 366 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:19,560 Speaker 2: But that was on the market, you know, it was 367 00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:21,680 Speaker 2: a bunch of factors. So the folks that the Canadian 368 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:23,960 Speaker 2: Lady actually did a lot of market research in the 369 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:26,439 Speaker 2: nineteen sixties and it was clear to them that the 370 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:29,679 Speaker 2: attitudes toward clothing were changing. They wanted to understand what 371 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:32,600 Speaker 2: that meant for bras it turned out that while women 372 00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:36,120 Speaker 2: wanted freedom from the heavy, overly structured bras and girdles 373 00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:39,800 Speaker 2: of the past. They also wanted shaping and support, and 374 00:19:39,880 --> 00:19:43,240 Speaker 2: they wanted bras that were fashionable, not just functional. So 375 00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:46,960 Speaker 2: Wonderbra was designed to check all those boxes. But there's 376 00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:49,119 Speaker 2: a little coda to this story. The success of the 377 00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:53,480 Speaker 2: dream Lift made Canadian Lady an attractive acquisition target. In particular, 378 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:55,720 Speaker 2: it caught the eye of the major American brand that 379 00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:59,640 Speaker 2: was looking to diversify its products. This was Sarah Lee. 380 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:02,760 Speaker 1: As a like the frozen cake companies. 381 00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:05,720 Speaker 2: Very same one cakes and bras, you know, the very 382 00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:09,000 Speaker 2: same company. So Sarah Le bought Canadian Lady in nineteen 383 00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:12,879 Speaker 2: sixty eight and changed its name to Canadell. Now today 384 00:20:12,920 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 2: the Wonderbra is owned by Haynes and they've introduced new 385 00:20:16,119 --> 00:20:18,720 Speaker 2: styles since then to keep up with the times, like 386 00:20:18,760 --> 00:20:22,760 Speaker 2: a bra made from recycled materials. Actually, that's fascinating. 387 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:25,359 Speaker 1: Okay, Well, so are you ready for our final facts 388 00:20:25,359 --> 00:20:27,479 Speaker 1: because it is a big one. 389 00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:28,679 Speaker 2: All right, I'm ready. 390 00:20:29,320 --> 00:20:33,800 Speaker 1: In the nineteen sixties, Canadian filmmakers Graham Ferguson and Roman 391 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:38,359 Speaker 1: Creuter decided film screens were simply too small for their 392 00:20:38,440 --> 00:20:43,840 Speaker 1: ambitions for the cinema, so they invented imax now, Ferguson 393 00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:47,439 Speaker 1: and Creuder were documentarians and interested in immersive cinema. They 394 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:50,000 Speaker 1: wanted to make audiences feel like they were. 395 00:20:49,920 --> 00:20:50,679 Speaker 2: In the film. 396 00:20:50,880 --> 00:20:54,959 Speaker 1: So in nineteen sixty seven, Frigson screened his documentary Polar 397 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:58,440 Speaker 1: Life at EXPOS sixty seven in Montreal, and he used 398 00:20:58,520 --> 00:21:02,200 Speaker 1: multiple screens to create this panoramic experience, and the way 399 00:21:02,240 --> 00:21:04,879 Speaker 1: it was executed is kind of amazing. So audiences sat 400 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:08,199 Speaker 1: on a platform that rotated as the film played, and 401 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:10,720 Speaker 1: it created this illusion that they were being transported to 402 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:13,840 Speaker 1: the Arctic. Kreuter also screened one of his films at 403 00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:16,840 Speaker 1: XPO sixty seven, and even though he didn't use Fergson's 404 00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 1: turntable approach, he did use multiple screens to make his 405 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:23,159 Speaker 1: film more immersive. So Ferguson and Kreuter at this point 406 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:26,280 Speaker 1: they were both very interested in big screens, but they 407 00:21:26,320 --> 00:21:28,480 Speaker 1: couldn't just build a giant screen and be done with it. 408 00:21:28,560 --> 00:21:31,200 Speaker 1: They needed a film format that could be projected onto 409 00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:34,680 Speaker 1: a large screen without quality loss, which at the time 410 00:21:34,720 --> 00:21:37,920 Speaker 1: didn't exist. So Kreuter and Ferguson, who I should mention 411 00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:40,600 Speaker 1: were also brothers in law. They enlisted the help of 412 00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:44,440 Speaker 1: a couple of Ferguson's high school buddies Robert Kerr and Williamshaw. 413 00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:48,359 Speaker 1: Robert was the successful businessman, Williamshaw was an engineer, and 414 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:52,720 Speaker 1: together they developed Imax technology, which included large format film 415 00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:55,760 Speaker 1: as well as an Imax film camera and projector. It 416 00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:57,600 Speaker 1: took a while to sell people on the idea, but 417 00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,480 Speaker 1: once they did it really took off. Their are now 418 00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:03,680 Speaker 1: hundreds of Imax theaters around the world, and while Imax 419 00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:08,440 Speaker 1: was originally used almost exclusively for documentaries, nowadays narrative filmmakers 420 00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:11,720 Speaker 1: are also getting in on the Imax game. So one 421 00:22:11,720 --> 00:22:14,240 Speaker 1: of the most high profile recent movies shot on Imax 422 00:22:14,240 --> 00:22:18,920 Speaker 1: film was Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer and also Ryan Coogler Centers, which. 423 00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:22,000 Speaker 2: Is yeah, I would imagine there'd be two intense movies 424 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,760 Speaker 2: to watch on the Imax. I actually love going to 425 00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:26,960 Speaker 2: the Imax. The problem for me is by the time 426 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,480 Speaker 2: it gets to the actual movie, I've seen the most 427 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:32,920 Speaker 2: exciting part, because I get all pumped up when they're 428 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:35,080 Speaker 2: doing the like warm up part where they're like showing 429 00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:37,680 Speaker 2: you where the speakers are and they're doing the exciting music, 430 00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:40,760 Speaker 2: like the intro stuff. I'm so revved up that everything 431 00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:44,200 Speaker 2: after that app Yeah, exactly, it's it's a little much. 432 00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:45,960 Speaker 2: But my kids make fun of me for getting so 433 00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:49,560 Speaker 2: excited during the basically warm up act for the actual movie. 434 00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:51,480 Speaker 2: But you know, one thing I actually don't know is 435 00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:54,080 Speaker 2: what is it? What does IMAX stand for? 436 00:22:55,280 --> 00:22:58,920 Speaker 1: It is an abbreviation for image maximum. 437 00:22:59,560 --> 00:23:01,600 Speaker 2: I would not have guessed that. It's also a little 438 00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:04,399 Speaker 2: less interesting than I was hoping. But Mango, just because 439 00:23:04,440 --> 00:23:07,440 Speaker 2: you reminded me of the pop culture phenomenon that was Barbenheimer, 440 00:23:07,560 --> 00:23:09,400 Speaker 2: I'm gonna give you this week's trophy. 441 00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:13,600 Speaker 1: You know, I humbly accept and I'd like to thank 442 00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:17,200 Speaker 1: Canada for existing and for generally being wonderful and giving 443 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:20,399 Speaker 1: us all this stuff. So that does it for today. 444 00:23:20,520 --> 00:23:22,880 Speaker 1: We'll be back next week with another brand new episode. 445 00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:26,000 Speaker 1: Be sure to follow us on Instagram at part Time Genius. 446 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:29,040 Speaker 1: Today's episode was written by the wonderful Anna Green. Thank 447 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:32,240 Speaker 1: you so much, Anna, and from Dylan Gabe, Mary, Will 448 00:23:32,359 --> 00:23:47,600 Speaker 1: and myself. Thank you for listening. Part Time Genius is 449 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:51,439 Speaker 1: a production of Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. This show is hosted 450 00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:55,880 Speaker 1: by Will Pearson and me Mongashchatikler and research by our 451 00:23:55,960 --> 00:24:00,479 Speaker 1: good pal Mary Philip, Sandy Today's episode was engineered produced 452 00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:03,840 Speaker 1: by the wonderful Dylan Fagan with support from Tyler Klang. 453 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:07,639 Speaker 1: The show is executive produced for iHeart by Katrina Norvell 454 00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,840 Speaker 1: and Ali Perry, with social media support from Sasha Gay, 455 00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:15,479 Speaker 1: trustee Dara Potts and Viney Shorey. For more podcasts from 456 00:24:15,560 --> 00:24:20,520 Speaker 1: Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or 457 00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:36,320 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.