1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:03,600 Speaker 1: Hey, it's Thanksgiving week and we just wanted to say 2 00:00:03,640 --> 00:00:06,680 Speaker 1: thank you for listening to our podcast. Thanks everyone, this 3 00:00:06,720 --> 00:00:09,799 Speaker 1: podcast has been amazing experience and it's only possible because 4 00:00:09,840 --> 00:00:13,120 Speaker 1: you actually downloaded and listen to what we say. And hey, 5 00:00:13,119 --> 00:00:14,880 Speaker 1: if you want to thank us for doing the podcast, 6 00:00:14,960 --> 00:00:18,520 Speaker 1: please rate us on iTunes or the I Heart radio app, 7 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:21,560 Speaker 1: or leave us a comment at feedback at Daniel and 8 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:24,439 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Or show up at Jorge's house and 9 00:00:24,520 --> 00:00:27,800 Speaker 1: Thanksgiving Day with a stack of bananas. He'll be very grateful. 10 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:32,560 Speaker 1: Or a big cosmic turkey, big cosmic turkey. Alright, Happy 11 00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:43,839 Speaker 1: Thanksgiving everyone. Hey Daniel, you know that water that you're 12 00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: drinking right now? It's delicious and crisp and clear. Yes, yeah. 13 00:00:48,080 --> 00:00:50,360 Speaker 1: Or that water that you took a shower with this morning, 14 00:00:50,360 --> 00:00:52,240 Speaker 1: I mean, assuming you took a shower this morning. Yeah, 15 00:00:52,240 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: that water is less crisp and clear right now, but yes. 16 00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:58,400 Speaker 1: Or the water in the oceans and lakes and ponds 17 00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:01,440 Speaker 1: and rivers all around the earth. Do you know the 18 00:01:01,520 --> 00:01:03,400 Speaker 1: water you're making me have to go to the bathroom? 19 00:01:03,520 --> 00:01:10,960 Speaker 1: Or hey, well I heard that all that water came 20 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:14,160 Speaker 1: from space. Are you telling me that I'm drinking and 21 00:01:14,200 --> 00:01:20,520 Speaker 1: showering in space. Water space water water from space. But 22 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:24,399 Speaker 1: here's a big mystery. Nobody knows wearing space all this 23 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:26,880 Speaker 1: water came from. I mean like it's a huge ice 24 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:29,399 Speaker 1: water tanker out there somewhere. Yeah, or me a giant 25 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:32,319 Speaker 1: alien to the squirt gun, and they probably are going 26 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:35,880 Speaker 1: to come and get their water back eventually. We'd better 27 00:01:35,959 --> 00:01:39,600 Speaker 1: drink it up or flush it down. And now that's 28 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:43,840 Speaker 1: nially won't want it back, you know what, You just 29 00:01:43,920 --> 00:02:02,480 Speaker 1: keep your water Earth, We'll go find some more. Hi. 30 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:05,560 Speaker 1: I'm Jorge, and I'm Daniel, and this is Daniel. And 31 00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:10,280 Speaker 1: Jorge explained the universe, the entire universe explained for you, 32 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:13,280 Speaker 1: all the parts of it, even the wet ones, the 33 00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:15,919 Speaker 1: damp ones, the dry ones, the one you left out 34 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:18,040 Speaker 1: to drive it didn't actually drive very much well and 35 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:20,120 Speaker 1: gave you chafing the next day. All of that's going 36 00:02:20,160 --> 00:02:25,240 Speaker 1: to be explained. Yeah, even the chafing part, even the chafing, 37 00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:28,040 Speaker 1: even the uncomfortable bits. We are not shying away from that. 38 00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:29,760 Speaker 1: To be on the episode, we're going to ask the 39 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:37,320 Speaker 1: question where did all the water on Earth come from? 40 00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:39,840 Speaker 1: That's right. Earth is the only planet we know of 41 00:02:39,880 --> 00:02:42,480 Speaker 1: that has liquid water on the surface. Is it the 42 00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:44,799 Speaker 1: only planet the universe with liquid water? And where did 43 00:02:44,800 --> 00:02:47,280 Speaker 1: all this water come from? Yeah? Did somebody just opened 44 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:49,560 Speaker 1: a tap and fill filled up the oceans there? Or 45 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:54,320 Speaker 1: did it rain from outer space? Some interstellar RV just 46 00:02:54,360 --> 00:02:56,679 Speaker 1: flushed their toilet onto the Earth billions of years ago. 47 00:02:56,960 --> 00:02:59,760 Speaker 1: That's right. May we're just the where the gray water 48 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:03,440 Speaker 1: ump for the for interstellar space. Yeah, we're we're the 49 00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:09,160 Speaker 1: latrine forces. Yeah. Well, it's a fascinating question because you know, 50 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:10,799 Speaker 1: the Earth has been around for four and a half 51 00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:13,400 Speaker 1: billion years, and we're pretty sure there's been water on 52 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:15,760 Speaker 1: it for almost all of that time. For most of 53 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:19,240 Speaker 1: that time, because life has been around for more than 54 00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:23,160 Speaker 1: four billion years and life needs water. Yeah, it's super important, 55 00:03:23,639 --> 00:03:26,800 Speaker 1: but scientists don't really know where it came from. A Bradley, 56 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 1: that's right, because when the Earth was forming, it was 57 00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:32,720 Speaker 1: really hot and nasty and there was no atmosphere. So 58 00:03:32,760 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: in the very early days of the Earth it must 59 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:37,840 Speaker 1: have been dry. It was being blasted by solar radiation 60 00:03:37,960 --> 00:03:40,720 Speaker 1: and boiled off from the surface, So there's no water 61 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:42,720 Speaker 1: on the surface of the Earth in the beginning, but 62 00:03:42,800 --> 00:03:45,640 Speaker 1: then there's water later, So it's a big mystery. Where 63 00:03:45,720 --> 00:03:48,400 Speaker 1: did all the water on Earth come from? That's right. 64 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: As usual, we went out and asked people in the street. 65 00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:54,280 Speaker 1: Here's what you had to say. That's a good question. 66 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:57,320 Speaker 1: I never thought of that. Ice maybe, But then again, 67 00:03:57,360 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 1: how did dice come about? I don't know. Oh, that's 68 00:04:02,920 --> 00:04:04,920 Speaker 1: all right, I don't I don't know that. I already 69 00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:08,720 Speaker 1: don't know. Comments that's my guess. Oh, I don't know. 70 00:04:08,920 --> 00:04:14,320 Speaker 1: I think it was here, but I mean, because there's 71 00:04:14,360 --> 00:04:18,280 Speaker 1: like glaciers and I don't know what that's I don't 72 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:21,400 Speaker 1: know if that's a good question. I don't know. All right, 73 00:04:21,440 --> 00:04:24,360 Speaker 1: So nobody said where the latrine of the universe? That's good. 74 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:26,680 Speaker 1: It's not a popular opinion. Yeah, which means you own 75 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:31,120 Speaker 1: that idea, all right. That is your idea. In the future, 76 00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:33,040 Speaker 1: when that one has proven true, you will be given 77 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:36,480 Speaker 1: soul credit for it. Yeah. Yeah. Or what I'm thinking of, like, um, 78 00:04:36,800 --> 00:04:39,640 Speaker 1: septic tag. That's the word I was looking for, septic tag. 79 00:04:40,560 --> 00:04:42,880 Speaker 1: I'm glad you just put that image into everybody's mind 80 00:04:43,440 --> 00:04:47,680 Speaker 1: in um. The thing I really liked about these interviews, 81 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:49,640 Speaker 1: going around asking these people is that most of the 82 00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:52,200 Speaker 1: people had never thought of this question at all. I mean, 83 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: people have thought about the water cycle, evaporation and rain 84 00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:58,440 Speaker 1: and toilet flushing, but nobody ever wondered where did the 85 00:04:58,440 --> 00:05:01,360 Speaker 1: water come from in the first place. Well, yeah, it's 86 00:05:01,400 --> 00:05:04,280 Speaker 1: such a natural thing, you know, like you we can't 87 00:05:04,800 --> 00:05:09,240 Speaker 1: even imagine life without water, so why would we wonder 88 00:05:09,240 --> 00:05:11,320 Speaker 1: where it came from? It's just there, right, Well, you 89 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:13,120 Speaker 1: look at other planets, though you don't see water like 90 00:05:13,160 --> 00:05:16,000 Speaker 1: you see Look at Mars, it's not covered in liquid oceans, right, 91 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:18,680 Speaker 1: I guess I hadn't thought about that before, you know, 92 00:05:18,839 --> 00:05:21,920 Speaker 1: like why is the Earth the only blue planet on 93 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:25,640 Speaker 1: the Solar System? Like why why are we so special? Yeah? Well, 94 00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:27,919 Speaker 1: Earth has some advantages, right, It's in the right zone. 95 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:30,800 Speaker 1: So in order to have liquid water, you need first 96 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: of all to have water, but then you also need 97 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:35,640 Speaker 1: to have enough temperature to keep it liquid and enough 98 00:05:35,680 --> 00:05:39,159 Speaker 1: pressure enough atmosphere to keep it from boiling off. You 99 00:05:39,200 --> 00:05:41,800 Speaker 1: need to be in the zone to have water. That's right. 100 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:44,400 Speaker 1: The Earth was in the zone, the sloppy, wet happy 101 00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:48,920 Speaker 1: zone of the Solar sytem the slipping slide zone. They 102 00:05:48,920 --> 00:05:50,760 Speaker 1: should have called it the slipping slide zone, not the 103 00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:52,920 Speaker 1: golden blocks. I mean, like when you go to at 104 00:05:52,960 --> 00:05:55,360 Speaker 1: least water parks or like a sea world, and if 105 00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:58,920 Speaker 1: you sit to close you might get splashed. Exactly, you're 106 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:03,160 Speaker 1: in the water zone, right, We're not actually the only planet, right, 107 00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:06,400 Speaker 1: Like um, Mars had water at some point, right, because 108 00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:10,640 Speaker 1: they found evidence of rivers and um they think maybe 109 00:06:10,640 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: there's still water, maybe frozen at the ice caps of Mars. 110 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:17,520 Speaker 1: There's definitely water on Mars in the form of ice. 111 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:19,880 Speaker 1: The question is whether there's still liquid water. And they 112 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:23,080 Speaker 1: recently found some things that suggests there might be subterranean 113 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:25,080 Speaker 1: oceans on Mars. And there are other places in the 114 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:28,520 Speaker 1: Solar System to have oceans under like frozen ice or 115 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:30,680 Speaker 1: under the ground. But the Earth is the only place 116 00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:32,679 Speaker 1: in the Solar System we know that has liquid water 117 00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:35,839 Speaker 1: on the surface. Mars definitely has ice on its surface. 118 00:06:35,839 --> 00:06:38,200 Speaker 1: You can see the polar ice caps which are partially 119 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:41,279 Speaker 1: SEO two and partially water. But there's definitely water on Mars, 120 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:43,560 Speaker 1: just not liquid oceans. Let's break it down what you 121 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: said before. So you say we need to have to 122 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:48,640 Speaker 1: write temperature and the right pressure. That's interesting, Like I 123 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:51,840 Speaker 1: can imagine if Earth was hotter, everything would boil off, 124 00:06:51,839 --> 00:06:53,919 Speaker 1: but wouldn't if it even if it boils off, wouldn't 125 00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:56,600 Speaker 1: it just hang around as clouds or water vapor? That's 126 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:59,320 Speaker 1: a great question. Yeah, so if the Earth is hot enough, 127 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:01,920 Speaker 1: then it will boil off all the water. It couldn't 128 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:04,480 Speaker 1: be liquid. But then you need something to keep it, 129 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: to keep it around the Earth. Right, water vapor floats, right, 130 00:07:08,440 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: there's not a whole lot of gravitational pull on water vapor, 131 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:13,040 Speaker 1: and so it's just going to drift out into space 132 00:07:13,120 --> 00:07:16,280 Speaker 1: unless there's something keeping it here, some blanket wrapping the 133 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:18,800 Speaker 1: Earth and keeping stuff on it. And that's the atmosphere. 134 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:20,920 Speaker 1: You mean, gravity wouldn't be enough to hold the water 135 00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:23,680 Speaker 1: vapor in. Yeah, I think if you if your Earth 136 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:26,760 Speaker 1: suddenly lost all of its atmosphere, then the water the 137 00:07:26,760 --> 00:07:31,520 Speaker 1: oceans would boil into space. It would yeah, well I 138 00:07:31,560 --> 00:07:33,760 Speaker 1: think it would take a while. It wouldn't be instantaneous, 139 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:36,520 Speaker 1: And you're right, probably we'd be first surrounded by a 140 00:07:36,520 --> 00:07:39,520 Speaker 1: haze of water um as the oceans boiled off into 141 00:07:39,640 --> 00:07:42,760 Speaker 1: nearby space. But we wouldn't be able to hold the 142 00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:45,600 Speaker 1: hold the oceans to the Earth's surface without the atmosphere 143 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:48,120 Speaker 1: doing its job. So you're saying, because we're wrapped in 144 00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: a blanket of gas, other gases like air and nitrogen 145 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:57,960 Speaker 1: and oxygen that helps keep the water inside. That's right, Yeah, 146 00:07:58,120 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: And that's why we're pretty sure Earth was dry in 147 00:08:00,240 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: its early days, because there wasn't an atmosphere when Earth 148 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:05,840 Speaker 1: first formed. Okay, so step is bad. So how do 149 00:08:05,880 --> 00:08:08,120 Speaker 1: we know that Earth wasn't just born with water? Why 150 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:10,680 Speaker 1: does water need to come from somewhere? Why couldn't we 151 00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:13,800 Speaker 1: just have water? So the Earth probably was born initially 152 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:16,160 Speaker 1: with water, right, And the Earth is formed out of 153 00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:20,360 Speaker 1: dust and gas on all this just rubble from earlier supernova, right, 154 00:08:20,440 --> 00:08:23,080 Speaker 1: stuff from the inside of stars strewn out into space, 155 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:26,040 Speaker 1: collected together into a solar system to form the Sun 156 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:28,880 Speaker 1: and all the other planets, and included in that was 157 00:08:29,560 --> 00:08:32,719 Speaker 1: definitely some ice, right, because these stars burned and they 158 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 1: make oxygen and oxygen and reacts with hydrogen and you 159 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:38,040 Speaker 1: get water and out in space water becomes ice. So 160 00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:40,360 Speaker 1: in the early days some of the ingredients that maybe 161 00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:43,079 Speaker 1: Earth were definitely water. But you can press it down 162 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:45,520 Speaker 1: you form the Earth that gets really really hot, and 163 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:47,480 Speaker 1: the water bubbles up to the surface and there's no 164 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:51,440 Speaker 1: atmosphere and just boils away. In fact, all of the 165 00:08:51,480 --> 00:08:54,520 Speaker 1: inner planets probably also got blasted by the sun so 166 00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:58,480 Speaker 1: much solar radiation just fried all that ice and turned 167 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:01,440 Speaker 1: it into vapor, which floated away. So then the Earth 168 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: was born with water, but it probably probably dried it 169 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:07,679 Speaker 1: out right away exactly. Then we needed a source for water, 170 00:09:08,120 --> 00:09:10,880 Speaker 1: and it must have come from somewhere outside of the earth. 171 00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:13,800 Speaker 1: That's right. It's like you leave your you know, shirt 172 00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:16,640 Speaker 1: out to dry in the sun. Right, it gets all dry, 173 00:09:16,679 --> 00:09:18,199 Speaker 1: and you come back a few hours later and it's 174 00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:21,160 Speaker 1: wet again. You imagine somebody must have hosted down use 175 00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:23,800 Speaker 1: source of water came and refreshed it. So that's the 176 00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:25,960 Speaker 1: most that's where we are. That's where we are now. 177 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:27,840 Speaker 1: Sure it is wet. Why is it wet if I 178 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:30,280 Speaker 1: left it out in the sun dazing exactly? Who emptied 179 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: their latrine on my shirt? Slash planet? This is getting 180 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:43,960 Speaker 1: pretty uh dirty, it's getting pretty septic in here. Yeah, 181 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:46,319 Speaker 1: so water must have come from outside of the earth. 182 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:48,280 Speaker 1: But then, I guess do you have to we have 183 00:09:48,360 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: to wait until we formed an atmosphere before water could 184 00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:55,360 Speaker 1: stick around. Yeah. Absolutely, you need an atmosphere to keep 185 00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:57,000 Speaker 1: water on the service, so you need the service. Are 186 00:09:57,000 --> 00:09:59,959 Speaker 1: cool down a little bit, right, A few engine million 187 00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:04,199 Speaker 1: years or a hundred million years, and you also need atmosphere, okay, 188 00:10:04,240 --> 00:10:07,599 Speaker 1: and where did the atmosphere come from? That's a good question. Um. 189 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,880 Speaker 1: A lot of it that people think came from volcanic eruptions. 190 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:14,320 Speaker 1: So it's just like CEO two vented from volcanoes. Some 191 00:10:14,440 --> 00:10:17,800 Speaker 1: of it may have come from, you know, um asteroids 192 00:10:17,800 --> 00:10:21,280 Speaker 1: being vaporized when they landed, and but mostly the early 193 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:23,800 Speaker 1: atmosphere was CEO two. We didn't have oxygen the atmosphere 194 00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:26,480 Speaker 1: until later. So people are wondering about whether we could 195 00:10:26,480 --> 00:10:30,280 Speaker 1: have made water on Earth from combining hydrogen oxygen In 196 00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:32,800 Speaker 1: the very early days before life, there was no oxygen. 197 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:35,760 Speaker 1: You mean, like the rocks that formed the Earth maybe 198 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:39,679 Speaker 1: had gases inside of it, inside the rock, and then 199 00:10:39,679 --> 00:10:42,280 Speaker 1: eventually that all kind of popped out to the surface 200 00:10:42,360 --> 00:10:47,079 Speaker 1: and then we formed our atmosphere and possibly also water. Yeah, 201 00:10:47,160 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: so the initial rocks definitely had some gas in there, 202 00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:51,440 Speaker 1: and then you know, it bubbles up like a like 203 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:54,679 Speaker 1: a big belt and comes out of volcanoes and forms 204 00:10:54,679 --> 00:10:58,040 Speaker 1: an early atmosphere. UM. And so so we didn't have 205 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:00,800 Speaker 1: what we needed to keep the water early on. So 206 00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:02,360 Speaker 1: we know that we didn't that we couldn't have kept 207 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:04,320 Speaker 1: the water early on, we must have lost it. And 208 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:06,040 Speaker 1: so now we've been then and then we formed the 209 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:08,760 Speaker 1: capacity to keep the water around to build a canteen. 210 00:11:09,280 --> 00:11:13,120 Speaker 1: So the earth burped formed the coat around it, which said, hey, 211 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:16,360 Speaker 1: now we can hold water. That's right open for business, 212 00:11:17,559 --> 00:11:34,240 Speaker 1: burp Okay. So there's different possibilities then, Um, if the 213 00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:36,640 Speaker 1: water didn't come from the Earth and we didn't make 214 00:11:36,679 --> 00:11:39,960 Speaker 1: it with our own gases, Um, what are some of 215 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:43,000 Speaker 1: the ways that Earth could have received this water that 216 00:11:43,120 --> 00:11:45,760 Speaker 1: we shower in? Now? Well, we're pretty sure it has 217 00:11:45,760 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: to come from inside our solar system because everything else 218 00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:49,640 Speaker 1: is just too far away, and that would be too 219 00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:53,160 Speaker 1: incredible and probably the subject of an awesome science fiction novel. 220 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:58,400 Speaker 1: Somebody should write about extra solar water. Star water, star water, 221 00:11:59,160 --> 00:12:06,360 Speaker 1: star waters, Return of the East too, Oh, return the 222 00:12:06,880 --> 00:12:10,320 Speaker 1: water strikes back. Um, But there's plenty of water in 223 00:12:10,320 --> 00:12:14,160 Speaker 1: the Solar system, right. The outer planets also have huge 224 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,920 Speaker 1: contributions of ice, Like two thirds of Uranus and Neptune 225 00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:20,880 Speaker 1: are probably made of ice. Wait, two thirds of Uranus 226 00:12:21,160 --> 00:12:26,880 Speaker 1: is made out of water. That's right, Uranus, And you 227 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:29,320 Speaker 1: know the comets and the asteroids and everything sort of 228 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:32,360 Speaker 1: outside of the asteroid belt, a little further away, out 229 00:12:32,360 --> 00:12:35,400 Speaker 1: of the inner planets, has huge amounts of ice in it, 230 00:12:35,559 --> 00:12:37,480 Speaker 1: and they're far enough away from the Sun that they 231 00:12:37,520 --> 00:12:40,640 Speaker 1: weren't blasted by the solar radiation and so it's stayed 232 00:12:40,679 --> 00:12:43,360 Speaker 1: as ice. So if you're looking for like the raw material, 233 00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:45,800 Speaker 1: there's plenty of ice out there in the Solar System. 234 00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:48,120 Speaker 1: The question is how does it get from out there 235 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:51,160 Speaker 1: a comet, an asteroid, a chunk of a planet and 236 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:56,080 Speaker 1: land on Earth. Right, That's that's the mystery. It's not 237 00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:58,800 Speaker 1: like water is rare in the Solar System. There's a 238 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:00,920 Speaker 1: lot of water in the Solar City. The question is 239 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:03,640 Speaker 1: just like, how did it get to our planet, which 240 00:13:03,679 --> 00:13:05,920 Speaker 1: is sitting pretty close to the Sun, that's right. Yeah, 241 00:13:06,080 --> 00:13:09,120 Speaker 1: since our planet got boiled dry, how did it get refilled? 242 00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:10,760 Speaker 1: And how do you get that water from the outer 243 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:13,559 Speaker 1: parts of the Solar System into the inner part of 244 00:13:13,559 --> 00:13:16,480 Speaker 1: the Solar System. Okay, so you said some possibilities there, 245 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:19,440 Speaker 1: like some comets could have brought it, asteroids could have 246 00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:22,679 Speaker 1: brought it. Yeah, so comets was a really favorite hypothesis 247 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:25,319 Speaker 1: for a while. Um. I also think it's pretty awesome, 248 00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:28,960 Speaker 1: right to imagine like imagine a dry earth, and then 249 00:13:31,120 --> 00:13:34,040 Speaker 1: and then how could you get enough water to make oceans? 250 00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,280 Speaker 1: I mean, oceans are just it's mind bogglingly vast. I 251 00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:39,320 Speaker 1: mean I live by the Pacific. Every time I see it, 252 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:42,280 Speaker 1: I just can't imagine how much water that is. I 253 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:45,280 Speaker 1: mean miles deepen like the size of the ice cube 254 00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:48,000 Speaker 1: that must have crashed into Earth for there to be 255 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:50,600 Speaker 1: so much water, Yes, But then you think about it 256 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:53,000 Speaker 1: other ways, and it's actually not that much water. I 257 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:57,079 Speaker 1: mean it covers like the Earth's surface, right, but it's 258 00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:00,000 Speaker 1: really thin layer compared to the size of the Earth. 259 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:03,840 Speaker 1: The depth of the oceans is almost nothing. Wow, It's like, um, 260 00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:07,240 Speaker 1: it's vast and immense, but at the same time, with 261 00:14:07,280 --> 00:14:09,600 Speaker 1: the right perspective, it's like a little wet coating on 262 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:12,000 Speaker 1: a big rock. That's right, if you held the Earth 263 00:14:12,040 --> 00:14:14,440 Speaker 1: in your hands, right, all the things that we think 264 00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:18,000 Speaker 1: are big features of the Earth, right, the mountains in Asia, 265 00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:21,160 Speaker 1: the deep deserts and all that stuff, the oceans, these 266 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:24,120 Speaker 1: are tiny little details on the scale of the Earth. Right. Remember, 267 00:14:24,160 --> 00:14:27,920 Speaker 1: the Earth is eight thousand miles in diameter. Mount Everest, 268 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:31,280 Speaker 1: for example, is what six miles high? The Marianas trenches 269 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:34,640 Speaker 1: like eight miles deep. These things are tiny features. The 270 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:37,040 Speaker 1: Earth would feel like a smooth like an eight ball 271 00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:39,160 Speaker 1: in your hand, maybe with a little bit of dampness 272 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:42,160 Speaker 1: where where the oceans are, so you don't actually need 273 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:44,520 Speaker 1: that much water, because if the ocean is only eight 274 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:47,920 Speaker 1: miles deep at its deepest, and the Earth is eight 275 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:52,400 Speaker 1: thousand miles in radius, then we're really just talking about 276 00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:56,080 Speaker 1: like a little tiny coating on the surface of the Earth. Right, Yeah, 277 00:14:56,080 --> 00:14:58,080 Speaker 1: it's a thin film of water on the surface of 278 00:14:58,120 --> 00:15:01,400 Speaker 1: the Earth. Of course, it's but jillion of gallons of water, right, 279 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:03,800 Speaker 1: but it's not that much compared to the size of 280 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:06,320 Speaker 1: stuff that's out there, So you really just need a 281 00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:10,440 Speaker 1: few big blobs of ice and boom you have an ocean. Right, 282 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:14,040 Speaker 1: So how big space glaciers have you seen that anywhere? Like, 283 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:17,480 Speaker 1: has anyone calculated how big of an ice cube was 284 00:15:17,560 --> 00:15:20,160 Speaker 1: it crash into Earth for us who have as much 285 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:22,520 Speaker 1: water as we have. Yeah, it's not that much volume, 286 00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,240 Speaker 1: I mean compared to like the size of those ice planets, right, 287 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:28,360 Speaker 1: Neptune and uh and Urinus. It's a tiny little bit. 288 00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:30,360 Speaker 1: You just need to break off a little piece. And 289 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:32,200 Speaker 1: there are asteroids out there in the asteroid belt that 290 00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:35,800 Speaker 1: are big enough for sure, and anyway, so it's it's 291 00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:38,120 Speaker 1: fun to look out at the ocean and imagine, like, wow, 292 00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:41,320 Speaker 1: this whole ocean could just be like melted comets. Right, 293 00:15:41,360 --> 00:15:44,680 Speaker 1: imagine how many comments that would take. But melted comments, yeah, exactly, 294 00:15:44,720 --> 00:15:46,920 Speaker 1: Let's go for a swim in the melted comets. Let's 295 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:50,479 Speaker 1: stop calling them oceans or seas, Let's just call them 296 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:54,720 Speaker 1: melted comments. Right, except that nowadays we're pretty sure it's 297 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:57,080 Speaker 1: not comets. I mean, it's it's an open question. The 298 00:15:57,080 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 1: short answer is nobody knows. But the first idea was comments, 299 00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:03,200 Speaker 1: because people know the comments are mostly made of ice, 300 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:05,680 Speaker 1: so they thought, well, if enough comments hit the Earth, 301 00:16:05,960 --> 00:16:08,080 Speaker 1: maybe that would explain it. As a crazy idea, is 302 00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:10,720 Speaker 1: that sounds right, It actually would explain it because the 303 00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:14,080 Speaker 1: comment is just a giant flying ice ball. It's a 304 00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:17,040 Speaker 1: huge snowball, exactly, and that's orbiting the Sun. And that's 305 00:16:17,080 --> 00:16:19,240 Speaker 1: how they get their tail, is that they the snow 306 00:16:19,280 --> 00:16:21,280 Speaker 1: is melting and spraying, and you can see when they 307 00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:23,160 Speaker 1: come into the inner part of the Solar system. The 308 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:25,120 Speaker 1: Sun does to a comment what it did to the 309 00:16:25,160 --> 00:16:28,360 Speaker 1: Earth billions of years ago. It fries it and dries it. Oh, 310 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:32,200 Speaker 1: I like that. Fries it and dries it. That's the 311 00:16:32,360 --> 00:16:35,040 Speaker 1: motto from my um fast food Chaine, which I'm opening 312 00:16:35,080 --> 00:16:38,880 Speaker 1: soon and new product now on sale in the home 313 00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:43,480 Speaker 1: shopping network fried and dry it and dry it com 314 00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:46,960 Speaker 1: um It's called Yeah, it's called the suns. I don't 315 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:49,280 Speaker 1: even have to ship you anything and say lead outside, 316 00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:53,200 Speaker 1: we'll be fried and dry. It's just hope. Nobody even 317 00:16:53,280 --> 00:17:00,000 Speaker 1: drump UMSI latrina. So people thought comments was the explanation 318 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:01,880 Speaker 1: for a while. But then they went out and they 319 00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:04,000 Speaker 1: measured some commets, and they looked at the ice on 320 00:17:04,040 --> 00:17:06,440 Speaker 1: the comets, and they discovered that the ice on Earth 321 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:08,679 Speaker 1: is different. The water on Earth is different from the 322 00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:11,359 Speaker 1: kind of water that you find on those commets. Wait, 323 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:14,320 Speaker 1: so you we can tell what kind of water is 324 00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: in a commet. First of all, there's different kinds of water. 325 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:22,600 Speaker 1: That's like, yeah, regular water, light water, dark water. There's 326 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:26,439 Speaker 1: mineral water, there's bubbly water. There's vitamin water. Is that 327 00:17:26,480 --> 00:17:30,600 Speaker 1: what you mean? Smart water? Life water water? So we 328 00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:32,320 Speaker 1: we know that water is made out of H two. 329 00:17:32,359 --> 00:17:35,359 Speaker 1: Oh right, that's hydrogen and oxygen. But there are actually 330 00:17:35,359 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 1: a few different kinds of hydrogen. It depends on how 331 00:17:38,320 --> 00:17:41,160 Speaker 1: many protons and neutrons. So you can make it out 332 00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:43,399 Speaker 1: of normal hydrogen, or you can make it out of deuterium, 333 00:17:44,119 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 1: which has an extra neutron in it. And the ratio 334 00:17:47,359 --> 00:17:50,879 Speaker 1: of like normal hydrogen to deterium um you find in 335 00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:54,680 Speaker 1: your water tells you something about where the water was made. Specifically, 336 00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,760 Speaker 1: it tells you how cold it was when the ice 337 00:17:57,840 --> 00:18:01,080 Speaker 1: was formed. What do you mean, how cool? How would 338 00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:05,359 Speaker 1: the coldness effect which kind of type of hydrogen you 339 00:18:05,359 --> 00:18:08,320 Speaker 1: would use to make water? Well, the water and ice 340 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:10,840 Speaker 1: is a really strange thing. It's like huge fields of 341 00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:13,080 Speaker 1: study of people studying how ice is formed and the 342 00:18:13,119 --> 00:18:16,639 Speaker 1: ice crystals and and it's a really complicated subject that 343 00:18:16,680 --> 00:18:18,600 Speaker 1: we still don't understand. But that's a topic for a 344 00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:22,480 Speaker 1: whole other day. But the temperature at which the ice 345 00:18:22,520 --> 00:18:25,720 Speaker 1: forms determines how much of different kinds of hydrogen like 346 00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:28,040 Speaker 1: to get into the ice, and and what and what 347 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:31,160 Speaker 1: fraction and like to mix together. And so the colder 348 00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:34,240 Speaker 1: it is, the more you you get deterium as a 349 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,399 Speaker 1: part of the ice. And so you can see where 350 00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:40,000 Speaker 1: ice was made, because the further away from the sun 351 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:42,560 Speaker 1: it was made, the more of this deterium it has 352 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:45,640 Speaker 1: in it, right, it will be a different flavor depending 353 00:18:45,680 --> 00:18:49,160 Speaker 1: on where in the Solar System it became water. Yeah, 354 00:18:49,280 --> 00:18:51,120 Speaker 1: I don't know if it actually tastes different. I've never 355 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:53,600 Speaker 1: licked a commet before. Have Have you licked a common hore? 356 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:57,240 Speaker 1: Feels like something I should know about you already? Maybe, yeah, 357 00:18:57,280 --> 00:18:59,560 Speaker 1: Well that's why you need to fry it and drive 358 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:05,760 Speaker 1: it space commets, fried giant and then lick it. I 359 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:07,159 Speaker 1: don't know if it tastes different. I don't know if 360 00:19:07,160 --> 00:19:09,439 Speaker 1: it's healthy or not. But the water on Earth has 361 00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:12,320 Speaker 1: a very particular ratio of this deterium, and the stuff 362 00:19:12,320 --> 00:19:15,919 Speaker 1: out in space is a different ratio. And so people 363 00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:19,240 Speaker 1: landed on commets and got samples from comets, and they 364 00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:21,680 Speaker 1: measured the water on these comets, and they found out 365 00:19:21,680 --> 00:19:24,680 Speaker 1: whoa this These comets were formed out in the deep 366 00:19:24,760 --> 00:19:27,400 Speaker 1: reaches of space. That ice is different from the ice 367 00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:31,040 Speaker 1: we found here on Earth. So it couldn't have come 368 00:19:31,080 --> 00:19:33,560 Speaker 1: from a comment. The thing is, we haven't measured that 369 00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:35,560 Speaker 1: many comets. It's not like easy to go up and 370 00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:38,960 Speaker 1: sample commets. So the first few measurements people got they thought, 371 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:41,639 Speaker 1: oh wait, this is totally different. And then they measured 372 00:19:41,680 --> 00:19:44,400 Speaker 1: another commet and it had water, which was pretty consistent 373 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:46,600 Speaker 1: with Earth. So you don't have a whole lot of 374 00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:49,879 Speaker 1: samples of comets, but it makes sense if the water 375 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:53,080 Speaker 1: from comets is colder, was formed when it was colder, 376 00:19:53,080 --> 00:19:55,040 Speaker 1: and so it has a different ratio, and so it's 377 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:56,760 Speaker 1: a sort of a different flavor, as you say, than 378 00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:59,560 Speaker 1: the water we found on Earth. That makes comments less 379 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,440 Speaker 1: likely to be the source of water on Earth. Well, 380 00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:18,280 Speaker 1: this is a perfect point to take a break. So 381 00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:21,760 Speaker 1: they checked off comets could not be the source of 382 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:25,840 Speaker 1: water on Earth, right. Well, another really good possibility are asteroids, 383 00:20:26,119 --> 00:20:29,040 Speaker 1: because asteroids are much closer right there's the whole asteroid 384 00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:31,720 Speaker 1: belt out there in the Solar System. Comets come from 385 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:34,840 Speaker 1: much further out right, the Arch cloud, these frozen objects 386 00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:37,760 Speaker 1: deep beyond Pluto. M Asteroids are hanging out here in 387 00:20:37,760 --> 00:20:40,840 Speaker 1: the Solar System with us, and so they have a 388 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,520 Speaker 1: ratio of deteriorm normal hydrogen that's much closer to what 389 00:20:44,560 --> 00:20:47,040 Speaker 1: we find on Earth, and so they are much better candidate. 390 00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,320 Speaker 1: I mean, there's like big chunks of ice in the 391 00:20:49,359 --> 00:20:51,199 Speaker 1: asteroid belt. Is that what you mean? Or is the 392 00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:54,760 Speaker 1: ice kind of mixed in with the asteroids both. I mean, 393 00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:58,120 Speaker 1: every asteroid is different, but they think on average asteroids 394 00:20:58,119 --> 00:21:02,240 Speaker 1: are like water no hitting. Yeah, yeah, and they've even 395 00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:06,240 Speaker 1: found um asteroids that have liquid water inside them inside 396 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:09,920 Speaker 1: of the rock. Yeah, the water can survive inside the rock. 397 00:21:10,280 --> 00:21:14,120 Speaker 1: But also the just the asteroids are there's snowballs. Also, 398 00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:16,440 Speaker 1: they have you know, chunks of ice in them as well, 399 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:18,879 Speaker 1: less so than comets, but they're more rock, but there 400 00:21:18,880 --> 00:21:21,560 Speaker 1: are big chunks of ice out there. I guess they're 401 00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:24,000 Speaker 1: out in space, which is like a big freezer, so 402 00:21:24,359 --> 00:21:27,080 Speaker 1: they would maybe naturally pick up any water that's floating 403 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:31,960 Speaker 1: around exactly exactly. Now, somebody out there listening might be thinking, well, still, 404 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,879 Speaker 1: asteroids are further out there than Earth, right. If the 405 00:21:34,920 --> 00:21:37,760 Speaker 1: water came from the asteroid belt or from stuff out 406 00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:40,800 Speaker 1: there like Neptune, then shouldn't it still have a different ratio? 407 00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:42,920 Speaker 1: And how would that explain the water we see here 408 00:21:42,920 --> 00:21:46,840 Speaker 1: on Earth. Um. So, to that listener, yeah, good question. 409 00:21:47,119 --> 00:21:50,440 Speaker 1: That's basically the heart of the question right now. People 410 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:54,920 Speaker 1: don't understand that that's what we're all thinking. Yeah, wait, 411 00:21:54,920 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: so you're saying the water on Earth still doesn't match 412 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:00,439 Speaker 1: the water in the closer asteroid belt. It's still a 413 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 1: different kind of water. That's right. Some asteroids seem to 414 00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:06,159 Speaker 1: match it, but other asteroids don't. And so some people think, oh, 415 00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,840 Speaker 1: we've understood it. It's definitely from these asteroids. Other people think, no, 416 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:13,199 Speaker 1: it's not. It's not well explained because, um, some of 417 00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:15,919 Speaker 1: those many of those asteroids have a different balance of 418 00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:19,480 Speaker 1: deterior and hydrogen. So it's not a perfect match. It's 419 00:22:19,520 --> 00:22:21,439 Speaker 1: not a perfect match. Yeah. So it's still like the 420 00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:26,120 Speaker 1: DNA evidence in a c s I episode. That's it's like, yes, 421 00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:30,080 Speaker 1: your honor, the water came from this asteroid. This asteroid 422 00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:33,119 Speaker 1: is guilty of dumping itself on Earth and providing for 423 00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:35,960 Speaker 1: all life. Yeah, no, we should be congratulated. What about 424 00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:38,760 Speaker 1: calling it guilty? Right? I mean without this, these asteroids 425 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:41,760 Speaker 1: or whoever providing the water, that none of us would 426 00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:47,520 Speaker 1: be here talking about it. So it's not possible for 427 00:22:47,560 --> 00:22:49,960 Speaker 1: the water to have come to Earth and then change 428 00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:53,399 Speaker 1: somehow in terms of the ratio of of the different 429 00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:56,320 Speaker 1: kinds of water. It's not possible, not that I'm aware of. 430 00:22:56,600 --> 00:23:00,359 Speaker 1: That's a good question. Wow, Okay, so it's still a mystery. 431 00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,760 Speaker 1: Then it's still a mystery, And um, there's one fun idea, 432 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:07,520 Speaker 1: which is that maybe the Solar system was arranged differently 433 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:09,600 Speaker 1: when this ice was made. It could have been that 434 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,520 Speaker 1: that Saturn and Jupiter used to be much closer to 435 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:15,840 Speaker 1: the Sun, and the asteroid belt was also much closer, 436 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:19,240 Speaker 1: and that's when that ice formed. And then m Saturn 437 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:22,080 Speaker 1: and Jupiter had a near miss which caused them to 438 00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:24,959 Speaker 1: both like jump out further and settle in further out 439 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:27,600 Speaker 1: orbits and pull the asteroids with them. And so it 440 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,720 Speaker 1: could be that the asteroids were formed when they were 441 00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:32,760 Speaker 1: closer to the Sun, so it was a little warmer, 442 00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:35,760 Speaker 1: and that's when that water was formed, and then it 443 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:40,080 Speaker 1: got moved out into the asteroid belt. Um, but people 444 00:23:40,119 --> 00:23:42,480 Speaker 1: don't really know. There's a lot of crazy ideas about 445 00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:46,080 Speaker 1: to explain the configuration of the solar system. Oh you 446 00:23:46,119 --> 00:23:49,200 Speaker 1: mean water we have on Earth could come from a 447 00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: different solar system, basically like back when the Solar system 448 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:55,119 Speaker 1: was different, and that would explain why it's different than 449 00:23:55,160 --> 00:23:58,520 Speaker 1: the water that we see out in the asteroid belt. Yeah, 450 00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:01,280 Speaker 1: not a different solar systems than another one, but a 451 00:24:01,359 --> 00:24:04,080 Speaker 1: solar system that's arranged in a different order, and so 452 00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:09,280 Speaker 1: that a younger, hotter sem literally younger hotter, tighter, wetter 453 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:17,119 Speaker 1: solar system. It's just got an s f W. People 454 00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:19,800 Speaker 1: are measuring this stuff and trying to figure it out, 455 00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: and it's a hard problem to solve because the information 456 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:25,879 Speaker 1: is out there, but it's literally out there, right. It's 457 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:28,119 Speaker 1: not easy to go and say, what is the water 458 00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:30,760 Speaker 1: like on Neptune, what is the water like on Urinus? 459 00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:33,760 Speaker 1: What is the water like around Jupiter? Right, It's not 460 00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,920 Speaker 1: like we have that data. But it's so frustrating sometimes 461 00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:38,440 Speaker 1: from the science point of view, because we know that 462 00:24:38,560 --> 00:24:39,800 Speaker 1: data is out there, and if you could just go 463 00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:41,919 Speaker 1: out there and measure this and a quick measure of 464 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:43,800 Speaker 1: this and a quick measure of that, then you could 465 00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:46,119 Speaker 1: know so much about the history of the solar system 466 00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:48,440 Speaker 1: and and how it formed. And to me, this is 467 00:24:48,480 --> 00:24:51,159 Speaker 1: really important stuff because it helps us think about the 468 00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:54,120 Speaker 1: question is there likely to be another planet with water 469 00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:56,080 Speaker 1: on it? I mean, it's sort of an elaborate thing, 470 00:24:56,119 --> 00:24:59,520 Speaker 1: like imagine how that whole scenario is true that in 471 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:01,280 Speaker 1: order to get ice on the in order to get 472 00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:03,159 Speaker 1: liquid oceans on the Earth, you have to have a 473 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:05,760 Speaker 1: solar system range this way one at one point and 474 00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:08,280 Speaker 1: then later be arranged another way, and the water to 475 00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:11,760 Speaker 1: get transported via these asteroids. It's really complicated, right, It's 476 00:25:11,760 --> 00:25:15,119 Speaker 1: like a Rube Goldberg machine. To me, it's like having 477 00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:19,399 Speaker 1: a snowball's chance, you know, and the bolls chance in space. 478 00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 1: And yeah, and it makes it seem less likely that 479 00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:25,439 Speaker 1: another planet out there is going to be found with 480 00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:28,880 Speaker 1: liquid oceans, if that, in fact is all necessary, right, 481 00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:31,280 Speaker 1: There could be a thousand other ways though, for water 482 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:33,439 Speaker 1: to end up on a planet. You mean, like, the 483 00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:35,600 Speaker 1: only reason we are here, you and I are here, 484 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: and that any life is here is this random collision 485 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:43,120 Speaker 1: of two objects in the vastness of space. Yeah. Well, 486 00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:45,680 Speaker 1: probably more than two objects. Probably a lot of asteroids 487 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:50,320 Speaker 1: rained down on Earth and deposited their water. But yeah, okay, yeah, exactly. 488 00:25:51,119 --> 00:25:53,120 Speaker 1: But it could also just be due to the randomness 489 00:25:53,160 --> 00:25:56,119 Speaker 1: of Jupiter and Saturn's orbits, you know right now the 490 00:25:56,200 --> 00:25:59,359 Speaker 1: orbit further out from us, and they serve to shield 491 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:01,879 Speaker 1: us actually for a lot of stuff like um, also, 492 00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:04,160 Speaker 1: a lot of comets don't hit the Earth because they're 493 00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:07,000 Speaker 1: pulled away by Jupiter. Jupiter acts like a big linebacker 494 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:09,600 Speaker 1: out there, knocking out big objects that might otherwise hit 495 00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:12,800 Speaker 1: the Earth, and so um, it makes it harder for 496 00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:15,600 Speaker 1: us to be hit by commets, so the particular arrangement 497 00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:18,840 Speaker 1: of our solar system might be absolutely necessary to get 498 00:26:18,880 --> 00:26:22,720 Speaker 1: water onto the Earth. Um wow, it really makes you 499 00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:25,520 Speaker 1: think how precious life is. Like life came about an 500 00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:30,679 Speaker 1: Earth because of this really tiny, almost invisible, thin film 501 00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:35,040 Speaker 1: of water on this giant rock that could easily evaporate 502 00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:38,359 Speaker 1: if the right condisions are not mad, and that needed 503 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:41,359 Speaker 1: to have come from some other part of the solar system. 504 00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:45,359 Speaker 1: Like that just seems incredible that we're here at all. Absolutely. 505 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,359 Speaker 1: You know, when I'm cooking, for example, I'm always skeptical 506 00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:50,760 Speaker 1: of a recipe that doesn't just let you dump all 507 00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:52,919 Speaker 1: the stuff in together at once and mix it up. Right. 508 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:54,399 Speaker 1: That's how I like to cook, Like, just put it. 509 00:26:56,160 --> 00:26:59,800 Speaker 1: You're skeptical. Yeah, When when a recipe is like now wait, 510 00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:02,359 Speaker 1: don't add the egg whites until this step, I'm like, 511 00:27:02,840 --> 00:27:08,040 Speaker 1: that's not necessary anyway. Maybe that's why my souflet doesn't. 512 00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:10,640 Speaker 1: But that's basically the recipe for the Earth, right, It's 513 00:27:10,680 --> 00:27:13,399 Speaker 1: like mix a bunch of rock, compressed it together, wait 514 00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:17,360 Speaker 1: a few million years, then shower it with asteroids. Otherwise 515 00:27:17,359 --> 00:27:19,879 Speaker 1: you're not going to get this perfect thin film of water. 516 00:27:19,960 --> 00:27:22,720 Speaker 1: That allows life to grow. Oh my goodness, that's the 517 00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:28,760 Speaker 1: Earth Souflat recipe. People are out there looking to see 518 00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:30,560 Speaker 1: if there are other planets that have water on them, 519 00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:33,480 Speaker 1: and there's a particular signature of liquid water on a planet, 520 00:27:33,520 --> 00:27:35,640 Speaker 1: you can tell from the kind of light that passes 521 00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:39,160 Speaker 1: through the atmosphere of a distant planet. But so far 522 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:41,960 Speaker 1: we've never identified another planet that has liquid water on it, 523 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:44,840 Speaker 1: even outside the Solar System. So even if we look 524 00:27:44,840 --> 00:27:48,240 Speaker 1: for extra planets and other Solar systems outside of ours, 525 00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:51,800 Speaker 1: do we still haven't seen any with water, No conclusive 526 00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:55,560 Speaker 1: evidence of liquid water on any planet anywhere other than 527 00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:59,000 Speaker 1: the Earth on the surface. There are a few places 528 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:02,600 Speaker 1: that have liquid water are under the surface, like Europa, 529 00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,520 Speaker 1: one of those moons I'm pretty sure has a huge 530 00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:09,040 Speaker 1: ocean under a surface of ice. You mean it's one 531 00:28:09,080 --> 00:28:11,359 Speaker 1: of the wounds of Jupiter, right, Yeah, so it's not 532 00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:14,400 Speaker 1: that far away, not that far away, yeah, And it's 533 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:17,920 Speaker 1: this huge liquid water ocean, but it's under a thin 534 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:21,399 Speaker 1: coating of ice that protects it, and the under the 535 00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:24,479 Speaker 1: ice is the water, which is kept warm by various 536 00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:28,080 Speaker 1: activities inside the planet, you know, gravitational stress from Jupiter, etcetera. 537 00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:31,920 Speaker 1: Various sources of energy internally to keep the water um 538 00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:35,200 Speaker 1: from freezing, so it's not just covered with ice, and 539 00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:36,960 Speaker 1: then you have this layer of ice that protects it 540 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:39,840 Speaker 1: from cosmic radiation. All sorts of stuff sort of acts 541 00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:42,640 Speaker 1: like an atmosphere. So I imagine an ice atmosphere, an 542 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:46,080 Speaker 1: ice smith fear, and so people think there could be, 543 00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:48,959 Speaker 1: for example, life in that ocean, right, that's a huge 544 00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:53,440 Speaker 1: pile of liquid water. They would be called Europeens. It 545 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:56,160 Speaker 1: would be called Europens, and they would probably want to 546 00:28:56,160 --> 00:29:01,440 Speaker 1: be part of the European Community European Union, which would 547 00:29:01,480 --> 00:29:04,560 Speaker 1: be a branding disaster. That would be that PR committee 548 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:07,000 Speaker 1: would need to get to work. Stat But so far, 549 00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:09,640 Speaker 1: no water on the surface anywhere other than Earth, but 550 00:29:09,840 --> 00:29:12,960 Speaker 1: we'll keep looking. It's a cool mystery makes my mouth 551 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,840 Speaker 1: water exactly, So next time you really let my appetite 552 00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:20,920 Speaker 1: for knowledge. So next time you go out there and 553 00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:23,720 Speaker 1: flush your toilet, think about the cosmic journey that those 554 00:29:23,720 --> 00:29:28,640 Speaker 1: water molecules took. Yeah, writing an asteroid from deep into space, 555 00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:34,160 Speaker 1: traveling trillions of miles, hitting the Earth, joining the ocean, 556 00:29:34,520 --> 00:29:39,000 Speaker 1: nestling life, evaporating into a cloud, raining down in a reservoir, 557 00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:45,360 Speaker 1: all just to flush down your toilet. Sometimes in science 558 00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:47,719 Speaker 1: we ask questions about the simple things around us and 559 00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:50,440 Speaker 1: don't have good answers, like where does all the water 560 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:54,320 Speaker 1: come from? So there are great mysteries all around us. Well, 561 00:29:54,360 --> 00:30:04,120 Speaker 1: signing enough, see you next time. Yeah, if you still 562 00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:07,160 Speaker 1: have a question after listening to all these explanations, please 563 00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:09,720 Speaker 1: drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. 564 00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:12,560 Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at 565 00:30:12,880 --> 00:30:16,040 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at 566 00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:27,880 Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.