1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:17,080 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. When I 4 00:00:17,120 --> 00:00:20,040 Speaker 1: was working on our episode on the Women's March Obratoria, 5 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:23,319 Speaker 1: South Africa not long ago, I kept finding references to 6 00:00:23,360 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: Emily Hobhouse. Emily Hobhouse was a pacifist and a humanitarian. 7 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:32,680 Speaker 1: She's best known for her work exposing terrible conditions at 8 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:37,640 Speaker 1: concentration camps that Britain established in South Africa during the 9 00:00:37,680 --> 00:00:40,639 Speaker 1: Anglo Boer War, and trying to help the people who 10 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:44,440 Speaker 1: were being held in those camps, who were predominantly bores. 11 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:47,680 Speaker 1: At the time, a lot of people in Britain saw 12 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:49,879 Speaker 1: her as a trader because in their minds, she was 13 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:52,680 Speaker 1: trying to help the enemy, although to be clear, the 14 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:55,000 Speaker 1: vast majority of people she was trying to help here 15 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:59,760 Speaker 1: were civilian women and children. Her work continued into an 16 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,360 Speaker 1: to World War One, and she became a very vocal 17 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:06,240 Speaker 1: pacifist and tried to arrange relief efforts for children and 18 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:10,240 Speaker 1: continental Europe after World War One. Although the perceptions of 19 00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,800 Speaker 1: Emily Hobhouse eventually shifted, at least somewhat in the UK. 20 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:16,800 Speaker 1: She's still far better known in South Africa and her 21 00:01:16,840 --> 00:01:21,399 Speaker 1: work there had some complexities. There's a complicated legacy with 22 00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:26,320 Speaker 1: it today. So this episode grew into an accidental two parter. 23 00:01:26,959 --> 00:01:31,000 Speaker 1: Today we will be talking about hobhouses earlier life up 24 00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:34,839 Speaker 1: through the Border War, which will also here with other 25 00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:38,959 Speaker 1: slightly different pronunciations that also vary with people's accents. Just 26 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:41,680 Speaker 1: as a note, in part two of this episode will 27 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:44,280 Speaker 1: be talking about the years after that war and then 28 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:48,000 Speaker 1: up through and after World War One. So Emily Hobhouse 29 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: was born April ninth, eighteen sixty in St Eve in 30 00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:54,720 Speaker 1: eastern Cornwall. St Eve is not to be confused with 31 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:57,560 Speaker 1: St Ives, which is in western Cornwall on the coast. 32 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:02,600 Speaker 1: Her father was Reginald Hobhouse, Anglican priest and Archdeacon of Bodman. 33 00:02:03,440 --> 00:02:06,520 Speaker 1: Her mother, Caroline Trelawny, was the daughter of a baronet. 34 00:02:07,320 --> 00:02:10,440 Speaker 1: Although slavery in the slave trade had been abolished in 35 00:02:10,480 --> 00:02:13,679 Speaker 1: the UK before Emily was born, some of the family's 36 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: money had been earned through the slave trade in earlier generations. 37 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:20,000 Speaker 1: That was something Emily knew about when she was growing up. 38 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:25,560 Speaker 1: Emily had five surviving siblings. They were Caroline known as Carrie, Blanche, 39 00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:29,800 Speaker 1: Maud Alfred, and Leonard, and as was common at the time, 40 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:33,560 Speaker 1: the girls had a separate education from the boys. Emily's 41 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:37,080 Speaker 1: brothers went to prestigious schools, and Leonard in particular made 42 00:02:37,120 --> 00:02:40,079 Speaker 1: a name for himself at Oxford, but Emily and her 43 00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:43,800 Speaker 1: sisters had governesses and then finishing schools, and that was 44 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:46,400 Speaker 1: focused mainly on how to keep a household and be 45 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:50,800 Speaker 1: a good wife. Hobhouse later said, quote, I envied the 46 00:02:50,840 --> 00:02:54,079 Speaker 1: boys the special tutors. They had people whose brains they 47 00:02:54,080 --> 00:02:57,279 Speaker 1: had the right to pick, of whom they might ask questions, 48 00:02:57,720 --> 00:03:00,720 Speaker 1: and never had anyone to cut my mental teeth upon. 49 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:06,120 Speaker 1: In addition to her dissatisfaction with her education, Emily experienced 50 00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:09,960 Speaker 1: a series of tragedies. Beginning when she was sixteen. Her 51 00:03:09,960 --> 00:03:14,440 Speaker 1: sister Blanche developed an illness, probably tuberculosis, and the family 52 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,200 Speaker 1: went to Lose France with the hope that the climate 53 00:03:17,240 --> 00:03:20,240 Speaker 1: there would help her recover, but it did not. She 54 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:23,000 Speaker 1: died in eighteen seventy six at the age of nineteen. 55 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:27,359 Speaker 1: The trip had drained the family's financial resources, and once 56 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: they got back to Cornwall, there wasn't enough money to 57 00:03:30,160 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 1: send Emily back to finishing school. She really hadn't been 58 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:37,160 Speaker 1: satisfied with her education there, but once she was stuck 59 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:41,920 Speaker 1: at home, her relationship with her father became increasingly contentious. 60 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:44,560 Speaker 1: She was growing into her own person, with her own 61 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:48,640 Speaker 1: thoughts and opinions, and they were often in conflict with his. So, 62 00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:51,360 Speaker 1: for example, she did a lot of work in their community. 63 00:03:51,840 --> 00:03:54,120 Speaker 1: She would visit the poor and the sick, and that 64 00:03:54,160 --> 00:03:57,680 Speaker 1: included people whose beliefs who didn't strictly conform to the 65 00:03:57,760 --> 00:04:02,640 Speaker 1: Anglican Church. Her five other thought religious dissidents should be shunned, 66 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:06,920 Speaker 1: but she kept visiting them nonetheless. Emily's mother died of 67 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:10,440 Speaker 1: a brain tumor in eighteen eighty when Emily was twenty. 68 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:13,880 Speaker 1: By that point, Emily's sister Carrie was married and their 69 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:17,320 Speaker 1: brothers were away. Leonard was at Oxford and Alfred had 70 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:19,919 Speaker 1: moved to New Zealand, so that minute was up to 71 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:23,960 Speaker 1: Emily and Maud to look after their aging father. Maud 72 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:26,600 Speaker 1: got married in eighteen eighty nine to a man who 73 00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: wasn't seen as the best match for her, leading to 74 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:32,080 Speaker 1: some speculation that she was mostly just trying to get 75 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:35,479 Speaker 1: out of the house. That left Emily, who was the 76 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 1: youngest Hobhouse daughter, in the role of both housekeeper and 77 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:42,359 Speaker 1: caregiver to her father. She wanted to get married and 78 00:04:42,400 --> 00:04:44,760 Speaker 1: to have children, and she did have some suitors, but 79 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:47,680 Speaker 1: her father was opposed to the idea of her marrying. 80 00:04:48,760 --> 00:04:50,560 Speaker 1: He of course knew that if she got married she 81 00:04:50,600 --> 00:04:52,719 Speaker 1: would not have as much time or attention for him. 82 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:55,599 Speaker 1: While they had servants to take care of some of 83 00:04:55,600 --> 00:04:57,720 Speaker 1: that day to day work, she found her life at 84 00:04:57,760 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 1: home really difficult and confining. Her major outlet continued to 85 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:04,640 Speaker 1: be working in the community, so teaching Sunday school and 86 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:08,600 Speaker 1: establishing a library, trying to help poor people with everything 87 00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:11,600 Speaker 1: from getting them food and closed to testifying on their 88 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:16,640 Speaker 1: behalf in court. Reginald Hubhouse died in a few months 89 00:05:16,640 --> 00:05:20,880 Speaker 1: before Emily's thirty fifth birthday. Within weeks, she took her 90 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:25,479 Speaker 1: inheritance of fifty pounds sterling and left St Eve. She 91 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:28,359 Speaker 1: spent time in London with relatives, but after six years 92 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:30,760 Speaker 1: living at the rectory with her father, she really just 93 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:32,920 Speaker 1: wanted to find something else to do with her life, 94 00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:38,359 Speaker 1: something with both adventure and meaning. She knew that mine 95 00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:41,880 Speaker 1: workers from Cornwall had immigrated to the United States and 96 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:45,200 Speaker 1: that conditions in the mining camps could be difficult, so 97 00:05:45,240 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 1: in the summer of eighteen nine she left Cornwall for Minnesota. 98 00:05:49,520 --> 00:05:52,600 Speaker 1: She wound up in the mining town of Virginia, Minnesota, 99 00:05:52,640 --> 00:05:55,320 Speaker 1: where it turned out there weren't that many mine workers 100 00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:59,080 Speaker 1: who were actually from Cornwall. The mining industry there wasn't 101 00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:02,520 Speaker 1: particularly stay so minds tended to close or change hands 102 00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:05,440 Speaker 1: pretty often, and most of the Cornish miners who had 103 00:06:05,480 --> 00:06:09,120 Speaker 1: immigrated there had also moved on when their minds had closed. 104 00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:13,119 Speaker 1: Immigrants from other areas had moved in when new minds 105 00:06:13,200 --> 00:06:16,359 Speaker 1: opened up, so hot House stayed on, even though that 106 00:06:16,480 --> 00:06:18,960 Speaker 1: wasn't original plan was to work with people from Cornwall, 107 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,839 Speaker 1: and she was working with a different group. She worked 108 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:25,560 Speaker 1: on a variety of social programs. She established a library, 109 00:06:25,720 --> 00:06:28,839 Speaker 1: she taught people to read. She discovered that the hospital 110 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 1: had a dentist but not a doctor, so she did 111 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:34,599 Speaker 1: wish she could to help care for patients. She taught 112 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:36,960 Speaker 1: Sunday school, and she went out to the mining camps 113 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:41,560 Speaker 1: to preach to the workers, which displeased Episcopal minister James McGonagall, 114 00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:44,080 Speaker 1: who thought that that was not appropriate for a woman 115 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:48,280 Speaker 1: to do. She had other disputes with church leaders as well. 116 00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:51,120 Speaker 1: Like the mine workers day off was Sunday, so she 117 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: thought the library should be open on Sunday so they 118 00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:56,479 Speaker 1: could use it. But a lot of the local clergy 119 00:06:56,520 --> 00:06:59,760 Speaker 1: thought that the library should be closed on Sunday obviously 120 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:03,480 Speaker 1: because it was Sunday. Although the mine workers seemed to 121 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:07,760 Speaker 1: have generally appreciated hobhouses help, not all of her efforts 122 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:11,880 Speaker 1: were successful. She tried to start a temperance program, and 123 00:07:11,960 --> 00:07:15,320 Speaker 1: while some of the miners signed temperance pledges, saloons were 124 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:17,480 Speaker 1: everywhere and a lot of people just wanted it to 125 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:21,440 Speaker 1: stay that way. While living in Minnesota, Emily Hobhouse fell 126 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:25,360 Speaker 1: in love with John Carr Jackson. They had met previously 127 00:07:25,440 --> 00:07:27,760 Speaker 1: when they've been staying in the same boarding house, and 128 00:07:27,840 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 1: since then he had started a business. He had also 129 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:34,000 Speaker 1: been elected mayor of Virginia and was talking about running 130 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:38,160 Speaker 1: for Congress. Eventually, they became engaged and they decided to 131 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:42,160 Speaker 1: move to Mexico. Their plan was for Emily to travel 132 00:07:42,200 --> 00:07:45,640 Speaker 1: to Mexico first and then John would join later. He 133 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:48,440 Speaker 1: was having some financial difficulties and he needed to get 134 00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,520 Speaker 1: his money in order. When Emily got to Mexico, she 135 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:54,960 Speaker 1: bought a farm, one that grew things like coffee, bananas, 136 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,440 Speaker 1: and vanilla, and she had a house bill where she 137 00:07:57,480 --> 00:08:00,840 Speaker 1: and John would live. It was in a location, so 138 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:03,640 Speaker 1: she bought this property without seeing it, and she never 139 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:07,240 Speaker 1: visited it. She spent part of eight six waiting for 140 00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:10,960 Speaker 1: John to join her, but back in the United States, 141 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:15,720 Speaker 1: John's businesses completely collapsed. He and Emily kept making plans 142 00:08:15,760 --> 00:08:18,800 Speaker 1: to reunite, and she kept her wedding dress with her. 143 00:08:18,880 --> 00:08:22,160 Speaker 1: As each of them traveled, their plans kept falling through, 144 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:25,560 Speaker 1: though they did see each other again at least once. 145 00:08:25,600 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 1: She went to England to visit family in eighteen seven 146 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:31,760 Speaker 1: and he met up with her there. They never got married, 147 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: though in the end, Emily lost the farm as well 148 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:37,840 Speaker 1: as the money that she had spent securing a government 149 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:42,440 Speaker 1: contract for John to provide meat to Mexico City, and 150 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: her relationship with John eventually ended. It's not totally clear 151 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:48,520 Speaker 1: why they never married, but it seems like he was 152 00:08:48,559 --> 00:08:52,640 Speaker 1: financially incompetent at best, and at worst trying to take 153 00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:57,520 Speaker 1: advantage of her financially by Hobhouse was back in London, 154 00:08:57,679 --> 00:09:00,640 Speaker 1: staying with her aunt and uncle, Lord Arthur and Lady 155 00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:03,720 Speaker 1: Mary Hobhouse. She was very close to both of them, 156 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:05,600 Speaker 1: and in a lot of ways they were like parents 157 00:09:05,640 --> 00:09:09,240 Speaker 1: to her. She kept doing work in the community, really 158 00:09:09,280 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 1: focusing on at risk women and children. In nineteen hundred 159 00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:15,720 Speaker 1: she published an article in the Economic Journal that was 160 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 1: titled dust Women. It was about women who physically sorted 161 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: household garbage. They got paid ten to fifteen shillings a week. 162 00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:25,720 Speaker 1: They were called dust women because this work was so 163 00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: dirty and dusty. More communities were starting to use things 164 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:33,600 Speaker 1: like incinerators to deal with their garbage, and social reformers 165 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,320 Speaker 1: were arguing that this garbage sorting was not a healthy 166 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:39,080 Speaker 1: job for women to do. They were arguing that this 167 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:43,360 Speaker 1: work should be abolished. So hop House documented the workers 168 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:47,240 Speaker 1: pay and working conditions, how those conditions could be improved, 169 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:50,600 Speaker 1: and whether the women actually had other options for work 170 00:09:50,679 --> 00:09:55,079 Speaker 1: if this job went away. This had some common themes 171 00:09:55,120 --> 00:09:57,640 Speaker 1: to her work in South Africa during the Second Anglo 172 00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:00,160 Speaker 1: Boer War, which we were going to get to after 173 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:12,400 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. We talked a bit about the development 174 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:15,520 Speaker 1: of the British and Dutch presence and what's now South 175 00:10:15,520 --> 00:10:19,040 Speaker 1: Africa and that recent episode on the women's March to Pretoria, 176 00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:22,600 Speaker 1: and it's relevant here as well, so to briefly recap. 177 00:10:23,160 --> 00:10:27,240 Speaker 1: Britain and the Netherlands established forts and colonies and parts 178 00:10:27,240 --> 00:10:30,959 Speaker 1: of South Africa starting in the seventeenth century, and then 179 00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:34,400 Speaker 1: Britain took control of the region during the Napoleonic Wars. 180 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:39,240 Speaker 1: There were immediate tensions between the British and the Boors. 181 00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:42,360 Speaker 1: That's a term that comes from a Dutch word for farmer, 182 00:10:42,880 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 1: but had come to describe people who were living in 183 00:10:45,240 --> 00:10:49,920 Speaker 1: South Africa and had Dutch, German or Hugueno ancestry. As 184 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,600 Speaker 1: more British people arrived in South Africa and British officials 185 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:57,360 Speaker 1: increased their control over the region, many Boors started moving 186 00:10:57,440 --> 00:10:59,560 Speaker 1: north and east in what came to be known as 187 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:03,560 Speaker 1: the Great Trek. This migration peaked between eighteen thirty five 188 00:11:03,559 --> 00:11:06,880 Speaker 1: and eighteen forty one, but it continued into the eighteen fifties. 189 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:10,760 Speaker 1: This wasn't simply a move north to establish new settlements 190 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:14,640 Speaker 1: and get away from British control. There were multiple incredibly 191 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:18,200 Speaker 1: violent conflicts with the local peoples and kingdoms, including the 192 00:11:18,280 --> 00:11:21,920 Speaker 1: Zulu and the Bell. The Boors established what came to 193 00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:25,400 Speaker 1: be known as the Boer Republics, and these coalesced into 194 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 1: the South African Republic. Also called the trans Ball and 195 00:11:28,559 --> 00:11:33,400 Speaker 1: the Orange Free State. These were initially independent and self governing, 196 00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:38,320 Speaker 1: but Britain continued to expand its presence farther into South Africa, 197 00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:42,200 Speaker 1: and then when diamonds were discovered in the Transpall, Britain 198 00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:46,440 Speaker 1: unsurprisingly annexed it. All this fed into the First Boer War, 199 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:49,480 Speaker 1: which was also called the First War of Independence or 200 00:11:49,480 --> 00:11:53,200 Speaker 1: the First transpal War of Independence from that perspective, that 201 00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:56,920 Speaker 1: started in eighteen eighty This war ended in a Boer 202 00:11:57,080 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: victory in eighteen eighty one. The South African Public was 203 00:12:00,559 --> 00:12:04,120 Speaker 1: designated as a British suzerainty, with Britain in charge of 204 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:08,200 Speaker 1: things like international affairs and relationships with the local African 205 00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:12,320 Speaker 1: nations and kingdoms, but beyond that the republic was self governing. 206 00:12:13,080 --> 00:12:15,920 Speaker 1: This did not put an end to the tensions between 207 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:19,679 Speaker 1: the British and the Borer republics, though, especially after gold 208 00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:23,680 Speaker 1: was discovered in the Transfall in eighteen eighties six. This time, 209 00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:27,960 Speaker 1: Britain didn't directly annex this territory, but a lot of 210 00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:31,320 Speaker 1: newcomers started flocking to the area, and that led to 211 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:35,160 Speaker 1: disputes between the Boers and eight Landers or foreigners, most 212 00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:39,520 Speaker 1: of whom were British. Tensions escalated between these groups of 213 00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:42,640 Speaker 1: people and between the Borer leadership of the republics and 214 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:46,160 Speaker 1: British officials. It was like a local and more colonial 215 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:50,040 Speaker 1: slash national level that was disputes were going on. A 216 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:53,040 Speaker 1: peace conference held in the Orange Free State capital of 217 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:57,760 Speaker 1: bloom Fontaine in May and June of was unsuccessful at 218 00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 1: resolving all of this, and the Second or War, also 219 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:04,040 Speaker 1: called the Second Anglo bar War, the South African War, 220 00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:07,480 Speaker 1: or the Second War of Independence, started in October of 221 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:12,880 Speaker 1: eighteen Wars are, of course, incredibly complex, so this was 222 00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:16,720 Speaker 1: just a sketchy overview. For the first few months of 223 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:21,000 Speaker 1: this war, things in South Africa progressed through pretty conventional fighting. 224 00:13:21,559 --> 00:13:24,800 Speaker 1: A string of Boer victories in December of eighteen ninety 225 00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:28,559 Speaker 1: nine was nicknamed Black Week in the British press. This 226 00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:32,079 Speaker 1: marked a huge wave of enlistments into the military as 227 00:13:32,120 --> 00:13:35,040 Speaker 1: people in the British Empire wanted to turn the tide 228 00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:39,360 Speaker 1: of the war. In February of nineteen hundred, British Field 229 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,360 Speaker 1: Marshal Lord Frederick Roberts arrived in South Africa with reinforcements. 230 00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:46,680 Speaker 1: Over the course of the war, troops from all over 231 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:51,000 Speaker 1: the British Empire served in South Africa, including from Australia, Canada, 232 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:55,400 Speaker 1: and New Zealand. India was also British territory, and Indians 233 00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:59,640 Speaker 1: living in South Africa established the Natal Volunteer Ambulance Corps 234 00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:02,920 Speaker 1: that was founded by Bajandas Gandhi. They formed that to 235 00:14:02,960 --> 00:14:07,040 Speaker 1: act as stretcher bearers for the British troops. Soon British 236 00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:11,080 Speaker 1: forces in South Africa vastly outnumbered the Boer fighting force. 237 00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:13,360 Speaker 1: Over the course of the war, there were more than 238 00:14:13,440 --> 00:14:16,600 Speaker 1: five hundred thousand men on the British side and only 239 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:20,320 Speaker 1: about forty five thousand for the Boers. Each side also 240 00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:24,120 Speaker 1: recruited people from the local African population or pressed them 241 00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:27,880 Speaker 1: into service, although those numbers are as you can imagine, 242 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:32,120 Speaker 1: not as clear. On March thirteenth, the newly bolstered British 243 00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:36,720 Speaker 1: forces occupied Bloomfonteine, and two days later Lord Roberts announced 244 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 1: that any Boers who stopped fighting and signed a loyalty 245 00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:43,280 Speaker 1: oath would be free to return to their farms. More 246 00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:46,479 Speaker 1: than ten thousand people did so, and the British classified 247 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:51,040 Speaker 1: them as protected Burghers. They were also known as hands uppers. 248 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,480 Speaker 1: In May, Britain annexed the Orange Free State, renaming it 249 00:14:55,520 --> 00:14:59,200 Speaker 1: Orange of A Colony. Then in June written occupied the 250 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:04,800 Speaker 1: transpaal Ca Bital of Pretoria. Understandably, after occupying both of 251 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:08,400 Speaker 1: these capital cities and annexing the Orange Free State, Britain 252 00:15:08,440 --> 00:15:11,960 Speaker 1: thought it had essentially won the war, but soon Boer 253 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:16,200 Speaker 1: forces started a campaign of guerrilla warfare, including attacking railroad 254 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:20,760 Speaker 1: and telegraph lines. On June sixteenth, Lord Roberts announced what 255 00:15:20,840 --> 00:15:23,560 Speaker 1: came to be known as a scorched earth policy, so 256 00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:27,600 Speaker 1: if railroads or telegraph lines were attacked, British forces would 257 00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:32,840 Speaker 1: burn nearby farms and retaliation. The last major Boer force 258 00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: was defeated in August of nineteen hundred and by September 259 00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:41,000 Speaker 1: Britain had annexed the transvol but guerrilla warfare was still ongoing. 260 00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:44,680 Speaker 1: In November, Lord Roberts resigned due to illness, and he 261 00:15:44,720 --> 00:15:48,840 Speaker 1: was replaced by Herbert Kitchener, First Earl Kitchener, who escalated 262 00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:54,280 Speaker 1: roberts scorched earth policy. This included indiscriminately burning farms and 263 00:15:54,360 --> 00:15:58,120 Speaker 1: homes and killing and seizing livestock even when there had 264 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:02,160 Speaker 1: been no attacks on the infrastructure, or to purportedly justify it. 265 00:16:03,160 --> 00:16:06,840 Speaker 1: This scorched earth policy meant that there were a lot 266 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:11,240 Speaker 1: of Boer civilians who suddenly had nowhere to live. Most 267 00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:15,040 Speaker 1: of them were women and children. Britain had already established 268 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:17,920 Speaker 1: refugee camps to house people who had fled from their 269 00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:20,840 Speaker 1: homes because of the fighting, or who had surrendered and 270 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:23,320 Speaker 1: couldn't return to their farms, and at this point they 271 00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:27,400 Speaker 1: became concentration camps where Boer families were taken by force, 272 00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:31,360 Speaker 1: sometimes because their farm had been burned, sometimes under the 273 00:16:31,440 --> 00:16:34,080 Speaker 1: idea that the men in their lives might lay down 274 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:36,320 Speaker 1: their arms if they knew their families were in one 275 00:16:36,360 --> 00:16:41,560 Speaker 1: of these camps. On December twenty, Kitchener also instituted a 276 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:44,920 Speaker 1: policy that Boers who surrendered would be placed in camps 277 00:16:44,960 --> 00:16:49,520 Speaker 1: along with these families. When Emily Hobhouse traveled to South 278 00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:53,520 Speaker 1: Africa during the Boer War, it was to investigate conditions 279 00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:56,280 Speaker 1: in these camps and to deliver aid to the people 280 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:59,800 Speaker 1: in them. Getting to that part of the story, though, 281 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:02,680 Speaker 1: acquires us to rewind a bit to what she was 282 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:06,400 Speaker 1: doing from the beginning of the war. Yeah. I initially 283 00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:09,720 Speaker 1: tried to just tell those stories in Tandemen. I felt 284 00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:13,879 Speaker 1: like it was confusing in an audio format, so to 285 00:17:13,960 --> 00:17:16,320 Speaker 1: go back to the start of the war from Emily's perspective. 286 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:19,000 Speaker 1: Shortly after the war started, people in Britain who were 287 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:23,439 Speaker 1: opposed to it established the South African Conciliation Committee, and 288 00:17:23,480 --> 00:17:26,000 Speaker 1: its purpose was to try to find some kind of 289 00:17:26,119 --> 00:17:29,719 Speaker 1: peaceful resolution to the conflicts between the British and the Boers. 290 00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,600 Speaker 1: Emily Hobhouse was involved from this from the beginning and 291 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:37,879 Speaker 1: was named the committee's secretary. Hobhouse thought women had a 292 00:17:37,920 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 1: crucial role to play in the anti war movement. She 293 00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:44,840 Speaker 1: started organizing anti war activity out of her flat, including 294 00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:47,440 Speaker 1: helping the committee plan a mass meeting to be held 295 00:17:47,440 --> 00:17:52,720 Speaker 1: at Queen's Hall in London on June nine hundred thousands 296 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:55,080 Speaker 1: of women attended the meeting and they passed a set 297 00:17:55,080 --> 00:17:59,040 Speaker 1: of four resolutions condemning the war, protesting attempts to silent 298 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:04,000 Speaker 1: criticisms of government policy, protesting quote against any settlement which 299 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:08,200 Speaker 1: involves the extinction by force of two republics whose inhabitants 300 00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:11,919 Speaker 1: allied to us by blood and religion, cling as passionately 301 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,119 Speaker 1: to their separate nationality and flag as we do ours, 302 00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:19,480 Speaker 1: and expressing sympathy with the women of Transvaal and the 303 00:18:19,560 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 1: Orange Free State. This last resolution asked these women to 304 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:27,320 Speaker 1: remember that thousands of English women quote are filled with 305 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:30,439 Speaker 1: profound sorrow at the thought of their suffering and with 306 00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:34,359 Speaker 1: deep regret of the action of their own government. Because 307 00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:37,120 Speaker 1: of this work and her vocal opposition to the war, 308 00:18:37,359 --> 00:18:41,639 Speaker 1: Emily Hobhouse was harassed and criticized. Friends who supported the 309 00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:44,240 Speaker 1: war started cutting ties with her, and as she found 310 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,359 Speaker 1: herself cut off from a lot of her usual social circle, 311 00:18:47,440 --> 00:18:51,040 Speaker 1: she decided there was really nothing stopping her from going 312 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:54,520 Speaker 1: to South Africa herself to investigate what was going on 313 00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:59,080 Speaker 1: and to deliver supplies and relief. Virtually all of her 314 00:18:59,119 --> 00:19:01,920 Speaker 1: family and friends that she was still on speaking terms 315 00:19:01,920 --> 00:19:04,600 Speaker 1: with uh tried to talk her out of it, but 316 00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:09,200 Speaker 1: Hobhouse established the South Africa Women and Children Distress Fund 317 00:19:09,520 --> 00:19:12,520 Speaker 1: to raise money for things like food and clothing. She 318 00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,640 Speaker 1: also started studying Boer Dutch, which was what people called 319 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:19,920 Speaker 1: the language that would develop into Afrikaans. She also practiced 320 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,399 Speaker 1: the language with other passengers who spoke it as she 321 00:19:22,480 --> 00:19:25,560 Speaker 1: traveled to South Africa by ship. She arrived there in 322 00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:29,919 Speaker 1: late December of nineteen hundred. While Hobhouse was on the 323 00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:34,160 Speaker 1: way to South Africa, Lord Kitchener issued another order which 324 00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:37,000 Speaker 1: separated the Boer women who were placed in these camps 325 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,920 Speaker 1: into two groups. The wives and families of Burghers who 326 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:45,359 Speaker 1: had surrendered were classified as refugees, and the women whose 327 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:50,320 Speaker 1: husbands or other male family members were still fighting were undesirables. 328 00:19:51,119 --> 00:19:54,840 Speaker 1: Refugees were supposed to get preferential treatment and pretty much everything. 329 00:19:54,960 --> 00:19:58,120 Speaker 1: So for example, according to notebooks that Hobhouse kept while 330 00:19:58,119 --> 00:20:02,280 Speaker 1: she was in South Africa, undesirables got smaller amounts of 331 00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:06,399 Speaker 1: various rations, like they received one pound of meat twice 332 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 1: a week, while refugees got three quarters of a pound 333 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:13,600 Speaker 1: of meat every day. We're going to get into Hobhouses 334 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:16,560 Speaker 1: time in South Africa during the war, after a pause 335 00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 1: for a sponsor break, when Emily Hobhouse arrived in Cape 336 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:32,719 Speaker 1: Colony in December of her plan was to buy and 337 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:36,719 Speaker 1: distribute relief supplies. She had brought some letters of introduction 338 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:39,320 Speaker 1: with her, but she was worried about whether she was 339 00:20:39,359 --> 00:20:41,560 Speaker 1: actually up to the kind of work she was about 340 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:45,240 Speaker 1: to do. She had done, you know, community work, she 341 00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:47,520 Speaker 1: had taken that trip to Minnesota, but at this point 342 00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:50,159 Speaker 1: she was a single, forty year old woman in a 343 00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,240 Speaker 1: foreign country who was going to have to convince military 344 00:20:53,359 --> 00:20:56,240 Speaker 1: leaders to give her access to concentration camps in a 345 00:20:56,320 --> 00:20:59,439 Speaker 1: region that was at war. She also knew that this 346 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:02,440 Speaker 1: is going to be hard work, both emotionally and physically. 347 00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:04,840 Speaker 1: She had a heart condition that affected her for most 348 00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:08,600 Speaker 1: of her life. She started buying clothing and food to 349 00:21:08,680 --> 00:21:11,879 Speaker 1: take to the camps, but quickly realized that everything was 350 00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:14,800 Speaker 1: more expensive than it had been at home. The money 351 00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:16,879 Speaker 1: that she had raised through the South Africa Women and 352 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 1: Children Distress Fund did not go nearly as far as 353 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,560 Speaker 1: she wanted, but even so, when she wrote to her 354 00:21:22,560 --> 00:21:25,800 Speaker 1: brother about it, she said she had six tons each 355 00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:30,560 Speaker 1: of clothing and food. She sounded disappointed in this, not pleased, 356 00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:33,119 Speaker 1: since the amount only filled about half a train car. 357 00:21:34,160 --> 00:21:37,639 Speaker 1: Haveb House negotiated with various military officials to try to 358 00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:40,960 Speaker 1: get permission to visit the camps, and she finally got 359 00:21:40,960 --> 00:21:44,480 Speaker 1: a telegram from Lord Kitchener that granted permission to do it, 360 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:47,800 Speaker 1: but only to go as far north as bloom Fontaine, 361 00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:52,439 Speaker 1: preferably without taking a boorer woman with her. This is 362 00:21:52,440 --> 00:21:55,480 Speaker 1: a disappointment to her, both because there were camps north 363 00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:58,159 Speaker 1: of bloom Fontain that she wanted to go to and 364 00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:01,240 Speaker 1: also because she had planned to travel with a Boer 365 00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:04,200 Speaker 1: woman to interpret in case she turned out to need 366 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:10,400 Speaker 1: that also just to have company, Hibhouse carried this telegram 367 00:22:10,440 --> 00:22:13,240 Speaker 1: with her in case she ran into any problems, and 368 00:22:13,240 --> 00:22:15,720 Speaker 1: then she went to bloom Fontein on a troop train 369 00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:20,639 Speaker 1: on January. Conditions at the camp for boars in bloom 370 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:24,440 Speaker 1: Fontaine were terrible when she got there. It housed about 371 00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:27,920 Speaker 1: two thousand women, nine children, and a few men who 372 00:22:27,920 --> 00:22:31,600 Speaker 1: had surrendered. There weren't enough candles, so the few that 373 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:34,360 Speaker 1: the camp did have were saved to provide some light 374 00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:37,600 Speaker 1: for people who were caring for the seriously ill. The 375 00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:41,879 Speaker 1: tents were tremendously overcrowded, and if a person died, their 376 00:22:41,920 --> 00:22:44,240 Speaker 1: body just lay there in the tent until it could 377 00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:48,639 Speaker 1: be buried. This was demoralizing and de humanizing, and it 378 00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:52,680 Speaker 1: also caused huge problems with flies and odors, especially because 379 00:22:52,720 --> 00:22:56,200 Speaker 1: this was the summer. There was a herd of cows, 380 00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 1: but they were so underfed that they were barely producing 381 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:03,000 Speaker 1: any milk for the camp. There wasn't enough fuel to 382 00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,399 Speaker 1: cook or to boil water, and two buckets of water 383 00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:09,359 Speaker 1: hauled from a river was supposed to last eight people. 384 00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:12,919 Speaker 1: Throughout an entire day with that water, which was again 385 00:23:14,040 --> 00:23:16,320 Speaker 1: from a river, not very clean, that was supposed to 386 00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:19,439 Speaker 1: be used for everything cooking and cleaning and hygiene. And 387 00:23:19,480 --> 00:23:22,920 Speaker 1: then in terms of hygiene there was no soap. Combined 388 00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:25,800 Speaker 1: with a lack of clean water and the serious overcrowding, 389 00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:31,119 Speaker 1: this meant diseases spread really quickly. Regarding that lack of soap, 390 00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:34,199 Speaker 1: Hubhouse wrote, quote, this seems to have been due to 391 00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:38,200 Speaker 1: a careless order from headquarters with regards to the rations, 392 00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:40,560 Speaker 1: and men don't think of these things unless it is 393 00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:44,919 Speaker 1: suggested to them. They simply say how dirty these people are. 394 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,160 Speaker 1: As a side note, At various points in her writing, 395 00:23:48,440 --> 00:23:51,639 Speaker 1: Hobhouse makes pretty broad descriptions about the men she's dealing 396 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:54,639 Speaker 1: with who are making all these decisions. At one point, 397 00:23:54,680 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 1: she wrote about how the military just had no plan 398 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:01,720 Speaker 1: for clothing the people who were in the camps, many 399 00:24:01,760 --> 00:24:04,600 Speaker 1: of whom had arrived at the camps with nothing because 400 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:08,800 Speaker 1: that same military had also burned down their homes. She wrote, 401 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:14,400 Speaker 1: quote crass male ignorance, stupidity, helplessness, and muddling. I rub 402 00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:17,080 Speaker 1: as much salt into the sore places of their minds 403 00:24:17,119 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: as I possibly can, because it is so good for them, 404 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:22,040 Speaker 1: but I can't help but melting a little when they 405 00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:25,359 Speaker 1: are very humble and confess that the whole thing is 406 00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:29,800 Speaker 1: a grievous and gigantic blunder and presents an almost insoluble 407 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:34,879 Speaker 1: problem and they don't know how to face it. I 408 00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:36,560 Speaker 1: feel like that could be applied to a lot of 409 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:40,040 Speaker 1: people in a lot of situations. Um Hobhouse talked to 410 00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:42,320 Speaker 1: the women and children at this camp and recorded their 411 00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:46,359 Speaker 1: stories as she studied the conditions there. She also distributed 412 00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:49,439 Speaker 1: food and clothing, and she did other things that she 413 00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:52,160 Speaker 1: just thought needed to be done, like on her first day, 414 00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:57,040 Speaker 1: a snake sometimes described specifically as a puff adder, crawled 415 00:24:57,080 --> 00:24:59,240 Speaker 1: into a tent where she was talking with some women 416 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:03,080 Speaker 1: and children, and everyone else fled. She killed the snake 417 00:25:03,119 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 1: with her parasol because she quote could not bear to 418 00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:08,320 Speaker 1: think the things should be at large in a community 419 00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:12,040 Speaker 1: mostly sleeping on the ground. There's more than one story 420 00:25:12,080 --> 00:25:14,399 Speaker 1: from her life about Emily Hobhouse killing a snake with 421 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:20,440 Speaker 1: her parasol as everybody else screamed it right away. Hobhouse 422 00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:24,439 Speaker 1: also visited other Boer camps, including ones farther north than 423 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:28,000 Speaker 1: Bloemfontaine and it's not totally clear how or whether she 424 00:25:28,119 --> 00:25:31,800 Speaker 1: got permission to do that, contrary to what Lord Kitchener 425 00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:34,919 Speaker 1: had told her she could do. At some of these camps, 426 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:38,879 Speaker 1: the conditions weren't quite as dire like they weren't as overcrowded, 427 00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:41,320 Speaker 1: and maybe they had water that was piped in from 428 00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:45,399 Speaker 1: a spring instead of being hauled from a river and buckets. 429 00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:48,840 Speaker 1: But in others it was worse, like tents that weren't 430 00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:52,760 Speaker 1: just overcrowded, they were also leaky, or food that wasn't 431 00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:56,520 Speaker 1: just in short supply, but was also infested with maggots. 432 00:25:57,480 --> 00:26:00,199 Speaker 1: Sometimes she also returned to a camp that she had 433 00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:03,760 Speaker 1: already visited to find that the conditions had deteriorated while 434 00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:07,080 Speaker 1: she was away, that the situation becoming even dirtier and 435 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:10,840 Speaker 1: more overcrowded. She also saw people who were in desperate 436 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,399 Speaker 1: need and weren't in a camp, like a group of 437 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:16,840 Speaker 1: about six hundred women and children that she saw stranded 438 00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:19,399 Speaker 1: at a train station who were still there when she 439 00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:25,159 Speaker 1: passed back through roughly ten days later. Hobhouse spoke very 440 00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:29,600 Speaker 1: stridently to officers in charge about the conditions at these camps, 441 00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:33,879 Speaker 1: which were not just unpleasant, they were deadly illnesses like 442 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:38,560 Speaker 1: typhoid and measles were just rampant. At one point, an 443 00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:41,320 Speaker 1: officer and Kimberly refused to let her go back to 444 00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:44,160 Speaker 1: bloom Fontaine, telling her she could go to a town 445 00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:47,000 Speaker 1: that was outside of the former Boor republics, or she 446 00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:50,119 Speaker 1: could go back to Cape Town. Like not interested in 447 00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:52,800 Speaker 1: letting her go back to somewhere she might keep causing trouble, 448 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:55,280 Speaker 1: so she wound up going back to Cape Town used 449 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:58,520 Speaker 1: that opportunity to get more supplies before returning back to 450 00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:02,360 Speaker 1: the Boer camps again. Something that she did not do 451 00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:06,280 Speaker 1: was to investigate or visit what we're known as native camps, 452 00:27:06,680 --> 00:27:10,040 Speaker 1: Native being a term used to describe black people in 453 00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:14,040 Speaker 1: South Africa. There were some black people in the Boer camps, 454 00:27:14,119 --> 00:27:17,439 Speaker 1: mostly household servants that Boers had brought with them, but 455 00:27:17,480 --> 00:27:20,320 Speaker 1: there were also separate camps for black people who had 456 00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,880 Speaker 1: been displaced through the war and that scorched Earth policy, 457 00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:26,080 Speaker 1: whether the farm they had been working on had been 458 00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:30,400 Speaker 1: destroyed or for some other reason. Most black people were 459 00:27:30,440 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 1: transported to or arrived in these camps in mid nineteen 460 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:38,760 Speaker 1: o one or later. Overall, there's been way less research 461 00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:42,000 Speaker 1: into these camps than into the camps for boarders, and 462 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:44,440 Speaker 1: most of that research has been done only in more 463 00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:48,360 Speaker 1: recent years. But in general these camps had even fewer 464 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:51,760 Speaker 1: resources and less organization and worse conditions than the Boer 465 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:55,479 Speaker 1: camps did. There were also more men at these camps 466 00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:58,080 Speaker 1: than at the Boer camps, since they tended to include 467 00:27:58,160 --> 00:28:01,800 Speaker 1: farm workers and in some case those entire villages that 468 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:06,840 Speaker 1: had been captured or displaced. Hobhouse knew these other camps existed, 469 00:28:06,920 --> 00:28:10,399 Speaker 1: and she thought they probably also needed help. She tried 470 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:13,760 Speaker 1: to get other organizations to send representatives to South Africa 471 00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:17,600 Speaker 1: to do their own investigation, organizations that she thought might 472 00:28:17,680 --> 00:28:20,760 Speaker 1: already have an interest in the welfare of the black population, 473 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:25,159 Speaker 1: like the Quakers and the Aborigines Protection Society that was 474 00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:28,639 Speaker 1: an international organization focused on the rights and welfare of 475 00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:33,320 Speaker 1: indigenous and Aboriginal peoples throughout the British Empire. Her report 476 00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:36,840 Speaker 1: back to the South Africa Women and Children Distress Fund 477 00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:40,840 Speaker 1: also contained multiple references to the native camps and their 478 00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:44,400 Speaker 1: need for help, at one point saying quote, I understand 479 00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:47,120 Speaker 1: the death rate in the one at Bloomfontein to be 480 00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:50,560 Speaker 1: very high, and so also in other places, but I 481 00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:55,520 Speaker 1: cannot possibly pay any attention to them myself. This report 482 00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:59,000 Speaker 1: doesn't say why she could not possibly pay attention to 483 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:02,520 Speaker 1: them herself. One possible reason is that she had raised 484 00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:05,520 Speaker 1: this money specifically to help borer women and children, and 485 00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:07,680 Speaker 1: she didn't think she could use it for another purpose. 486 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:11,000 Speaker 1: Although some of the people in these so called native 487 00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:14,000 Speaker 1: camps may have spoken some boor Dutch, most of them 488 00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:16,920 Speaker 1: were more likely to speak a Bantu language, which hop 489 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:19,400 Speaker 1: House didn't speak and also wouldn't have had as many 490 00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:24,000 Speaker 1: resources for learning. Another possibility is that she thought focusing 491 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,960 Speaker 1: her attention and resources on black people might alienate the 492 00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:30,840 Speaker 1: borer women whose trust she was trying to gain, or 493 00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:34,200 Speaker 1: that they might find it antagonizing, or that the people 494 00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:37,240 Speaker 1: whose financial support she was relying on to do this 495 00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:40,800 Speaker 1: work might see it that way. Although hob houses own 496 00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:44,720 Speaker 1: values included racial equality, if this was her rationale, she 497 00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:50,120 Speaker 1: was basically appeasing racists. Whatever her exact reasoning or how 498 00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:54,240 Speaker 1: she felt about it, this decision had multiple long term effects. 499 00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,800 Speaker 1: One was at the concentration camps for black people did 500 00:29:57,840 --> 00:30:00,440 Speaker 1: not get nearly the attention that the ones for boers 501 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:03,560 Speaker 1: did not in terms of relief during the war, and 502 00:30:03,640 --> 00:30:07,160 Speaker 1: not in terms of documentation and historical focus later on. 503 00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:10,680 Speaker 1: Over the course of the war, there were at least 504 00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:14,080 Speaker 1: fifty camps for Boers and at least sixty four for 505 00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:18,680 Speaker 1: Black Africans, and in total about two hundred eighty five 506 00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:22,040 Speaker 1: thousand people were held at these two sets of camps. 507 00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:26,880 Speaker 1: About fifty five thousand of them died, about thirty thousand 508 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,880 Speaker 1: of them were white, and about five thousand of them 509 00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:33,440 Speaker 1: were black. Most of these deaths were among children, and 510 00:30:33,480 --> 00:30:37,240 Speaker 1: most of them were due to disease. For comparison, there 511 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:39,880 Speaker 1: were a little more than twenty one thousand deaths among 512 00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:43,680 Speaker 1: British soldiers during the war, two thirds of those from disease, 513 00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:48,160 Speaker 1: and just under ten thousand military deaths among the Boers. 514 00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:51,080 Speaker 1: Both the British and the Boers recruited black people to 515 00:30:51,160 --> 00:30:55,480 Speaker 1: do everything from manual labor to active combat, including forcing 516 00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:59,320 Speaker 1: some of them into service. Their death toll is not clear, 517 00:30:59,520 --> 00:31:02,680 Speaker 1: but even with that in mind, more people died in 518 00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:05,640 Speaker 1: these camps than were killed in combat during the Second 519 00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:11,440 Speaker 1: Anglo Boer War. Emily Hobhouse advocated for changes and improvements 520 00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:14,160 Speaker 1: at the Boer camps while she was in South Africa, 521 00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:17,280 Speaker 1: things like getting a train boiler and using that to 522 00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:21,000 Speaker 1: boil the water for the whole camp, assigning a matron 523 00:31:21,040 --> 00:31:23,960 Speaker 1: to each camp who spoke both English and door Dutch, 524 00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:29,280 Speaker 1: establishing schools for the children, reducing overcrowding, and providing more food, water, 525 00:31:29,440 --> 00:31:33,080 Speaker 1: and soap, but a lot of the time officials just 526 00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,160 Speaker 1: dismissed her. Eventually, she felt like she had done everything 527 00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:38,160 Speaker 1: she could in South Africa and that to get to 528 00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:40,600 Speaker 1: the root of this problem she would have to go 529 00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:44,280 Speaker 1: back to England to talk to government and military leaders there, 530 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:47,560 Speaker 1: and to publish uncensored accounts of what she had seen. 531 00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:51,600 Speaker 1: People in Britain were at least somewhat aware of what 532 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:55,160 Speaker 1: was happening in South Africa, although a lot of correspondents 533 00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:59,240 Speaker 1: out of South Africa had been censored. Newspapers had reported 534 00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:02,840 Speaker 1: on the scorched earth policy. It had not caused a 535 00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:06,200 Speaker 1: lot of outcry in Britain, though some people thought it 536 00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:09,640 Speaker 1: was justified since British troops sometimes found weapons on Boer 537 00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:14,720 Speaker 1: farms and some Boers who signed loyalty oaths ultimately resumed fighting. 538 00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:18,480 Speaker 1: But by early nineteen oh one, word was starting to 539 00:32:18,560 --> 00:32:22,960 Speaker 1: spread about how dire the situation was. On February eighteenth, 540 00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:26,160 Speaker 1: Liberal MP David Lloyd George gave a speech before the 541 00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:29,240 Speaker 1: House of Commons and which he quoted a Lieutenant Morrison 542 00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:31,920 Speaker 1: is saying, quote, the country is like Scotland, and we 543 00:32:31,960 --> 00:32:35,840 Speaker 1: moved from valley to valley, lifting cattle and sheep, burning 544 00:32:35,920 --> 00:32:39,000 Speaker 1: and looting and turning out women and children who weep 545 00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:42,840 Speaker 1: in despair beside the ruin of their once beautiful homes. 546 00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:46,320 Speaker 1: It was the first touch of Kitchener's iron hand, and 547 00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:49,520 Speaker 1: often a terrible thing to witness. And I do not 548 00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:52,640 Speaker 1: know that I want to see another trip of this sort. 549 00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:56,640 Speaker 1: Emily Hobhouse arrived back in England a little over three 550 00:32:56,640 --> 00:33:01,080 Speaker 1: months after that, on nineteen o one. In June, she 551 00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:03,720 Speaker 1: issued her report of a visit to the camps of 552 00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:06,800 Speaker 1: women and children in the Cape and Orange River colonies. 553 00:33:07,520 --> 00:33:10,120 Speaker 1: This report detailed what she had observed in the camps 554 00:33:10,160 --> 00:33:13,840 Speaker 1: and her recommendations that someone be tasked with doing something 555 00:33:13,920 --> 00:33:17,760 Speaker 1: similar for the camps for black people. Although the people 556 00:33:17,840 --> 00:33:21,400 Speaker 1: have House was talking about were civilians, almost all of 557 00:33:21,440 --> 00:33:24,720 Speaker 1: them women and children, she was branded as pro boer. 558 00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:29,080 Speaker 1: People called her hysterical and biased. She tried to arrange 559 00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: meetings and public addresses to tell people more about what 560 00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:35,760 Speaker 1: she had found, but again and again venues canceled her 561 00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:39,479 Speaker 1: bookings or local authorities refused to give her permission to speak. 562 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,880 Speaker 1: When she did manage to put together a speaking to her, 563 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,200 Speaker 1: she was harassed, including people throwing vegetables at her. At 564 00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:51,240 Speaker 1: the same time, though, the government also faced increasing criticism 565 00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:54,800 Speaker 1: about what she reported, and some government leaders who spoke 566 00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:58,320 Speaker 1: to her were on her side. Liberal Party leader Sir 567 00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:02,240 Speaker 1: Henry Campbell Bannerman, for ample, used the phrase quote methods 568 00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:06,600 Speaker 1: of barbarism to describe the things that Hobhouse had told him. 569 00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:11,080 Speaker 1: Now that term became pretty tightly connected to Britain's actions 570 00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:16,920 Speaker 1: during this war. The British government tasked Milicent Fawcett with 571 00:34:17,160 --> 00:34:20,080 Speaker 1: leading a commission of women to go to South Africa 572 00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:24,799 Speaker 1: and investigate. Although Fawcett was a suffragist and a campaigner 573 00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:28,479 Speaker 1: for women's rights, she generally supported the government and the war, 574 00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:32,280 Speaker 1: so she was seen as more moderate than Emily Hobhouse 575 00:34:32,360 --> 00:34:35,880 Speaker 1: and kind of a better choice from the government's perspective 576 00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:40,239 Speaker 1: of somebody to send down there. The Fawcett Commission confirmed 577 00:34:40,280 --> 00:34:43,000 Speaker 1: a lot of what Pobhouse had reported about things like 578 00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:45,480 Speaker 1: a lack of food and clean water, and it made 579 00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:48,640 Speaker 1: a lot of recommendations for things like providing more fuel 580 00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:52,040 Speaker 1: and more food and including having more fruits and vegetables 581 00:34:52,040 --> 00:34:56,480 Speaker 1: available things like that. Like Hobhouse, the Faucet Commission did 582 00:34:56,520 --> 00:34:59,839 Speaker 1: not visit or investigate the camps for black people at all, 583 00:35:00,680 --> 00:35:04,080 Speaker 1: and when Hobhouse realized this, she once again tried to 584 00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:06,520 Speaker 1: find someone else to do it, but it does not 585 00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:10,920 Speaker 1: appear that effort was successful. Emily Hobhouse tried to return 586 00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:14,000 Speaker 1: to the Boer camps in the fall of nineteen oh one. 587 00:35:14,520 --> 00:35:16,799 Speaker 1: She knew that British authorities were keeping an eye on 588 00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:19,600 Speaker 1: her and would not approve of this trip, so she 589 00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:22,600 Speaker 1: kept her travel plans a secret, but word got out 590 00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:25,560 Speaker 1: while she was on the way to South Africa. When 591 00:35:25,560 --> 00:35:28,919 Speaker 1: her ship got to Cape Town, authorities refused to let 592 00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:32,680 Speaker 1: her disembark until another ship was ready to depart for England. 593 00:35:33,360 --> 00:35:37,120 Speaker 1: Then she was restrained with her own shawl and physically 594 00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:40,600 Speaker 1: carried from one ship to the other. Her response to 595 00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:44,319 Speaker 1: the soldiers who forcibly removed her was this quote, you 596 00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:47,960 Speaker 1: are disgracing your uniforms by obeying such an order. A 597 00:35:48,120 --> 00:35:52,000 Speaker 1: higher law forbids you. The laws of God and humanity 598 00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:55,759 Speaker 1: forbid you. At this point, In addition to the heart 599 00:35:55,760 --> 00:35:59,520 Speaker 1: condition that we mentioned earlier, Hobhouse was experiencing back pain 600 00:35:59,640 --> 00:36:03,080 Speaker 1: and near ritus. She had also fallen and injured her 601 00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:05,920 Speaker 1: hip on the voyage to South Africa. This is all 602 00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:09,439 Speaker 1: physically very difficult. The ship that she was sent back 603 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:12,360 Speaker 1: to Britain on was a troop transport, and the only 604 00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:15,640 Speaker 1: other women on board were officers wives, who all refused 605 00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:19,400 Speaker 1: to speak to her. The voyage took more than twenty 606 00:36:19,520 --> 00:36:22,600 Speaker 1: days in each direction, and this time it was forty 607 00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:26,080 Speaker 1: eight days total, and she had no way to wash 608 00:36:26,160 --> 00:36:30,400 Speaker 1: her clothes that entire time. Her family also didn't know 609 00:36:30,440 --> 00:36:33,719 Speaker 1: what had happened to her. A friend in Cape Town 610 00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:36,960 Speaker 1: sent a coded telegram to her relatives, which her brother 611 00:36:37,160 --> 00:36:41,080 Speaker 1: Leonard eventually decoded to learn that she had been deported. 612 00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:45,560 Speaker 1: Lord Alfred Milner, High Commissioner for South Africa and Governor 613 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,920 Speaker 1: of the Cape Colony, took over administration of the camps 614 00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:53,040 Speaker 1: in November of nineteen o one. On December fifteenth, Lord 615 00:36:53,120 --> 00:36:56,239 Speaker 1: Kitchener issued an order that women and children not be 616 00:36:56,320 --> 00:37:01,280 Speaker 1: transported to the camps anymore. Together with the set commissions changes, 617 00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:04,160 Speaker 1: this seems to have reduced the death rate at the camps, 618 00:37:04,239 --> 00:37:09,040 Speaker 1: at least in the camps for Boers. The Boers surrendered 619 00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:11,480 Speaker 1: in late May of nineteen o two, and the war 620 00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:15,040 Speaker 1: officially ended with the Treaty of Fanniging on May thirty 621 00:37:15,120 --> 00:37:18,640 Speaker 1: one of that year. The two Boer republics were placed 622 00:37:18,719 --> 00:37:22,839 Speaker 1: under British authority, but they did retain a lot of autonomy. 623 00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:25,359 Speaker 1: This is where we're ending this episode, and we will 624 00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:29,200 Speaker 1: talk about Emily Hobhouse's life after the war next time. 625 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:32,760 Speaker 1: This is kind of a logical stopping point, especially because 626 00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:35,960 Speaker 1: that part of her work is the thing that most 627 00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:38,759 Speaker 1: people like. That's the thing that she's become more associated with, 628 00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:42,400 Speaker 1: But she had a whole, whole other part of her 629 00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:45,319 Speaker 1: work that's going to follow. Do you have listener mail 630 00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:49,280 Speaker 1: for us? This is from Teddy I do. Teddy has 631 00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:53,600 Speaker 1: titled this email. I went to a Shaker school, and 632 00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:55,919 Speaker 1: Teddy wrote, Hi, Tracy and Holly. I wanted to write 633 00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:58,560 Speaker 1: in after the episode on Rebecca Cox Jackson because I 634 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:01,279 Speaker 1: have a close history with the Akers. I went to 635 00:38:01,320 --> 00:38:04,440 Speaker 1: the high school that's currently occupying three of the families 636 00:38:04,480 --> 00:38:08,239 Speaker 1: that's building groups of the Mount Lebanon Shaker village. When 637 00:38:08,239 --> 00:38:11,160 Speaker 1: the Lebanon Shakers were low on numbers, they started a 638 00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:15,000 Speaker 1: boy's school that's still continuing today. I went to class 639 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,640 Speaker 1: and rooms that used to be Shaker workshops and homes, 640 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:20,440 Speaker 1: and I especially love the meeting house building, which is 641 00:38:20,480 --> 00:38:23,560 Speaker 1: now the school's library. I'll never forget the words two 642 00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:26,800 Speaker 1: simple gifts, and I remember all sorts of morbid rumors 643 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:30,359 Speaker 1: about them, some real, like one building was used as 644 00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:33,280 Speaker 1: a morgue and body storage if a brother or sister 645 00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:35,600 Speaker 1: died in the winter and the ground was too frozen 646 00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:38,960 Speaker 1: to dig a grave, and probably some not true, like 647 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:41,120 Speaker 1: that a building was haunted by the ghosts of a 648 00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:44,239 Speaker 1: baby secretly born to a Shaker sister and hidden in 649 00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:47,799 Speaker 1: the walls. Thank you for educating me about Rebecca and 650 00:38:47,840 --> 00:38:50,719 Speaker 1: her mission. I've always been fascinated by the visions and 651 00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:53,840 Speaker 1: gifts that Shakers experience and how they influenced the leadership 652 00:38:53,880 --> 00:38:56,600 Speaker 1: of the group. Their access to the divine was much 653 00:38:56,640 --> 00:39:00,719 Speaker 1: more egalitarian than in other contemporary groups. Ifs could come 654 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:04,239 Speaker 1: to any person, regardless of gender, age, or class, come 655 00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:06,520 Speaker 1: to appreciate their worldview a lot more than I would 656 00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:09,160 Speaker 1: have predicted when I was first introduced as a ninth grader. 657 00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:14,600 Speaker 1: I'm attaching some pictures of my kittie persephone, including one 658 00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:16,960 Speaker 1: of her extra toes she's got twenty six and a 659 00:39:17,040 --> 00:39:19,880 Speaker 1: half and her cousin Earl Gray, sticking his tongue out. 660 00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:22,280 Speaker 1: Thanks so much, Teddy. Thank you Teddy for this email 661 00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:28,200 Speaker 1: and also for the cat pictures. I also love cat pictures. Um. Also, 662 00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:31,680 Speaker 1: you know, having two cats with extra toes, I love 663 00:39:31,760 --> 00:39:37,000 Speaker 1: the extra toes. Also, they're not extra, they're the perfect number. Yes, 664 00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:42,920 Speaker 1: um Onyx in particular has a very large, perfect number 665 00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:48,279 Speaker 1: of toes on each foot her front paws. In particular, 666 00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,799 Speaker 1: clipping the nails is always just the whole whole thing 667 00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:57,040 Speaker 1: set aside a month. Um. Fortunately they're both really good 668 00:39:57,080 --> 00:40:00,880 Speaker 1: about like that. We did start doing nail clipping like 669 00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:03,160 Speaker 1: as soon as we got them, and they are both 670 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:06,680 Speaker 1: pretty good about it. So anyway, Teddy, thank you for 671 00:40:06,719 --> 00:40:10,279 Speaker 1: that email and the adorable pictures. You'd like to write 672 00:40:10,280 --> 00:40:12,520 Speaker 1: to us about this or any other podcast or history 673 00:40:12,560 --> 00:40:15,279 Speaker 1: podcasts at I heart radio dot com. We're also on 674 00:40:15,440 --> 00:40:18,000 Speaker 1: social media at miss in History. That's where you'll find 675 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:21,880 Speaker 1: our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. And you can subscribe 676 00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:25,320 Speaker 1: to our show on the iHeart Radio app and wherever 677 00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:33,000 Speaker 1: else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed 678 00:40:33,040 --> 00:40:35,480 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. 679 00:40:35,840 --> 00:40:38,680 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart 680 00:40:38,719 --> 00:40:41,839 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 681 00:40:41,840 --> 00:40:42,560 Speaker 1: favorite shows.