1 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:07,040 Speaker 1: On this episode of news World, we're going to take 2 00:00:07,120 --> 00:00:12,280 Speaker 1: up part two of our discussion of Thomas Jefferson as 3 00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:17,360 Speaker 1: an American immortal. Jefferson is a remarkable figure and a 4 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:21,600 Speaker 1: very complex figure. He was, on the one hand, a 5 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:25,840 Speaker 1: pretty mediocre governor of Virginia who didn't very effectively prosecute 6 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:28,720 Speaker 1: the Revolutionary War in that role. On the other hand, 7 00:00:29,240 --> 00:00:32,240 Speaker 1: he was one of the greatest writers about human freedom 8 00:00:32,320 --> 00:00:36,639 Speaker 1: in the entire history of human beings, and the Declaration Independence, 9 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:41,880 Speaker 1: which in many ways is largely Jefferson's product, is still 10 00:00:41,920 --> 00:00:45,040 Speaker 1: an amazing document, the centerpiece of freedom for the whole planet, 11 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:49,479 Speaker 1: indicating that power doesn't come from kings or dictators or 12 00:00:49,840 --> 00:00:54,080 Speaker 1: political parties, power comes from God, and that every American, 13 00:00:54,440 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: every human being, is in fact empowered by God with 14 00:00:58,120 --> 00:01:01,800 Speaker 1: certain unalienable rights, among which our life, liberty in the 15 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 1: pursuit of happiness. On the one hand, Jefferson was a 16 00:01:17,600 --> 00:01:23,280 Speaker 1: very idealistic person. On the other hand, he's a very sophisticated, subtle, 17 00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: and often duplicitous politician, and both are somehow captured in 18 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:31,840 Speaker 1: the same person. He's a man of great principles, But 19 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: on the other hand, as you'll see as president, he 20 00:01:34,319 --> 00:01:39,400 Speaker 1: sometimes broke those principles in amazing ways. The term Jeffersonian 21 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:43,160 Speaker 1: Democrat for a very long time meant somebody who was 22 00:01:43,200 --> 00:01:48,400 Speaker 1: for limited government, was for lower expenses, and was essentially 23 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:52,480 Speaker 1: very very suspicious of power in Washington. But at the 24 00:01:52,520 --> 00:01:54,880 Speaker 1: same time, as you'll see, this is a guy who 25 00:01:54,920 --> 00:01:58,240 Speaker 1: bought half a continent. He's a person who sent the 26 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: Marines in the Navy to the shores of Tripoli without 27 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:04,760 Speaker 1: telling Congress, and so on the one hand, he was 28 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: sort of for limited government unless he wasn't for limited government. 29 00:02:08,520 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 1: And it's this kind of complexity that makes Jefferson so fascinating. 30 00:02:13,320 --> 00:02:16,800 Speaker 1: He was also not only extraordinarily smart, one of the 31 00:02:16,840 --> 00:02:19,560 Speaker 1: three or four smartest of our presidents, but he was, 32 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:25,680 Speaker 1: in addition, a person of extraordinarily wide eclectic interests. Jefferson 33 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:30,720 Speaker 1: read widely, taught himself Spanish while on a ship going 34 00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:35,440 Speaker 1: to Europe by reading Don Quixote. He studied fossils, collected them. 35 00:02:35,440 --> 00:02:38,440 Speaker 1: If you go to Manicello, his home, you'll see some 36 00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:40,680 Speaker 1: of the fossils that were collected. While he was president, 37 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:44,800 Speaker 1: he sponsored an expedition which was almost the equivalent of 38 00:02:44,840 --> 00:02:48,720 Speaker 1: going to Mars and Lewis and Clark crossed the continent 39 00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:52,920 Speaker 1: to explore the territory that Jefferson had just bought from France. 40 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:56,000 Speaker 1: Napoleon very cleverly sold it because he realized with the 41 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:59,520 Speaker 1: Royal Navy controlling the ocean, that the French would not 42 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:01,919 Speaker 1: be able in the long run to keep the western 43 00:03:01,919 --> 00:03:04,240 Speaker 1: part of the United States. So he sold the entire 44 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:09,400 Speaker 1: Mississippi Valley to Jeffresent. In Mississippi, through its tributary, the 45 00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:13,600 Speaker 1: Missouri really goes an amazing distance west, and so they 46 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:15,919 Speaker 1: ended up more than doubling the size of the United 47 00:03:15,919 --> 00:03:18,640 Speaker 1: States in this one purchase. All of these are things 48 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:22,960 Speaker 1: by a president who claimed to be for extraordinarily limited government. 49 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:26,680 Speaker 1: In order to win, he actually had to invent a 50 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:32,240 Speaker 1: political party. So Jefferson had risen and ultimately had become 51 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:35,320 Speaker 1: the Secretary of State. Because he had served in France, 52 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:38,520 Speaker 1: he had a pretty good bit of diplomatic experience, and 53 00:03:38,560 --> 00:03:41,840 Speaker 1: I think Washington thought that he was the right person 54 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,160 Speaker 1: to try to represent the United States in foreign policy. 55 00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:50,800 Speaker 1: He very difficulty coexisted, if that's the right term, with 56 00:03:50,840 --> 00:03:57,440 Speaker 1: Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton represented the commercial interests, had worked out 57 00:03:57,680 --> 00:03:59,560 Speaker 1: how to borrow a huge amount of money from the 58 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,880 Speaker 1: Dutch and was able to stabilize the American debt, was 59 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:08,360 Speaker 1: able to create in the First Report on Manufactures, probably 60 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:11,880 Speaker 1: the best single statement ever written about why there are 61 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: times when a country with a brand new small industry 62 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:19,599 Speaker 1: should protect itself as a remarkable statement in favor of tariffs, 63 00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,120 Speaker 1: and Hamilton himself was clearly brilliant. I would say that 64 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:26,560 Speaker 1: if you look at Hamilton, Franklin, and Jefferson, you're looking 65 00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:29,159 Speaker 1: at three of the brightest people ever to be involved 66 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:32,640 Speaker 1: in American government. But Hamilton's interest in his vision of 67 00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:37,800 Speaker 1: the world was remarkably different from Jefferson. Jefferson really represented 68 00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:40,840 Speaker 1: a rural, agrarian world. He would have said a world 69 00:04:40,839 --> 00:04:43,599 Speaker 1: of small farmers, although the truth was that he owned 70 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:47,960 Speaker 1: slaves and basically had a plantation. But Jefferson was capable 71 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:53,279 Speaker 1: of envisioning this world of limited government and representing the 72 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:56,240 Speaker 1: interests of rural America, which at that time was the 73 00:04:56,320 --> 00:04:59,359 Speaker 1: dominant part of America, and Virginia at that time was 74 00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:02,800 Speaker 1: the biggest state in the country. On the other hand, 75 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:07,919 Speaker 1: Hamilton had this vision of a manufacturing and commercial future 76 00:05:08,320 --> 00:05:10,840 Speaker 1: of an America which would grow strong enough to defend 77 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:15,119 Speaker 1: itself in an America which would find its ultimate source 78 00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:19,080 Speaker 1: of wealth and big cities and in factories, things which 79 00:05:19,480 --> 00:05:23,400 Speaker 1: Jefferson found Abhorn and Jefferson wanted a much more rural 80 00:05:23,800 --> 00:05:28,320 Speaker 1: lifestyle would claim to want a more egalitarian world, although 81 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:32,320 Speaker 1: the truth is Jefferson himself was clearly aristocratic and not 82 00:05:32,480 --> 00:05:38,760 Speaker 1: particularly egalitarian. In order to seize power, Jefferson and his 83 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:42,880 Speaker 1: sidekick James Madison, also of Virginia and the author of 84 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:47,600 Speaker 1: the Bill of Rights, invented the Democratic Party. As John F. 85 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:51,799 Speaker 1: Kennedy used to say, he was out gathering butterflies, because 86 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: the excuse that Jefferson and Madison used for going to 87 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:58,000 Speaker 1: New York to meet with Aaron Burr was that they 88 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:00,919 Speaker 1: were collecting butterflies. In fact, what they were doing was 89 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:04,920 Speaker 1: plotting with Burr to create a party in order to 90 00:06:04,920 --> 00:06:09,719 Speaker 1: win an election. Jefferson had won the vice presidency in 91 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:14,640 Speaker 1: seventeen ninety six, with John Adams, the former vice president 92 00:06:14,720 --> 00:06:20,040 Speaker 1: under Washington, becoming president. But Adams represented a New England 93 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:23,799 Speaker 1: and New York vision of the world and was really 94 00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: pretty close to an aristocratic rather than egalitarian sense of 95 00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:34,120 Speaker 1: how America should develop. Jefferson represented anough surge of populism 96 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:40,000 Speaker 1: and was a brilliant political plotter, maintained through correspondence a 97 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: network across the whole country, aroused people to an effect. 98 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:48,719 Speaker 1: Petition against what Adams wanted to do got Adams so 99 00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:52,279 Speaker 1: angry that he passed the Ellen and Sedition Acts, which 100 00:06:52,320 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 1: would have punished people for criticizing the government, and those 101 00:06:56,480 --> 00:07:00,480 Speaker 1: were then thrown out as unconstitutional. They were wildly on popular. 102 00:07:01,040 --> 00:07:05,080 Speaker 1: Jefferson came along and really was in open rebellion. It 103 00:07:05,360 --> 00:07:07,960 Speaker 1: was the last time that they would have a president 104 00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:10,840 Speaker 1: and vice president of opposite parties. It was a totally 105 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:16,480 Speaker 1: unwieldy project, and Adams unfortunately totally changed American history because 106 00:07:16,520 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 1: Adams and his sidekick Alexander Hamilton, who represented the New 107 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:25,480 Speaker 1: York Federalist hated each other and the result was their 108 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:28,600 Speaker 1: party was totally split. Well faced with a split and 109 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:34,400 Speaker 1: decaying Federalist Party really representing New York and North Jefferson 110 00:07:34,440 --> 00:07:37,840 Speaker 1: was able to mobilize rural America, and as I said earlier, 111 00:07:38,520 --> 00:07:42,200 Speaker 1: he had the largest state in Virginia, and Jefferson won 112 00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:46,680 Speaker 1: a sweeping election in eighteen hundred and it's really the 113 00:07:46,760 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: first peaceful transfer of power between two clearly opposed sides, 114 00:07:52,880 --> 00:07:55,960 Speaker 1: and it created a sense of stability for the Republic. 115 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:01,480 Speaker 1: Jefferson would then govern, as seen by modern liberals, in 116 00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:05,120 Speaker 1: an idealistic way, although since Jefferson owned slaves, he's now 117 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:08,440 Speaker 1: out of fashion with the modern left, but for a 118 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:10,920 Speaker 1: very long time he was kind of their model. But 119 00:08:11,080 --> 00:08:14,640 Speaker 1: in fact what he was doing was very methodically destroying 120 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:19,160 Speaker 1: the Federalist Party, and by about eighteen twelve, the Federalists 121 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:22,280 Speaker 1: disappear and for a brief period of time, what we're 122 00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: called the Democratic Republican Party was the only major political 123 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:30,080 Speaker 1: force in the United States until it broke down with 124 00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 1: the populist insurgency of Andrew Jackson, who was a Democrat, 125 00:08:35,360 --> 00:08:37,520 Speaker 1: and that led to the formation of the Whigs as 126 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:41,240 Speaker 1: the opposing party. But that doesn't occur until the late 127 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:44,080 Speaker 1: eighteen twenties, so there's about a twenty year period where 128 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:47,920 Speaker 1: the Jeffersonians are totally dominant. You get three presidents in 129 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:51,720 Speaker 1: a row from Virginia, he and Jefferson, Madison and Monroe. 130 00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:54,800 Speaker 1: And remember that the first president, George Washington, was also 131 00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: from Virginia. So four of the five initial presidents in 132 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:01,640 Speaker 1: the United States all come from Virginia, which was the 133 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:07,600 Speaker 1: dominant state and Virginia represented, and a grarian interest remarkably 134 00:09:07,640 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: different from the commercial and banking and manufacturing interests of 135 00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:18,960 Speaker 1: people like Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson ends up in a very 136 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:22,960 Speaker 1: strange situation in eighteen hundred because they had not quite 137 00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:27,079 Speaker 1: figured out that if you had the same elector of 138 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:30,760 Speaker 1: College votes for both the president and vice president, they 139 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:35,600 Speaker 1: would be tied. Now, everybody had agreed that Jefferson was 140 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:38,640 Speaker 1: the candidate for president and Burr was the candidate for 141 00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:43,040 Speaker 1: vice president. But Burr, who is a remarkably despicable and 142 00:09:43,120 --> 00:09:46,440 Speaker 1: dishonest figure, a man who came very close to treason 143 00:09:46,559 --> 00:09:48,679 Speaker 1: later on in his life, and the man who shot 144 00:09:48,720 --> 00:09:52,280 Speaker 1: and killed Alexander Hamilton, and a duel. And I always 145 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:55,240 Speaker 1: remind people when they worry about how intense and how 146 00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:59,000 Speaker 1: difficult our political process occasionally gets that we have not 147 00:09:59,160 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 1: had a Secretary of the Treasury killed by a warmer 148 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:06,400 Speaker 1: vice president for over two hundred years. So these guys 149 00:10:06,760 --> 00:10:09,800 Speaker 1: understood a level of toughness. So we fortunately have not 150 00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:14,200 Speaker 1: had repeated But Jefferson and Burr each had seventy three 151 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:17,600 Speaker 1: electoral votes. Well, there was no provision at the time 152 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:20,959 Speaker 1: for breaking the tie. Everybody agreed as a gentleman's agreement 153 00:10:20,960 --> 00:10:24,319 Speaker 1: that Jefferson will be president, but there was no real 154 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:27,360 Speaker 1: proof of what would happen, and it actually took thirty 155 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:31,480 Speaker 1: six ballots. They started meeting on February the ninth, eighteen 156 00:10:31,520 --> 00:10:35,960 Speaker 1: oh one, and finally on February the seventeenth, on the 157 00:10:36,080 --> 00:10:41,079 Speaker 1: thirty sixth vote, Jefferson was elected outside the capitol. By 158 00:10:41,080 --> 00:10:44,280 Speaker 1: the way, there were over one hundred thousand people who 159 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:47,280 Speaker 1: had gathered as a gigantic crowd. It was just an 160 00:10:47,280 --> 00:11:21,760 Speaker 1: amazing moment. Jefferson then is sworn in and on March fourth, 161 00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:25,120 Speaker 1: eighteen oh one. This is all changed after FDR becomes 162 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: president in the nineteen thirties and they realize that there's 163 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:31,040 Speaker 1: just too long a period between an election in November 164 00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:34,440 Speaker 1: and the taking of power in March, and they bring 165 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:36,720 Speaker 1: it up to January twentieth, which has been ever since. 166 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:40,240 Speaker 1: But notice that in the earlier era, when everything is 167 00:11:40,280 --> 00:11:45,040 Speaker 1: done without a telegraph, without radio, by people riding horses, 168 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: they had allowed a great deal of time for the 169 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:51,120 Speaker 1: election to occur, the electors to gather, and finally the 170 00:11:51,160 --> 00:11:54,000 Speaker 1: president to be sworn in. So in March fourth, eighteen 171 00:11:54,040 --> 00:11:57,320 Speaker 1: oh one, Jefferson delivered his inaugal address, and he said, 172 00:11:57,360 --> 00:12:02,600 Speaker 1: in part quote, let us, then, fellow citizens, unite with 173 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:06,160 Speaker 1: one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social 174 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:11,000 Speaker 1: intercourse that harmony and affection, without which liberty and even 175 00:12:11,080 --> 00:12:14,400 Speaker 1: life itself are but dreary things. We have called by 176 00:12:14,440 --> 00:12:18,679 Speaker 1: different names, brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, 177 00:12:19,160 --> 00:12:23,320 Speaker 1: we are all Federalists. Now he didn't actually mean that. 178 00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:28,280 Speaker 1: What he really meant was, as democratic Republicans, we are 179 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:30,839 Speaker 1: going to wipe out the Federalists, and in fact, they 180 00:12:30,840 --> 00:12:35,360 Speaker 1: were very aggressive in exerting their power. Jefferson, of course, 181 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:38,559 Speaker 1: was not a great public speaker, and he knew it, 182 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 1: but he was a great writer. So when it came 183 00:12:42,640 --> 00:12:47,000 Speaker 1: time to address the Congress, Jefferson decided that he would 184 00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:50,600 Speaker 1: write it and send up his written address, having his 185 00:12:50,679 --> 00:12:54,839 Speaker 1: secretary Meriwether Lewis, who'd become famous later for the Lewis 186 00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:59,320 Speaker 1: and Clark Expedition, having him deliver the address, and throughout 187 00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:03,760 Speaker 1: his as as president, Jefferson never addressed Congress in person, 188 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:07,160 Speaker 1: instead opting to write it to the Congress, so they 189 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:12,520 Speaker 1: got written addresses that continued just as a tradition until 190 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:15,960 Speaker 1: Woodrow Wilson appeared, and Woodrow Wilson, who had been a 191 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:20,840 Speaker 1: college professor at Princeton, liked to give speeches, saw himself 192 00:13:20,920 --> 00:13:25,440 Speaker 1: as a great orator, and so in nineteen thirteen Wilson 193 00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:27,760 Speaker 1: appeared in person to deliver the State of the Union. 194 00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:30,920 Speaker 1: But from the time Jefferson sent up a written version 195 00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:35,600 Speaker 1: until nineteen thirteen, it had always been done in writing. 196 00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:40,040 Speaker 1: For example, Lincoln's amazing addresses to the Congress, which were 197 00:13:40,040 --> 00:13:43,920 Speaker 1: among the greatest writing in American presidential history. We're all 198 00:13:43,960 --> 00:13:47,160 Speaker 1: just delivered in writing. They weren't delivered by Lincoln himself. 199 00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:51,160 Speaker 1: Jefferson argued that it wasn't that he didn't like to 200 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:54,719 Speaker 1: speak in public. Instead, he wrote to Benjamin rush On 201 00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:58,840 Speaker 1: de Summer twenty eighteen o one quote our winter campaign, 202 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:01,920 Speaker 1: the winter session of Congress has opened with more good 203 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:05,440 Speaker 1: humor than I expected. By sending a message instead of 204 00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:07,920 Speaker 1: making a speech at the opening of the session, I 205 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:11,200 Speaker 1: have prevented the bloody conflicts to which the making an 206 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:14,240 Speaker 1: answer would have committed them. They consequently were able to 207 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:17,120 Speaker 1: set into real business at once without losing ten or 208 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:20,560 Speaker 1: twelve days in combating an answer. In other words, Jefferson 209 00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:23,000 Speaker 1: figured if he showed up in person, he would so 210 00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:25,800 Speaker 1: irritate some of the members of Congress that they would 211 00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:29,040 Speaker 1: feel compelled to spend their time attacking him, and instead, 212 00:14:29,480 --> 00:14:32,760 Speaker 1: he thought that he had diffused the emotional tension by 213 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:36,080 Speaker 1: sending the document up in writing. He also defended not 214 00:14:36,160 --> 00:14:39,920 Speaker 1: doing it when he wrote John Wale's EPPS on January first, 215 00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,160 Speaker 1: eighteen or two, quote, Congress have not yet done anything 216 00:14:43,200 --> 00:14:46,040 Speaker 1: nor passed a vote which has produced a party division. 217 00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:49,440 Speaker 1: The sending a message instead of making a speech to 218 00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:52,080 Speaker 1: be answered is acknowledged to have had the best effect 219 00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:57,000 Speaker 1: toward preserving harmony. So I think it's fair to say 220 00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:02,040 Speaker 1: that from Jefferson's perspective, he's always thinking strategically. Now that 221 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:07,280 Speaker 1: he has power, he's concerned with relaxing and consolidating the power. 222 00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:10,200 Speaker 1: And he knows that the less he fights with the 223 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:12,920 Speaker 1: Federalists and the more he allows them to just atrophy 224 00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:16,280 Speaker 1: and gradually disappear, the less friction there is, the less 225 00:15:16,280 --> 00:15:19,360 Speaker 1: fighting there is, the better off he is. Because he's 226 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,320 Speaker 1: president and he already has all the power of the presidency. 227 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:26,200 Speaker 1: The fact is that he also wasn't a great public speaker, 228 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:29,160 Speaker 1: and in fact, when he gave his second inaugur address 229 00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:31,680 Speaker 1: on March fourth, eighteen oh five. A lot of people 230 00:15:31,720 --> 00:15:34,200 Speaker 1: in the room couldn't even hear him, so the address 231 00:15:34,240 --> 00:15:37,040 Speaker 1: was sent in advanced to the newspapers, and the newspapers 232 00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:39,920 Speaker 1: could publish them even if you couldn't hear him. Now, 233 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:44,240 Speaker 1: Jefferson had moved west. And it's hard to believe nowadays 234 00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:47,320 Speaker 1: because you don't think of Charlottesville is all that far west. 235 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:52,240 Speaker 1: But in fact, the tide water farmers, the great planners, 236 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,680 Speaker 1: the government that had been in Williamsburg, all those things 237 00:15:56,120 --> 00:15:59,880 Speaker 1: from Jefferson's perspective were behind him, and his focus was 238 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:03,480 Speaker 1: to the west. His father, Peter Jefferson, was one of 239 00:16:03,480 --> 00:16:06,560 Speaker 1: the founding members of the Loyal Company, created to ask 240 00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:10,400 Speaker 1: for grants of land west of the Alleghany Mountains. And remember, 241 00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 1: back then the frontier is the Alleghany Mountains. Nowadays we 242 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,000 Speaker 1: think of that just as eastern and if anything, you 243 00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:22,400 Speaker 1: might think of the Rockies as the frontier. Interestingly, Lewis Meriweather, 244 00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:26,680 Speaker 1: his father, had been a member with Peter Jefferson in 245 00:16:26,840 --> 00:16:30,800 Speaker 1: founding the Loyal Company, which was trying to open up 246 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:33,720 Speaker 1: the west and asking for land in the west. Now, 247 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:38,000 Speaker 1: when you look at that period, Jefferson is fascinated with 248 00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:41,080 Speaker 1: the West, but frankly, he personally, I know that much 249 00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:45,080 Speaker 1: time to go do things. If anything, he's spending time 250 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:48,160 Speaker 1: in France where he's the minister, he is spending time 251 00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:53,360 Speaker 1: in Philadelphia, and he's helping other people go west, but 252 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:56,840 Speaker 1: he is not himself able to go west. And in 253 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,480 Speaker 1: a funny way, Washington was more of a front yeersman 254 00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:05,440 Speaker 1: then Jefferson. Washington really was physically very very active. Washington 255 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:08,879 Speaker 1: goes west both as a surveyor, he surveys places like 256 00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:12,359 Speaker 1: Little Washington in Virginia. He goes west as a head 257 00:17:12,359 --> 00:17:15,280 Speaker 1: of the Virginia Militia and helped start the French and 258 00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:17,879 Speaker 1: Indian War what became called the Seven Years War in Europe. 259 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:22,280 Speaker 1: So Washington was a genuine frontiersman and understood a great 260 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:26,320 Speaker 1: deal about the frontier. Jefferson's really a gentleman, farmer and 261 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:30,360 Speaker 1: an intellectual who's fascinated with the West as an idea. 262 00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:34,159 Speaker 1: And interestingly, at one point he subsidizes when he's the 263 00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:37,640 Speaker 1: minister to France, he subsidizes a guy named John Ledyard 264 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:41,520 Speaker 1: who's an American explorer, and their idea is that the 265 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,000 Speaker 1: way they will explore the west is he will go 266 00:17:44,160 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: east across Siberia and travel to the western coast of 267 00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:51,080 Speaker 1: North America. However, when he tried to do that, he 268 00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,000 Speaker 1: was arrested by the Russians and sent back to Europe, 269 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:58,119 Speaker 1: so that failed. In seventeen ninety three, Jefferson enlisted members 270 00:17:58,119 --> 00:18:01,119 Speaker 1: of the American Philosophy Society, which at that time was 271 00:18:01,160 --> 00:18:04,840 Speaker 1: the leading kind of intellectual gathering in America, and he 272 00:18:04,920 --> 00:18:08,280 Speaker 1: got a group of them to sponsor Andre Michaux, a 273 00:18:08,359 --> 00:18:12,560 Speaker 1: French botanist, to quote find the shortest and most convenient 274 00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:16,119 Speaker 1: route of communication between the US and the Pacific Ocean. 275 00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:19,800 Speaker 1: But it didn't get very far and didn't have anything accomplished. 276 00:18:20,280 --> 00:18:24,160 Speaker 1: In eighteen o five, the Churchill governor of Louisiana, General 277 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:29,600 Speaker 1: James Wilkinson, persuaded President Jefferson to authorize an expedition to 278 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:33,640 Speaker 1: explore the beginning of the Mississippi. Now, interestingly, by the way, 279 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:38,960 Speaker 1: I always find this fascinating, The Mississippi itself starts in Minnesota, 280 00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:42,560 Speaker 1: but the great source of water is the Missouri, which 281 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:46,840 Speaker 1: starts much further west and pours into the Mississippi at 282 00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:50,879 Speaker 1: Saint Louis and has dramatically more water than the Mississippi, 283 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:54,480 Speaker 1: but is subordinated and named the Mississippi when they join, 284 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:58,240 Speaker 1: so they're looking for the origin of the Mississippi, when 285 00:18:58,240 --> 00:19:01,119 Speaker 1: in fact, far more important is to find the origin 286 00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:05,639 Speaker 1: of the Missouri. Jefferson did agree with General James Wilkinson, 287 00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:10,879 Speaker 1: the territorial governor Louisiana, and Lieutenant Zebulin Pike, for whom 288 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,959 Speaker 1: Pike speak is named, was appointed to lead the party 289 00:19:14,280 --> 00:19:17,200 Speaker 1: to negotiate peace cheaties with the Indian tribes They encountered, 290 00:19:17,640 --> 00:19:20,280 Speaker 1: but they reached the present day Canadian border and then 291 00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:23,239 Speaker 1: turned back. A year later, Pike was appointed to lead 292 00:19:23,240 --> 00:19:27,000 Speaker 1: an expedition to explore the Red and Arkansas Rivers. He 293 00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:31,080 Speaker 1: entered Colorado unsuccessfully attempted to scale the mountain that today 294 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:35,200 Speaker 1: is called Pike's Peak. After entering Spanish control New Mexico, 295 00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:39,440 Speaker 1: he was captured and sent back, but Jefferson still had 296 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:45,119 Speaker 1: not abandoned the idea. On January eighteen oh three, Jefferson 297 00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,720 Speaker 1: sent a letter to Congress asking for twenty five hundred 298 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:53,000 Speaker 1: dollars to fund an expedition of the Pacific Ocean. They 299 00:19:53,040 --> 00:19:56,280 Speaker 1: approved it, and, by the way, the expedition, as often 300 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:59,520 Speaker 1: happens with government projects turned out to cost far more 301 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:03,840 Speaker 1: twenty five dollars. A year later, about forty five men, 302 00:20:04,040 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 1: headed by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark left on what 303 00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,639 Speaker 1: became a very very famous expedition. There is a remarkable 304 00:20:11,640 --> 00:20:16,480 Speaker 1: book called Undaunted Courage, which I recommend to everybody. It 305 00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:21,119 Speaker 1: captures day by day this extraordinary expedition, which, as I 306 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: said earlier, is in many ways that era's equivalent of 307 00:20:25,680 --> 00:20:29,520 Speaker 1: going to Mars. I mean, these guys are leaving Saint Louis, 308 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:33,000 Speaker 1: They're paddling their way up to Missouri, they are crossing 309 00:20:33,040 --> 00:20:37,639 Speaker 1: over around Yellowstone, they are going down the Columbia, they 310 00:20:37,680 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: are encountering all sorts of Native American tribes. They are 311 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:47,159 Speaker 1: encountering grizzly bears and generally roughing. It really an expedition 312 00:20:47,640 --> 00:20:51,560 Speaker 1: that Jess took a level of personal endurance and personal 313 00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 1: courage that is absolutely astonishing. And if you go to Philadelphia, 314 00:20:56,760 --> 00:21:00,840 Speaker 1: the Academy of Natural Sciences, which became the pository for 315 00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:05,959 Speaker 1: the American Philosophical Society, actually has the material that Lewis 316 00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:08,800 Speaker 1: and Clark brought back, and so you can actually go 317 00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:11,919 Speaker 1: and see what it was they were gathering up. And 318 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,080 Speaker 1: they were gathering things about plants and animals, they were 319 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:18,520 Speaker 1: taking notes about geography, They were reporting on all sorts 320 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:22,080 Speaker 1: of meetings with different Native tribes, and it is one 321 00:21:22,080 --> 00:21:26,159 Speaker 1: of the great romantic expeditions in American history. They're also 322 00:21:26,359 --> 00:21:31,080 Speaker 1: helped dramatically by Native American woman who both helps them 323 00:21:31,119 --> 00:21:34,679 Speaker 1: talk with tribes and helps them survive. They have an 324 00:21:34,720 --> 00:21:38,040 Speaker 1: African American as part of the expedition as a vote, 325 00:21:38,040 --> 00:21:40,760 Speaker 1: and they said, look, he deserved the vote because his 326 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:42,600 Speaker 1: life was at risk too. So when they got to 327 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:45,400 Speaker 1: certain big decision points, they would all talk it out 328 00:21:45,720 --> 00:22:07,200 Speaker 1: and it was kind of like a traveling democracy. Jefferson 329 00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:12,320 Speaker 1: had a very busy presidency who was involved in reshaping 330 00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:16,840 Speaker 1: the judiciary. The Jeffersonians hated the Federalist judges. They saw 331 00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:21,040 Speaker 1: judges as instruments of government to oppress the people, and 332 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:25,000 Speaker 1: they very much favored a much more popular society in 333 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:28,520 Speaker 1: which juries played a bigger role and judges were very limited. 334 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:33,200 Speaker 1: Lawyers will all cite Marlbory versus Madison, which was a 335 00:22:33,240 --> 00:22:38,680 Speaker 1: major decision involving the grant of a certificate to a 336 00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:41,680 Speaker 1: person who had been appointed to a job by the 337 00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:45,440 Speaker 1: Federalist and who now that the Jeffersonians were taking over, 338 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:48,280 Speaker 1: was not going to get that job. If you actually 339 00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,600 Speaker 1: read the case carefully, what you find is that the 340 00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:56,240 Speaker 1: new Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Justice Marshall, is 341 00:22:56,440 --> 00:23:00,440 Speaker 1: very aware that the Jeffersonians hate the Court, and he 342 00:23:00,520 --> 00:23:04,080 Speaker 1: knows that if he takes Jefferson head on immediately after 343 00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:07,520 Speaker 1: Jefferson having won control of the Presidency and control of 344 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:11,080 Speaker 1: the House and Senate, that they'll simply abolish him. And 345 00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:15,240 Speaker 1: so he maneuvers to maintain the independence of the Court 346 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 1: without infuriating Jefferson. And it's actually not some key moment 347 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:25,000 Speaker 1: where the Court stands up boldly, but rather a brilliant 348 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:28,720 Speaker 1: maneuver to preserve the independence of the court by not 349 00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: standing up boldly. And it's worth your studying because it 350 00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:35,920 Speaker 1: both tells you how lawyers sort of aggrandize their role 351 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,600 Speaker 1: in life, and it tells you that the Court has 352 00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:42,520 Speaker 1: always been inherently political. That's the nature of a Supreme 353 00:23:42,560 --> 00:23:45,160 Speaker 1: Court in a free society. They have to pay some 354 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:50,119 Speaker 1: attention to deep popular interests. Jefferson having succeeded for in 355 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:52,239 Speaker 1: eight years, and he did an amazing amount. I mean, 356 00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:55,720 Speaker 1: as I said earlier, buying half a continent, sending the 357 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:59,680 Speaker 1: Marines in the Navy to Tripoli to defeat the Barbary pirates, 358 00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:04,280 Speaker 1: organizing the dominant majority Party, which is still today the 359 00:24:04,359 --> 00:24:09,360 Speaker 1: Democratic Party is the longest serving political organization on the planet. 360 00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:14,160 Speaker 1: It's outlasted the Nazis, the Communist, the fascist, it's outlasted 361 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:19,280 Speaker 1: most monarchies. And it's a remarkable institution. And Jefferson was, 362 00:24:19,359 --> 00:24:23,440 Speaker 1: in fact, along with Madison, at the very center of organizing. 363 00:24:24,119 --> 00:24:27,800 Speaker 1: In eighteen oh nine, Jefferson goes home, he leaves the presidency, 364 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:31,640 Speaker 1: he leaves public life, and he helps found the University 365 00:24:31,680 --> 00:24:35,040 Speaker 1: of Virginia. He was then Central College, but it becomes 366 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:38,400 Speaker 1: the University of Virginia. Jefferson plays a major role when 367 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:42,960 Speaker 1: in February fourteenth, eighteen sixteen, the Virginia General Assembly established 368 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:46,760 Speaker 1: a charter for Central College, which becomes the University of Virginia. 369 00:24:46,880 --> 00:24:50,080 Speaker 1: Jefferson was elected to the college's board of Visitors and 370 00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:53,560 Speaker 1: rector of the college. Jefferson also designed the college and 371 00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:56,800 Speaker 1: again as an example of his intellectual reach, remember that 372 00:24:57,080 --> 00:25:03,240 Speaker 1: Jefferson is an architect, designs Manicello, he designs other public buildings. 373 00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:06,960 Speaker 1: He's also a bibliophile. The original library of Congress is 374 00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:11,040 Speaker 1: Jefferson's personal library about four thousand volumes, although it might 375 00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:13,680 Speaker 1: be pointed out he sold them to the government because 376 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:16,800 Speaker 1: he needed the money for his entire life. Jefferson is 377 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:19,720 Speaker 1: short of money and is constantly trying to find sources 378 00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 1: of additional revenue. It's not a particularly great farmer, doesn't 379 00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:25,720 Speaker 1: focus on farming, doesn't make a huge amount of money. 380 00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,240 Speaker 1: Very different, by the way, from George Washington, who was 381 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:32,120 Speaker 1: a great businessman, a great farmer, and was generally competent 382 00:25:32,160 --> 00:25:34,720 Speaker 1: at everything he touched. I think it's fair to say 383 00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:41,240 Speaker 1: that Jefferson had a deep passionate interest in education. Jefferson 384 00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:46,000 Speaker 1: was not anti religious. Jefferson did write a letter to 385 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:49,119 Speaker 1: the Baptist in Connecticut saying that there should be a 386 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:52,639 Speaker 1: wall of separation between church and state. But what Jefferson 387 00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:55,840 Speaker 1: was saying was in a world where the Anglican Church 388 00:25:56,320 --> 00:25:59,600 Speaker 1: got paid tax money, that he did not think any 389 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:03,240 Speaker 1: church should get government money. However, he was not for 390 00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:07,240 Speaker 1: an anti religious position. In fact, Jefferson allowed the Treasury 391 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:11,000 Speaker 1: building to be used as a church. He himself went 392 00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:13,760 Speaker 1: up to the Capital which was a church up until 393 00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:17,680 Speaker 1: the mid eighteen forties. Jefferson signed a bill to send 394 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:21,000 Speaker 1: missionaries to the Indians. So the whole notion that he 395 00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:25,199 Speaker 1: was in any way anti religion is just wrong. And 396 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,200 Speaker 1: in fact, if you go to the Jefferson memorial, you'll 397 00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:31,320 Speaker 1: see a great quote from Jefferson where he has sworn 398 00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:34,879 Speaker 1: eternal hostility against all forms of tyranny over the minds 399 00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:37,879 Speaker 1: of man. And I think that that's the heart of Jefferson. 400 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:41,800 Speaker 1: He really was committed. And to give you a sense 401 00:26:41,840 --> 00:26:45,080 Speaker 1: of the depth of his commitment on education and the 402 00:26:45,160 --> 00:26:48,560 Speaker 1: depth of his commitment on religious liberty, he wrote out 403 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:53,600 Speaker 1: for his own tombstone, here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author 404 00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:57,040 Speaker 1: of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statute of 405 00:26:57,119 --> 00:27:01,960 Speaker 1: Virginia for religious freedom, and father of the University of Virginia. 406 00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:07,400 Speaker 1: Born April second, seventeen forty three, old style, died July fourth, 407 00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:10,720 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty six. He thought those were the three things 408 00:27:10,720 --> 00:27:14,000 Speaker 1: he wanted to be remembered for. Not president, not vice president, 409 00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:17,480 Speaker 1: not foreign minister, not ambassador of France. Author of the 410 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:21,520 Speaker 1: Declaration of American Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for 411 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:25,800 Speaker 1: religious freedom, and father of the University of Virginia. And 412 00:27:25,880 --> 00:27:28,960 Speaker 1: he gives you a flavor of what he had dedicated 413 00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:34,360 Speaker 1: his life to. Symbolically, he died on exactly the same day, 414 00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:38,479 Speaker 1: the fourth of July, as John Adams, his great rival 415 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:42,120 Speaker 1: in developing political power. They had gotten to write each 416 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:44,800 Speaker 1: other and sort of reconciled over the years, and there 417 00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:48,960 Speaker 1: was something symbolic that on July the fourth, the date 418 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:53,480 Speaker 1: when Jefferson and Adams had helped author the Declaration Independence, 419 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:57,439 Speaker 1: they both passed away. He is an immortal. There's no 420 00:27:57,560 --> 00:28:01,119 Speaker 1: question that to understand America, you have to spend some 421 00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:05,080 Speaker 1: time trying to understand Thomas Jefferson. And there's no question 422 00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:08,240 Speaker 1: that that time will be well spent because he was 423 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:16,440 Speaker 1: a remarkable person. Thank you for listening. You can read 424 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,760 Speaker 1: more about Jefferson's life and get links to my other 425 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:24,359 Speaker 1: Immortals podcast on our show page at newtsworld dot com. 426 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:28,359 Speaker 1: Newts World is produced by Gingwish, Sweet sixty and iHeartMedia. 427 00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:33,679 Speaker 1: Our executive producer is Debbie Myers, our producer is Garnsey Sloan, 428 00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:37,960 Speaker 1: and our researcher is Rachel Peterson. The artwork for the 429 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:42,160 Speaker 1: show was created by Steve Penley. Special thanks to the 430 00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:45,960 Speaker 1: team at Gingwish three sixty. If you've been enjoying Newtsworld. 431 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 1: I hope you'll go to Apple Podcast and both rate 432 00:28:48,920 --> 00:28:52,200 Speaker 1: us with five stars and give us a review so 433 00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:56,080 Speaker 1: others can learn what it's all about. Right now, listeners 434 00:28:56,080 --> 00:28:59,719 Speaker 1: of Newtsworld can sign up for my three free weekly 435 00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:04,120 Speaker 1: call Colams at Gingrich three sixty dot com slash newsletter. 436 00:29:04,680 --> 00:29:07,080 Speaker 1: I'm Newt Gingrich. This is neutral