1 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:25,520 Speaker 1: No no no no no no no no no no 2 00:00:25,520 --> 00:00:31,280 Speaker 1: no no no knife Man. Welcome to the show, Ridiculous Historians. 3 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,200 Speaker 1: I'm Ben. How am I supposed to say my name 4 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:36,080 Speaker 1: when it's not nearly as cool as a knife man? 5 00:00:37,159 --> 00:00:39,480 Speaker 1: I mean it's his name, I know, but his real 6 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:42,520 Speaker 1: name is probably something like Giovanni. Yeah, it's probably true. 7 00:00:43,040 --> 00:00:46,839 Speaker 1: I'm Noll the or the ordinary. We are joined with 8 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:49,760 Speaker 1: our guests. Super producer, give him a big hand. He's 9 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:56,200 Speaker 1: got his own sound cue super producer Paul dekant. Uh. 10 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:59,080 Speaker 1: No love lost was super producer Casey Pegrum, who will 11 00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:02,520 Speaker 1: return to his regular American life. Wait, no love lost? 12 00:01:02,600 --> 00:01:06,000 Speaker 1: You mean that? You mean they're they're bitter enemies. Isn't 13 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:08,320 Speaker 1: that what no love lost means? You know, I'm using 14 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:10,360 Speaker 1: in this case to say that we don't love Casey 15 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:13,880 Speaker 1: any less, we have not lost love for him. That's 16 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:15,560 Speaker 1: I think that's how it always occurred to me, as 17 00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:17,640 Speaker 1: it should be said. But I've I've always understood it 18 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:21,559 Speaker 1: to mean some kind of enmity towards you, like there's 19 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,360 Speaker 1: no love lost between them exactly because there was never 20 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:27,400 Speaker 1: any to begin with. Right, Well, let's let's take it back. 21 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:31,080 Speaker 1: Let's make it something positive the way the Ghostbusters charged 22 00:01:31,160 --> 00:01:34,680 Speaker 1: that goo and Ghostbusters too and made it a positive thing. 23 00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:37,399 Speaker 1: Remember that that's a science joke, Ben, Is that a 24 00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:41,320 Speaker 1: science charged it? Mean charged it because they it's an 25 00:01:41,319 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: eye on or something. Right, Isn't that I positively charged it? Yeah? Well, 26 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:48,520 Speaker 1: as you can tell from our intro, it's Friday, it's 27 00:01:48,520 --> 00:01:51,400 Speaker 1: been a long week, and today's episode is about Ghostbusters. 28 00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:57,080 Speaker 1: You know. Uh it touches on something spooky. There's that. 29 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:00,720 Speaker 1: We are still in the throes of Halleween month. Yeah, yes, 30 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:04,800 Speaker 1: the most hallowed of Wiens. And weirdly enough, the band 31 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:08,280 Speaker 1: Ween is doing a double engagement at our famous Tabernacle 32 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:11,960 Speaker 1: Theater tonight and tomorrow night. So it's all come Fullween. 33 00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:15,840 Speaker 1: It's all happening. It's all happening. Well, uh yeah, I 34 00:02:15,919 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: like I would say I'm a Ween fan too. Today's 35 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:24,200 Speaker 1: episode as that that's our that's our slow, circuitous route 36 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:28,440 Speaker 1: towards today's episode. Today's episode does not, uh, as far 37 00:02:28,440 --> 00:02:31,960 Speaker 1: as we know, involve the band Ween, but it does 38 00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: involve something grim, grizzly, and we'll say it badass. It 39 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:39,400 Speaker 1: does strike me as the kind of thing that we 40 00:02:39,680 --> 00:02:43,080 Speaker 1: might write a song about because they're all about weird 41 00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:47,040 Speaker 1: stuff and badass stuff and like kind of psychedelic trippy stuff, 42 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:49,480 Speaker 1: and I feel like this falls into all of those categories. 43 00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:53,840 Speaker 1: It does, and it takes us to our Our story 44 00:02:53,880 --> 00:02:57,320 Speaker 1: begins long, long ago, but let's start in the middle 45 00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:01,360 Speaker 1: of the story. In nineteen eighties Italy, in a region 46 00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:09,560 Speaker 1: of northern Italy called Veneto, in archaeologists made a fascinating discovery. 47 00:03:09,639 --> 00:03:13,639 Speaker 1: They found a necropolis that housed the corpses of people 48 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:17,160 Speaker 1: known as the Longo Bards. The Longo Bards also, it 49 00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:18,760 Speaker 1: took me a minute to realize these were one and 50 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:24,000 Speaker 1: the same, known as the Lombards or the long Beards. Yes, 51 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:28,320 Speaker 1: it kind of mutated over time because these warring Germanic 52 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:33,440 Speaker 1: tribesmen who held sway over a lot of Europe for 53 00:03:33,680 --> 00:03:36,120 Speaker 1: a lot longer than you would expect um, which is 54 00:03:36,160 --> 00:03:37,840 Speaker 1: I know, very vague. Maybe Ben you can plug in 55 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:41,320 Speaker 1: some specific numbers in a minute, but they wore quite 56 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:46,960 Speaker 1: long beards, yes, and they were nothing to sneeze at, 57 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:51,640 Speaker 1: these these Germanic people. According to Lombard historian Paul the Deacon, 58 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 1: they descended from a small tribe that dwelt in southern 59 00:03:56,520 --> 00:04:01,040 Speaker 1: Scandinavia tribe called the Winili w in in i l 60 00:04:01,160 --> 00:04:06,880 Speaker 1: i Uh, And from this relatively humble beginning they would 61 00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:11,240 Speaker 1: rise to eventually rule most of the Italian peninsula from 62 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: five six a d to the late seven seventies, like 63 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:21,200 Speaker 1: seven seventy four seventy five a D. And that this 64 00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:24,240 Speaker 1: this is the environment in which our story takes place. 65 00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:28,320 Speaker 1: Nol As you said, they were known for being warlike. Ma, 66 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:30,320 Speaker 1: did you hear that story that Paul the Deacon wrote 67 00:04:30,360 --> 00:04:33,560 Speaker 1: about how the Long Beards A nice apocryphal tale of 68 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:35,880 Speaker 1: how the long Beards may have had some divine intervention 69 00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:38,919 Speaker 1: and getting that name. Oh it's great. Yeah, it's super cool. 70 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:40,800 Speaker 1: So if you've played the new God of War game, 71 00:04:40,839 --> 00:04:42,800 Speaker 1: I guess it's not that new anymore, but apparently if 72 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: you get the update, it lets you like replay the 73 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:47,719 Speaker 1: entire game using all of your armor or less you 74 00:04:47,760 --> 00:04:50,599 Speaker 1: like start over again. Just f y. I really cool game, okay, 75 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:53,680 Speaker 1: but features Odin and Freya and a lot of this 76 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:57,040 Speaker 1: pantheon of Norse gods that these folks worship. I'll tell 77 00:04:57,080 --> 00:05:00,200 Speaker 1: you who else worshiped them was the win Nilly, these 78 00:05:00,279 --> 00:05:03,720 Speaker 1: kind of rivals who were the Vandals, and they were 79 00:05:03,760 --> 00:05:07,000 Speaker 1: in a conflict together because the Winnilli's refused to pay 80 00:05:07,279 --> 00:05:09,839 Speaker 1: a tribute to the leaders of the Vandals. And have 81 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:13,640 Speaker 1: a great quote here. The Winili were a smaller tribe 82 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:16,080 Speaker 1: to in terms of numbers. The Vandals had them out 83 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:20,360 Speaker 1: numbered and out knived or whatever, which which is a 84 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:23,760 Speaker 1: nice a nice bit of foreshadowing there. So the Winili 85 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:27,560 Speaker 1: said it is better to maintain liberty by arms than 86 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: to stain it by the payment of tribute. They thought 87 00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:33,320 Speaker 1: it would be shameful to pay these people off. And 88 00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:35,960 Speaker 1: they said, you know what, if we go down, we're 89 00:05:35,960 --> 00:05:39,800 Speaker 1: going to go down swinging, and we're going to ask 90 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,840 Speaker 1: our God for help. Goden, who we know is Odin today? 91 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:46,600 Speaker 1: Oh Goden g O d a N. I never heard 92 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:48,680 Speaker 1: it said that before. That's interesting. So yeah, So the 93 00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:52,880 Speaker 1: Vandals and the Winnelly both appealed to Odin and said, hey, 94 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:55,080 Speaker 1: we would like it very much if you would grant 95 00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:57,480 Speaker 1: us a victory, to which Odin replied he would give 96 00:05:57,520 --> 00:06:01,320 Speaker 1: a victory to the tribe he first saw at sunrise 97 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:05,640 Speaker 1: Um and then apparently the mother of the two Winili 98 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:09,920 Speaker 1: leaders whose names were Ibor and Io, went to Freya, 99 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:13,919 Speaker 1: who was Odin's wife. The mother's give their mother exactly, yeah, Gambara, 100 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:17,799 Speaker 1: and Freya told Gambara that the women of the tribe 101 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:19,640 Speaker 1: should take their hair and tie it in front of 102 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:22,000 Speaker 1: their faces so they looked like beard, and then appear 103 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:25,320 Speaker 1: at sunrise so that they seem to have more numbers 104 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:28,640 Speaker 1: than they do, more soldiers at least. And then Freya also, 105 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:32,320 Speaker 1: according to this story, loads the dice a little bit 106 00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:37,600 Speaker 1: because she turns Odin's bed to face east at sunrise 107 00:06:37,920 --> 00:06:41,440 Speaker 1: and she wakes him. And because of this, Odin sees 108 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:46,719 Speaker 1: the Winili tribe first and said, who are these long beards? 109 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,320 Speaker 1: And then, according to this article from about history dot com, 110 00:06:50,440 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: Freya responded, well, since you have given their tribe and name, 111 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:59,440 Speaker 1: he should also give them a victory, and that he did. Um. 112 00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:01,800 Speaker 1: You know, if you'd like to believe this legend, I 113 00:07:01,880 --> 00:07:04,599 Speaker 1: like to believe this one. It's it's an inspiring story. 114 00:07:04,680 --> 00:07:08,640 Speaker 1: We should also note that Paul the Deacon wrote his 115 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 1: history of the Long Beards the Historia Longo bard Room, 116 00:07:13,440 --> 00:07:17,880 Speaker 1: which is fun to say. He wrote this between late 117 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:21,680 Speaker 1: seven eight eight d so seven eighty seven seven eight 118 00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:26,960 Speaker 1: and seven nine six, so he wrote this far far 119 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:30,200 Speaker 1: after the events had transpired. That's right, And I just 120 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 1: want to back up what you said a minute ago. 121 00:07:32,120 --> 00:07:34,080 Speaker 1: Then these women with the beards tied in front of 122 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:36,120 Speaker 1: their faces were added to the ranks of the men 123 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:39,160 Speaker 1: who already sported these long, bushy beards that they did 124 00:07:39,200 --> 00:07:41,160 Speaker 1: not want to cut, so it would make them appear 125 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:44,080 Speaker 1: to have greater numbers. And I don't know, I don't 126 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:46,440 Speaker 1: know what phrase logic was here. I can't get inside 127 00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:49,000 Speaker 1: the head of a god. It's to be more intimidating. 128 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:53,080 Speaker 1: And also, you know, I love, I love the moments 129 00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:57,520 Speaker 1: in mythology and folklore where someone plays a trick where 130 00:07:57,560 --> 00:08:02,000 Speaker 1: cleverness becomes as important as physical strength, like turning the 131 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:04,040 Speaker 1: bed east. Yeah, but it's also like there's a lot 132 00:08:04,120 --> 00:08:07,560 Speaker 1: of what one might consider cheating in some of these stories, 133 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:11,200 Speaker 1: you know, are like being dishonest, but sometimes that's just 134 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:14,920 Speaker 1: having gumption, tenacity, and you know, like you said, loading 135 00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:17,280 Speaker 1: the dice a little bit in a in a clever way, 136 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:20,840 Speaker 1: and that's all that. You know, that's classic Longo bart 137 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:24,320 Speaker 1: So these are long beards if you prefer, that might 138 00:08:24,360 --> 00:08:27,280 Speaker 1: be more fun for some of us. So this is 139 00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:30,240 Speaker 1: how the tribes started, and they expanded possibly with the 140 00:08:30,240 --> 00:08:33,439 Speaker 1: help of divine intervention. And as we said, they go 141 00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:37,920 Speaker 1: on to for not insignificant amount of time rule a 142 00:08:38,120 --> 00:08:43,200 Speaker 1: large swath of Italy. And in Night five, we're gonna 143 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:44,960 Speaker 1: jump around in time a little bit here for the 144 00:08:44,960 --> 00:08:50,880 Speaker 1: sake of the story. In five, archaeologists discover a necropolis 145 00:08:51,679 --> 00:08:56,199 Speaker 1: for the longo Bard people that has over two hundred 146 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:01,960 Speaker 1: corpses buried inside two and twenty two And in these 147 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:07,520 Speaker 1: different areas of the necropolis they find some some strange, 148 00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:12,840 Speaker 1: weird things. They found one female corpse with two brooches 149 00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:17,440 Speaker 1: that were used to estimate the time roughly when these 150 00:09:17,480 --> 00:09:21,800 Speaker 1: people were interred. Uh. They also found two greyhounds and 151 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:24,400 Speaker 1: a horse, but they did not find the head of 152 00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:26,440 Speaker 1: the horse. Yeah, it wasn't a headless horseman, it was 153 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:30,480 Speaker 1: a headless horse. Still quite appropriate for Halloween times. And 154 00:09:30,559 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 1: that's just the beginning, because, as we learned in the 155 00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: paper entitled Survival to Amputation and pre Antibiotic Era, a 156 00:09:37,920 --> 00:09:42,160 Speaker 1: case Study from a Longobard Necropolis courtesy of Journal of 157 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:52,120 Speaker 1: Anthropological Sciences, this necropolis contained one corpse that was extraordinary. Yeah, 158 00:09:52,320 --> 00:09:54,880 Speaker 1: in a lot of ways, Yes, in many ways. They 159 00:09:54,960 --> 00:10:00,320 Speaker 1: found they found a man who was between fort and 160 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:04,480 Speaker 1: fifty years old. They say maybe they pegged it at 161 00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:10,079 Speaker 1: forty seven in the paper. Uh. And his body, even 162 00:10:10,160 --> 00:10:15,720 Speaker 1: hundreds of years later, showed signs of extreme hardship and uh, 163 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:20,600 Speaker 1: that's putting it very diplomatically, signs of extreme hardship and privation. 164 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,160 Speaker 1: His teeth were all kinds of messed up. The enamel 165 00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:26,880 Speaker 1: was extremely worn down to the point where it was 166 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:31,280 Speaker 1: damaging his jaw. He had evidence of plenty of fighting, 167 00:10:31,640 --> 00:10:36,720 Speaker 1: but most importantly for this story, archaeologists focused on something 168 00:10:36,720 --> 00:10:39,760 Speaker 1: that he did not have, which was part of his 169 00:10:39,880 --> 00:10:48,320 Speaker 1: right arm. Not only was he missing an arm, he 170 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:51,200 Speaker 1: was missing an arm in a very unusual way. And 171 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:53,920 Speaker 1: that the bone, the nub of the bone where the 172 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:58,280 Speaker 1: arm had been amputated, was worn down and calloused in 173 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:02,160 Speaker 1: a very particular a that was caused by something else 174 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:06,679 Speaker 1: they found in this uh, in this grave, that's right. Uh, 175 00:11:06,880 --> 00:11:09,880 Speaker 1: they literally buried the lead long enough. Let's just let's 176 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:12,680 Speaker 1: just let it out in the open. This guy had 177 00:11:13,040 --> 00:11:18,800 Speaker 1: replaced his arm with a prosthetic blade. He had a 178 00:11:18,880 --> 00:11:22,520 Speaker 1: knife hand, a knife hand. Yeah, And um, the way 179 00:11:22,600 --> 00:11:24,440 Speaker 1: it was attached was with like a kind of a 180 00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:27,720 Speaker 1: cup that would attach over the nub, and then the 181 00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:30,880 Speaker 1: blade was fashion fashion onto the cup. I guess it 182 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:32,720 Speaker 1: was like a leather cup of some kind. And then 183 00:11:32,760 --> 00:11:36,800 Speaker 1: there were straps harnesses that would fasten it on. And 184 00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:38,800 Speaker 1: you remember you mentioned a minute ago, Ben that he 185 00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:42,520 Speaker 1: had some significant wear and tear to his teeth. One 186 00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:44,400 Speaker 1: of the ideas is that it was because he was 187 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:48,760 Speaker 1: constantly using his teeth to tighten the straps on the 188 00:11:49,559 --> 00:11:52,800 Speaker 1: knife knife arm. Yeah, as he was going through and 189 00:11:52,840 --> 00:11:56,360 Speaker 1: dealing ungodly amounts of damage to his enemies. You can 190 00:11:56,559 --> 00:12:01,000 Speaker 1: in the papers see close up photographs of the fellow's teeth. 191 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:04,240 Speaker 1: We don't know a ton of details about this man. 192 00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:08,640 Speaker 1: His name is lost to history. We don't know necessarily 193 00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:11,920 Speaker 1: what he did in his free time, what his dreams were, 194 00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:15,000 Speaker 1: what did he have children, and so on. But we 195 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:19,679 Speaker 1: do know a ton of things based entirely on the 196 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:24,480 Speaker 1: state of his body. We know, for instance, that the 197 00:12:24,559 --> 00:12:29,640 Speaker 1: orientation of his amputated forearm, the orientation of the fracture 198 00:12:29,679 --> 00:12:32,960 Speaker 1: that occurred, indicates that it was an angled cut by 199 00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:37,320 Speaker 1: a single blow, maybe probably from a blunt instrument. And 200 00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:41,960 Speaker 1: this amputation was the result of one of three things. 201 00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:45,400 Speaker 1: An amputation through injury and combat which has its own 202 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:49,000 Speaker 1: fascinating rabbit hole to follow a medical intervention. Maybe he 203 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: had a wound and I got infected, or some sort 204 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:55,400 Speaker 1: of judicial punishment how they put it in the paper, 205 00:12:55,440 --> 00:12:59,720 Speaker 1: I believe, yes, exactly. So he either gotten a beef, 206 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:05,840 Speaker 1: got sick, or or broke the law. I no, you know, 207 00:13:06,400 --> 00:13:09,079 Speaker 1: forensics guy or anything. But it does seem like the 208 00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:13,240 Speaker 1: cleanness of the cut would indicate that he was, you know, 209 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:17,360 Speaker 1: had it positioned in such a way to receive the 210 00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:20,000 Speaker 1: blow right, like on some sort of like hard surface 211 00:13:20,120 --> 00:13:23,440 Speaker 1: or maybe held down or you know something. It doesn't 212 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:25,640 Speaker 1: seem like it would be that clean if he just 213 00:13:25,840 --> 00:13:28,040 Speaker 1: got a giant axe swung at him in battle and 214 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:31,080 Speaker 1: got the arm lobbed off right. And there's a So 215 00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:34,120 Speaker 1: there's an interesting thing I've been reading about for something 216 00:13:34,320 --> 00:13:37,360 Speaker 1: unrelated to this show that ties in very well, and 217 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:40,600 Speaker 1: it's the problem of fighting on a battlefield in these 218 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:43,679 Speaker 1: ancient days. You know, we see all these depictions in 219 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:47,320 Speaker 1: fiction and historical accounts of groups of people just yelling 220 00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:50,720 Speaker 1: and running into each other until they collide in blood, 221 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:55,719 Speaker 1: sweat and violence. But is it possible, this is the 222 00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,080 Speaker 1: question is looking at. Is it possible that some people 223 00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:02,000 Speaker 1: just faked their death, that just like laid down and 224 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,000 Speaker 1: waited for the fighting to stop. The answer is yes, 225 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:09,680 Speaker 1: and that's why soldiers from either side would go through 226 00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:12,960 Speaker 1: after a conflict to make sure the dead were dead. 227 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:14,720 Speaker 1: You've seen that in movies. They just go around just 228 00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:18,320 Speaker 1: stabbing the piles of bodies, and in some cases it 229 00:14:18,360 --> 00:14:21,600 Speaker 1: was considered an act of mercy rather than an act 230 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:24,640 Speaker 1: of malevolence, because think about it, this is a time 231 00:14:24,680 --> 00:14:28,240 Speaker 1: with no antibiotics. This is the time where medicine is 232 00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:33,040 Speaker 1: often administrated through a spiritual leader, right, rather than some 233 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:39,080 Speaker 1: sort of doctor. And additionally, this is the biggest point 234 00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:41,720 Speaker 1: for the the idea that this guy may have been 235 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:47,320 Speaker 1: injured in battle. Additionally, every time that someone is attempting 236 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:50,479 Speaker 1: to recover from an injury, especially one of this magnitude, 237 00:14:50,760 --> 00:14:53,840 Speaker 1: that means that a community of other people has to 238 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:55,760 Speaker 1: take care of them. Wait a minute, so he's saying. 239 00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:59,400 Speaker 1: The takeaway from this weird knife armed dude is that 240 00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:02,880 Speaker 1: like people in his lifetime were nice to him, at 241 00:15:02,960 --> 00:15:07,320 Speaker 1: least because he also uh the the analysis of his teeth, 242 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,200 Speaker 1: the strontium levels in his teeth proved that he was 243 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:13,280 Speaker 1: not from this area. He was a stranger in a 244 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:15,080 Speaker 1: strange land at the time. And don't you think that 245 00:15:15,240 --> 00:15:19,680 Speaker 1: forty or fifty years old is a pretty decent lifetime 246 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:22,720 Speaker 1: in this day and age. And as you said, from 247 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:25,280 Speaker 1: the callous from from the callous is and the wear 248 00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:29,360 Speaker 1: on the on the amputated limb, we know that this 249 00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:32,400 Speaker 1: happened a long time before he died. He lived this 250 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:34,120 Speaker 1: way for years. Yeah. And I don't think we can 251 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:37,520 Speaker 1: stress enough how important it is to uh think about 252 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,960 Speaker 1: the idea that they had had no antibiotics and no 253 00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:45,080 Speaker 1: real way to intervene and stop the blood flow other 254 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:47,600 Speaker 1: than just to like rub it with some sort of 255 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:51,120 Speaker 1: poultice or like, you know, physically bind it and keep 256 00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:52,840 Speaker 1: an eye on the guy and make sure that he 257 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:55,560 Speaker 1: had stayed clean. Otherwise he would have just gone septic 258 00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:58,240 Speaker 1: and kicked it in no time. Yeah. Absolutely. In the 259 00:15:58,240 --> 00:16:02,400 Speaker 1: paper they say vote the Longo Bard Mail survived the 260 00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:05,680 Speaker 1: loss of a forearm even though antibiotics were not readily available. 261 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:09,200 Speaker 1: This highlights a community level effort to provide an ideal 262 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: setting for healing to take place. This suggests a clean 263 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:15,560 Speaker 1: environment with intensive care during the early stages of healing, 264 00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,360 Speaker 1: with the ability to prevent death from blood loss and 265 00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:21,920 Speaker 1: specific herbal bombs were available to the Longo Bard people 266 00:16:22,360 --> 00:16:26,960 Speaker 1: for this purpose. And they go back and forth arguing 267 00:16:27,080 --> 00:16:30,000 Speaker 1: the different cases that this could have been combat and 268 00:16:30,040 --> 00:16:33,560 Speaker 1: then he was saved by his his community, or that 269 00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:38,520 Speaker 1: it was a judicial punishment where they said, okay, maybe 270 00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:40,920 Speaker 1: you have stolen something, so now you lose your hand, 271 00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:42,600 Speaker 1: but we don't want to kill you. But if that 272 00:16:42,720 --> 00:16:44,320 Speaker 1: was the case, why would they go out of their 273 00:16:44,360 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 1: way to like keep him from bleeding out. That's the mystery, right, 274 00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:51,200 Speaker 1: and I am tempted to place this injury in the 275 00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:56,280 Speaker 1: realm of combat or traumatic accident, because as we mentioned, 276 00:16:56,840 --> 00:17:02,560 Speaker 1: the Longo Bards invaded in five s a d. Right, 277 00:17:02,640 --> 00:17:06,760 Speaker 1: and that's when they began to take over Italy. And 278 00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:11,439 Speaker 1: it looks like this death. This guy was interred in 279 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:16,280 Speaker 1: this necropolis not too long after, so he was definitely 280 00:17:16,320 --> 00:17:19,000 Speaker 1: alive and kicking and maybe even had both of his 281 00:17:19,119 --> 00:17:24,280 Speaker 1: hands during the invasion. It's quite possible that they took 282 00:17:24,280 --> 00:17:28,280 Speaker 1: care of him because he was helping with this takeover, 283 00:17:28,359 --> 00:17:30,760 Speaker 1: with this regional takeover. By the way, if you're wondering 284 00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:34,280 Speaker 1: why the Winili behame the Longo Bards and moved down 285 00:17:34,359 --> 00:17:38,040 Speaker 1: south like this, the current best guess is it was 286 00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:43,400 Speaker 1: to seek better resources because they had overpopulated their native land. 287 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:46,760 Speaker 1: And and unless we paint a picture of these um 288 00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:51,200 Speaker 1: these Lombards as being entirely like barbaric or some kind 289 00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:56,919 Speaker 1: of like completely unhinged warring, you know, psychotic unlike force, 290 00:17:57,359 --> 00:17:59,480 Speaker 1: I mean they eventually when they kind of settled, they 291 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:03,720 Speaker 1: they built a bunch of incredible architecture. They became dukes 292 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,480 Speaker 1: and and had a very very robust system of government 293 00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:11,080 Speaker 1: and created these territories called duchies. And that's a term 294 00:18:11,119 --> 00:18:14,720 Speaker 1: that was used moving forward. I believe Ben that is true. 295 00:18:14,760 --> 00:18:19,120 Speaker 1: Old the term duchy did stick around. The Kingdom of 296 00:18:19,160 --> 00:18:22,640 Speaker 1: the Lombards are also known as the Kingdom of Italy 297 00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:27,359 Speaker 1: at the time, was established, as he said, in the 298 00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:33,800 Speaker 1: later part of the sixth century. And they they knew 299 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:36,440 Speaker 1: that this kind of game was going by King of 300 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 1: the Hill rules, not the not the cartoon, but the 301 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:42,560 Speaker 1: actual game. What I mean is they knew that there 302 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:47,040 Speaker 1: would be people trying to oust them from their new kingdom. 303 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:50,520 Speaker 1: One of the groups that vehemently opposed them was the 304 00:18:50,560 --> 00:18:53,960 Speaker 1: Byzantine Empire. Yeah, you had them, you had the the Celts, 305 00:18:54,680 --> 00:18:58,840 Speaker 1: the Chelts, Celts, Celts, the Celts. There we the Celts. 306 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:01,600 Speaker 1: That's the worst, worst one. Then you had the Visi 307 00:19:01,640 --> 00:19:03,040 Speaker 1: Goths or is I like to refer to them as 308 00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:05,760 Speaker 1: just the Goths? You know it's and then you had 309 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:08,600 Speaker 1: the Franks, and they were the they were the big bads, 310 00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:11,920 Speaker 1: they were the ultimate bosses, the Franks. They're the ones 311 00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:15,440 Speaker 1: who conquered the kingdom, right and yeah, the Franks. Ben Um. 312 00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:17,040 Speaker 1: I don't know if you've heard of this little guy 313 00:19:17,080 --> 00:19:20,119 Speaker 1: named Charlemagne the Great. You don't. You don't get the 314 00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,439 Speaker 1: name the Great unless you're pretty badass. I'm skeptical of hype, 315 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:25,639 Speaker 1: that's fair. But he was like the big boss. Like 316 00:19:25,640 --> 00:19:27,840 Speaker 1: he said, he was the big bad and he is 317 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:33,399 Speaker 1: the due that ultimately led to the downfall of the 318 00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:37,360 Speaker 1: the long Beards. Yeah. He even after after the Franks 319 00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:40,919 Speaker 1: conquered most of the kingdom, he even adopted the title 320 00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:45,440 Speaker 1: King of the Lombards. And the one city they never 321 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:49,280 Speaker 1: managed to gain control of was ben Evento, the most 322 00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:59,160 Speaker 1: southern of the Lombard duchies, so at the time, at 323 00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:02,919 Speaker 1: the time that this entire empire, Rosen finally fell, the 324 00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:06,480 Speaker 1: Kingdom of the Lombards was the last holdout the last 325 00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:10,600 Speaker 1: minor Germanic kingdom in Europe other than the Frankish Empire, 326 00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:13,800 Speaker 1: and we we should mention too. There's there's a good 327 00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:19,080 Speaker 1: question of how Lombard these people were, or at least 328 00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:23,199 Speaker 1: their rulers by the time they fell, because over the 329 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:25,800 Speaker 1: more than one hundred years that they governed this area 330 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:29,640 Speaker 1: of the world, they gradually assimilated to a Roman culture. 331 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:33,000 Speaker 1: They would get Roman titles, they would start naming their 332 00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:37,640 Speaker 1: kids Roman names, they would start practicing Roman traditions. So 333 00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:42,439 Speaker 1: at what level did their assimilation just make them Romans 334 00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:45,719 Speaker 1: who historically were Lombards, you know what I meant. But 335 00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: no one was at that level of PC at this time. 336 00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:52,400 Speaker 1: Of course, they were like die long beards and they 337 00:20:52,520 --> 00:20:56,720 Speaker 1: almost got our guy knife man. He would have been 338 00:20:56,920 --> 00:20:59,880 Speaker 1: a beast on the battlefield. Can you imagine. There's there's 339 00:21:00,119 --> 00:21:04,000 Speaker 1: great details in here about well, they still are speculating 340 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:06,600 Speaker 1: about how is injury occurve, but there's some great details 341 00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:09,280 Speaker 1: about his life after the injury. As we said, the 342 00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:11,720 Speaker 1: teeth on the side of his mouth that he used 343 00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:15,760 Speaker 1: to tighten the strap where Terri We cannot over emphasize this. 344 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:18,360 Speaker 1: They were terribly worn down, like the pulp was out 345 00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:20,960 Speaker 1: of his teeth. Someone had to extract some of his 346 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:23,080 Speaker 1: teeth so he could eat. Yeah. I think he actually 347 00:21:23,119 --> 00:21:26,160 Speaker 1: like had some sort of serious infection because he ruptured 348 00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:28,680 Speaker 1: the pulp sack, which is the thing apparently in in 349 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:31,480 Speaker 1: one of his teeth, and that could have been fatal. 350 00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:35,440 Speaker 1: This guy really dodged some serious bullets. Yeah, he won 351 00:21:35,480 --> 00:21:39,679 Speaker 1: a brutal lottery for sure. We also know that he didn't. 352 00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:43,879 Speaker 1: Here's the question that I immediately had at least, and 353 00:21:44,040 --> 00:21:46,520 Speaker 1: I don't know if you've had it as well, ridiculous historians. 354 00:21:47,040 --> 00:21:50,800 Speaker 1: Did he survive long enough to use his blade arm 355 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:55,000 Speaker 1: in battle? Well, one would think. Here's the thing though, 356 00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:58,120 Speaker 1: there there this the speculation is like he maybe even 357 00:21:58,240 --> 00:22:00,800 Speaker 1: used this to like eat, But I don't buy that. 358 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:02,680 Speaker 1: Why why not have a fork arm if you're gonna 359 00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:04,240 Speaker 1: use it to eat? I mean, a blade arm is 360 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:08,760 Speaker 1: clearly designed to slice. And we know from the level 361 00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:11,879 Speaker 1: of metal working that was available at the time that 362 00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:15,240 Speaker 1: they could make something with times or yeah, it was 363 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:20,720 Speaker 1: they could make something that wasn't just a blade arm. 364 00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:24,240 Speaker 1: They chose blade arm, and I'm just I'm not I'm 365 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: not being completely prejudiced here, but I'm saying that choice 366 00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:33,040 Speaker 1: implies something. There's there's intention, there's the implication. It's like 367 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:35,520 Speaker 1: it's like Ash and the Evil Dead. He made himself 368 00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:39,520 Speaker 1: a chainsaw arm, right, you know, with which to slice 369 00:22:39,560 --> 00:22:42,639 Speaker 1: demons the undead. I mean he didn't make himself, you know, 370 00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,679 Speaker 1: some other non lethal type of arm, like like a 371 00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:49,040 Speaker 1: mannequin hand, or like a flagpole or flagpole. Yeah, you know, 372 00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:51,119 Speaker 1: he didn't make anything like that. He wasn't gonna be 373 00:22:51,160 --> 00:22:53,439 Speaker 1: a crossing guarden. He was going to be a demon slayer. 374 00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:58,399 Speaker 1: And we know that with knife Man. It appears that 375 00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:01,159 Speaker 1: he did not what whatever did with this blade arm. 376 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:04,160 Speaker 1: It appears that he didn't lift heavy weights with it, 377 00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:07,240 Speaker 1: but surprise, surprise, that would be kind of difficult anyway, 378 00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:09,720 Speaker 1: just to keep the prosthetic on. He's saying that his 379 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,919 Speaker 1: arm was slightly like atrophied or something. We're saying that 380 00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:16,680 Speaker 1: we can tell from the strain that like obviously his 381 00:23:17,160 --> 00:23:19,239 Speaker 1: left hand, the one he still has, is going to 382 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:22,720 Speaker 1: be the new dominant hand, right, but so it wasn't 383 00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:25,520 Speaker 1: like as evenly distributed between the two right, so we 384 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:29,119 Speaker 1: can tell that we can tell that he wasn't attempting 385 00:23:29,160 --> 00:23:32,320 Speaker 1: to or did not successfully for long periods of time 386 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:36,359 Speaker 1: lift heavy things. But what about slashing. Slashing is totally 387 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:40,399 Speaker 1: different because that's more of an impact, right than a strain. 388 00:23:41,080 --> 00:23:44,159 Speaker 1: That's so we would have to we would have to 389 00:23:44,359 --> 00:23:47,800 Speaker 1: ask ourselves. They don't really address it in the paper, 390 00:23:47,840 --> 00:23:51,160 Speaker 1: but we'd have to ask ourselves whether there's some sort 391 00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:55,320 Speaker 1: of research we can do that would let us know 392 00:23:55,920 --> 00:23:57,919 Speaker 1: whether he used it in combat. You don't think if 393 00:23:57,920 --> 00:23:59,879 Speaker 1: you did enough slashing and stabbing that he wouldn't have 394 00:23:59,920 --> 00:24:02,320 Speaker 1: a big muscle on that arm, right, wouldn't you imagine? 395 00:24:02,320 --> 00:24:04,800 Speaker 1: I would think so. But then also, you know, we 396 00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:07,080 Speaker 1: have to remember a lot of the stuff we're a 397 00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:11,080 Speaker 1: lot of stuff we're discovering with the prosthetic is based 398 00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:14,560 Speaker 1: on guesswork, because a lot of the leather has already decayed. 399 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 1: This guy has been in the ground for a long time. 400 00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:20,760 Speaker 1: I wish we knew his name. You know, I'm fine 401 00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 1: with knife Man. I'm fine with knife Man. He could 402 00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:26,320 Speaker 1: be a boss in the Mega Man games. He could. 403 00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:29,640 Speaker 1: That's a good call. He probably also, knowing the way 404 00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:32,879 Speaker 1: that nicknames and stuff worked at that time, he probably 405 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:35,760 Speaker 1: also had a name that was something like that. It 406 00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:39,480 Speaker 1: was something like, you know, Gilbert knife hand or Gilbert 407 00:24:39,520 --> 00:24:43,840 Speaker 1: of the Knife, Mac the Knife. Yeah, similar, similar, right, 408 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:46,480 Speaker 1: although Mac the Knife did not have a knife for 409 00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:50,960 Speaker 1: a hand. You don't know that, pretty pretty sure. It's 410 00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,000 Speaker 1: not in the song. It's not in the song, which 411 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:55,800 Speaker 1: they probably would have mentioned that, right, you think, I think. 412 00:24:56,119 --> 00:24:59,439 Speaker 1: But this is our spooky tail for the week and 413 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,360 Speaker 1: somewhat inspiring because, as as we said at the beginning, 414 00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:07,720 Speaker 1: it shows us that, regardless of how community might be 415 00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:11,639 Speaker 1: portrayed in history, love conquers all. Love conquers all. It's 416 00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:17,280 Speaker 1: certainly heals it heals wounds. It's time. That was probably 417 00:25:17,320 --> 00:25:21,000 Speaker 1: a combination of both time and love. And you have 418 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:24,080 Speaker 1: to you have to marvel sometimes that that's just how 419 00:25:25,119 --> 00:25:28,680 Speaker 1: how tough these people were, you know what I mean, 420 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:30,639 Speaker 1: Like I freak out if I have a cough for 421 00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:33,280 Speaker 1: more than two weeks. So do you have any prosthetic 422 00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:36,119 Speaker 1: limbs that are lethal weapons? Let any kind right in? 423 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,040 Speaker 1: Let us know, send us picks. We're interested. Oh I 424 00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:40,439 Speaker 1: thought you're asking me now, and I know I know 425 00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:46,200 Speaker 1: you don't have any. All right, man, man, let's keep moving. Yes, 426 00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:49,080 Speaker 1: how can you find us? You can? We're so glad 427 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:52,520 Speaker 1: you asked. You can find us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter. 428 00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,840 Speaker 1: We'd like to give a special shout out to everybody's 429 00:25:55,920 --> 00:26:01,000 Speaker 1: favorite community page on the old FB that is Whiculous Historians, 430 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,680 Speaker 1: where you can shoot the breeze, see some pretty top 431 00:26:03,720 --> 00:26:07,359 Speaker 1: tier memes, and give us suggestions for episodes you would 432 00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:10,800 Speaker 1: like to hear in the future. As always, thanks to 433 00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,920 Speaker 1: our super producers, especially to you super producer paulf We're 434 00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:17,800 Speaker 1: filling in today. Yeah, thanks to Alex Williams who composed 435 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:21,640 Speaker 1: this theme. Thanks to the one and only irreplaceable yet 436 00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:25,880 Speaker 1: occasionally replaceable super producer Casey pegram here in spirit. Thanks 437 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:29,639 Speaker 1: to our research peeps, uh Eve's Jeff Coat and Christopher 438 00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:33,040 Speaker 1: Hasiotas who we love dearly love those books. They're the best. 439 00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:35,640 Speaker 1: He's a great guy. You know. He's a very talented 440 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:37,720 Speaker 1: food critic as well. I do know that in Eaves 441 00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:41,960 Speaker 1: is also on a show called Afro Punk Solution Sessions 442 00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:44,359 Speaker 1: and a show called Stuff Mom Never told you should 443 00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:46,399 Speaker 1: check those out. Check them both out. We'd love to 444 00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:49,280 Speaker 1: have Eaves on the show one day soon too, definitely, 445 00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:52,400 Speaker 1: so spoiler alert with that and you know what, NOL 446 00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,120 Speaker 1: Thanks to knife Man for making it through the tough 447 00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:59,399 Speaker 1: days and giving us an inspiring story and thanks to you, 448 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:00,280 Speaker 1: an Eer