1 00:00:01,720 --> 00:00:03,840 Speaker 1: Colz Media. 2 00:00:04,880 --> 00:00:08,160 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to ACRAP and here. I'm Andrew Sage. 3 00:00:08,280 --> 00:00:12,320 Speaker 2: I run Andrews on YouTube and I'm here with the voice. 4 00:00:12,240 --> 00:00:14,080 Speaker 3: Of Garrison Davis. 5 00:00:14,120 --> 00:00:18,480 Speaker 2: Hello, Hello, Hello, and today we're going to continue our 6 00:00:18,560 --> 00:00:22,400 Speaker 2: journey through Latin American anarchisms and their histories with a 7 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:23,960 Speaker 2: sort of a fourth for one. 8 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:26,800 Speaker 4: Special exciting, exciting, very exciting. 9 00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:33,040 Speaker 2: We talked about Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Cuba 10 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:36,960 Speaker 2: sofa as well as the Mapouch struggle in Chile and Argentina. 11 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:39,360 Speaker 4: And now was the time to explore what's going. 12 00:00:39,159 --> 00:00:42,280 Speaker 2: On at the top of the South American continent, the 13 00:00:42,400 --> 00:00:46,400 Speaker 2: territory of the former Grand Colombia, and that is the 14 00:00:46,479 --> 00:00:51,120 Speaker 2: territories of Ecuador, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela. 15 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 4: But if this is the first. 16 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:55,279 Speaker 2: Time you're hearing about Grand Columbia, let me give a 17 00:00:55,360 --> 00:01:01,680 Speaker 2: quick and a brief historical context. Rundown Grand Columbia was 18 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:04,520 Speaker 2: a short lived political entity that emerged in the early 19 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:08,120 Speaker 2: nineteenth century during Latin America's struggle for independence from Spanish 20 00:01:08,120 --> 00:01:11,720 Speaker 2: colonial route. It was formed in eighteen nineteen and it 21 00:01:11,800 --> 00:01:15,880 Speaker 2: encompassed the territories, like I said, of present day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, 22 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:18,840 Speaker 2: and Panama, as well as some parts of northern Peru, 23 00:01:19,240 --> 00:01:23,760 Speaker 2: western Guyana, and northwestern Brazil. The republic was envisioned by 24 00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:26,800 Speaker 2: Simon Bolivar, who are dreamt of uniting the former Spanish 25 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:28,000 Speaker 2: colonies into. 26 00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 4: A powerful federation. 27 00:01:29,680 --> 00:01:33,200 Speaker 2: They'll be able to resist foreign intervention and secure their independence. 28 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:38,320 Speaker 2: The Congress of Angostura declared the creation of Grand Columbia 29 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:42,360 Speaker 2: with Bolivar as its first president. The public was a 30 00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:47,840 Speaker 2: centralized state with a strong executive branch, so unsurprisingly, tension 31 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:51,320 Speaker 2: soon arose among the constituent regions due to their differences 32 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 2: in political vision, economic interests, and regional identities. Centralized governance 33 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:02,680 Speaker 2: had alienated local elites and over federalism us centralism deepened 34 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 2: existing divisions. Plus Bolivar's increasingly autocratic rule I mean he 35 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 2: literally tried to push for a lifetime presidency obviously sparked 36 00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:16,880 Speaker 2: internal opposition, so Grand Columbia was facing external threats from 37 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:22,600 Speaker 2: Spanish royalist forces and internal fractures. By eighteen thirty, Bolivard 38 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:25,920 Speaker 2: had to resign from the presidency, disillusioned by the failure 39 00:02:25,919 --> 00:02:29,079 Speaker 2: of his vision, and the same year Grand Columbia dissolved 40 00:02:29,120 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 2: into three separate nations, Venezuela, Ecuador, and the Republic of 41 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:37,679 Speaker 2: New Grenada, which later on split into Columbia and Panama. 42 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:41,040 Speaker 2: Unlike the other countries of South America that we've covered, 43 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:45,720 Speaker 2: these countries had far less large scale anarchist movements, but 44 00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:47,960 Speaker 2: will still take a look at what little impact anarchists 45 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:50,480 Speaker 2: did make in the past two centuries in these places. 46 00:02:51,639 --> 00:02:53,680 Speaker 2: This whole series, by the wouldn't be possible of the 47 00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 2: scholarship of Anhill Capelletti, whose research I drew upon heavily 48 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:01,760 Speaker 2: for this historical review. I suggest reading his book Anarchism 49 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 2: in Latin America for further details. Let's first take a 50 00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 2: look at the history in Ecuador at the turn of 51 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,160 Speaker 2: the twentieth century. Ecuador was ruined from a liberal revolution 52 00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:13,919 Speaker 2: that had just taken place in the country. The country 53 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:17,800 Speaker 2: was shifting as industrialization creeped in. The bourgeoisie were on 54 00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:21,280 Speaker 2: the rise, and feuderal landowners were losing their grip on power. 55 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 4: A new secular cultural. 56 00:03:23,919 --> 00:03:26,639 Speaker 2: Wave was also beginning to take shape as the clerical 57 00:03:26,639 --> 00:03:31,240 Speaker 2: authorities began to lose their power. The workers naturally needed 58 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:33,400 Speaker 2: a voice in this process, and they found it first 59 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 2: with the rise of the Partiro Liberal Obrero was the 60 00:03:36,200 --> 00:03:40,160 Speaker 2: Liberal Workers Party in nineteen oh six. Around the same time, 61 00:03:40,280 --> 00:03:43,320 Speaker 2: on New Year's Eve of nineteen oh five, the Confederacire 62 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:47,040 Speaker 2: Delacuador was founded in Guayaquil, a city there would become 63 00:03:47,120 --> 00:03:51,240 Speaker 2: a hub for worker activity. Both organizations shared a vision 64 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:55,119 Speaker 2: rooted in social reform and work empowerment. It was also 65 00:03:55,160 --> 00:03:58,360 Speaker 2: around this time that the Cuban anarchist Miguel Albuquerque made 66 00:03:58,400 --> 00:04:01,800 Speaker 2: a name for himself in Ecquador. Originally, he had come 67 00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:05,800 Speaker 2: seeking assistance with Cuba's independent struggle, but eventually found himself 68 00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:09,000 Speaker 2: playing a key role in Ecuador's labor movement. He established 69 00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:11,880 Speaker 2: the side that the e host deale Trabajo or the 70 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:14,880 Speaker 2: Society the Sons of Labor, and other anarchist groups would 71 00:04:14,920 --> 00:04:18,320 Speaker 2: also begin forming, contributing to the struggles taking place at 72 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:22,000 Speaker 2: the time. The first recorded strikes with anarchist influence took 73 00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:25,520 Speaker 2: place in nineteen nineteen, where workers in the graphic arts 74 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:29,680 Speaker 2: industry organized the demand back conditions. By nineteen twenty two, 75 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:34,120 Speaker 2: Guyaquil was the epicenter of a massive general strike, shaped 76 00:04:34,120 --> 00:04:37,039 Speaker 2: in part by the anarchist Nicolists, who were obviously right 77 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:39,560 Speaker 2: in the thick of it. The strike was driven by 78 00:04:39,839 --> 00:04:43,920 Speaker 2: dissatisfaction among the workers, particularly among the city's urban laborers 79 00:04:43,960 --> 00:04:48,360 Speaker 2: and dark workers, who were facing really poor wages, long hours, 80 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 2: and deteriorating living conditions talors all this time. The strike 81 00:04:53,200 --> 00:04:56,960 Speaker 2: culminated in a violent crackdown by government forces, also a 82 00:04:57,080 --> 00:04:59,960 Speaker 2: tales all this time, with estimates suggesting that one hundred 83 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 2: words of workers we killed when the military surpressed the revolts. 84 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:06,640 Speaker 2: Most workers returned to their jobs after that, but the 85 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:10,040 Speaker 2: trolley workers continued their strike until the twenty first of November, 86 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:11,839 Speaker 2: when most of their demands were met. 87 00:05:12,360 --> 00:05:16,919 Speaker 3: How much like crossover was there between like revolutionaries or 88 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 3: like you know, workers rights people or anarchists in Cuba 89 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:22,680 Speaker 3: and places like this, because I assume there was like 90 00:05:22,720 --> 00:05:26,800 Speaker 3: a lot more like growing sentiment in Cuba based on 91 00:05:26,839 --> 00:05:29,520 Speaker 3: how that whole situation turned out in the next like 92 00:05:29,920 --> 00:05:32,960 Speaker 3: twenty thirty years, and I feel like there would be 93 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:35,279 Speaker 3: a decent, like a decent number of cross or at 94 00:05:35,360 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 3: least like some travel between some of these other like 95 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:39,600 Speaker 3: nearby places for. 96 00:05:39,560 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 2: Sure, because Cuba has been gained independence much in theater 97 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 2: than the rest of its last America neighbors, places like 98 00:05:46,960 --> 00:05:50,560 Speaker 2: Mexico and Central America and Grantit, Columbia and the rest 99 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:52,800 Speaker 2: of South America. They all gained the independence, and Cuba 100 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:56,480 Speaker 2: was still under the Spanish Thumb and their remain under 101 00:05:56,480 --> 00:05:59,440 Speaker 2: the Spanish thtumb until they ended up having to struggle 102 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:02,600 Speaker 2: with the Americans as well and eventually to gain their 103 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:05,520 Speaker 2: win independence. I mean, it's all one one big pond. 104 00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:07,800 Speaker 2: I like to see the Caribbean Sea. So there would 105 00:06:07,800 --> 00:06:11,480 Speaker 2: have been a lot of transfer and communication between these 106 00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:16,760 Speaker 2: independent Latin America and republics and Cuba, which was still 107 00:06:16,839 --> 00:06:17,839 Speaker 2: at the time of colony. 108 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:19,600 Speaker 4: That was really interesting to see. 109 00:06:19,600 --> 00:06:22,120 Speaker 2: What when you know, these Cuban characters sort of show 110 00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:25,279 Speaker 2: up in other parts and then I've stirring up some trouble. 111 00:06:25,839 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 3: Totally well, and it shows just how like popular the 112 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:33,200 Speaker 3: nineteen twenties were kind of like everywhere, Like yeah, whether 113 00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:35,680 Speaker 3: looking at like labor movement in the United States or 114 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:38,000 Speaker 3: like everything that you've been talking about these last few 115 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:42,159 Speaker 3: episodes about Latin American anarchism. Like always in like the 116 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:44,760 Speaker 3: nineteen twenties, there was always just like crazy shit going 117 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:47,440 Speaker 3: down consistently for sure. 118 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:50,240 Speaker 2: Unfortunately, nineteen twenties is also the time of a lot 119 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:53,160 Speaker 2: of decline for a lot of the anarchists movements because 120 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:56,480 Speaker 2: nineteen twenties follows, you know, the rise of the USSR, 121 00:06:56,960 --> 00:06:59,640 Speaker 2: and a lot of people ended up abandoned in anarchism 122 00:07:00,440 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 2: and following that sort of popularity at the time. 123 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:06,400 Speaker 3: Well, and similarly, once we start getting into like the 124 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 3: early thirties, I remember in the last few episodes that 125 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:13,120 Speaker 3: you've done, you see the resurgence of like right wing populism, 126 00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:14,119 Speaker 3: like really hard. 127 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:17,800 Speaker 4: Yes, we tend to see a lot of resurgences. 128 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:19,760 Speaker 3: And like all this like revolutionary potential that's been growing 129 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:22,880 Speaker 3: the past few decades all gets like co opted or 130 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:26,200 Speaker 3: channeled into like right wing nationalism and right wing populism, 131 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 3: and like that's a whole whole other pivot that happens, 132 00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:33,120 Speaker 3: not just the more like you know, communism's statust one. 133 00:07:33,880 --> 00:07:36,600 Speaker 2: In like the twenties, do see a resurgeons. We do 134 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 2: see a resurgions in the writing populism. Yes, we also 135 00:07:39,440 --> 00:07:43,160 Speaker 2: see a resurgions in the anarchist politics. Remember the thirties 136 00:07:43,760 --> 00:07:46,080 Speaker 2: was also the time of the Spanish Civil War, sure, 137 00:07:46,320 --> 00:07:49,360 Speaker 2: and so in that time you had the anarchists picking 138 00:07:49,440 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 2: up steam again and you also had fallen that Civil War, 139 00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:55,480 Speaker 2: a lot of the anarchists from Spain spread out into 140 00:07:55,680 --> 00:07:58,520 Speaker 2: a lot of the former colonies in lastin America. 141 00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:00,800 Speaker 3: I think part of that rebirn is just because of 142 00:08:00,840 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 3: how tied anarchism and anti fascism is. 143 00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:04,200 Speaker 4: That's true. 144 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:08,600 Speaker 3: I think inadvertently, the rise of fascism, they actually give 145 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:11,160 Speaker 3: birth to the rise of more anarchists as people get 146 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:14,400 Speaker 3: involved in anti fascism because of these things are so like, 147 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:18,080 Speaker 3: you know, sister movements in many ways. I think that 148 00:08:18,080 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 3: may be a contributing factor. That's certainly how I kind 149 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:23,320 Speaker 3: of got into this sort of stuff was through anti fascism, 150 00:08:23,800 --> 00:08:27,120 Speaker 3: and and I suspect that that may have also been 151 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:29,280 Speaker 3: the case even one hundred years ago. 152 00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 4: For sure. 153 00:08:30,440 --> 00:08:35,480 Speaker 2: For sure, I think every story needs a good villain, unfortunately, 154 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:39,520 Speaker 2: and this is the story of anarchism. I mean, the 155 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:43,240 Speaker 2: fascists tend to make really, really impactful antagonists. 156 00:08:43,320 --> 00:08:43,680 Speaker 4: I think. 157 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:57,079 Speaker 2: Indeed, at the same time, we also had an ecuador 158 00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:00,600 Speaker 2: as to how these strikes going on oldiny anarchists doing 159 00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:03,800 Speaker 2: you know that thing that anarchists like to do, which 160 00:09:03,840 --> 00:09:05,280 Speaker 2: is a study group. 161 00:09:06,240 --> 00:09:08,240 Speaker 3: Many such cases. 162 00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:11,000 Speaker 2: Many such cases, many such cases. But I mean it 163 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:14,199 Speaker 2: is an important aspect of struggles. That's sort of consciousness raison. 164 00:09:14,440 --> 00:09:14,640 Speaker 4: Yes. 165 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:17,880 Speaker 2: So these anarchists, in particular in Guyaquille, they founded these 166 00:09:17,880 --> 00:09:21,439 Speaker 2: Centro their Studio Socialists, which was a libertarian study. 167 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:24,040 Speaker 4: Group in Guayaquille, and then a. 168 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:27,280 Speaker 2: Decade later, in nineteen twenty the anarchists also established a 169 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:32,320 Speaker 2: Centro Gremial Sindicalista or the Synicalist Guild Center, which had 170 00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:35,920 Speaker 2: a mission to an end liberate all the oppressed of 171 00:09:35,960 --> 00:09:38,640 Speaker 2: the earth by bringing them into a libertarian syndicate that 172 00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:41,720 Speaker 2: will replace the present system and opposing all political and 173 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:44,840 Speaker 2: religious doctrines as destructive and prejudicial to the rights and 174 00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:49,640 Speaker 2: aspiration of workers endcode. As in the rest of the region, 175 00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:53,599 Speaker 2: their publications played a key role in spreading the ideas 176 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:59,040 Speaker 2: again early twentieth century, late nineteenth century, the anarchists were 177 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:00,760 Speaker 2: making papers. 178 00:10:01,160 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 4: Yeah, use people's newspapers. Newspapers. 179 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:05,640 Speaker 3: I mean it is a bit of a blueprint for 180 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:09,440 Speaker 3: what anarchism continues to be in many ways, even with 181 00:10:09,559 --> 00:10:13,240 Speaker 3: like the rise of destroyism in the in the past 182 00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:17,319 Speaker 3: past decade or so, in like popular anarchism, less newspapers, 183 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:21,560 Speaker 3: more more zines being held together by possibly one or 184 00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:23,280 Speaker 3: fewer stables. 185 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:24,840 Speaker 4: And I like to think that I also continue that 186 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:27,320 Speaker 4: tradition and you and I as well by creating this 187 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:29,920 Speaker 4: kind of totally what do you and visual content. 188 00:10:30,200 --> 00:10:32,920 Speaker 3: I am a zine enjoyer, I have I have many zines, 189 00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:35,160 Speaker 3: but we also have to evolve with the times in 190 00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:38,800 Speaker 3: some ways. Not everyone's going to be reading newspapers, not 191 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:42,280 Speaker 3: everyone's going to be reading booklets. Unfortunately, as much as 192 00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 3: I encourage people to do so, I do think there 193 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:49,800 Speaker 3: is value in attacking the information ecosystem that people more 194 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:53,960 Speaker 3: more often use. That includes you know, podcasts, that includes 195 00:10:54,360 --> 00:10:58,360 Speaker 3: your fantastic videos on YouTube. Thank you, thank you, and yeah, 196 00:10:58,400 --> 00:11:00,760 Speaker 3: I agree for sure, for sure. 197 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:05,040 Speaker 2: But they didn't have things like like YouTube or the 198 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,280 Speaker 2: interidet at the time. Instead, they had, at least in Ecuador, 199 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:13,560 Speaker 2: their newspapers like El Proletario and El Cacajuerro and Bandera Roja, 200 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:17,840 Speaker 2: which were carrying these syndicalists anarchismiclist ideas to the workers 201 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:21,880 Speaker 2: across Ecuador. They also the first truly anarchist papers that 202 00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:27,200 Speaker 2: hit the country were Rendencion and Lose the Axion in 203 00:11:27,280 --> 00:11:30,800 Speaker 2: nineteen twenty two, nineteen twenty nine, respectfully. But as we 204 00:11:30,800 --> 00:11:34,920 Speaker 2: were anticipating in the nineteen thirties brought some challenges. Marxist 205 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:38,640 Speaker 2: Lennis Thought began to dominate leftist circles, and figures like 206 00:11:38,679 --> 00:11:43,160 Speaker 2: Jose Carlos mariette Gui and his General Amota ended up 207 00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:47,520 Speaker 2: wielding significant influence in the worker's struggles, and by the 208 00:11:47,559 --> 00:11:51,400 Speaker 2: end of the decade, anarchist groups found themselves vastly overshadowed 209 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:56,520 Speaker 2: as Marcus Lenists consolidated power through unified political parties. But 210 00:11:56,559 --> 00:12:01,160 Speaker 2: despite these shifts, anarchism and Acuador was really never entirely extinguished. 211 00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:05,480 Speaker 2: It actually continues to influence workers organizations like the Ferracio 212 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:09,440 Speaker 2: and La guayas well into modern times. But now let's 213 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:12,440 Speaker 2: make our way north to Columbia as a similar story 214 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:16,280 Speaker 2: and foolds of anarchism taken route in hearly twentieth century. 215 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:20,120 Speaker 2: And this is actually a fun factor because both Eli's 216 00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:25,480 Speaker 2: Recluse and Mikhail Bercunan visited Columbia recluses there for research purposes, 217 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:28,600 Speaker 2: and Bercunan wasn't an anarchist at the time, so they 218 00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:31,600 Speaker 2: didn't directly contribute to the anarchist movement as far as 219 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:34,920 Speaker 2: we know, in the country. By the nineteen tents, anarchist 220 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:39,240 Speaker 2: ideas were definitely spreading finding a home among students, artists, 221 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:44,679 Speaker 2: writers and workers. And this wasn't just idle philosophizing. They 222 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:48,760 Speaker 2: also got to work building workers societies and organizing mass 223 00:12:48,760 --> 00:12:52,840 Speaker 2: actions at the May fifteenth demonstration in nineteen sixteen, which 224 00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:56,520 Speaker 2: of course met with brutal police repression. From there, the 225 00:12:56,559 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 2: movement came momentum. In nineteen twenty, port workers in Katahina 226 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:02,240 Speaker 2: went on strike and by the following decade and I 227 00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:05,400 Speaker 2: guess we're the forefront of workers militancy all across the 228 00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:09,480 Speaker 2: Caribbean coast, which was more connected to global struggles. In 229 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:11,920 Speaker 2: the rest of Columbia, I was thus a hotbed of 230 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:15,040 Speaker 2: organizing unrest. If you know the geography of Columbia, you'd 231 00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:17,800 Speaker 2: know that there's a lot of jungle and mountainous region 232 00:13:18,280 --> 00:13:20,559 Speaker 2: near the middle of the country. There's the coast where 233 00:13:20,559 --> 00:13:23,640 Speaker 2: you tend to have more of the activity and connection 234 00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:26,280 Speaker 2: with the neighboring countries and the Cribbean Sea. Fir the 235 00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:29,080 Speaker 2: fact there's actually a lot of people in the English 236 00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:31,679 Speaker 2: speaking Caribbean aren't aware of the fact that there are 237 00:13:31,720 --> 00:13:34,960 Speaker 2: people in the Spanish speaking Caribbean who consider, you know, 238 00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:39,600 Speaker 2: coastal Columbia and coastal Venezuela to be part of the Caribbean, 239 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:42,559 Speaker 2: but as like the sort of niche discourse which you 240 00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:47,199 Speaker 2: get an r slash ass Caribbean. The few anarchists wu 241 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:51,000 Speaker 2: present in Colombia were part of nearly every major uprising, 242 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:54,600 Speaker 2: including the Baranquila Strike of nineteen ten, the labor wave 243 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:58,680 Speaker 2: that swept Baranquila and Santimurar year nineteen eighteen, the first 244 00:13:58,679 --> 00:14:01,240 Speaker 2: strike against the notorious le bloody United Food Company in 245 00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:05,359 Speaker 2: nineteen eighteen, the hero Dot Railroad strike and the Artisans 246 00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:09,040 Speaker 2: and Labor strike in Bogota nineteen nineteen. The oil strikes 247 00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:12,840 Speaker 2: in Baron Kabirmeha during the nineteen twenties, including one against 248 00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:16,640 Speaker 2: the Tropical Oil Company nineteen twenty seven, which cost twelve 249 00:14:16,720 --> 00:14:19,240 Speaker 2: hundred workers their jobs and painted the targets on the 250 00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:23,280 Speaker 2: backs of the organizers because how dare you mess with oil? 251 00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:27,680 Speaker 2: And then finally there was the famous Santa Maria Banana 252 00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:31,600 Speaker 2: strike of nineteen twenty eight, where workers demanded fair wages 253 00:14:31,640 --> 00:14:35,120 Speaker 2: and better treatment, and the government responded at the behest 254 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:38,600 Speaker 2: of the United Fruit Company by claiming hundreds of lives 255 00:14:39,160 --> 00:14:43,480 Speaker 2: after the massacre. The anarchist movement in Columbia was heavily repressed, 256 00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:45,760 Speaker 2: and because of how small it was, it didn't quite 257 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:49,640 Speaker 2: pick back up. As historian Max that Lao noted, publications 258 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:53,119 Speaker 2: like Organization in Santa Marta and Via Libre and Baranquilla 259 00:14:53,560 --> 00:14:58,200 Speaker 2: disappeared at late nineteen twenties. This crackdown on anarchists, coupled 260 00:14:58,240 --> 00:15:02,760 Speaker 2: with the rise and influence of Bolsheviki unions, shifted the landscape, 261 00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:06,560 Speaker 2: and by the nineteen thirties anarchist organizing was all but 262 00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:10,320 Speaker 2: silenced in Columbia. But it's a part of Columbia that 263 00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 2: we're missing. She At one point Panama was considered part 264 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:16,520 Speaker 2: of the country, So there must have been stuff happening 265 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:19,320 Speaker 2: on that little sliver of land, right. It'd be surprised 266 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:23,320 Speaker 2: if we rewind to the mid nineteenth century. Between eighteen 267 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:26,160 Speaker 2: fifteen eighteen fifty five, Panama saw the construction of a 268 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:30,080 Speaker 2: trans isthmus railroad, and this massive project was followed by 269 00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:33,720 Speaker 2: two phases of canal constructure, the first by the French 270 00:15:33,760 --> 00:15:36,680 Speaker 2: between eighteen eighteen and eighteen ninety five and the second 271 00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:39,760 Speaker 2: by the US from nineteen oh forty nineteen fourteen. These 272 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:43,240 Speaker 2: projects brought tens of thousands of workers from Europe, Asia 273 00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:45,920 Speaker 2: and the Caribbean. Effe actually turned in Panama into her 274 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:49,000 Speaker 2: melting part of laborers who brought their skills, their culture, 275 00:15:49,080 --> 00:15:52,600 Speaker 2: and their ideas. Bijian workers, for example, that is people 276 00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,560 Speaker 2: from Barberos. If I recall correctly, there was a time 277 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:59,200 Speaker 2: in Barberos' history where it was some massive number. 278 00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:00,680 Speaker 4: I was sure if it was like a full quarter 279 00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:01,760 Speaker 4: of the. 280 00:16:01,720 --> 00:16:05,480 Speaker 2: Country's income was just coming from remittances from people who 281 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:08,840 Speaker 2: had had family members sending their money from the canal 282 00:16:08,880 --> 00:16:12,400 Speaker 2: project back home. And it's not just the Cribbean that 283 00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:16,200 Speaker 2: was impacted obviously, as workers from Europe and Asia also 284 00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:20,000 Speaker 2: part of this project. And it's the workers from Europe 285 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,960 Speaker 2: and particularly Spain that brought many of the ideas of 286 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:26,000 Speaker 2: class consciousness and anarchist cynicalism that had been brewin in 287 00:16:26,040 --> 00:16:28,320 Speaker 2: that region of the world. And such ideas were of 288 00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:32,160 Speaker 2: course solely needed in the horrific working conditions of death 289 00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:35,920 Speaker 2: and disease that marked the Panama Canal construction project. Workers 290 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:39,280 Speaker 2: organized some successful strikes in both the French phase and 291 00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:42,400 Speaker 2: the American phase of construction, both before and after Panama 292 00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:45,000 Speaker 2: gain its independence from Colombia nineteen oh three, but it 293 00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:47,280 Speaker 2: was just before the transition to American control of a 294 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:52,200 Speaker 2: canal construction that Panama officially banned anarchists from entering the country. 295 00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 2: For the anarchists that were left well when the Americans 296 00:16:55,240 --> 00:16:57,800 Speaker 2: took over the canal, Governor of the Canal So in general, 297 00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:01,440 Speaker 2: George W. Davis actively suppressed the anarchist workers that remained. 298 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:05,200 Speaker 2: In nineteen oh seven or whatever, despite that repression, two 299 00:17:05,280 --> 00:17:08,679 Speaker 2: thousand Spanish workers went on strike for better wages. In 300 00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:12,119 Speaker 2: nineteen twenty four, a prodominently anarchist syndicalist group founded the 301 00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:16,200 Speaker 2: Sindicato Heneralist Rabbaha Daughters, which was Panama's first central workers union. 302 00:17:16,840 --> 00:17:19,840 Speaker 2: It grew to thousands of members and brought together a 303 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,439 Speaker 2: mix of ideologies anarchists and Marxists alike, even those who 304 00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:27,080 Speaker 2: would later found the Communist Party and the Socialist Party 305 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:30,159 Speaker 2: of Panama in nineteen thirty. But on such a small 306 00:17:30,240 --> 00:17:32,760 Speaker 2: sliver of land were so many people mixed in there 307 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:35,119 Speaker 2: there was bound to be a vibrant mix of ideas. 308 00:17:35,560 --> 00:17:38,280 Speaker 2: And not all of the anarchists in Panama were of 309 00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:40,879 Speaker 2: the syndicalist flair. Believe it or not, they were actually 310 00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:45,760 Speaker 2: workers within Panama who aligned themselves with Max Stunner's philosophy. 311 00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:50,439 Speaker 2: It had egoists and anarchist egoism. Interesting in Panama, Yeah, exactly. 312 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:52,360 Speaker 2: This blew my mind as well. You know, they don't 313 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 2: expect to see them in such contexts. 314 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:56,760 Speaker 3: Were they reading Sterner in Panama? 315 00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:59,679 Speaker 2: I'm not sure if they were reading Sterner, I'm assuming so, 316 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,679 Speaker 2: because otherwise how would they have come to identify with 317 00:18:02,720 --> 00:18:06,879 Speaker 2: his philosophy. But they did launch a paper called Eluniko 318 00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:07,840 Speaker 2: in nineteen eleven. 319 00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:11,080 Speaker 3: That's what I was wondering is if instead of like 320 00:18:11,119 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 3: widely Distributing's actual books, like, was there like some like 321 00:18:15,160 --> 00:18:18,080 Speaker 3: Sterner influence like newspaper that people were running. 322 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:22,520 Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, because like that makes sense exactly exactly. So 323 00:18:22,520 --> 00:18:24,400 Speaker 2: I assuming some of the people either would have read 324 00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:28,239 Speaker 2: Sterner abroad or they brought still the Inn, and they 325 00:18:28,240 --> 00:18:30,520 Speaker 2: were obviously inspired by it, and they were skeptical of 326 00:18:30,560 --> 00:18:34,280 Speaker 2: this sort of mass movement syncho those popular at the time. 327 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:35,760 Speaker 3: Sure many people are. 328 00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:39,440 Speaker 2: They were questioning its effectiveness as a strategy for anarchy. 329 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:40,880 Speaker 4: Yeah, and so. 330 00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:44,160 Speaker 2: If they were focused primarily on organizing sort of smaller 331 00:18:44,160 --> 00:18:46,840 Speaker 2: affiarency groups, yep. And one of those groups ended up 332 00:18:46,920 --> 00:18:50,119 Speaker 2: launching that paper e Lunico to spread the ideas and 333 00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:53,119 Speaker 2: obviously called itself an individualist publication. 334 00:18:53,840 --> 00:18:58,200 Speaker 3: That's so funny, that's so emblematic of where we still 335 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:02,080 Speaker 3: are with an archism. Oh that's good, that's good. 336 00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:05,080 Speaker 2: Yeah. I to think that this kind of diversity of 337 00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:08,320 Speaker 2: thoughts and strategy is really really beautiful, and I'm glad 338 00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:12,840 Speaker 2: to see it in the most unconventional and surprise enough contexts. 339 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:15,840 Speaker 2: It's why I consider myself an anarchist without adjectives, you. 340 00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:17,560 Speaker 3: Know, I really absolutely yeah. 341 00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,920 Speaker 2: I think we benefit greatly from conversation between these traditions 342 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:24,320 Speaker 2: and between these strategies, and so seeing that there were 343 00:19:24,320 --> 00:19:29,119 Speaker 2: more than one form of anarchism in such a small context, 344 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 2: it's really quite inspiring. 345 00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:32,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, I am with you there. 346 00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,240 Speaker 2: By the way, for those listeners who may not be 347 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:37,000 Speaker 2: familiar with the anarchist egoist tradition, I know that we're 348 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:39,480 Speaker 2: ego and egoism. 349 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:46,160 Speaker 3: Might conjure up some psychoanalytical Freudian Yeah, it might bring 350 00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:50,320 Speaker 3: some some some sort of feelings about capitalistic individualism or 351 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,520 Speaker 3: like extreme selfishness and that kind of thing, kind of 352 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:54,960 Speaker 3: like screw everybody except me. 353 00:19:55,359 --> 00:19:58,680 Speaker 2: But it's actually a much deeper philosophical bent to anarchist 354 00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:00,960 Speaker 2: egoism than I think everyone or you should give a chance. 355 00:20:01,480 --> 00:20:04,920 Speaker 2: I actually recently read what is considered the first manifesto 356 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:08,320 Speaker 2: of anarchism, and it was written by this French anarchist 357 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:11,920 Speaker 2: named Anseel and Bella Garide, and he was actually an 358 00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:15,919 Speaker 2: individualist anarchist, and you're actually, in reading that end up 359 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:18,960 Speaker 2: seeing a lot of the influences that would later sort 360 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:23,920 Speaker 2: of develop further into anarchist individualism from the very beginning, 361 00:20:24,280 --> 00:20:27,920 Speaker 2: you know, I highly recommend reading it. It's called Anarchy 362 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:31,200 Speaker 2: a Journal of Order. It's available on the Anarchist Library. 363 00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:34,959 Speaker 2: It's a surprisingly contemporary piece in my opinion. It was 364 00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:39,360 Speaker 2: translated by Sean Wilbows, another anarchist scholar who I'm really 365 00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:42,840 Speaker 2: inspired by lately, and it really gets into some of 366 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:45,760 Speaker 2: the ideas that I think we've forgotten in terms of 367 00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:51,159 Speaker 2: what it takes to achieve the complete liberation of all people. 368 00:20:51,680 --> 00:20:54,440 Speaker 3: So that's Anarchy a Journal of Order. 369 00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 4: Yeah, Anarchy a Journal of Order. 370 00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:01,080 Speaker 2: He ended up not publishing more than two suits due 371 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:03,720 Speaker 2: to low readership, but that's what happens, I think when 372 00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:07,240 Speaker 2: you have any such cases, many such cases, many such cases. 373 00:21:07,600 --> 00:21:09,439 Speaker 3: Yeah, I will pull that up on the Anarchist Library 374 00:21:09,480 --> 00:21:10,680 Speaker 3: and give that a raid myself. 375 00:21:12,040 --> 00:21:14,359 Speaker 2: Yeah, it happens when you're ahead of the times in 376 00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,240 Speaker 2: a sense, and he actually ends up becoming at least 377 00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:20,280 Speaker 2: partially relevant to the next episode I'm going to do 378 00:21:20,320 --> 00:21:23,919 Speaker 2: on the Latin American Anarchism series, because he ends up 379 00:21:23,960 --> 00:21:26,240 Speaker 2: making his way to Latin America at one point in 380 00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 2: his life. In fact, he dies in Latin America, but 381 00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:43,840 Speaker 2: we'll get to that in time. Finally returned to Venezuela 382 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:47,880 Speaker 2: as late nineteenth century refugees from the field of Paris 383 00:21:47,880 --> 00:21:52,320 Speaker 2: Commune arrived in Caracas, bringing with them the radical spirit 384 00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:56,000 Speaker 2: of the International working Men's Association. From a few of 385 00:21:56,040 --> 00:22:00,679 Speaker 2: these immigrants, small anarchist cells emerged, but they were stifled 386 00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:04,080 Speaker 2: by the brutal dictatorship of Juan Vincente Gomez from eighteen 387 00:22:04,160 --> 00:22:05,680 Speaker 2: ninety nine to nineteen thirty five. 388 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:07,440 Speaker 4: So few in number. 389 00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:11,400 Speaker 2: The anarchist immigrant efforts to form mutual societies, organized strikes, 390 00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 2: and spread propaganda gained them a notoriety that put a 391 00:22:15,359 --> 00:22:19,000 Speaker 2: massive bullseye on them. For Gomez's persecution, he had a 392 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 2: mister Oppression. A few sparks of anarchism did survive in 393 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:27,040 Speaker 2: the cultural fabric. Writers like Migueli Guardo Parlo portrayed anarchists 394 00:22:27,119 --> 00:22:32,400 Speaker 2: as spiritual revolutionaries, lacking them to saints. Sounds familiar, does 395 00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:37,720 Speaker 2: sound very familiar, yes, if you know, back in the 396 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:42,199 Speaker 2: days of Saint Andrew's There You Go. But his novel 397 00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:46,640 Speaker 2: Toto and Pueblo described anarchists as apostles of justice, which 398 00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:49,679 Speaker 2: is a really fire title, I must say, as they 399 00:22:49,720 --> 00:22:52,719 Speaker 2: carried the flame of liberty into the streets. 400 00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:54,200 Speaker 4: But it wasn't all pros. 401 00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:57,879 Speaker 2: The early twentieth century also saw a spike in industrial strikes. 402 00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:01,040 Speaker 2: In nineteen eighteen, for example, of it all strike involving 403 00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:04,520 Speaker 2: transit workers included at least one known Italian anarchist named 404 00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:08,440 Speaker 2: Vincenzo Kusati. Although defeated, the strike left to mark in 405 00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:11,960 Speaker 2: the country's consciousness. Inspired by such as Strive for Freedom, 406 00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:14,800 Speaker 2: workers united through various mutual aid societies which they were 407 00:23:14,840 --> 00:23:21,000 Speaker 2: disguised as religious skills, the anarchist influence quietly spread among bakers, bricklayers, 408 00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:23,879 Speaker 2: and oil workers. Truly, it was the oil boom of 409 00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:27,600 Speaker 2: the nineteen twenties that reshieved Venezuelan society, and of course 410 00:23:27,720 --> 00:23:31,680 Speaker 2: continues to affect it today. While anarchistiniclust maintained underground networks 411 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 2: in the grown oil sector, state and corporate power proved 412 00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:38,360 Speaker 2: to be too much by the mid twentieth century. After 413 00:23:38,359 --> 00:23:41,120 Speaker 2: the fall of Gomez's regime, the rise of political parties 414 00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:44,400 Speaker 2: like Accion Democratica cooperted many of the workers who might 415 00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:49,240 Speaker 2: have otherwise embraced anarchist syndicalism and anarchist ideals became increasingly marginalized, 416 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:54,080 Speaker 2: eclipsed by party politics and steed repression between nineteen thirty 417 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:56,760 Speaker 2: six to nineteen forty five. In fact, anarchist repression also 418 00:23:56,800 --> 00:24:00,359 Speaker 2: gained a constitutional footing in the form of the Lara Law, 419 00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:04,320 Speaker 2: which band strikes, associations meeting through a permission from the state, 420 00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:06,760 Speaker 2: political propaganda, and basically all the. 421 00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:08,119 Speaker 4: Usual digatorial stuff. 422 00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:10,600 Speaker 2: After the Spanish Civil War and the rise of Franco 423 00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:13,760 Speaker 2: more Spanish anarchist immigrants came to Venezuela. You see, I 424 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:17,880 Speaker 2: said they would be relevant, Yes, yes, but they didn't 425 00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:21,040 Speaker 2: end up impacting Venezuela so much. 426 00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:22,400 Speaker 4: As immigrants. 427 00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:26,520 Speaker 2: They ended up creating a mostly self contained scene. Pararly 428 00:24:26,560 --> 00:24:30,840 Speaker 2: through the founding of the Federacion Obrera Riqunal Venezuelana in 429 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:34,520 Speaker 2: nineteen fifty eight, which was affiliated to the International Workers Association, 430 00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:37,760 Speaker 2: but as I said, didn't make to much of a 431 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:41,400 Speaker 2: splash in the port of Venezuelan population. They mostly affected 432 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:45,960 Speaker 2: other Spanish immigrants. So ANARCHISTKNOV developed into an explicitly mass 433 00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:50,159 Speaker 2: movement to Venezuela, but elements of it did persist, and 434 00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:53,200 Speaker 2: the unield in pursuit of freedom were still felt even 435 00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:56,359 Speaker 2: in the harshest of conditions. To looking today at the 436 00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:59,760 Speaker 2: countries that composed the former Grand Columbia, I would argue 437 00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:03,600 Speaker 2: that this spark of anarchism still hasn't died. You know, 438 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:08,280 Speaker 2: ecuador uprisings continue to challenge distractive economies and demand autonomous 439 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:11,840 Speaker 2: control over rendigous territories as some anarchist collectives are active 440 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:15,960 Speaker 2: in solidarity, providing logistical support during protests and pushing horizontal 441 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:19,280 Speaker 2: forms of organizing in the broader social struggle. After the 442 00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:22,720 Speaker 2: twenty twenty one national strike in Colombia, some anarchist practices 443 00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:26,679 Speaker 2: have begun to infuse movements against police brutality, privatization, and 444 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:30,159 Speaker 2: austerity measures. Mutual aid networks have all same emerged inspired 445 00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,320 Speaker 2: by anarchist practice to support the community's hit hardest by 446 00:25:33,359 --> 00:25:38,760 Speaker 2: economic crises. In Panama, anarchism exists on the fringes, but 447 00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:42,119 Speaker 2: it has the potential to provide inspiration to those who 448 00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:46,320 Speaker 2: are actively confronting the liberal policies, advocating for workers' rights, 449 00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:50,960 Speaker 2: and engaging in anti corporate actions. Finally, in Venezuela, economic 450 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:53,840 Speaker 2: collapse and authoritarianism of created space for anarchist ideals to 451 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:58,640 Speaker 2: spread through grassroots initiatives. Neutral aid and self organized community 452 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:03,200 Speaker 2: groups have stepped in. The state has failed across these countries, 453 00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:08,560 Speaker 2: and gas ideas still have potency. And really, my hope 454 00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:12,800 Speaker 2: is at these places continue to explore the creativity and 455 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:18,359 Speaker 2: solidarity that are necessary for liberation, that they continue to 456 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,600 Speaker 2: struggle and they go through this still you know Viva 457 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:23,720 Speaker 2: I labored that, or power. 458 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 4: All the people Peace. 459 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:33,720 Speaker 1: It Could Happen Here is a production of cool Zone Media. 460 00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:36,920 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, visit our website 461 00:26:37,040 --> 00:26:40,600 Speaker 1: Coolzonemedia dot com, or check us out on the iHeartRadio app, 462 00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:44,240 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can 463 00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:46,639 Speaker 1: now find sources for it Could Happen here listed directly 464 00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:48,960 Speaker 1: in episode descriptions. Thanks for listening.