1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,200 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:13,240 --> 00:00:16,440 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. 4 00:00:17,320 --> 00:00:19,919 Speaker 1: As we brought us back in July, we have some 5 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:23,799 Speaker 1: Unearthed for the fall because we were so overwhelmed with 6 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:25,840 Speaker 1: cool finds in that first half of the year. Our 7 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:30,040 Speaker 1: July episode of Unearthed, which was a two parter, covered 8 00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:33,920 Speaker 1: things that had been literally or figuratively unearthed between January 9 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:36,880 Speaker 1: and the end of May, or at least that's when 10 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:41,160 Speaker 1: we heard about those findings. Today we are mostly looking 11 00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:44,720 Speaker 1: at June, July, August. There are a couple of exceptions, 12 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:47,879 Speaker 1: and Unearthed for this fall is just one part this 13 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:50,279 Speaker 1: time around that's going to tide us over until our 14 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:55,200 Speaker 1: year end Unearthed installments. And since this is coming out 15 00:00:55,680 --> 00:00:59,200 Speaker 1: just on the cusp of our favorite month on the podcast, 16 00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:02,840 Speaker 1: which is like were we have saved most of the 17 00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:07,200 Speaker 1: more creepy, scary, eerie stuff for the end of this episode. 18 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:11,160 Speaker 1: Hooray creepy and eerie. So first, we're going to kick 19 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:14,319 Speaker 1: off with past episode updates, and this is more recent 20 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:17,560 Speaker 1: than the June July August time frame that Tracy just mentioned, 21 00:01:17,600 --> 00:01:20,360 Speaker 1: but since it is all over the news. Uh, we 22 00:01:20,400 --> 00:01:23,759 Speaker 1: talked about the financial struggles of travel agency Thomas Cook 23 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:28,199 Speaker 1: this past July, and on September, just three days before 24 00:01:28,200 --> 00:01:31,440 Speaker 1: we went into the studio to record this, the company 25 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:36,600 Speaker 1: collapsed and very abruptly ceased operations, leaving hundreds of thousands 26 00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:40,240 Speaker 1: of travelers stranded. Obviously, Uh, the effects of that are 27 00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:43,080 Speaker 1: still ongoing. I know some other airlines had stepped up 28 00:01:43,120 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: and offered to get people back to their homes in 29 00:01:46,319 --> 00:01:49,280 Speaker 1: some locations, depending on where they lived, and hopefully everybody 30 00:01:49,320 --> 00:01:55,160 Speaker 1: at this point is home safe. Yeah. What an ordeal. Uh. Yeah, 31 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:57,279 Speaker 1: there was something like a hundred and fifty thousand people 32 00:01:57,360 --> 00:02:00,360 Speaker 1: just from Britain and it was being called the guest 33 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:06,320 Speaker 1: peacetime repatriation effort in British history. That's not technically an 34 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:09,600 Speaker 1: unearthed thing, but it's been such a huge news story 35 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:12,760 Speaker 1: and we have gotten so many have you seen this 36 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: links that I thought we'd mentioned it. Yeah. I had 37 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:17,560 Speaker 1: friends pinging me within minutes of the news hitting. They 38 00:02:17,560 --> 00:02:20,360 Speaker 1: were like, didn't you just talk about this? Yeah? Yeah, 39 00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:23,760 Speaker 1: I got to my desk. In our Twitter mentions, we're 40 00:02:23,800 --> 00:02:28,680 Speaker 1: all links to the news story moving on the National 41 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,840 Speaker 1: Sound Library of Mexico has announced the discovery of what 42 00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:37,600 Speaker 1: maybe the only recording of fried To Carlo's voice. That's 43 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:41,000 Speaker 1: from the pilot episode of a Mexican radio show called 44 00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:44,800 Speaker 1: El Bacier, and archivists found it while they were digitizing 45 00:02:44,840 --> 00:02:48,680 Speaker 1: recordings earlier this year. In the recording, the speaker is 46 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: identified only as a painter who is no longer living. 47 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:55,560 Speaker 1: Calo died on July thirteenth, nineteen fifty four, and the 48 00:02:55,639 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: radio episode came out the following year. The speaker reads 49 00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:01,760 Speaker 1: part of an s a called Portrait of Diego, which 50 00:03:01,840 --> 00:03:05,480 Speaker 1: Carlo wrote about her husband, Diego Rivera. One of Diego 51 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:08,799 Speaker 1: Rivera's daughters has also said that she recognizes the voice 52 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: as Callos, so it seems likely that this is Carlo's voice, 53 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:14,480 Speaker 1: but there is still some work that has to be 54 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,760 Speaker 1: done to confirm it. Previous hosts two parter on Free 55 00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:22,079 Speaker 1: to Carlo came out in and another find what's been 56 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:26,839 Speaker 1: described as a sorcerer's treasure trove was unearthed at Pompeii. 57 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:32,400 Speaker 1: This is a trunk that contains things like crystals, amber dolls, amulets, beatles, 58 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:37,400 Speaker 1: and a tiny skull. The sites director masamo Asana described 59 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:39,920 Speaker 1: this trunk is containing lots of objects that are meant 60 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:42,080 Speaker 1: to bring good luck along with ones that were meant 61 00:03:42,120 --> 00:03:45,240 Speaker 1: to drive out bad luck. What the trunk did not 62 00:03:45,360 --> 00:03:49,040 Speaker 1: include with a lot of gold, jewelry or other expensive items, 63 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:52,400 Speaker 1: so it might have belonged to someone employed or enslaved 64 00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: by the household rather than the owners of the home. 65 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: The Pompeii episode in the archive dates back to two 66 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,960 Speaker 1: thousand nine, and it has come up in previous Unearthed 67 00:04:00,960 --> 00:04:05,920 Speaker 1: episodes as well. In Stonehenge news. Researchers have long known 68 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:09,480 Speaker 1: about traces of animal fat on fragments of pottery found 69 00:04:09,480 --> 00:04:12,720 Speaker 1: at the Stonehenge site, and the general conclusion had been 70 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:15,320 Speaker 1: that this was fat used for cooking and that maybe 71 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:18,920 Speaker 1: it was connected to some kind of festival or religious observance. 72 00:04:19,600 --> 00:04:23,320 Speaker 1: But new research suggests that these pottery vessels, I mean 73 00:04:23,320 --> 00:04:27,039 Speaker 1: these are little pieces of them, not whole pots. So 74 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:29,720 Speaker 1: the research suggests that they were not the size of 75 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:32,839 Speaker 1: cooking pots or dishes used for eating or serving. That 76 00:04:32,880 --> 00:04:36,360 Speaker 1: they were much bigger, more like great big buckets. So 77 00:04:36,400 --> 00:04:39,640 Speaker 1: the new hypothesis is that perhaps these buckets were filled 78 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:42,360 Speaker 1: with large amounts of fat which was used to help 79 00:04:42,400 --> 00:04:45,839 Speaker 1: transport the stones themselves from where they were quarried to 80 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:49,279 Speaker 1: the Stonehenge site. The basic idea is that the blue 81 00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:52,480 Speaker 1: stones used as part of the Hinges construction were loaded 82 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:55,600 Speaker 1: onto sledges which were pulled along a track made of logs, 83 00:04:55,839 --> 00:04:58,720 Speaker 1: and to make all of that effort easier, the logs 84 00:04:58,720 --> 00:05:01,440 Speaker 1: were greased with animals that that was stored in these 85 00:05:01,480 --> 00:05:05,000 Speaker 1: big pottery buckets. We did a whole on Earth episode 86 00:05:05,080 --> 00:05:09,719 Speaker 1: just on Stonehenge. Yeah, there had been big Stonehenge discoveries 87 00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:11,800 Speaker 1: that year and I planned to include them. And I 88 00:05:11,839 --> 00:05:15,000 Speaker 1: was like, wait, we've never talked about Stonehenge in general 89 00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,240 Speaker 1: at all. I vaguely recall you sending me a message 90 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:21,000 Speaker 1: and going, have we really never had a Stonehenge episode? 91 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:25,720 Speaker 1: In fact, we had not. We did an episode on 92 00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:30,760 Speaker 1: the Nascal Lines, and earlier this year researchers studying them 93 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:34,760 Speaker 1: looked at sixteen geoglyphs of birds to try to conclude 94 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:38,599 Speaker 1: which specific birds they represent, and, in the words of 95 00:05:38,680 --> 00:05:43,120 Speaker 1: Massaki Eta of the Hokkaido University Museum, quote, until now, 96 00:05:43,240 --> 00:05:45,719 Speaker 1: the birds and these drawings have been identified based on 97 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:49,800 Speaker 1: general impressions or a few more phoological traits present in 98 00:05:49,839 --> 00:05:54,040 Speaker 1: each figure, we closely noted the shapes and relative sizes 99 00:05:54,080 --> 00:05:57,800 Speaker 1: of the birds beaks, heads, next bodies, wings, tails, and feet, 100 00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:01,600 Speaker 1: and compared them with those of modern birds in Peru. 101 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:05,840 Speaker 1: As a result, they have reclassified a hummingbird glyph as 102 00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: a hermit and both a guano bird and a previously 103 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:13,200 Speaker 1: unidentified bird as pelicans. They also noted several birds that 104 00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:16,840 Speaker 1: were previously described as condors don't actually match up to 105 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:20,880 Speaker 1: condor physiology, but they weren't able to determine what bird 106 00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:25,960 Speaker 1: they might more accurately represent. Interestingly, these newly identified birds 107 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:28,320 Speaker 1: are birds that live in Peru, but not in the 108 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:31,800 Speaker 1: same area where the Nascal lines are, and that's bolstered 109 00:06:31,839 --> 00:06:35,120 Speaker 1: the hypothesis that the people who made these glyphs were 110 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:39,479 Speaker 1: representing birds that were very special or unusual or rare. 111 00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:43,400 Speaker 1: Archaeologists at Bradgate Park in Leicester, England, believe they may 112 00:06:43,440 --> 00:06:46,279 Speaker 1: have found the remains of the home of Lady Jane Gray. 113 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:50,799 Speaker 1: We talked about her in our episode called Lady Jane Gray. 114 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,560 Speaker 1: The Nine Day Queen excavations in this area have been 115 00:06:54,560 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 1: ongoing since and earlier this year they uncovered previously unknown 116 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:04,520 Speaker 1: stone structures that were underneath still standing buildings. So it 117 00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:07,560 Speaker 1: had already been established that Bradgate House was Lady Jane 118 00:07:07,560 --> 00:07:11,160 Speaker 1: Gray's original home, but this finding suggests that when she 119 00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:15,119 Speaker 1: was actually living, it was in these recently unearthed structures, 120 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:19,280 Speaker 1: not in the buildings that are still standing. Barcelona City 121 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:22,400 Speaker 1: Hall has issued a work permit for the completion of 122 00:07:22,520 --> 00:07:26,960 Speaker 1: last Familia Basilica, which we talked about in our parter 123 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:30,840 Speaker 1: on Antony Goudy. Uh Goudy designed the Basilica almost a 124 00:07:30,920 --> 00:07:33,480 Speaker 1: hundred and forty years ago, but it has never been finished. 125 00:07:33,480 --> 00:07:38,080 Speaker 1: It's been an ongoing projects throughout that time. Builders now 126 00:07:38,120 --> 00:07:41,440 Speaker 1: have a license to work on it through which they 127 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:45,000 Speaker 1: hope will be enough time to actually complete it. I 128 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:47,160 Speaker 1: was telling someone about this the other day and I 129 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:49,000 Speaker 1: was like, I feel like all of these should have 130 00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:51,920 Speaker 1: but we mean it this time at the end of it, 131 00:07:52,040 --> 00:07:56,000 Speaker 1: which I understand, like a construction project of that scale 132 00:07:57,120 --> 00:07:59,800 Speaker 1: comes with challenges I do not even understand, so that 133 00:08:00,600 --> 00:08:03,240 Speaker 1: it's not meant to be insulting to anyone. It's just 134 00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: been going on for a long time. Yeah, well, and 135 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: then let's sag out of Familia has its own special 136 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,600 Speaker 1: difficulties as far as like what they're having to work 137 00:08:12,680 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: from because the original plans like are are no longer exists, 138 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:19,520 Speaker 1: so like they're having to piece together knowledge of what 139 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:21,840 Speaker 1: it was supposed to look like. There's a whole, huge 140 00:08:21,880 --> 00:08:24,880 Speaker 1: debate about whether it should be ever completed at all. 141 00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:27,240 Speaker 1: It's a whole saga. We talked about it more in 142 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:30,760 Speaker 1: those episodes. Um. I think there's also an episode of 143 00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:37,240 Speaker 1: Invisible about it. Anyway. During Unearthed in we spent a 144 00:08:37,240 --> 00:08:40,480 Speaker 1: fair amount of time talking about discoveries at must Farm 145 00:08:40,559 --> 00:08:44,080 Speaker 1: because there were a lot of them. The site is 146 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:47,200 Speaker 1: home to a settlement that was destroyed by fire about 147 00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:49,760 Speaker 1: three thousand years ago, and so when we talked about 148 00:08:49,760 --> 00:08:54,120 Speaker 1: it previously, teams had just finished a massive excavation, and 149 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:57,880 Speaker 1: that excavation had yielded about a hundred and eighty textile items, 150 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,319 Speaker 1: more than a hundred and fifty wooden artifact acts, pottery, 151 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:05,239 Speaker 1: metalwork and beads, along with the remains of the structures themselves. 152 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:07,600 Speaker 1: It was a lot of stuff, and a lot of 153 00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:10,520 Speaker 1: it very well preserved, and headlines at the time called 154 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:15,520 Speaker 1: this site things like the Pompeii of the Fens. In June, 155 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:21,720 Speaker 1: archaeologists from Cambridge Archaeological Unit published a timeline of Must Farm. 156 00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:24,280 Speaker 1: In the words of site director Mark Knight, quote, it 157 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:27,319 Speaker 1: is likely that the settlement existed for only one year 158 00:09:27,360 --> 00:09:31,160 Speaker 1: prior to its destruction in a catastrophic fire. The short 159 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: history of Must Farm, combined with the excellent preservation of 160 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:37,560 Speaker 1: the settlement, means that we have an unparalleled opportunity to 161 00:09:37,640 --> 00:09:40,760 Speaker 1: explore the daily life of its inhabitants. I thought that 162 00:09:40,840 --> 00:09:43,880 Speaker 1: was a really cool update to something that had been 163 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:48,000 Speaker 1: just a huge find, uh with so much research back 164 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:49,559 Speaker 1: when we talked about it a couple of years ago, 165 00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:51,240 Speaker 1: and then too for it to turn out that the 166 00:09:51,280 --> 00:09:54,800 Speaker 1: settlement itself probably only existed for a year before the 167 00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:58,880 Speaker 1: fire happened. In Unearthed in twenty eighteen, we talked about 168 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:02,600 Speaker 1: the return of some objects that had been illegally acquired 169 00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:06,280 Speaker 1: and sold by art dealers Toubash Kapoor, not to be 170 00:10:06,320 --> 00:10:09,920 Speaker 1: confused with the film director of the same name. In July, 171 00:10:10,280 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 1: it was announced that prosecutors in New York have charged 172 00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:16,480 Speaker 1: Kapoor with trafficking more than a hundred and forty million 173 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 1: dollars and stolen antiquities. He's currently on trial in India, 174 00:10:20,960 --> 00:10:23,760 Speaker 1: so officials in the United States have requested that he 175 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:26,960 Speaker 1: be extradited after that trial is complete to face these 176 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:29,920 Speaker 1: new charges. This has been an enormous case that has 177 00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:34,480 Speaker 1: spanned more than thirty years and involved thousands of artifacts, 178 00:10:34,600 --> 00:10:36,679 Speaker 1: some of which wound up in the collections of some 179 00:10:36,720 --> 00:10:40,080 Speaker 1: of the world's most prestigious museums. A statue of the 180 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:43,520 Speaker 1: Egyptian god Amun with features of King Chutton Common was 181 00:10:43,559 --> 00:10:47,000 Speaker 1: sold to an unknown buyer for roughly six million dollars 182 00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: on July four. This was over the objection of Egyptian authorities, 183 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:55,000 Speaker 1: who believed the statue was illegally looted in the nineteen seventies. 184 00:10:55,520 --> 00:10:59,040 Speaker 1: They demanded that Christie's auction House canceled that auction and 185 00:10:59,120 --> 00:11:02,400 Speaker 1: returned the Artifact Act, and also contacted the British government 186 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:07,040 Speaker 1: and UNESCO to try to stop the sale. Protesters demonstrated 187 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 1: outside the auction itself. Christie's went ahead with the auction, though, 188 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:15,119 Speaker 1: and afterward Egyptian officials announced their intention to file a lawsuit. 189 00:11:15,559 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: The Egyptian Foreign Ministry also called for the auction house 190 00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:22,080 Speaker 1: to remove all Egyptian artifacts from their auctions until they 191 00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:25,120 Speaker 1: could prove that they had valid certificates of ownership for 192 00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:29,040 Speaker 1: each one. A spokesperson from Christie's responded quote, it is 193 00:11:29,120 --> 00:11:32,960 Speaker 1: hugely important to establish recent ownership and legal right to sell, 194 00:11:33,240 --> 00:11:36,360 Speaker 1: which we have clearly done. We would not offer for 195 00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:40,280 Speaker 1: sale any object where there was concern over ownership or export. 196 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:43,880 Speaker 1: The episodes we have in the archive about King Tutt 197 00:11:43,920 --> 00:11:47,160 Speaker 1: are from two thousand and eight and and now we're 198 00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:52,200 Speaker 1: moving into the segment that Tracy titles Cannonballs and other stuff. 199 00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:58,240 Speaker 1: Our last episode update is a bit of a segue 200 00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:01,960 Speaker 1: into several cannonball related finds. There is an old and 201 00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:05,280 Speaker 1: very brief episode on Lad Tepis a cave Lad the 202 00:12:05,320 --> 00:12:09,520 Speaker 1: Impaler or Vlad Dracula in our archives circa two thousand eight, 203 00:12:09,720 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: and earlier this year, archaeologists in Bulgaria announced that they 204 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:17,160 Speaker 1: believe they have found some of his cannonballs, specifically the 205 00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:20,960 Speaker 1: cannonballs he fired at Jashtova Fortress while laying siege to 206 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,920 Speaker 1: it in fourteen sixty one. In the words of lead 207 00:12:24,080 --> 00:12:28,679 Speaker 1: archaeologist Nicolay av Sharov, quote, what's really interesting is that 208 00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:32,319 Speaker 1: from the early Ottoman period we have found cannonballs. We 209 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:36,040 Speaker 1: rejoice at these small cannonballs because they are from culverins. 210 00:12:36,520 --> 00:12:39,920 Speaker 1: These were the earliest cannons which were for the fifteenth century. 211 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:42,920 Speaker 1: Up until the sixteenth century, they weren't in use. After that, 212 00:12:43,640 --> 00:12:48,200 Speaker 1: these were still very imperfect cannons. That was precisely the 213 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:51,280 Speaker 1: time of vlad Dracula. There is no doubt that they 214 00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:54,920 Speaker 1: are connected with the siege and then parenthetically and the 215 00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:59,520 Speaker 1: conquest of the Zishchova Fortress by vlad Dracula in fourteen 216 00:12:59,559 --> 00:13:02,920 Speaker 1: sixty one. The study at this fortress has also unearthed 217 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:06,360 Speaker 1: a lot of non Dracula findings, including an inscription that 218 00:13:06,480 --> 00:13:10,040 Speaker 1: dates back to the fourth century CE and coins dating 219 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:13,800 Speaker 1: back to and fourteen centuries. All of us was technically 220 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:15,960 Speaker 1: reported at the end of May, but I really could 221 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:21,800 Speaker 1: not resist talking about Jacula's cannonballs. In other cannonball news, 222 00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:24,520 Speaker 1: a team of archaeologists in Scotland have found a number 223 00:13:24,559 --> 00:13:27,880 Speaker 1: of artifacts at Glen Shield in the Highlands of Scotland, 224 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:31,680 Speaker 1: and this includes musket balls and mortar shells that government 225 00:13:31,720 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 1: forces fired at Jacobite forces at the Battle of Glen 226 00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:39,240 Speaker 1: Shield on June tenth, seventeen nineteen. This battle happened between 227 00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:42,640 Speaker 1: two Jacobite uprisings that we talked about in our episode 228 00:13:42,679 --> 00:13:45,240 Speaker 1: on that subject. Yeah, I went back and looked to 229 00:13:45,240 --> 00:13:47,160 Speaker 1: see if we had mentioned this one at all, and 230 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:50,560 Speaker 1: it appears that we did not. Cannonballs, musket balls, and 231 00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:54,000 Speaker 1: other similar items are also being unearthed at the side 232 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,680 Speaker 1: of a field hospital from the Battle of Waterloo. Most 233 00:13:57,679 --> 00:14:01,280 Speaker 1: Saint John Field Hospital treated at least x thousand wounded 234 00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:04,640 Speaker 1: soldiers during the battle that included William the Second of 235 00:14:04,679 --> 00:14:08,200 Speaker 1: the Netherlands, the Prince of Orange, and Lieutenant Colonel Lord 236 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:12,559 Speaker 1: Fitzroy Somerset, who was the Duke of Wellington's military secretary. 237 00:14:12,679 --> 00:14:15,560 Speaker 1: This team has also a nursed a number of bones 238 00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:18,600 Speaker 1: from amputated limbs, and we're going to take a quick 239 00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:31,360 Speaker 1: break before we move on to some oldest and first finds. Okay, 240 00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:33,400 Speaker 1: we have a few things that are the oldest or 241 00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:36,680 Speaker 1: the first of their kind to be found. First up, 242 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:40,400 Speaker 1: a mace head is the first bronze age object to 243 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:43,840 Speaker 1: be found in Poland, but originating from a culture that 244 00:14:43,920 --> 00:14:46,160 Speaker 1: wasn't already living in the place where it was found, 245 00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:49,600 Speaker 1: So not the oldest thing ever found in Poland, but 246 00:14:49,720 --> 00:14:52,240 Speaker 1: the oldest thing that was from a culture that wasn't 247 00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:55,400 Speaker 1: living there at the time. This mace head is made 248 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:58,160 Speaker 1: of bronze, It dates back to about one thousand b C. 249 00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:01,040 Speaker 1: And The team that found it does not no precisely 250 00:15:01,120 --> 00:15:03,560 Speaker 1: which culture it did come from, just that it was 251 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,680 Speaker 1: not from Poland. They said that it may have come 252 00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:09,840 Speaker 1: from somewhere in the Middle East. A ten thousand year 253 00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:12,720 Speaker 1: old stone found south of Rome in two thousand seven 254 00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:16,800 Speaker 1: might be the world's oldest lunar calendar, according to research 255 00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:19,920 Speaker 1: published this year. It's a small stone that fits in 256 00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:22,520 Speaker 1: the palm of a person's hand, and it's marked with 257 00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,880 Speaker 1: a series of notches along three of its edges. There 258 00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:28,800 Speaker 1: are twenty seven or twenty eight notches. One of them 259 00:15:28,920 --> 00:15:32,040 Speaker 1: is a little unclear, and their distribution does seem to 260 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:34,920 Speaker 1: align with the phases of the moon. Moving on, A 261 00:15:35,040 --> 00:15:38,960 Speaker 1: canoe found in Kinnebunkport, Maine, as being described as a 262 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:43,040 Speaker 1: major find in Native American history. This canoe was made 263 00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:45,560 Speaker 1: from a hollowed out birch tree and it was found 264 00:15:45,560 --> 00:15:49,400 Speaker 1: in the Cape Porpoise Harbor onto and First. It's believed 265 00:15:49,440 --> 00:15:52,880 Speaker 1: to be the oldest dugout canoe ever found in Maine. 266 00:15:53,480 --> 00:15:56,880 Speaker 1: Archaeologist temps Far spotted the canoe thinking out of the 267 00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:00,800 Speaker 1: mud during low tide while he was doing a routine survey. 268 00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:04,200 Speaker 1: Other dugout canoes have been found in Maine before, but 269 00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:07,040 Speaker 1: all of them were created after the arrival of Europeans 270 00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:09,720 Speaker 1: in the area. This one appears to be at least 271 00:16:09,760 --> 00:16:12,280 Speaker 1: seven hundred years old, and if that's the case, it 272 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,680 Speaker 1: was made hundreds of years before Europeans tried to colonize 273 00:16:15,720 --> 00:16:20,080 Speaker 1: the area. Archaeologists planned to preserve, restore, and study the canoe, 274 00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:24,240 Speaker 1: which is a process expected to take at least two years. Yeah, 275 00:16:24,280 --> 00:16:28,680 Speaker 1: anytime there's a wooden thing like this found in the seawater, 276 00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:30,840 Speaker 1: there's a whole process to make sure that it just 277 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 1: doesn't fall apart once it's taken out of the water. 278 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:36,480 Speaker 1: This is an important fine not only for the study 279 00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:39,440 Speaker 1: of how canoes like this were made, but also of 280 00:16:39,520 --> 00:16:43,440 Speaker 1: the ongoing research into the native settlements of Algonquin speaking 281 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:47,280 Speaker 1: people's in Cape Porpoise. Before we move on, we talk 282 00:16:47,360 --> 00:16:50,120 Speaker 1: about oldests and first a lot on Earth, but we 283 00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:53,600 Speaker 1: also have some archaeological work that illustrates how the field 284 00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:57,960 Speaker 1: isn't only about studying stuff from the distant past. Binghamton 285 00:16:58,120 --> 00:17:01,680 Speaker 1: University's Public Archaeology Facility and the Museum at Bethel Wood 286 00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:04,880 Speaker 1: Center for the Arts have worked together on an archaeological 287 00:17:04,920 --> 00:17:08,280 Speaker 1: dig at the site of Woodstock whose fiftieth anniversary was 288 00:17:08,320 --> 00:17:12,560 Speaker 1: earlier this summer. Last year, archaeologists pinpointed the location of 289 00:17:12,600 --> 00:17:15,439 Speaker 1: the stage, and this year they found the locations of 290 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:18,320 Speaker 1: twenty four vendor booths and other features in the area 291 00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:22,199 Speaker 1: known as the Bindy Bazaar. Interestingly, they found that the 292 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:25,160 Speaker 1: position and layout of these booths did not quite match 293 00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:28,000 Speaker 1: up to maps that were produced fifty years ago. The 294 00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:31,600 Speaker 1: Bendy Bazaar trail system was also restored and open to 295 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:36,080 Speaker 1: the public earlier this year, but an unrelated fiftieth anniversary 296 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:39,200 Speaker 1: concert scheduled to be in another site was just canceled 297 00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:41,800 Speaker 1: abruptly two weeks before it was supposed to happen. That 298 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:45,360 Speaker 1: is a whole story of its own outside the scope 299 00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:48,040 Speaker 1: of this podcast. In fifty years we could talk about 300 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:50,760 Speaker 1: that um next year. Moving on to one of my 301 00:17:50,840 --> 00:17:54,119 Speaker 1: favorite things, which is textile finds, uh we and we 302 00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:56,680 Speaker 1: have just a couple of them. Back in our brief 303 00:17:56,720 --> 00:17:59,399 Speaker 1: history of Colors, we talked about the dinos to kell It, 304 00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:02,199 Speaker 1: which was is likely made from the glands of maritime 305 00:18:02,240 --> 00:18:05,639 Speaker 1: snails of the Murex family. That is the most common 306 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:07,920 Speaker 1: description at this point, though there are still some other 307 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:10,960 Speaker 1: possibilities as to the source. Of that color that have 308 00:18:11,080 --> 00:18:14,200 Speaker 1: been proposed, and this was a blue to purple dye 309 00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:18,080 Speaker 1: that has religious significance in Judaism and is repeatedly mentioned 310 00:18:18,080 --> 00:18:21,240 Speaker 1: in scripture. We also talked about it very briefly in 311 00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:23,760 Speaker 1: Our Lives show The Mysteries of the Color Blue. That 312 00:18:23,880 --> 00:18:26,560 Speaker 1: live show has already happened at this point, but the 313 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:30,399 Speaker 1: episode that we were publishing using that audio has not 314 00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:33,560 Speaker 1: come out yet. So hang tight, it's coming. Yeah it is. 315 00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:37,400 Speaker 1: That's the one of the magical mysteries of doing live 316 00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:41,080 Speaker 1: shows and then having them be podcasts later. So evidence 317 00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:44,000 Speaker 1: of a tech hel it Die factory dating back to 318 00:18:44,160 --> 00:18:47,400 Speaker 1: at least the first millennium BC has been found at 319 00:18:47,440 --> 00:18:51,280 Speaker 1: Tell Shakmona near Haifa and what's now Israel, and at 320 00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:54,320 Speaker 1: first archaeologists thought that this site had been home to 321 00:18:54,359 --> 00:18:57,800 Speaker 1: a settlement, but it seemed like a really weird place 322 00:18:58,240 --> 00:19:00,879 Speaker 1: for a settlement to be. It way out on a 323 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:04,480 Speaker 1: rocky promontory, it was inaccessible by boat, and it was 324 00:19:04,560 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: far away from any major land route. But it turns 325 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:11,920 Speaker 1: out this location gave it very easy access to cliffs 326 00:19:11,920 --> 00:19:16,040 Speaker 1: where those marine snails would have been very plentiful. Also 327 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:19,080 Speaker 1: among the team's findings when they were excavating the site 328 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:23,240 Speaker 1: where lots of pottery vessels stained with blue and purple dye, 329 00:19:23,560 --> 00:19:27,240 Speaker 1: engineers from Northern Power Grid in York, England found a 330 00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:30,240 Speaker 1: decorated piece of leather showing what looks like a dragon 331 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:33,520 Speaker 1: with a long body, four limbs, and a pair of wings. 332 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:36,000 Speaker 1: And the crew found this piece while they were working 333 00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:38,560 Speaker 1: on the electrical system, and they handed it over to 334 00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:41,960 Speaker 1: York Archaeological Trust and it was believed to date back 335 00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: to the medieval period. But that particular little textile find 336 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:49,960 Speaker 1: has not received conclusive results on any of their their 337 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:51,920 Speaker 1: research yet. And if you want to see what it 338 00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:56,919 Speaker 1: looked like, I recommend googling something like, uh, Northern Power 339 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:01,959 Speaker 1: Grid dragon leather or something's similar to that, but then 340 00:20:02,040 --> 00:20:04,560 Speaker 1: kind of scroll through the image results a little bit, 341 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:08,359 Speaker 1: because the most widely published pictures of it have the 342 00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:12,840 Speaker 1: outline of the dragon kind of drawn over digitally in 343 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:15,040 Speaker 1: a way that looks kind of like clip art. It's 344 00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:19,680 Speaker 1: doofy looking redly and the actual piece without that overlay 345 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:23,360 Speaker 1: looks a lot cooler. Uh. Now we will move on 346 00:20:23,720 --> 00:20:26,280 Speaker 1: to something that's always just one of my favorite things, 347 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:29,439 Speaker 1: which is the edibles and potables. Starting with something that 348 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:32,159 Speaker 1: was made from edible ingredients but maybe not meant to 349 00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:36,840 Speaker 1: be eaten. Researchers studying a Bronze Age hillfort in Austria 350 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:40,760 Speaker 1: found a collection of strange ring shaped objects which looked 351 00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:43,640 Speaker 1: like they were made from clay, but were really made 352 00:20:43,680 --> 00:20:47,240 Speaker 1: from cereals. They were made from finely ground barley and 353 00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:49,800 Speaker 1: wheat that was mixed with water and kneaded into a 354 00:20:49,920 --> 00:20:53,840 Speaker 1: dough and then shaped into rings and dried. I mean, 355 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:59,600 Speaker 1: it just sounds like old cheerios to me, but the 356 00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:02,480 Speaker 1: fair cheerios. No, that's not what they are. The team 357 00:21:02,520 --> 00:21:06,040 Speaker 1: has not conclusively determined what these rings were for. These 358 00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:09,040 Speaker 1: cereal rings would have been time and labor intensive to make, 359 00:21:09,119 --> 00:21:11,720 Speaker 1: and they don't really resemble foods that have been discovered 360 00:21:11,720 --> 00:21:14,840 Speaker 1: at the site. They do resemble other objects found at 361 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:17,439 Speaker 1: the site that are believed to be loom weights, leading 362 00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:20,119 Speaker 1: to the hypothesis that they were look alikes made for 363 00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:22,639 Speaker 1: some kind of ritual purpose, but it is still not 364 00:21:22,880 --> 00:21:25,879 Speaker 1: entirely clear though what they are. Yeah's they're sort of 365 00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:28,919 Speaker 1: the question of if it took this much effort and 366 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:32,399 Speaker 1: time and also food product that you're not going to 367 00:21:32,480 --> 00:21:34,600 Speaker 1: eat to make these like it has to be for 368 00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:41,200 Speaker 1: something moving on. As documented in a widely shared Twitter thread, 369 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:44,920 Speaker 1: Shamus Blackly traveled to the Museum of Fine Arts Boston 370 00:21:45,160 --> 00:21:48,840 Speaker 1: and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard 371 00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:54,760 Speaker 1: to try to collect yeast samples from Egyptian pottery. These samples, 372 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,879 Speaker 1: if they are really yeast from when the things were created, 373 00:21:57,880 --> 00:22:01,800 Speaker 1: would be about forty years old. They were collected with 374 00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:05,760 Speaker 1: the help of Dr Serena Love and PhD student Richard Bowman. 375 00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:09,120 Speaker 1: These samples were collected from vessels used to make beer 376 00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:13,040 Speaker 1: and bread, and they were taken in a sterile, noninvasive way. 377 00:22:13,080 --> 00:22:16,679 Speaker 1: In August, Blackly baked bread, with some of it using fresh, milled, 378 00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:20,680 Speaker 1: organic ancient grains. So as of August five, there was 379 00:22:20,720 --> 00:22:23,200 Speaker 1: still work to be done to confirm that what came 380 00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:27,159 Speaker 1: through this whole process really did include ancient strains of yeast. 381 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:31,760 Speaker 1: I mean, there's yeast everywhere all the time. You can 382 00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:35,760 Speaker 1: ferment things using just wild yeast that's around in the air, 383 00:22:36,280 --> 00:22:38,879 Speaker 1: So it's possible that that what was at work was 384 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,320 Speaker 1: not ancient yeast. But according to the Twitter thread, the 385 00:22:42,359 --> 00:22:47,000 Speaker 1: bread itself was delicious. That's really all that matters. Yeah, 386 00:22:47,359 --> 00:22:49,720 Speaker 1: we We've had a number of things that people made 387 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:52,520 Speaker 1: with ancient ingredients that did not turn out to be delicious, 388 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:55,960 Speaker 1: So I'm glad that this bread was apparently very good. Yes. 389 00:22:56,880 --> 00:22:59,720 Speaker 1: According to research published in the Proceedings of the National 390 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:02,720 Speaker 1: Acco out of Me of Sciences, people in northern China 391 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,120 Speaker 1: developed two distinctly different methods of trying to make beer. 392 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,240 Speaker 1: This conclusion comes from the analysis of seven thousand to 393 00:23:10,359 --> 00:23:13,760 Speaker 1: eight thousand year old pottery fragments at two different sites, 394 00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:16,479 Speaker 1: and at both of the sites, the pottery fragments had 395 00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:19,719 Speaker 1: granules of cereal starches that showed evidence that they had 396 00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:24,320 Speaker 1: been fermented. One of the sites is called Linkou, and 397 00:23:24,359 --> 00:23:27,400 Speaker 1: it appears that people living there just let the grains sprout, 398 00:23:27,720 --> 00:23:31,600 Speaker 1: and then, three thousand kilometers away, at a site called Guatau, 399 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 1: young people seem to have used sort of a starter 400 00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:37,600 Speaker 1: to start the process of breaking down the starches in 401 00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:42,199 Speaker 1: these grains. The starter seems similar to a fermentation starter 402 00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:45,959 Speaker 1: called coup, which is still made today from molded grains 403 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:49,240 Speaker 1: and used to produce alcoholic beverages from cereals in some 404 00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:52,040 Speaker 1: parts of the world. Patrick McGovern at the University of 405 00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:56,760 Speaker 1: Pennsylvania Museum of archaeology and anthropology also suggested that because 406 00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:59,439 Speaker 1: it would have taken such large quantities of grain to 407 00:23:59,520 --> 00:24:02,960 Speaker 1: do this, beer making might have inspired people to start 408 00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:06,560 Speaker 1: cultivating grains, an idea that has come up on Unearthed 409 00:24:06,560 --> 00:24:10,879 Speaker 1: before both beer and bread. Did people start making bread 410 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:13,399 Speaker 1: because they had figured out how to cultivate grains? Or 411 00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:16,239 Speaker 1: did they figure out how to cultivate grains because they 412 00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:19,280 Speaker 1: wanted to eat bread? I mean, I can't fault them 413 00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:23,520 Speaker 1: to me neither. Researchers in France have discovered a nine 414 00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:28,199 Speaker 1: hundred year old grape seed that is genetically identical to 415 00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:32,199 Speaker 1: Savoyon blanc grapes that are grown today. That means that 416 00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:35,239 Speaker 1: today's Savoyon blanc has been growing for at least nine 417 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:38,639 Speaker 1: hundred years, all tracing back to this one ancestral plant. 418 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:42,400 Speaker 1: And to be clear, this is a particular regional wine, 419 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:47,320 Speaker 1: not the more commonly known and widely distributed sauvignon blanc, 420 00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: so very similar sounding, not the similar sounding. The identically 421 00:24:54,359 --> 00:24:58,400 Speaker 1: genetic seed is uh spelled s A V A G 422 00:24:58,760 --> 00:25:02,359 Speaker 1: N I N rather than what you would be more 423 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,080 Speaker 1: likely to see on the shelf at the wine store. 424 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:07,920 Speaker 1: And this team was looking at the seeds from several 425 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:11,040 Speaker 1: varieties of wine grapes, and while they found other connections 426 00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:13,520 Speaker 1: between species, this was the only one that was an 427 00:25:13,560 --> 00:25:17,640 Speaker 1: identical genetic match. We also had some unearthings that were 428 00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:20,000 Speaker 1: more about where to get your food and beverage than 429 00:25:20,080 --> 00:25:24,000 Speaker 1: the food and beverage itself. An eighteenth century Scottish pub 430 00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:27,360 Speaker 1: was unearthed in the Scottish Highlands, and that site included 431 00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:30,280 Speaker 1: lots of drinking vessels like goblets and tankards. And then 432 00:25:30,640 --> 00:25:34,280 Speaker 1: a completely different eighteenth century pub was unearthed in eastern 433 00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:37,920 Speaker 1: North Carolina, also filled with things like mugs and goblets. 434 00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:41,400 Speaker 1: The North Carolina find also included a brass tap from 435 00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:44,280 Speaker 1: a wine barrel. Now we're shifting gears to a little 436 00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:47,480 Speaker 1: bit of medical history. For the first time, researchers have 437 00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:50,520 Speaker 1: found genetic evidence that the Justinianic plague a k a. 438 00:25:50,720 --> 00:25:54,919 Speaker 1: The Justinian Plague reached Britain and Ireland. The plague started 439 00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:57,040 Speaker 1: in the year five forty one and it continued to 440 00:25:57,080 --> 00:26:00,720 Speaker 1: circulate for about two hundred years after that. We already 441 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,560 Speaker 1: had plenty of written records documenting this plague, which killed 442 00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:08,000 Speaker 1: as much as of the Roman world at the time, 443 00:26:08,240 --> 00:26:12,000 Speaker 1: and researchers had already concluded that the plague was caused 444 00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:16,240 Speaker 1: by your Cinea pestis, but we didn't have direct genetic 445 00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:20,480 Speaker 1: evidence of the plague everywhere that we thought it probably struck, 446 00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:24,520 Speaker 1: and records detailing some kind of pestilence in Britain and 447 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:27,040 Speaker 1: Ireland in the year five forty four were also a 448 00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:30,840 Speaker 1: little ambiguous in their descriptions, so it wasn't totally clear 449 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:33,680 Speaker 1: that the illness that struck there was the same illness 450 00:26:33,720 --> 00:26:36,639 Speaker 1: that was striking in other places. Not only did this 451 00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:39,879 Speaker 1: research lead to conclusive evidence of the plague in Britain 452 00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:43,000 Speaker 1: and Ireland, but it also unearthed a lot more diversity 453 00:26:43,080 --> 00:26:46,960 Speaker 1: in the disease itself than was previously known. After studying 454 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:50,679 Speaker 1: remains from twenty one sites in Austria, Britain, Germany, France 455 00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 1: and Spain, the team documented eight new your Cinea Pestis genomes. 456 00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:59,119 Speaker 1: According to research published in the June nineteen edition of 457 00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,840 Speaker 1: the journal Land Equity, a midden in the prehistoric village 458 00:27:02,840 --> 00:27:06,199 Speaker 1: of chata Huke and what's now Turkey has provided the 459 00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:12,200 Speaker 1: oldest archaeological evidence of un intestinal parasite infection in humans. Yeah, 460 00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:17,560 Speaker 1: we love middens. These are basically trash heaps and they 461 00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:20,359 Speaker 1: can provide a wealth of information about the society that 462 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:23,600 Speaker 1: was dumping their rubbish there. In the case of Chata Huke, 463 00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:26,800 Speaker 1: people also used the midden as a toilet, either going 464 00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:30,160 Speaker 1: directly into the midden or perhaps carrying their waste from 465 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:32,919 Speaker 1: their homes to the midden in something kind of similar 466 00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:36,280 Speaker 1: to a chamber pot. This team studied both the midden 467 00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:40,480 Speaker 1: and burial sites the waste that may have been expelled 468 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:44,040 Speaker 1: from a body after it was buried. They retrieved samples 469 00:27:44,080 --> 00:27:46,600 Speaker 1: from each of them, and then confirmed that the samples 470 00:27:46,640 --> 00:27:49,520 Speaker 1: from the midden were of human origin, since it's also 471 00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:52,320 Speaker 1: likely that animals might have relieved themselves in the midden. 472 00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:56,280 Speaker 1: Then they looked for evidence of whipworm infection, which they 473 00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:59,159 Speaker 1: found in two of the samples from the midden. To 474 00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:02,160 Speaker 1: quote from a press release quote, it was a special 475 00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:06,119 Speaker 1: moment to identify parasite eggs over eight thousand years old, 476 00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:11,160 Speaker 1: said the study co author Evelina Anastasio in a separate 477 00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,520 Speaker 1: paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 478 00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:18,000 Speaker 1: An international team of archaeologists has published findings from an 479 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:21,600 Speaker 1: extensive study of this same site, and, in the words 480 00:28:21,640 --> 00:28:24,919 Speaker 1: of lead author Clark Spencer Larson. This nine thousand year 481 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:28,080 Speaker 1: old community was quote one of the first proto urban 482 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:32,960 Speaker 1: communities in the world, and the residents experienced what happens 483 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:36,040 Speaker 1: when you put many people together in a small area 484 00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:41,040 Speaker 1: for an extended time. Many things that happened include overcrowding, 485 00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:46,040 Speaker 1: infectious disease, crime, and environmental issues. Here's some other toilet 486 00:28:46,080 --> 00:28:51,360 Speaker 1: related history. We've got some new findings from Vindolanda, near 487 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:55,160 Speaker 1: Hadrian's Wall, including a two thousand year old gaming board 488 00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:57,840 Speaker 1: meant to be played in a bathhouse, as well as 489 00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:01,640 Speaker 1: some gemstones that had all in down a toilet. The 490 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:05,440 Speaker 1: gemstones date back about one eight hundred years and they 491 00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:08,760 Speaker 1: were carved with symbols. It was a common practice to 492 00:29:08,840 --> 00:29:11,480 Speaker 1: wear these as rings, but it was also common for 493 00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,200 Speaker 1: the adhesive that held the gem into the ring setting 494 00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:18,840 Speaker 1: to fail. So probably whoever was wearing these rings lost 495 00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: the stone while they were on the toilet. And uh, 496 00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:27,080 Speaker 1: that means they're gone. Not going after that? No, apparently not. 497 00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: And in one last bit of toilet news, a team 498 00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:34,480 Speaker 1: in Bulgaria found an ancient chamber pot which seems to 499 00:29:34,520 --> 00:29:38,040 Speaker 1: have been sized for children, or perhaps for small adults, 500 00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:44,000 Speaker 1: or maybe for very careful use by typically adult sized adults. 501 00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,680 Speaker 1: We're gonna take one more little sponsor break and then 502 00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:51,400 Speaker 1: we will get to the various scary and creepy and 503 00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:55,440 Speaker 1: more HALLOWEENI stuff that that is is more characteristic of 504 00:29:55,480 --> 00:30:07,880 Speaker 1: our our October time. Okay, since we're leading into October. 505 00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:11,320 Speaker 1: Here in a random bit of alarming news, a cube 506 00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:15,640 Speaker 1: of uranium was delivered to Timothy Cothe at the University 507 00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: of Maryland College Park In This cube of uranium came 508 00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:22,680 Speaker 1: with a note that said it was from a reactor 509 00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:26,360 Speaker 1: that Hitler had tried to build. Based on their study 510 00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:30,840 Speaker 1: of this cube, coach and PhD candidate Miriam Hybrid traced 511 00:30:30,960 --> 00:30:33,720 Speaker 1: the origins of this cube, and they published their work 512 00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:38,360 Speaker 1: in Physics Today in May. Didn't cross that radars until June. No. 513 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:41,960 Speaker 1: One of their conclusions was that the German scientists did 514 00:30:41,960 --> 00:30:45,320 Speaker 1: indeed have the capability to build a working nuclear reactor 515 00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,160 Speaker 1: during World War Two. What had gotten the way was 516 00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:51,440 Speaker 1: that two different teams making uranium cubes to power that 517 00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:56,160 Speaker 1: reactor were competing rather than working together. One team made 518 00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:59,760 Speaker 1: about six hundred cubes and another team made about four hundred, 519 00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:02,560 Speaker 1: neither of which was enough to power a reactor, but 520 00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,840 Speaker 1: together if they had combined their efforts, it could have worked. Yes, 521 00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:11,560 Speaker 1: So the basic general idea of uranium cubes tied to 522 00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:16,080 Speaker 1: Hitler's nuclear reactor like, that's inherently kind of alarming, But 523 00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:19,360 Speaker 1: just to put people's mind at ease, the cube is 524 00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:22,960 Speaker 1: made from natural uranium. It's not radioactive enough to be 525 00:31:23,160 --> 00:31:26,680 Speaker 1: especially dangerous by itself. But there are also hundreds of 526 00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:30,560 Speaker 1: similar cubes dating back to this era that are still 527 00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:36,440 Speaker 1: unaccounted for. Uh. Cute, lots of fun theories that make 528 00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:41,080 Speaker 1: great ghost stories for late at night. Um. Moving on 529 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:46,440 Speaker 1: to an inherently maccab topic but much beloved exhumations. On 530 00:31:46,480 --> 00:31:49,960 Speaker 1: September twenty four, Spain's Supreme Court announced that the remains 531 00:31:50,040 --> 00:31:53,480 Speaker 1: of Francisco Franco can be exhumed from the Valley of 532 00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:56,160 Speaker 1: the Fallen, something that we have been talking about since 533 00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,880 Speaker 1: our episode on Franco came out in The court also 534 00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:02,920 Speaker 1: rejected the family's requests to have him buried at a 535 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:06,400 Speaker 1: cathedral in central Madrid, instead ruling that he will be 536 00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,600 Speaker 1: reinterred next to his wife in a cemetery in El Pardo, 537 00:32:09,960 --> 00:32:12,239 Speaker 1: which is a ward of Madrid farther out to the 538 00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:14,560 Speaker 1: north of the city. Proper. This is one of those 539 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:16,480 Speaker 1: things where I had finished the whole rest of this 540 00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:20,160 Speaker 1: outline and I just had this page open on my 541 00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:24,200 Speaker 1: screen waiting for the announcement of of what they were 542 00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:26,640 Speaker 1: going to rule, which I knew was due on September 543 00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:28,840 Speaker 1: twenty four. That was just like, come on now, I 544 00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:32,360 Speaker 1: need I need the Franco news. Uh. Even with that 545 00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:35,360 Speaker 1: court ruling, though, it is not clear when the exhumation 546 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:38,640 Speaker 1: might take place, or whether that will be before Spain's 547 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: November ten election, we'll see. I want to somehow make 548 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:45,160 Speaker 1: a jokey way to tie it to the Sagrada Familia, 549 00:32:45,240 --> 00:32:50,360 Speaker 1: but that seems wrong. Uh. In other exhamation news, though, 550 00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:52,680 Speaker 1: there has been a lot of talk this summer about 551 00:32:52,720 --> 00:32:56,760 Speaker 1: the potential exhamation of John Dillinger. Also, this is technically 552 00:32:56,800 --> 00:32:59,520 Speaker 1: an update prior hosts did an episode on Dillinger in 553 00:32:59,520 --> 00:33:03,720 Speaker 1: twenty evan two relatives said they had evidence that the 554 00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:07,760 Speaker 1: body in Dillinger's grave is not really his. They planned 555 00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:10,160 Speaker 1: to exhume it and have it tested, and to have 556 00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:13,400 Speaker 1: all of that featured on a History Channel documentary. So 557 00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:16,640 Speaker 1: the basic idea here as that perhaps the FBI really 558 00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:19,760 Speaker 1: killed someone else in thirty four, and then buried that 559 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:23,680 Speaker 1: person and the notorious gangster's place. The FBI did not 560 00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,280 Speaker 1: give this a lot of credence, though, saying that they 561 00:33:26,280 --> 00:33:29,360 Speaker 1: had fingerprint evidence and other indicators that the body was 562 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:33,680 Speaker 1: really yes John Dillinger. In July, the Indiana State Department 563 00:33:33,680 --> 00:33:37,080 Speaker 1: of Health approved a permit for the exhumation, but Crown 564 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:41,160 Speaker 1: Hill Cemetery, where the body is buried, objected. The cemetery 565 00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:44,000 Speaker 1: issued a statement that read, in part quote, we also 566 00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:46,840 Speaker 1: have concerns that the complex and commercial nature of this 567 00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:50,600 Speaker 1: exhumation could cause disruption to the peaceful tranquility of the 568 00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:54,120 Speaker 1: cemetery and those who are visiting to remember their loved ones. 569 00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:57,240 Speaker 1: This has been kind of a theme and very high 570 00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:01,200 Speaker 1: profile exhumations that have also been plans to be covered 571 00:34:01,240 --> 00:34:05,840 Speaker 1: as television specials, where the cemetery has been like, we 572 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:08,799 Speaker 1: kind of would like to have a respectful environment here 573 00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:11,919 Speaker 1: for the other people who have loved ones buried, rather 574 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:15,759 Speaker 1: than having a giant TV spectacle tied to this. This 575 00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:19,080 Speaker 1: exhamation was supposed to happen on September six, but instead 576 00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:23,080 Speaker 1: everyone went to court. Marion County Superior Court Judge Timothy 577 00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:26,840 Speaker 1: Oaks set a hearing date of October tenth, which was, 578 00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,000 Speaker 1: of course after the date when the exhimation was supposed 579 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: to have happened, and that led History Channel to announced 580 00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:35,840 Speaker 1: it wasn't going to do this TV documentary after all, 581 00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:38,799 Speaker 1: That was still not the end of the saga, though, 582 00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:42,360 Speaker 1: Dillinger's nephew, Michael Thompson, announced that he still wanted to 583 00:34:42,400 --> 00:34:45,239 Speaker 1: go ahead with the exhimation, even if without the History 584 00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:48,759 Speaker 1: Channel's involvement, because quote, I simply wish to confirm that 585 00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:50,880 Speaker 1: the body in the grave is that of my uncle. 586 00:34:51,560 --> 00:34:54,480 Speaker 1: The family applied for a new permit, this time requesting 587 00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:57,640 Speaker 1: an exhamation date of December three, with the remains being 588 00:34:57,719 --> 00:35:00,920 Speaker 1: reinterred on the seventeenth, so two weeks eater. And at 589 00:35:00,920 --> 00:35:03,520 Speaker 1: this point it's an ongoing story that will continue to 590 00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:07,080 Speaker 1: unfold after we have recorded this episode, so see in 591 00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:11,319 Speaker 1: November or December. Rather, it would not surprise me at 592 00:35:11,360 --> 00:35:13,719 Speaker 1: all if we walk out of the studio today and 593 00:35:13,719 --> 00:35:18,760 Speaker 1: there's some new news about this whole exhamation saga. Moving 594 00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:22,480 Speaker 1: away from exhamations, we have more than one lake full 595 00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:27,000 Speaker 1: of bones to talk about. Sure, About seven hundred years ago, 596 00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:30,560 Speaker 1: bodies were buried in a lake in Levan Uta in 597 00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,480 Speaker 1: southwest of Finland, and this was a practice that went 598 00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:36,279 Speaker 1: on for at least four hundred years, but it was 599 00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:39,760 Speaker 1: only discovered when people started digging trenches in the area 600 00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:43,879 Speaker 1: in the nineteenth century. It started unearthing skulls and other 601 00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:46,840 Speaker 1: human remains that they did not expect to find their water. 602 00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:50,480 Speaker 1: Burials like this are unique, and researchers speculated that this 603 00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:55,120 Speaker 1: may have been a sacrificial spring. An excavation in unearthed 604 00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:59,240 Speaker 1: about seventy five of bone material, making up the remains 605 00:35:59,239 --> 00:36:02,800 Speaker 1: of people, which appeared to be mostly women and children. 606 00:36:03,440 --> 00:36:07,400 Speaker 1: The team analyzed these remains using DNA sequencing, hoping to 607 00:36:07,440 --> 00:36:10,080 Speaker 1: figure out who these people were and why they were 608 00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:14,200 Speaker 1: buried under water relatively far from the nearest known settlement, 609 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:17,279 Speaker 1: so it didn't find any clear answers as to why 610 00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:20,360 Speaker 1: these remains were buried in this way, but the DNA 611 00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:24,400 Speaker 1: analysis suggests that these people were Sami, people whose descendants 612 00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:28,640 Speaker 1: live in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia today. This 613 00:36:28,719 --> 00:36:32,399 Speaker 1: is the first conclusive evidence of their presence this far 614 00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:35,959 Speaker 1: south in Finland. Another study at the same site looked 615 00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:38,440 Speaker 1: at the jewelry the deceased were wearing when they were 616 00:36:38,480 --> 00:36:41,799 Speaker 1: buried in the lake. These were arm rings and necklaces 617 00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:45,440 Speaker 1: made from copper alloy, bronze or brass, and the findings 618 00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:49,000 Speaker 1: suggests that these were locally made with imported materials from 619 00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:52,399 Speaker 1: as far away as Greece and Bavaria and in the 620 00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:56,160 Speaker 1: other lake of bones. Rup Kund Lake in the Himalayan 621 00:36:56,239 --> 00:36:59,360 Speaker 1: Mountain Range has been nicknamed Skeleton Lake thanks to the 622 00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,600 Speaker 1: skeletal remains of at least eight hundred people in and 623 00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:05,960 Speaker 1: around it, and based on DNA studies that were conducted 624 00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:09,160 Speaker 1: in the early two thousands, researchers thought these were the 625 00:37:09,239 --> 00:37:12,120 Speaker 1: remains of people who were all native to South Asia 626 00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:15,840 Speaker 1: and had all died in one catastrophic event, which happened 627 00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:19,640 Speaker 1: sometime around the year eight hundred. Research published in the 628 00:37:19,719 --> 00:37:24,080 Speaker 1: journal Nature Communications in August calls all of that into question. 629 00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:27,560 Speaker 1: The team studied the DNA of thirty eight skeletons from 630 00:37:27,560 --> 00:37:30,480 Speaker 1: the lake and found that they fell into three distinct groups. 631 00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:33,960 Speaker 1: One group, containing twenty three sets of remains, was of 632 00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:38,120 Speaker 1: South Asian origin, as expected, but another group of fourteen 633 00:37:38,160 --> 00:37:42,919 Speaker 1: skeletons had Mediterranean ancestry from Greece and Crete. The one 634 00:37:42,960 --> 00:37:46,120 Speaker 1: skeleton not accounted for in those two groups seems to 635 00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:50,080 Speaker 1: have come from Southeast Asia. Also, it no longer appears 636 00:37:50,120 --> 00:37:52,840 Speaker 1: that all the bodies in and around this lake wound 637 00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:56,280 Speaker 1: up there around the year eight hundred. That does seem 638 00:37:56,320 --> 00:37:58,040 Speaker 1: to be the case for the bodies that were of 639 00:37:58,080 --> 00:38:01,160 Speaker 1: South Asian origin, but as for the rest, they are 640 00:38:01,239 --> 00:38:04,759 Speaker 1: more recent, dating back to about eighteen hundred, and there 641 00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:08,160 Speaker 1: are still lots of unanswered questions about how these remains 642 00:38:08,239 --> 00:38:11,560 Speaker 1: came to be there, whether there were perhaps two different groups, 643 00:38:11,640 --> 00:38:14,560 Speaker 1: each caught in some kind of epidemic or natural disaster. 644 00:38:15,320 --> 00:38:18,840 Speaker 1: Local folklore attributed to the goddess Nanda Davie who struck 645 00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:22,279 Speaker 1: down a royal retinue visiting her shrine during a pilgrimage 646 00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:25,359 Speaker 1: called the raj Jat because they were not behaving appropriately. 647 00:38:25,840 --> 00:38:28,480 Speaker 1: And it is a mystery how people from the Mediterranean 648 00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:32,960 Speaker 1: came there. Yeah, there's a total unknown. Were they on 649 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:36,920 Speaker 1: a pilgrimage also, was it some kind of expedition? Not clear? 650 00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:41,600 Speaker 1: And we have one last eerie unearthing to close out on. 651 00:38:42,080 --> 00:38:46,120 Speaker 1: A so called vampire burial in the early nineteenth century 652 00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:49,560 Speaker 1: in Connecticut has been tentatively identified as a farmer named 653 00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:53,799 Speaker 1: John Barber. Thanks to DNA evidence This person probably died 654 00:38:53,880 --> 00:38:56,520 Speaker 1: from tuberculosis, and then, in the middle of a vampire 655 00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,760 Speaker 1: panic brought on by fears of the disease, his family 656 00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:02,840 Speaker 1: zoomed the body and attempted to take out his heart. 657 00:39:03,480 --> 00:39:05,640 Speaker 1: It had been long enough since he had been buried 658 00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:09,640 Speaker 1: that the heart itself was decomposed, so instead they rearranged 659 00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:13,400 Speaker 1: his head and limbs to form a skull and crossbones shape, 660 00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:16,799 Speaker 1: and the confident that he was buried in was found 661 00:39:16,840 --> 00:39:22,160 Speaker 1: in a quarry was marked JB, likely standing for his 662 00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:25,719 Speaker 1: initials and his age when he died. We've talked about 663 00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:28,520 Speaker 1: vampire panics on the show before, but this is a 664 00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:33,680 Speaker 1: different one. So many vampire panics to go around? There 665 00:39:33,680 --> 00:39:36,680 Speaker 1: are there have been many? Uh, do you have some 666 00:39:36,840 --> 00:39:39,239 Speaker 1: listener mail to go around? And do you have some 667 00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:42,240 Speaker 1: listener mail? It came from Mike. Mike says hello, thanks 668 00:39:42,239 --> 00:39:46,000 Speaker 1: to my sister. I recently learned that Wisconsin lawmakers are 669 00:39:46,040 --> 00:39:50,200 Speaker 1: proposing legislation to prevent plant based products from being labeled 670 00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:53,319 Speaker 1: as meat or milk in the state. I pointed out 671 00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:57,240 Speaker 1: our state's history of laws to promote butter over margarine. 672 00:39:57,320 --> 00:39:59,359 Speaker 1: Of course, my sister asked if I had learned that 673 00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:02,319 Speaker 1: from stuff you miss in history class. Sadly I had not, 674 00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,080 Speaker 1: but our discussion led me to your podcast archives. While 675 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:10,080 Speaker 1: listening to your Butter versus Margarine episode, I alternated between 676 00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:13,600 Speaker 1: laughing and shaking my head and disbelief. Here's a link 677 00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:16,440 Speaker 1: to the story about the proposals in Wisconsin. There are 678 00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:19,560 Speaker 1: already laws and other states that restrict plant based foods 679 00:40:19,560 --> 00:40:22,320 Speaker 1: from using terms like meat or milk in their labeling. 680 00:40:22,440 --> 00:40:24,879 Speaker 1: At least nobody is claiming that plant based foods are 681 00:40:24,920 --> 00:40:27,680 Speaker 1: made from inedible substances, and there do not appear to 682 00:40:27,719 --> 00:40:30,720 Speaker 1: be any plans to require the products to be dyed 683 00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:33,919 Speaker 1: pink Love the podcast. Thanks for the work you do, Mike. 684 00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,719 Speaker 1: Thank you so much Mike for this email. So in 685 00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:43,200 Speaker 1: addition to this proposed Wisconsin law about plant based products, 686 00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:46,440 Speaker 1: there's also a thing that I had seen float across 687 00:40:46,680 --> 00:40:50,400 Speaker 1: my Twitter feed that was a very similar to the 688 00:40:50,440 --> 00:40:55,520 Speaker 1: Butter Versus Margarine episode fourteenth amendment argument about the legality 689 00:40:55,719 --> 00:40:59,960 Speaker 1: of calling things like impossible burghers meet on their lay 690 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:03,319 Speaker 1: billing and like my whole I tweeted something to the 691 00:41:03,320 --> 00:41:05,680 Speaker 1: effect of this is the exact same story as Butter 692 00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:09,080 Speaker 1: Versus Margarine, which, if you have not heard that episode 693 00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:12,480 Speaker 1: is a previous episode where we talk about the development 694 00:41:12,520 --> 00:41:15,400 Speaker 1: of margarine and then the legal war to try to 695 00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:20,440 Speaker 1: keep it from being sold. Uh. Anyway, very similar stuff 696 00:41:20,480 --> 00:41:24,240 Speaker 1: going on now, involving things like soy milk and almond 697 00:41:24,239 --> 00:41:28,600 Speaker 1: milk and rice milk, and then impossible burgers and other 698 00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:33,360 Speaker 1: things that are called milk or burger or whatever but 699 00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:36,759 Speaker 1: aren't actually made out of animal products um, which I 700 00:41:36,760 --> 00:41:39,600 Speaker 1: find very hilarious. As far as I know, there's nowhere 701 00:41:39,640 --> 00:41:42,239 Speaker 1: that's tried to outlaw these places yet, so we don't 702 00:41:42,239 --> 00:41:48,040 Speaker 1: have like impossible burger smuggling as happened with Margarine. I'm 703 00:41:48,040 --> 00:41:51,640 Speaker 1: ready for it, ready for it. So thank you, Thank 704 00:41:51,680 --> 00:41:54,239 Speaker 1: you Mike for this note. If you would like to 705 00:41:54,239 --> 00:41:56,319 Speaker 1: write to us about this or any other podcast, where 706 00:41:56,320 --> 00:41:58,880 Speaker 1: at history Podcasts at how stuff Works dot com, and 707 00:41:58,920 --> 00:42:01,840 Speaker 1: then we are all over social media at Missed in History. 708 00:42:01,840 --> 00:42:05,920 Speaker 1: That's where you will find our Facebook, Twitter, Interest, and Instagram. 709 00:42:05,960 --> 00:42:08,400 Speaker 1: You can also come and subscribe to our show on 710 00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:11,239 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, I Heart Radio app and wherever else you 711 00:42:11,280 --> 00:42:18,400 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. Stuff You Missed in History Class is 712 00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:21,120 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works. For 713 00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:23,719 Speaker 1: more podcasts for my Heart Radio visit the I heart 714 00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:26,799 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 715 00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:27,520 Speaker 1: favorite shows.