1 00:00:01,080 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,080 --> 00:00:12,640 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast 3 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 1: I'm Training. We are now into part two of our 4 00:00:19,360 --> 00:00:22,759 Speaker 1: now traditional Unearthed episode where we talk about all of 5 00:00:22,760 --> 00:00:26,600 Speaker 1: the things that were brought up literally and figuratively in 6 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:31,120 Speaker 1: We know that you all are listening at the earliest, 7 00:00:32,159 --> 00:00:34,640 Speaker 1: but we are recording it in ten So when we 8 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:38,839 Speaker 1: say this year, that's what we mean. Uh this installment, 9 00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:42,880 Speaker 1: we're starting with a random assortment of things that didn't 10 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:47,879 Speaker 1: really fit into any other category, followed by some medical 11 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:52,760 Speaker 1: unearth things, food and drinks, literature and letters, and we're 12 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:57,520 Speaker 1: going to end with so many people's favorite category exhumations. 13 00:00:59,080 --> 00:01:03,240 Speaker 1: So starting off the random stuff, a probable Rembrandt, which 14 00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 1: was stolen from a French museum during a Bastille Day 15 00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:10,120 Speaker 1: celebration in was recovered this year when the man who 16 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:14,120 Speaker 1: had stolen it confessed, so when the robbery happened, the 17 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:16,759 Speaker 1: alarm went off when the thief entered the museum through 18 00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:19,560 Speaker 1: a library door, but the authorities did not arrive in 19 00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:23,560 Speaker 1: time to catch him. The painting is called lanfant labou 20 00:01:24,040 --> 00:01:26,959 Speaker 1: de savant or Child with a soap bubble. There's some 21 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:29,839 Speaker 1: debate about whether it's actually a Rembrandt or just something 22 00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:33,360 Speaker 1: that was painted after Rembrant style, but maybe it's recovery 23 00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:36,880 Speaker 1: means that we will finally get to find out. On April, 24 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 1: a man named Paul Unyaki un earth of Viking age 25 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: figuring in Denmark while using a metal detector. He immediately 26 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:49,480 Speaker 1: contacted a museum. So good on you, Paul for contacting 27 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:54,840 Speaker 1: authorities after finding something that seemed significant. Uh. The museum 28 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:58,960 Speaker 1: confirmed the age of the figure and started conservation measures 29 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,240 Speaker 1: on it. The figuring is really small, just four point 30 00:02:02,320 --> 00:02:06,280 Speaker 1: six centimeters high, and it's notable because it has very 31 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:10,080 Speaker 1: detailed clothing. This basically makes it a new source of 32 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:13,560 Speaker 1: information about what the Vikings actually wore, and it's also 33 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:16,200 Speaker 1: kind of visually and visually interesting because it has a 34 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:20,639 Speaker 1: three dimensional head on a two dimensional body. The figuring 35 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:23,600 Speaker 1: is wearing an ankle length dress with long sleeves, and 36 00:02:23,639 --> 00:02:27,200 Speaker 1: the dress itself has several different textures that are possibly 37 00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 1: meant to represent different fabrics. Her hair is pulled back 38 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:33,240 Speaker 1: in a very tight bun, and she has a piece 39 00:02:33,280 --> 00:02:35,239 Speaker 1: of jewelry in the front of her dress that might 40 00:02:35,240 --> 00:02:39,400 Speaker 1: indicate she's meant to represent the fertility goddess Freya. Aerial 41 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:43,359 Speaker 1: photography help researchers find the remains of two ancient Mayan 42 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 1: cities in the Yucatan Peninsula. For one of the cities, 43 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:50,440 Speaker 1: it was actually a rediscovery archaeologist Eric von You visited 44 00:02:50,480 --> 00:02:54,080 Speaker 1: in the nineteen seventies and dubbed it Lagunita, but given 45 00:02:54,080 --> 00:02:57,079 Speaker 1: the density of the jungle and the remoteness of the location, 46 00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:00,639 Speaker 1: as well as the vagueness of a youth documentation, it 47 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:04,600 Speaker 1: couldn't be found again until more recently. That Lagunita is 48 00:03:04,639 --> 00:03:07,440 Speaker 1: a facade with an entryway that's made to look as 49 00:03:07,480 --> 00:03:10,000 Speaker 1: though it's a monster's mouth, which I find so sort 50 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:13,160 Speaker 1: of fabulous. Uh. This is a common theme and architecture 51 00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:16,960 Speaker 1: of the time in this particular example is very well preserved. 52 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 1: The other city, known as tom Chin, probably existed at 53 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:25,800 Speaker 1: about the same time as Lagunita. Also this year, archaeologists 54 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:28,919 Speaker 1: working at Hadrian's Wall found a two thousand year old 55 00:03:28,960 --> 00:03:33,880 Speaker 1: wooden toilet seat perfectly preserved in a muddy trench. Although 56 00:03:33,919 --> 00:03:36,920 Speaker 1: other digs have unearthed plenty of Roman latrines and other 57 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:41,520 Speaker 1: toilet artifacts. Dr Andrew Burley, who's the director of excavations there, 58 00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:44,600 Speaker 1: said he had never seen a perfectly preserved wooden toilet 59 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:48,000 Speaker 1: seat before. He said that it looked pretty comfortable. He 60 00:03:48,160 --> 00:03:50,640 Speaker 1: was also hopeful that they would be able to find 61 00:03:50,680 --> 00:03:54,080 Speaker 1: the latrine that went with it, since, in his words, 62 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: as reported to the BBC, quote Roman lose are fascinating 63 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:03,720 Speaker 1: places to excavate their drain often contain astonishing artifacts. Dr 64 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:06,240 Speaker 1: Burley also said that he was looking forward to reading 65 00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:09,400 Speaker 1: the text of a Roman stylist wax tablet that was 66 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:12,920 Speaker 1: also found at Hadrian's Wall this year. In this case, 67 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:15,800 Speaker 1: he told the BBC, if we're really lucky, the person 68 00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:18,760 Speaker 1: using the seat will have had verbal diarrhea and we 69 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: will be able to get their personal thoughts about life 70 00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:26,920 Speaker 1: years ago. So I'd really like to meet this doctor Burley, 71 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:29,800 Speaker 1: because he sounds like a character that's like the thing 72 00:04:29,839 --> 00:04:32,120 Speaker 1: that was on earth. That's more, that's most exciting to 73 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:36,320 Speaker 1: Tracy is that we now know about this. It's that's 74 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:40,320 Speaker 1: a gentleman who does research and sounds hilarious. Uh. In 75 00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:44,719 Speaker 1: other poop News, archaeologists in Odense, on the island of 76 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,280 Speaker 1: shune In in Denmark found several latrine barrels dating back 77 00:04:48,279 --> 00:04:52,240 Speaker 1: to the thirteen hundreds. More notable than the barrels themselves, 78 00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:55,600 Speaker 1: is that they still contain what latrines are built to contain. 79 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: So the team hopes that the contents of these barrels 80 00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:01,760 Speaker 1: will help shed some light on the dietary habits of 81 00:05:01,800 --> 00:05:05,040 Speaker 1: fourteen century Danes and for people local to the area, 82 00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:07,200 Speaker 1: at least at that point, you could take a free 83 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:12,960 Speaker 1: tour of the dig site on Tuesdays and Thursdays. In April, 84 00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:15,920 Speaker 1: a documentary film crew dug up a landfill in New 85 00:05:15,960 --> 00:05:19,960 Speaker 1: Mexico where Atari had purportedly dumped millions of copies of 86 00:05:19,960 --> 00:05:24,360 Speaker 1: the overwhelmingly unsuccessful video game Et the Extraterrestrial in nineteen 87 00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:27,680 Speaker 1: eighty three. The film crew did find many copies of 88 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:31,240 Speaker 1: the game, but not quite the millions rumored to be 89 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:35,800 Speaker 1: buried there. They also found various other Atari video game detritus. 90 00:05:36,960 --> 00:05:40,320 Speaker 1: I included that mostly because the long held et lore 91 00:05:40,920 --> 00:05:44,640 Speaker 1: that video game kind of tickles me. Yeah, And it's 92 00:05:44,640 --> 00:05:47,160 Speaker 1: one of those things that I think the number has 93 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:49,400 Speaker 1: grown over the years, you know, I think it used 94 00:05:49,440 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 1: to be I remember hearing it once very early on, 95 00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:54,320 Speaker 1: is like hundreds of thousands, and it has slowly ballooned 96 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: up to millions of cartridges. It balloons to the point 97 00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:00,000 Speaker 1: that there's a page about it at snopes dot com. 98 00:06:02,400 --> 00:06:05,120 Speaker 1: So we're going to take a brief break for a 99 00:06:05,120 --> 00:06:07,599 Speaker 1: word from a sponsor, and then talk about some medical 100 00:06:07,800 --> 00:06:12,000 Speaker 1: things that were unearthed this year. Now we will get 101 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:15,920 Speaker 1: back to our lovely unearthing. So the first of our 102 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:20,279 Speaker 1: medical unearth things is only tangentially medical. While testing the 103 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:23,560 Speaker 1: area in preparation for building a new parking facility, the 104 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:27,279 Speaker 1: University of Mississippi Medical Center found that the site contained 105 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:31,400 Speaker 1: at least a thousand bodies. This wasn't at all the 106 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:34,000 Speaker 1: first time that a burial site has been found on 107 00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:38,479 Speaker 1: the University of Mississippi campus. Anthropological study is ongoing on 108 00:06:38,600 --> 00:06:42,520 Speaker 1: other remains that have already been unearthed before this discovery. 109 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:46,040 Speaker 1: These particular bodies are believed to have been patients at 110 00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:50,279 Speaker 1: the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum. The asylum opened in eighteen 111 00:06:50,320 --> 00:06:53,960 Speaker 1: fifty five and housed a hundred and fifty people. The 112 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:58,080 Speaker 1: school considered reburying the bodies elsewhere to make room for 113 00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:01,640 Speaker 1: the parking facility, but they estimated that it would cost 114 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:05,440 Speaker 1: about three thousand dollars per body, or three million dollars total, 115 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 1: so expansion plans were put on hold uh, and I 116 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:13,120 Speaker 1: could not find an update about exactly where things stood 117 00:07:13,160 --> 00:07:16,680 Speaker 1: with that discovery as of right now at whether they've 118 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:21,200 Speaker 1: decided to continue and rebody the but rebury the bodies elsewhere, 119 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:24,360 Speaker 1: or change their construction plans, or exactly what. And it's 120 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:26,840 Speaker 1: entirely possible that that whole thing is bogged down in 121 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:31,680 Speaker 1: paperwork somewhere and there is nothing to discover. Um Scientists 122 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:34,840 Speaker 1: extracted DNA from the tooth of someone who died in 123 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:38,640 Speaker 1: the Justinian plague in the year five forty one. Unlike 124 00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:42,040 Speaker 1: several other historical plagues, there really hadn't been very much 125 00:07:42,080 --> 00:07:46,520 Speaker 1: medical or biological research on the Justinian plague. But then 126 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:50,280 Speaker 1: housing developers found a burial site near Munich, and as 127 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: they examined the evidence, the team figured out that many 128 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:55,520 Speaker 1: of the peoples in the burial site had been buried together, 129 00:07:55,640 --> 00:07:58,560 Speaker 1: which was of course very common during plague events, and 130 00:07:58,600 --> 00:08:02,559 Speaker 1: they eventually narrowed it down the Justinian plague. A team 131 00:08:02,640 --> 00:08:06,640 Speaker 1: led by evolutionary biologist David Wagner at Northern Arizona University 132 00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:10,000 Speaker 1: determined that the plague had jumped from rodents to people 133 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:12,160 Speaker 1: and that it was in fact different from the Black 134 00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:16,640 Speaker 1: Death during a rehabilitation project at New York City Hall, 135 00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 1: a team unearthed artifact that archaeologist thought was maybe a 136 00:08:20,760 --> 00:08:24,440 Speaker 1: needle holder or perhaps a spice grinder at first. It's 137 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:27,760 Speaker 1: about a three inch long cylinder with holes in the top, 138 00:08:27,880 --> 00:08:31,400 Speaker 1: made from a mammal bone, and it dates sometime back 139 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:34,640 Speaker 1: to the early eighteen hundreds. It was actually found back 140 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:39,200 Speaker 1: in but it wasn't until this year that anthropology student 141 00:08:39,280 --> 00:08:43,440 Speaker 1: Lisa Geiger published her findings identifying what it actually was. 142 00:08:44,280 --> 00:08:46,920 Speaker 1: She drew her conclusions thanks to a stint as a 143 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:50,880 Speaker 1: docent at the famous Muder Museum. It turns out that 144 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:53,520 Speaker 1: this was not a needle holder or a spice grinder. 145 00:08:53,800 --> 00:08:57,560 Speaker 1: It was quote a vaginal syringe which was used for doucing. 146 00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:00,720 Speaker 1: Given that this item was found in a big garbage 147 00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:03,120 Speaker 1: pile that also included the remnants of what looked like 148 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:05,520 Speaker 1: a giant celebration, so there was lots of food and 149 00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:09,120 Speaker 1: lots of liquor, the suspicion is that this was likely 150 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:13,079 Speaker 1: brought with a guest and used as a contraceptive or 151 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:16,800 Speaker 1: for STD prevention and just as a heads up that 152 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,560 Speaker 1: would not have been effective. Do not rely on such 153 00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:24,040 Speaker 1: a thing for birth control or std prevent race these 154 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:27,880 Speaker 1: public service announcement. Yeah, I'm just taking a page from 155 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:30,439 Speaker 1: stuff mom never told you for a moment that would 156 00:09:30,440 --> 00:09:33,920 Speaker 1: not work. In March, researchers announced that they'd revived a 157 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:37,800 Speaker 1: giant virus from the Siberian perma frost, and that it 158 00:09:37,920 --> 00:09:41,679 Speaker 1: was still infectious. You may remember seeing these headlines and 159 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:45,079 Speaker 1: people uh saying that this is how the zombie apocalypse 160 00:09:45,120 --> 00:09:47,680 Speaker 1: was going to start. So the virus is much larger 161 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:50,840 Speaker 1: than normal, almost as large as a small bacterium, and 162 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:56,120 Speaker 1: it affects amba. They named it Pythovirus sabaricum, with pytho 163 00:09:56,240 --> 00:09:58,560 Speaker 1: coming from the Greek word for a large container that's 164 00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:03,239 Speaker 1: used to store food or wine. Normally, viruses are extremely compact, 165 00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:06,439 Speaker 1: but this one contains lots of empty space, which prompted 166 00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:10,400 Speaker 1: evolutionary biologist Jean Michelle Clavery to say, quote, we don't 167 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:14,200 Speaker 1: understand anything anymore. The quotes from the researchers are some 168 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:18,240 Speaker 1: of my favorite things. They're pretty fabulous. So now we 169 00:10:18,280 --> 00:10:20,600 Speaker 1: have three things that are in the realm of food 170 00:10:20,679 --> 00:10:25,360 Speaker 1: and drink. Divers brought up a bottle marked Seltzer's from 171 00:10:25,400 --> 00:10:28,360 Speaker 1: a shipwreck that is known as F thirty three thirty one, 172 00:10:28,520 --> 00:10:31,040 Speaker 1: and this is a cargo vessel that sank not far 173 00:10:31,120 --> 00:10:34,880 Speaker 1: off the Polish coast, so in the original reports this 174 00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:38,520 Speaker 1: was believed to have been a German luxury mineral water 175 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:41,920 Speaker 1: Seltzers was a known brand of exactly that thing in 176 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:46,000 Speaker 1: the early eighteen hundreds, but later on they figured out 177 00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:49,160 Speaker 1: that what was in the bottle was actually alcohol, probably 178 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: vodka or gin, which was reported to be drinkable but 179 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:59,080 Speaker 1: not necessarily good in Egypt. While doing a routine cleaning 180 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:02,800 Speaker 1: in another team, a Japanese team led by Giro Condo 181 00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:07,600 Speaker 1: of Waseda University, stumbled across a completely different, previously unknown 182 00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:11,240 Speaker 1: burial place, that of conso Imheb, the head of beer 183 00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: production for the Court of a Menhotep. The third the 184 00:11:14,679 --> 00:11:17,680 Speaker 1: t shaped tomb with a burial chamber in two halls, 185 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:20,880 Speaker 1: and it also includes a painting showing the whole process 186 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:24,440 Speaker 1: of grain fermentation and presenting the finished product to the 187 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 1: mother goddess Moot. It's more than three thousand years old. 188 00:11:28,720 --> 00:11:31,880 Speaker 1: U s archaeologists also found what they believed to be 189 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:36,600 Speaker 1: a precursor to Chianti while doing an excavation in Tuscany, 190 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:38,640 Speaker 1: down at the bottom of a hundred and five ft 191 00:11:38,679 --> 00:11:42,160 Speaker 1: deep well. They found bronze vessels, cups, coins, and all 192 00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:45,679 Speaker 1: kinds of other stuff. The various depths of the well 193 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:49,319 Speaker 1: include artifacts that spanned a fifteen hundred year time span, 194 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:53,439 Speaker 1: so really lots of different layers of things going down 195 00:11:53,559 --> 00:11:58,120 Speaker 1: deeply into this well. Included at three different levels are 196 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:02,560 Speaker 1: some very well preserved degree seeds. The findings confirmed that 197 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:05,240 Speaker 1: there were at least three kinds of grapes in use 198 00:12:05,320 --> 00:12:08,800 Speaker 1: during Roman and Etruscan times in the area, and researchers 199 00:12:08,840 --> 00:12:11,800 Speaker 1: are looking into whether the way they are used might 200 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:14,440 Speaker 1: be similar to the proportions of candy, which is a 201 00:12:14,520 --> 00:12:18,080 Speaker 1: seventy fifteen fifteen mix of three different types of grape. 202 00:12:19,280 --> 00:12:22,440 Speaker 1: And now we are moving on to the arena of 203 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:27,360 Speaker 1: unearthed elements in literature and letters. So this first one 204 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:29,800 Speaker 1: is not really a discovery, but it is a release. 205 00:12:30,559 --> 00:12:33,920 Speaker 1: The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston 206 00:12:34,160 --> 00:12:36,559 Speaker 1: released a number of letters from the personal papers of 207 00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,960 Speaker 1: Jacqueline Kennedy on Nassis this year, and that's a collection 208 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:43,800 Speaker 1: of about twenty two thousand letters, postcards, and other pieces 209 00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: of mail. In particular, the newly released documents include condolence 210 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:52,520 Speaker 1: letters after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Also included 211 00:12:52,559 --> 00:12:55,199 Speaker 1: were the responses sent to each letter, which were handled 212 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:59,520 Speaker 1: by the First Ladies personal secretaries. One particularly sweet note 213 00:12:59,559 --> 00:13:01,680 Speaker 1: is from a and You're old Louisian, a girl who said, 214 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:04,920 Speaker 1: I think you're the nicest lady in the whole world. 215 00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:11,920 Speaker 1: I mean it too. It's so sweet. It's particularly sweet 216 00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 1: because your is misspelled is why oh you are? Which 217 00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:18,920 Speaker 1: is charming. In a ten year old note, a scrap 218 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 1: of paper with Jane Austen's handwriting on it was found 219 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:26,080 Speaker 1: tucked into a book at the Jane Austen's home museum. 220 00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:29,520 Speaker 1: This is probably a fragment of one of her brother's sermons, 221 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:32,120 Speaker 1: and it says quote men may get into a habit 222 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:35,360 Speaker 1: of repeating the words of our prayers by wrote, perhaps 223 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:40,960 Speaker 1: without thoroughly understanding, certainly without thoroughly feeling their full force 224 00:13:41,080 --> 00:13:44,720 Speaker 1: and meaning. The scrap is dated eighteen fourteen, which is 225 00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:48,160 Speaker 1: when Austin was working on Mansfield Park, and it has 226 00:13:48,280 --> 00:13:50,960 Speaker 1: some similar religious themes to some things that are in 227 00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:54,480 Speaker 1: the book. There's also some illegible writing on the back 228 00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:57,480 Speaker 1: that the discoverers are hoping to be able to restore 229 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:01,960 Speaker 1: fragments of two poems by Sappho were on Earth from 230 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:05,720 Speaker 1: a private collection this year. It was very serendipitous. The 231 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 1: person who owned the papyrus asked Oxford classicist Dirk abbinc 232 00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:13,200 Speaker 1: about the Greek writing on the papyrus, and he immediately 233 00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:17,520 Speaker 1: recognized its importance. Sappho was a tremendously influential poet in 234 00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:20,560 Speaker 1: her time, but only one complete poem by her has 235 00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:24,360 Speaker 1: actually survived until today. Sappho lived in the seventh century 236 00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:26,600 Speaker 1: b c E. And this piece of papyrus dates to 237 00:14:26,640 --> 00:14:30,080 Speaker 1: the second or third century CE. This fine brings the 238 00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:34,920 Speaker 1: total known poems by Sappho to six. In February, Dr 239 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:40,120 Speaker 1: Gian Yang visited St John's College, University of Cambridge from China, 240 00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:42,800 Speaker 1: and while he was there he discovered that a small 241 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,800 Speaker 1: volume of music that had been held in the university's 242 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:49,840 Speaker 1: rare books collection was really a priceless document detailing pre 243 00:14:49,960 --> 00:14:55,400 Speaker 1: modern Chinese musical history. This is possibly a completely unique 244 00:14:55,440 --> 00:14:59,560 Speaker 1: find in the world. The book was originally purchased in 245 00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:02,960 Speaker 1: China in eighteen o four by the Reverend James Inman, 246 00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:06,480 Speaker 1: who brought it back home with him to Britain. It's 247 00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:10,280 Speaker 1: believed to have been printed in China around seventeen seventy 248 00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:12,640 Speaker 1: and and Men donated all of his books to St. 249 00:15:12,680 --> 00:15:16,720 Speaker 1: John's College after becoming a fellow there. The book contains 250 00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:20,320 Speaker 1: an introduction to three different Chinese instruments, which are a flute, 251 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:23,480 Speaker 1: a lout, and a recorder, as well as thirteen different 252 00:15:23,480 --> 00:15:27,160 Speaker 1: pieces of music. Um the entire notation that's used as 253 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:31,320 Speaker 1: something that has not been really well documented or surviving 254 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:34,600 Speaker 1: documentation has not lasted until now, uh so it gives 255 00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:39,240 Speaker 1: a huge amount of information about uh Chinese musical history 256 00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:44,560 Speaker 1: that we didn't have before. So cool. A previously unknown 257 00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:48,160 Speaker 1: Shakespeare First Folio was authenticated in France this year, so 258 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:51,440 Speaker 1: that brings the total number of known first Folios to 259 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,960 Speaker 1: two hundred and thirty three. So, for the non Shakespeare 260 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:57,400 Speaker 1: buffs in the crowd, the First Folio is the first 261 00:15:57,440 --> 00:16:01,000 Speaker 1: publication of the collected works of Shakespeare. It's considered to 262 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,040 Speaker 1: be the most reliable text for many of Shakespeare's plays, 263 00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:07,360 Speaker 1: and this one is in excellent condition, which is surprising 264 00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:11,360 Speaker 1: considering that until this year librarians at the public library 265 00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:13,280 Speaker 1: where it was house thought it was a very old, 266 00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:17,200 Speaker 1: but not particularly exceptional Shakespearean edition, and that was in 267 00:16:17,240 --> 00:16:21,600 Speaker 1: part because the title page and introductory material were missing. However, 268 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:24,120 Speaker 1: it caught the eye of Remy Cordonier, the director of 269 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:27,520 Speaker 1: the Library's Medieval and Early Modern Collection, who thought that 270 00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:30,120 Speaker 1: it could in fact be a first folio. It's planned 271 00:16:30,120 --> 00:16:32,120 Speaker 1: that it will be put on display in st Omair 272 00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:36,840 Speaker 1: where it was found next year. Before we get into, uh, 273 00:16:36,960 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: the favorite topic of exhumations, let's take another brief moment 274 00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: for a word from a sponsor. So now we will 275 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:47,920 Speaker 1: wrap things up by talking about some exhamations. And this is, 276 00:16:47,960 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 1: of course not all of the exhamations. UH. Treatsy had 277 00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:55,200 Speaker 1: not yet set up her Google alert for exhamations until 278 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: part way through the year, so she's got a pretty 279 00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:02,440 Speaker 1: significant list that she's compiled, but not necessarily comprehensive. No 280 00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:04,840 Speaker 1: there there. It's similarly with the rest of it. There 281 00:17:04,840 --> 00:17:08,760 Speaker 1: would not be room for every single one. So Oliver 282 00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:12,439 Speaker 1: Cromwell's body was exhumed in sixteen sixty one for a 283 00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:17,800 Speaker 1: quote posthumous execution. They basically after he had died, had 284 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:22,080 Speaker 1: been buried, drew and quartered him and other things to 285 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:26,240 Speaker 1: his body. At that time, a brass plate that had 286 00:17:26,280 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: been placed on his chest was taken by one of 287 00:17:29,080 --> 00:17:31,879 Speaker 1: the officials he was present, and then that plate was 288 00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:35,160 Speaker 1: passed down through the generations, and then it was sold 289 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:38,240 Speaker 1: at auction in December of this year, which is why 290 00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:42,000 Speaker 1: we were talking about it for seventy four thousand, five 291 00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:47,440 Speaker 1: hundred pounds or four thousand, nine sixty five euros. Neither 292 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:50,639 Speaker 1: the person it eventually was passed down to, nor the 293 00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:53,560 Speaker 1: person who bought it was named, which is common practice 294 00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:57,679 Speaker 1: for softies, which is who handled the auction. The plate 295 00:17:57,760 --> 00:18:00,639 Speaker 1: itself is inscribed with a code of arm arms, the 296 00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:05,240 Speaker 1: dates of Cromwell's birth and death, and his uh his coordination, 297 00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:09,400 Speaker 1: and then in Latin quote, here is buried Oliver Cromwell, 298 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:13,160 Speaker 1: Protector of the Republic of England, Scotland and Ireland, which 299 00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:15,880 Speaker 1: is a statement that the people of Ireland would buy 300 00:18:15,960 --> 00:18:20,040 Speaker 1: and large find issue with. I'm surprised you didn't mention 301 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,040 Speaker 1: that his head is elsewhere and we don't know where. Yes, 302 00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:26,240 Speaker 1: his head is elsewhere, we don't know where, but the 303 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:29,960 Speaker 1: fate of his body after he was posthumously executed is 304 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:33,919 Speaker 1: kind of hard to substantiate. Yeah, allegedly some people know 305 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:37,560 Speaker 1: where the head is. There has been some back and 306 00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:40,439 Speaker 1: forth among the governments of Great Britain, Argentina and the 307 00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:44,280 Speaker 1: Falkland Islands in recent weeks about the potential exhamations of 308 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:48,560 Speaker 1: one and twenty three unidentified bodies buried in Darwin Cemetery 309 00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:51,840 Speaker 1: in the Falklands. Uh These are the bodies of Argentinian 310 00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:55,679 Speaker 1: soldiers who died between April and June of nineteen two 311 00:18:55,720 --> 00:18:59,359 Speaker 1: when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, which Britain claimed as 312 00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:03,600 Speaker 1: its territory Wry. The result was the Falklands War. The 313 00:19:03,680 --> 00:19:07,440 Speaker 1: Independent reported that Argentina was set to exhume one bodies. 314 00:19:07,880 --> 00:19:11,199 Speaker 1: Argentina said the decision to exhume was extremely personal and 315 00:19:11,240 --> 00:19:13,840 Speaker 1: it would be left to the families and the Falkland 316 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:16,359 Speaker 1: Islands government said that it had not received a request 317 00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:19,480 Speaker 1: to actually do any of this, so as of right now, 318 00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:24,560 Speaker 1: this whole situation is unresolved as far as our information goes. Yes, 319 00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:28,359 Speaker 1: there is clearly still tension between Britain and Argentina on 320 00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:33,440 Speaker 1: the subject of the Falkland Islands. In November, Kentucky State 321 00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:37,040 Speaker 1: Police exhumed the body of an unidentified nineteen sixty nine 322 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:41,560 Speaker 1: murder victim. The woman's badly decomposed body was found by 323 00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:44,119 Speaker 1: a man picking flowers for his wife in June of 324 00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:47,920 Speaker 1: that year, officials are hoping to find a match through CODIS, 325 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:52,159 Speaker 1: which is the combined DNA index system. They called the 326 00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:58,679 Speaker 1: murder an ongoing cold case, and are particularly interested in 327 00:19:58,720 --> 00:20:01,439 Speaker 1: it because no one has come forward to say, this 328 00:20:01,520 --> 00:20:04,840 Speaker 1: might be my relative in the time since the murder happened, 329 00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:08,240 Speaker 1: which is a little unusual. I mean, they're they're frequently 330 00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:12,440 Speaker 1: unidentified bodies, but not as frequently unidentified bodies with literally 331 00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:15,480 Speaker 1: no one speculating that that might be their loved one. 332 00:20:17,359 --> 00:20:20,240 Speaker 1: Prague announced that it would pay for the exhimation of 333 00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:23,680 Speaker 1: Joseph too Far, who was a Roman Catholic priest who 334 00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:27,720 Speaker 1: died after being interrogated and tortured. So while too Far 335 00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:31,760 Speaker 1: was giving a sermon in December of nine, several witnesses 336 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:34,639 Speaker 1: said they saw an iron cross behind him move on 337 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:37,919 Speaker 1: its own several times, and when word got back to 338 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:41,720 Speaker 1: the government of at that time Czechoslovakia of this purported miracle, 339 00:20:42,280 --> 00:20:44,760 Speaker 1: too Far was arrested and tortured until he said that 340 00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:47,760 Speaker 1: he had orchestrated it. It then became a tool to 341 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:50,760 Speaker 1: try to discredit the Catholic Church and oppress Roman Catholics 342 00:20:50,760 --> 00:20:54,560 Speaker 1: in Czechoslovakia. So this exhamation is in part for the 343 00:20:54,600 --> 00:21:00,560 Speaker 1: beatification process and to close things out, and probably the 344 00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:06,600 Speaker 1: most weirdly romantic exhumation of the year uh Frederick Chopin's heart. 345 00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:10,320 Speaker 1: So when Chopin died, he asked for his heart to 346 00:21:10,359 --> 00:21:13,600 Speaker 1: be removed from his body and buried in Poland, and 347 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:16,760 Speaker 1: it was after being sealed in a jar of liquor 348 00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:23,760 Speaker 1: which his sister smuggled into Warsaw, probably under her dress. Um. 349 00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:28,400 Speaker 1: Since then his heart has been passed from relative to relative, buried, 350 00:21:28,560 --> 00:21:33,119 Speaker 1: dug up, buried again, all this while the rest of 351 00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,480 Speaker 1: his body was at par Lache's cemetery in Paris. So 352 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:41,720 Speaker 1: in April, a number of officials, including the Archbishop of Warsaw, 353 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,879 Speaker 1: the culture minister, and to scientists, gathered at Holy Cross 354 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,360 Speaker 1: Church in Warsaw, where they removed the heart from its 355 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:53,480 Speaker 1: secret resting place, inspected it, took photos, and sealed the 356 00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:56,320 Speaker 1: jar with wax to make sure that it's liquor preserved 357 00:21:56,400 --> 00:22:01,240 Speaker 1: contents did not evaporate and dry out. Then they put 358 00:22:01,280 --> 00:22:04,280 Speaker 1: the heart back where it was. This was in part 359 00:22:04,359 --> 00:22:07,600 Speaker 1: to try to figure out whether Chopin really died of 360 00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:12,520 Speaker 1: tuberculosis um. And it happened now because people were afraid 361 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:14,880 Speaker 1: and you know, convinced officials that it was a real 362 00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,760 Speaker 1: possibility that the liquor might evaporate out of the jar 363 00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:22,160 Speaker 1: and destroy the heart. Officials planned to repeat this inspection 364 00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:25,800 Speaker 1: in another fifty years. And they also didn't say anything 365 00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:27,800 Speaker 1: about it for months. They didn't completely in secret in 366 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,359 Speaker 1: the middle of the night. Very hush, hush. That's how 367 00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:35,240 Speaker 1: all good exhamations go. Ye. Often they are in the 368 00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:38,800 Speaker 1: middle of the night to avoid onlookers, but this one 369 00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:46,639 Speaker 1: was particularly secret. So that is our unearthing. So in 370 00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:52,680 Speaker 1: uh we can look forward to another Chopin's Heart discussion. Yes, 371 00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 1: I wonder what podcasting will be like in four. Do 372 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,480 Speaker 1: you also have some listener mail for us? I knew 373 00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:07,560 Speaker 1: and this one is just kind of a charming story. Um. 374 00:23:07,640 --> 00:23:11,880 Speaker 1: She also has lots of episode suggestions that I'm gonna 375 00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:14,560 Speaker 1: I'm gonna stick with the charming story. This is from Genie. 376 00:23:15,320 --> 00:23:18,000 Speaker 1: He says, Dear Tracy and Holly, I greatly appreciate your 377 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:20,920 Speaker 1: podcast that I'm a faithful listener. I'm also the mother 378 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:23,639 Speaker 1: of a young daughter in history buff She and I 379 00:23:23,720 --> 00:23:25,879 Speaker 1: often listen to your podcast together, and I thought you 380 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:28,920 Speaker 1: might enjoy knowing the extent to which she absorbs and 381 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:32,760 Speaker 1: thinks about your words. We listened to your Good King 382 00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:36,359 Speaker 1: winces Last episode last winter, and then several weeks later 383 00:23:36,359 --> 00:23:38,560 Speaker 1: she said to me, I think I know who the 384 00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:41,359 Speaker 1: stranger was that King WinCE this last wanted to help. 385 00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:47,119 Speaker 1: I replied, oh, really who, she said, Let's see imagine 386 00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:49,560 Speaker 1: my surprise. I tried to keep a straight face that 387 00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:52,439 Speaker 1: she's explained to me that Utsy was walking in the 388 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:55,480 Speaker 1: snow looking for food and fuel, and King Winces Last 389 00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:58,000 Speaker 1: and his page were the last to see him alive 390 00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:01,600 Speaker 1: before his pursuers found him and killed him. I was 391 00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:04,000 Speaker 1: glad to learn that the king survived, because who needs 392 00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:07,719 Speaker 1: that kind of political instability. We also greatly enjoyed your 393 00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:09,879 Speaker 1: episode on Chinese foot finding, and it has led to 394 00:24:09,920 --> 00:24:14,320 Speaker 1: some interesting discussions about sexism, racism, and tradition. That episode 395 00:24:14,359 --> 00:24:16,480 Speaker 1: is also to the state, the one I find most 396 00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:20,040 Speaker 1: stomach turning, even more than the mommification episode, which my 397 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:24,440 Speaker 1: daughter has practically memorized. That made me laugh so hard 398 00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:26,320 Speaker 1: when I read it, and I feel like I should 399 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 1: apologize to this mother having to listen to the scorey 400 00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:34,200 Speaker 1: details over and over the Let's the episode and the 401 00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:36,800 Speaker 1: good King wins his last episode are from before our time, 402 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,679 Speaker 1: but this story is so delightful wanted to share it, 403 00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:43,199 Speaker 1: and it also seems like a good close out for 404 00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:50,520 Speaker 1: like the year end holiday season episodes for even though 405 00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:55,040 Speaker 1: the earliest you could be hearing this is So you 406 00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:56,920 Speaker 1: would like to write to us about this or any 407 00:24:57,040 --> 00:25:00,919 Speaker 1: other uh things, you can. We're free podcast at how 408 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:04,120 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. We're also on Facebook at Facebook 409 00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:06,680 Speaker 1: dot com slash misson hisstory and on Twitter at miss 410 00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:09,440 Speaker 1: in History. Are tumbler is missin history dot tumbler dot com, 411 00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:11,720 Speaker 1: and are on Pinterest at Interest dot com slash mist 412 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:16,000 Speaker 1: in History. We also have a sp edshard store in 413 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:19,360 Speaker 1: which we are hoping that we now have an awesome 414 00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:25,479 Speaker 1: shirt that says I love exhumations. Really it's a heart exhamations. Yeah, 415 00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:29,200 Speaker 1: that is true. It's pretty good. It's pretty great. Uh 416 00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:31,800 Speaker 1: So we're hopeful that that's there now. If not, it 417 00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:34,879 Speaker 1: will be there soon. Um. If you would like to 418 00:25:34,960 --> 00:25:37,320 Speaker 1: learn more about what we have talked about today, you 419 00:25:37,359 --> 00:25:39,440 Speaker 1: can come to our parent company's website, that is how 420 00:25:39,480 --> 00:25:41,879 Speaker 1: stuff Works dot com and put the words Shakespeare in 421 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:44,320 Speaker 1: the search park. You are going to find tops and 422 00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:48,400 Speaker 1: rare books which include the Shakespeare First folio. You can 423 00:25:48,440 --> 00:25:50,920 Speaker 1: also come to our website, which is missing history dot 424 00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:53,480 Speaker 1: com to find show notes about all of our episodes 425 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:56,240 Speaker 1: and an archive of all of the episodes and occasional 426 00:25:56,280 --> 00:25:59,959 Speaker 1: other posts about other stuff. I have recently put one 427 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:02,199 Speaker 1: up that includes all the ways to contact us and 428 00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:05,000 Speaker 1: which ones are the most reliable, so we can do 429 00:26:05,040 --> 00:26:06,679 Speaker 1: all of that and a whole lot more at how 430 00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:13,600 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com and MS industry dot com For 431 00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:16,000 Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics, is it 432 00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:29,440 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com