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Speaker 1: M We're back Behind the Bastards podcast, Bad People talk

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Speaker 1: about Him. I'm Robert Evans. There's a part two of

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Speaker 1: our episode on Oswald Moseley. So don't listen to this

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Speaker 1: unless you listen to the episode one fucking Maniac. Guess

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Speaker 1: you're unless you're a maniac, in which case I enjoy

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Speaker 1: watching all the episodes in reserve reverse order for no

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Speaker 1: good reason. If you play them backwards, I will tell

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Speaker 1: you to do drugs and worship the devil. But I

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Speaker 1: did that. I tell you that you're supposed to play

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Speaker 1: backwards while you're watching. Either way, do do drugs and

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Speaker 1: worship the devil. That's just common force, which did my

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Speaker 1: guests today, as with last time, Cody Johnston Katie Stole,

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Speaker 1: did not mix up your first names this time. Yes, Hi, sorry,

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Speaker 1: thank you? No, No, I mean I. It was awful.

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Speaker 1: It was an awful traumatic I don't want to relive

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Speaker 1: it with the nine eleven of of this podcast episode.

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Speaker 1: But we've moved on. We will never forget, but we're

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Speaker 1: moving on like we did from nine eleven into into

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Speaker 1: an eighteen year long, six trillion dollar war. This is

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Speaker 1: the second year this this this episode is the second

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Speaker 1: year of the eighteen year when we're all still kind

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Speaker 1: of on board. We'll get it, we'll get it. Yeah, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'm excited for the point where we all watched three

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Speaker 1: hundred and take like a message about the war on

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Speaker 1: terror away from it. But this conversation, this has gotten

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Speaker 1: off track. We've got the coffee mate back on the table.

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Speaker 1: One pump, one cream, obviously, I just I feel so

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Speaker 1: guilty that it wasn't on the table before. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: mean I felt it, but I didn't want to. Let's

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Speaker 1: re record the last episode. Let's let's do it. Let's

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Speaker 1: re record the last episode. Just pretend we mentioned one pump,

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Speaker 1: one cream, an awful lot. Well, we're always thinking about it.

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Speaker 1: We're always thinking about it. The thing is is that's true.

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Speaker 1: I think about it a lot now because one pump

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Speaker 1: is in fact one cream, doesn't have very good stain.

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Speaker 1: One pump is one cream. One puppets one cream. You

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Speaker 1: know who wouldn't have agreed with that? Oh a little fascist.

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Speaker 1: Oh it was actually six ft two, don't say it

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Speaker 1: named Oswald Mosley six ft to Oswald. Tommy Mosely didn't

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Speaker 1: think that one pump was one cream. I don't think

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Speaker 1: he did. I don't think he did. I was on

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Speaker 1: board with this guy, but now I'm having some second thoughts.

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Speaker 1: Now you're questioning his well I liked. I mean, like

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Speaker 1: Britain first, you know, you gotta put your people the

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Speaker 1: first absolutely, And I was listening it was like, it

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Speaker 1: sounds like this guy is probably gonna be on board

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Speaker 1: with one pump. One's great piloting except for that one time.

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Speaker 1: But he's trying to impress his mom. I think she

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Speaker 1: would have been more impressed if one of his pumps

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Speaker 1: had equaled one cream. But I think she wants a

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Speaker 1: f I think she wants a few more pumps before

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Speaker 1: they're British. Oh that's true. Appointed, Yeah, Well, because you

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Speaker 1: know the women are supposed to lie down to think

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Speaker 1: of England, right, isn't that the phrase? So if one

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Speaker 1: pump is one cream, that's what Actually, that's less thinking

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Speaker 1: of England. I'm very confused. Now, one pump, one cream,

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Speaker 1: one nation, what nice? Right? Nice one nation cream, first cream,

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Speaker 1: first growth. Guys really starting out top. But one day

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Speaker 1: we're gonna get invited onto Cometown. I don't know what

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Speaker 1: that podcast, but I know there's a podcast called come

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Speaker 1: to It's terrible uh, it sounds like something we're great.

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Speaker 1: It could be really don't know. It could be great.

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Speaker 1: They could be talking about one pump one cream right now.

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Speaker 1: They could be, and if so, I support them. I

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Speaker 1: was tapping my favorites on the table. It doesn't translate

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Speaker 1: to the audio media performance right here. It does make

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Speaker 1: me feel more confident, though. Yeah, I'm sure everyone's loving this.

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Speaker 1: What do you Sophie's otten up from her table. She's

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Speaker 1: showing me a laptop of the Come Boys full description.

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Speaker 1: That's the cometown of fall Okay, all right? As up?

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Speaker 1: I bet they make a hundred thousand dollars a month.

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Speaker 1: They deserve it creams. I wonder how many pumps are

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Speaker 1: in this nestly coffee, Mate, There's only one way to

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Speaker 1: find out. I think we figured out a great idea

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Speaker 1: for bonus content. We're canceling this episode. We're just gonna

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Speaker 1: find out. You can learn about Mosley later. Looks like

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Speaker 1: it's about three hundred three hundo. Sounds better if you

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Speaker 1: say hondo thirty days after opening. I feel like it's

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Speaker 1: been more than thirty days since we were no. But

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Speaker 1: we don't know why it was opened. We don't know

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Speaker 1: what it was opened. So back to Oswald Mosley Oswald

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Speaker 1: tom mos six. Anti Semitism was obviously the cornerstone of

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Speaker 1: German fascism, but it was not nearly as prominent in

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Speaker 1: Italian or Spanish fascism. Those sorts of attitudes were still

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Speaker 1: quite common in both countries, but it was more the

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Speaker 1: result of centuries of bigotry rather than the highly evolved

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Speaker 1: elimination is anti semitism practiced by the Nazis. Mosley, in

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Speaker 1: public at least declared that anti Semitism was completely separate

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Speaker 1: from fascism. He refused to let the BUF distribute anti

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Speaker 1: Semitic propaganda, which led to one of his further right

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Speaker 1: opponents in the Imperial Fascist League to declare the British

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Speaker 1: Union of Fascists the British Junion Fascists. Oh dig, but

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Speaker 1: did you get it? Because it's his union, but he

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Speaker 1: made it. Why did it even get that part? React again? Yes,

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Speaker 1: I feel like that's what it deserves. Yeah, let it.

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Speaker 1: In ninety three, mostly give a statement to the Jewish

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Speaker 1: Chronicle in which he swore that quote anti Semitism forms

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Speaker 1: no part of the policy of this organization, and anti

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Speaker 1: semit propaganda is forbidden. But while the propaganda was forbidden,

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Speaker 1: anti Semites themselves were very much allowed in the b UF.

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Speaker 1: One of their most notorious speakers was also one of

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Speaker 1: England's most notorious racists. William Brooke Joyce was an Anglo

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Speaker 1: Irish firebrand who got his political start working as a

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Speaker 1: courier for British Army intelligence against the Irish Republican Army

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Speaker 1: In the mid twenties, he became a conservative political activist.

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Speaker 1: During a nineteen meeting for a candidate he supported, Joyce

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Speaker 1: claims he was slashed across the cheek by a Jewish

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Speaker 1: communist with a razor blade, leaving a prominent scar that

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Speaker 1: he'd have for the rest of his life. Joyce's biographer

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Speaker 1: talked to his first wife, who claimed, quote, it wasn't

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Speaker 1: a Jewish communist who disfigured him. He was knifed by

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Speaker 1: an Irish woman. Good on you, Irish woman. He probably

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Speaker 1: deserved it. Yeah, I mean, you know, I a lot

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Speaker 1: of problems with the IRA, but in in nineteen thirties,

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Speaker 1: not the guys on the wrong side of the conflict.

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Speaker 1: Different story later on. But that's another behind the bat

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Speaker 1: that's another behind the bastards. Yeah, Joyce would later gain

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Speaker 1: prominence in life as Lord Haha, broadcasting pro Nazi propaganda

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Speaker 1: from Germany into England during the course of the war.

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Speaker 1: He was executed in nineteen forty six for these crimes,

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Speaker 1: but during the nineteen thirties he was a member of

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Speaker 1: the b UF and its first prominent anti Semite. According

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Speaker 1: to the Death of British Fascism quote, BUF policy initially

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Speaker 1: forced Joyce to temper his violently anti Semitic views. Moseley's

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Speaker 1: position on anti Semitism was clear it was irrelevant to fascism.

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Speaker 1: Despite this handicap to Joyce's ideology, his talent for incisive

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Speaker 1: rhetorics soon made him the most renowned speaker in the BUF,

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Speaker 1: after Moseley himself. So Joyce was made the BUFS propaganda

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Speaker 1: director in nineteen thirty four. He gradually started to pepper

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Speaker 1: in more and more anti Semitism with his pro fascist rants.

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Speaker 1: He repeatedly stated that the core of all Britain's problems

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Speaker 1: was Jewish people. He ranted about quote a two pronged

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Speaker 1: Jewish advance by means of capitalism and communism towards world domination.

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Speaker 1: M Yeah, there we go. We only need one well

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Speaker 1: and you know, capitalism and communism are clearly two prongs

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Speaker 1: of the same four, the third prong of which is bitcoin.

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Speaker 1: They didn't have a term for it that they didn't have.

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Speaker 1: They hadn't figured it out. It was still waiting to

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Speaker 1: get mined at a numbers. We hadn't discovered bitcoin, We

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Speaker 1: hadn't discovered communism, capitalism work. I feel like we figured

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Speaker 1: that out now. Joyce was far from the only inveterate

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Speaker 1: racist in the British Union Fascists. Many of Mosley's earliest

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Speaker 1: followers were supper anti Jewish. I spelled it that way

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Speaker 1: you do when pump is one cream. Now. When he

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Speaker 1: was questioned about this, Mosley would claim that these men

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Speaker 1: were allowed in the BUF because he knew that, in

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Speaker 1: spite of their bigotry, they wanted to move past that

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Speaker 1: into a bigger and better fight. How do you reason

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Speaker 1: with that? Nonsense? That's nonsense. I mean, reasoning might be

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Speaker 1: a strong word for what you do with it. Think, Think,

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Speaker 1: it really leads to the better things. I guess that's

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Speaker 1: how you reason it. Nonsense. Yeah, you might reason it

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Speaker 1: with like I don't know, I mean on the phone,

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Speaker 1: I want to talk to respond to it. But Yeah,

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Speaker 1: where's your justification? Right? Like, it's just nonsense and I

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Speaker 1: want to have I think they needed talking to. I

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Speaker 1: think you're you're gonna give it talking to anti semitism.

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Speaker 1: I think I think I would like to talk to

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Speaker 1: anti semitism from on the horn. Let's see what we

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Speaker 1: can get hello, concept of anti semitism. Cody, Cody would

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Speaker 1: like to talk to you. He's on speaker, Um, what

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Speaker 1: come on, what are you doing? They're trying to give

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Speaker 1: a way to be the voice of anti Semitism without

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Speaker 1: just like saying anti semitic propertly. Yeah, yeah, it's a

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Speaker 1: problematic problem. You probably just move on from this bit. Sure,

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Speaker 1: my point being that's nonsense, it's it's it's not point

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Speaker 1: taken well. Mosley continue to assert that anti Semitism had

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Speaker 1: no place in his party. The realities in this street

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Speaker 1: were quite different. British Jews and fascist activists clashed constantly

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Speaker 1: in the back alleys and by ways of London. In

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Speaker 1: April nineteen thirty three, London police arrested seven b UF

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Speaker 1: members and six Jewish people for disturbing the piece. The

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Speaker 1: fascist had been out selling copies of black shirt in

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Speaker 1: a new in a Jewish neighborhood. They had been attacked

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Speaker 1: by a group of local Jews who knew damn what

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Speaker 1: what was going on in Germany and didn't believe a

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Speaker 1: word of Mosley's were non fascist line. Everyone involved was arrested,

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Speaker 1: but nobody was charged. This barked another street fight a

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Speaker 1: week later, when twelve members of the BUF returned to

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Speaker 1: the same street corner to hawk their racist wears. Three

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Speaker 1: of the fascists were injured and one was hospitalized. Eight

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Speaker 1: Jews were arrested. The officer who booked them noted that

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Speaker 1: the fascist had been extremely provocative prior to the fight.

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Speaker 1: Incidents like this and even bloodier than this, grew more

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Speaker 1: common as the BU of expanded and slid further towards

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Speaker 1: outright racism. Although it sounds to me like the anti

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Speaker 1: fascists here, the violent ones, it does. It sounds like

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Speaker 1: these guys were just handing out some anti Jewish propaganda

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Speaker 1: in a Jewish neighborhood of an ideology that was leading

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Speaker 1: to Jewish people being put in camps in another country

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Speaker 1: not very far away, and then these violent people decided

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Speaker 1: to attack them. Yeah, the first part of what you said,

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Speaker 1: I mean, you use too many words to just describe

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Speaker 1: its free speech, free speech. They were doing a free speech.

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Speaker 1: They were doing a free spee were doing a free

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Speaker 1: speech and these months shut up like and hated their

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Speaker 1: free speech for no reason. Yeah, they did the hate

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Speaker 1: speech they did. They did hate speech against their free

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Speaker 1: speech because they see what they were saying. I never

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Speaker 1: thought i'd I'd be supportive of fascism, but here we are.

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Speaker 1: It's just, you know, free speech. We don't need to

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Speaker 1: analyze the question of free speech anymore than that. And

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Speaker 1: there's no way in which advocating for an ideology that

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Speaker 1: led to six million people being burnt alive in in ovens,

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Speaker 1: uh and gas to death and such, there's no there's

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Speaker 1: no way in which that is. Advocating for that speech

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Speaker 1: is comparable to yelling fire in a crowded theater. No, no, no,

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Speaker 1: I in no way, shape or form. I couldn't. I

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Speaker 1: couldn't even like, uh describe it in a way that

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Speaker 1: that could be argued. Yeah, let's read the next pair.

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Speaker 1: The Jewish community in England was divided as to how

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Speaker 1: to respond to the b UF. Some people obviously preferred

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Speaker 1: punching fascists to dialogue, but many felt like the violence

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Speaker 1: was counterproductive. On August fourth, nineteen thirty three, the Jewish

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Speaker 1: Chronicle called Jewish attacks on BUF activists wicked and stupid.

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Speaker 1: This condemnation was not enough to change most people's beliefs

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Speaker 1: that fascism had to be confronted violently in the streets

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Speaker 1: rather than debated. The b UF's official turning point towards open,

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Speaker 1: proud anti Semitism was the Olympia Rally, which is the

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Speaker 1: rally we talked about in the last episode of All

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Speaker 1: the Disruptors. Moseley gave his first anti Jewish address on

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Speaker 1: October nineteen thirty four. This marked the very first time

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Speaker 1: he referenced the Jews and a speech saying, quote, the Jews,

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Speaker 1: more than any other single force in this country, are

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Speaker 1: carrying on a violent propaganda against us. Oswald Mosley then stated,

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Speaker 1: with zero evidence that thirty two of the thirty four

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Speaker 1: people convicted for violent attacks on fascists had been Jewish.

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Speaker 1: Moseley claimed that in total, Jewish people were responsible for

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Speaker 1: fifty percent of all attacks on his men. Now, it's

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Speaker 1: hard to say how much of this was ideological based

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Speaker 1: on deeply felt beliefs, and how much of it was

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Speaker 1: just due to soulless politicking the Death of British Fascism

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Speaker 1: notes quote. Much of the shift in ideology can be

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Speaker 1: attributed to an effort to win over the urban working class,

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Speaker 1: mostly hope to fill a niche in anti immigrant propaganda

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Speaker 1: present in Britain for decades. Organizations such as the British

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Speaker 1: Brothers League had gained significant following in urban areas in

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Speaker 1: previous years. Formed the nineteen o two, the League espoused

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Speaker 1: in anti Semitic platform seeking to limit Jewish immigration from

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Speaker 1: Eastern Europe. Its limited success can be attributed to the

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Speaker 1: traditional friction of the working class with large immigrant populations

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Speaker 1: during times of scarcity. Perceived competition over jobs, customers, and

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Speaker 1: culture led to reactions from native Britain's conditions in nineteen

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Speaker 1: thirty four were ripe for this kind of clash and

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Speaker 1: mostly hope to capitalize with a new Britain for the

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Speaker 1: British policy, thereby further marginalizing British Jewish immigrants. Yeah, lot,

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Speaker 1: but nothing like anything that ever happened afterwards. Britain for Britain,

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Speaker 1: for British people. Um, did you know that like Jewishness

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Speaker 1: and immigrants and Marxism are all the same thing? Well,

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Speaker 1: of course, Cody. But because of the of the famous

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Speaker 1: Jew Carl Marx, Yes as the creator of the Daily Mails,

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Speaker 1: as as Uh the off described German Jew as described

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Speaker 1: by the creator of the Daily Mail, the largest English

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Speaker 1: and English newspaper in the world. I've I feel confident.

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Speaker 1: Where I get frustrating is how the left owns the media.

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Speaker 1: I've I've noticed that you've noticed that the same as

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Speaker 1: those three things that I mentioned. It is the same

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Speaker 1: as those three things mentioned. Why don't people realize this?

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Speaker 1: I WI should if there's like more media like public figures,

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Speaker 1: who would say the truth about how those four things

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Speaker 1: are the same. Cody. I have some great news about

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Speaker 1: a fellow named doctor Jordan Peterson. You are gonna love

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Speaker 1: this guy and pajamas with lobsters on them for some reason.

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Speaker 1: Can I buy them? Absolutely? Okay? But what if I

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Speaker 1: want those lobsters on like an iPhone case? You can

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Speaker 1: get that along with your cup of leftist tears. Oh

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Speaker 1: I love soges c D. What a fun time, warm

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Speaker 1: salty water to own the lips. You know what I

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Speaker 1: love is that it's never not been this way. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's that's my favorite thing too. That's the best thing.

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Speaker 1: We all just didn't realize it for a while because

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Speaker 1: like a a guy who was like sane and good

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Speaker 1: at passing a sane president. Yeah, and he did sucked

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Speaker 1: up ship, but we were all like, but when he talks,

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Speaker 1: he doesn't incite racial hatred and yeah, super low bar.

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Speaker 1: You can murder so many people. Yeah, like robots, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: robots doing Yeah sure, why not? Why not? Yeah, anyway,

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Speaker 1: it was the same then too. Yeah, Mosley consend you

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Speaker 1: to insist that his attacks on Jewish people were not

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Speaker 1: done on racial or religious grounds, but instead quote, because

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Speaker 1: they fight against fascism. Yeah, which is interesting. So he

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Speaker 1: doesn't hate them because they're Jewish. He hates them because

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Speaker 1: they're anti fascist. And why did he hate him when

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Speaker 1: he was younger, I'm curious. Well, his granddad wouldn't let

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Speaker 1: him in the house. Oh so you're so it's like learned.

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Speaker 1: It's like a learned behavior. Yeah. So like it's like

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Speaker 1: it's like a learned behavior in that like you learn

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Speaker 1: about history first from your parents, and then you hear

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Speaker 1: about it more from the school, and then you read

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Speaker 1: about it more and Peterson and then you're walking around

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Speaker 1: in your lobster for Jamaism if you realize you just

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Speaker 1: spent like, I don't know ifive hundred bucks on lobsters

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Speaker 1: for your iPhone. Oh boy. As a fun fact, I

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Speaker 1: I in the wake of that christ Church shooting. I

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Speaker 1: you know, I wrote a bunch of articles and did

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Speaker 1: a bunch of media appearances talking about a chance poll

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Speaker 1: board and they have been commenting on it, and in

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Speaker 1: addition to threatening me, they are now very convinced that

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Speaker 1: I'm Jewish because I have a large nose, which is

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Speaker 1: obviously doesn't matter what ethnicity my family is, but they're

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Speaker 1: very convinced of that. Uh as are they of everyone

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Speaker 1: who was on the documentary that I was on. The

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Speaker 1: pictures of us all together talking about our our ash

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Speaker 1: Cannazi feature the circles of circle, of course, there's circles

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Speaker 1: of yeah, um, I'm angry. I can't make jokes about

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Speaker 1: it because I'm angry. Yeah, okay, we are. We are

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Speaker 1: well off the rails here. So now, while all the

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Speaker 1: street fighting and racings was going on, the bof continue

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Speaker 1: to expand rather rapidly. It recreated primarily in industrial areas,

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Speaker 1: often from the vast ranks of Britain's unemployed workers. As

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Speaker 1: any of his recruits were former Labor Party supporters, as

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Speaker 1: were Conservatives. Many joined not out of racism or a

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Speaker 1: specific desire to live under a dictatorship, but because they

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Speaker 1: were desperate for money. One member later it called quote.

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Speaker 1: The story was that Moseley was a millionaire and all

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Speaker 1: you had to do was join the BUF and you'd

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Speaker 1: be looked after. Yeah. The buf's financial backers were mostly

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Speaker 1: middle class businessmen and a few wealthy snobs, but most

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Speaker 1: of them refused to actually take to the streets. The poor, disenfranchised,

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Speaker 1: and laid off made up the bulk of the street movement.

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Speaker 1: I found a great Slate article by Martin Pew, author

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Speaker 1: of Hurrah for the Black Shirts, a book about fascism

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Speaker 1: in Britain, between the Wars quote. The movement was highly

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Speaker 1: opportunistic in that it exploited issues which had local relevance,

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Speaker 1: mostly focused as speaking tours and areas of declining industry,

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Speaker 1: notably Lancashire and Yorkshire, where the working class conservative tradition

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Speaker 1: offered potential recruits in cotton towns. He campaigned for the

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Speaker 1: recovery of Britain's export markets in India. In the Yorkshire

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Speaker 1: woolen centers he denounced competition by low wage Asian countries

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Speaker 1: and the boycotting of British goods by Jews, and in

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Speaker 1: mining districts such as Barnesley. He condemned imports of coal

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Speaker 1: from Poland while British workers remained unemployed. I mean, do

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Speaker 1: we need to draw that conclude like I don't see

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Speaker 1: any conclusions. We need to explicitly make the comparisons. No,

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Speaker 1: we don't, don't. We don't just that question. You just ask,

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Speaker 1: this is all the work we need? You want to

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Speaker 1: let I say we just I say, we just let

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Speaker 1: people stew with that and break for some of those

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Speaker 1: sweet sweet almost as much as I love whatever products.

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Speaker 1: By the way, if you work for a company that

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Speaker 1: makes an adds the acts like tool, please advertise on

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Speaker 1: our show, because I would. I would love to do

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Speaker 1: a plug like an AS transition where I do that.

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Speaker 1: It would be satisfying to me on like a glottal level. Sure,

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Speaker 1: if you're an ADS manufacturer, yeah, just like a fun

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Speaker 1: little congratulations. It is a niche. Yeah, but you know,

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Speaker 1: congratulations on your customer. Hit him up products. We're back. So.

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Speaker 1: Martin Pew, author of her her offer The Black Shirts,

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Speaker 1: also notes that One of the primary things that differentiated

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Speaker 1: Mosley from his German and Italian fascist counterparts was the

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Speaker 1: prominent position women held in the b UF. Feminist icon

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Speaker 1: Oswald Mosley I can see here we go Oswald Mosley

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Speaker 1: was the fascist equivalent of a oh, feminist icon. I

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Speaker 1: just wrote that into the script, by which I mean

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Speaker 1: he was happy to use women's votes to try to

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Speaker 1: strip power away from women. Smart man. Smart Man. Oswald's mother,

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Speaker 1: Maud ran the women's section of the b UF. She

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Speaker 1: was followed in that job by several ex suffragettes who

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Speaker 1: came to regret supporting their own right to vote for

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Speaker 1: reasons I can't quite wrap my head around. Women eventually

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Speaker 1: composed more than a quarter of the b UF. Their

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Speaker 1: uniform was a black blouse and beret with a gray skirt.

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Speaker 1: No lipstick or makeup was allowed. In nineteen thirty four,

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Speaker 1: the Sunday Dispatch decided to hold a beauty contest for

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Speaker 1: female black Shirts, which again makes zero sense to me.

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Speaker 1: Nobody entered, mostly positive This was because quote, these were

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Speaker 1: serious women dedicated to the cause of their country, rather

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Speaker 1: than aspirants to the gayety theater chorus, which it's weird

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Speaker 1: to me. That a magazine not associated with the fascist

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Speaker 1: movement would decide to hold a beauty contest just for

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Speaker 1: fascist ladies. Like, it's weird. What is going on? That's

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Speaker 1: all over the place. You can't wear makeup, but we're

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Speaker 1: gonna we're gonna do a beauty contest. We're not fascists,

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Speaker 1: but we're going to hold a beauty contest for your ladies.

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Speaker 1: It's weird. Yeah, the sexiest fascist. But if we have

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Speaker 1: the sexiest fascist, this is the problem. This right here

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Speaker 1: with their whole thing. You're all over the place with

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Speaker 1: the women thing all over the place. Well, I mean

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Speaker 1: the fascists were consistent because none of them went, none

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Speaker 1: of them signed up. Like, I'll give that to them,

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Speaker 1: all right, credits where it's due. They didn't wear makeup, Katie,

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Speaker 1: but that brought down the amount of sexual harassment. There

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Speaker 1: was a lot of sexual harassment, but there wasn't because

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Speaker 1: there's no Thank you very much, Dr Jordan P. Peterson,

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Speaker 1: great idea. I didn't mean to. I don't think he's

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Speaker 1: not thanks a funny man. Funny funny man, funny funny guy,

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00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:17,679
Speaker 1: funny funny guy. I like it. Also like that Tommy

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00:22:17,680 --> 00:22:21,919
Speaker 1: put his mom in church. Yeah, well, Tommy's mommy exactly,

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00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:25,679
Speaker 1: look at me mom, Tommy's mommy mud. You know, in

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00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:28,960
Speaker 1: an alternate universe out there, there is an equally incredible

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00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:32,360
Speaker 1: The Who album called Tommy, but it's about os Palely

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Speaker 1: and it's still amazing. I'm been waiting this whole time

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Speaker 1: to try to hear me. I mean, it does start

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Speaker 1: with gotta feeling twenty one is going to be good year,

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00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:44,600
Speaker 1: which is I think when he took off exactly. I mean,

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Speaker 1: this might be what it is, This might be right.

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Speaker 1: Maybe that's what it is. That's what Pinball Wizard is,

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Speaker 1: Pinball brand Wizard. Wo wow. Oh, there's a whole song

399
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Speaker 1: about child molest station in that in that rock opera

400
00:23:01,880 --> 00:23:05,520
Speaker 1: Is there really fiddle about? It's about his wicked uncle

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00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:09,439
Speaker 1: Ernie molesting it. It's a great songs, great albumatic songs

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00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:13,240
Speaker 1: from that era. In hindsight, it's a fucking fantastic album,

403
00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:16,440
Speaker 1: like they deal with it with care. That's my favorite

404
00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:24,480
Speaker 1: album about Oswald tom of the five albums about Oh yeah,

405
00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:26,600
Speaker 1: there was that was that. There was that nine hour

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Speaker 1: Coheed and Cambria black Shirt Lady fascists also trained in

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Speaker 1: jiu jitsu, so they could fight anti fascists who came

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Speaker 1: to Black Cutt meetings. This was mainly because so many

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Speaker 1: British anti fascists were women, and it was not considered

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Speaker 1: decent for male black shirts to beat them up. Many

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Speaker 1: lady fascists were former suffragettes, as I already noted. One

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Speaker 1: of them, Mary Richardson explained, quote, I was first attracted

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Speaker 1: to the black shirts because I saw them the courage,

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Speaker 1: the action, the loyalty, the gift of service and the

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Speaker 1: ability to serve, which I had known in the Suffragette movement.

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Speaker 1: It's all about service. Some of mosley success with women

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Speaker 1: voters likely came from the fact that he was rather dashing,

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Speaker 1: According to a Good Slate article on Mosley's popularity with women, quote,

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Speaker 1: much of his impact depended on sheer physical presence. As

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Speaker 1: a labor MP mostly had played up to the admiring

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Speaker 1: young women and his audiences by smiling at them, caressing

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Speaker 1: his mustache with one hand while slapping his trouser leg

423
00:24:20,320 --> 00:24:24,240
Speaker 1: with the other, and being rewarded with cries of Oh, Valentino,

424
00:24:24,560 --> 00:24:26,320
Speaker 1: I'm gonna guess you had to be in the thirties

425
00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:29,160
Speaker 1: to get why why women would say that being rewarded

426
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:34,439
Speaker 1: with cries of one pump, one cream. Most of these

427
00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:37,280
Speaker 1: lady activists were, of course mothers, and mothers of course

428
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:40,520
Speaker 1: race sons. One of those sons was journalist Trevor Grundy.

429
00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:43,159
Speaker 1: He wrote a memoire and nine don't don't comment on

430
00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:47,320
Speaker 1: he's not a bad guys. Fine, fine for his name

431
00:24:47,359 --> 00:24:51,720
Speaker 1: to be Grundy. Grundy wrote a memoire in n about

432
00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:54,560
Speaker 1: his experiences being raised as a Mosley. I the Telegraph

433
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:56,440
Speaker 1: wrote an article about that, and I'm going to quote

434
00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:59,439
Speaker 1: from it. Quote. Trevor Grundy recalled how when he was

435
00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:01,280
Speaker 1: just a boy after the war, his mother used to

436
00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:02,680
Speaker 1: come out on the front step of their house in

437
00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:05,000
Speaker 1: Paddington to see him off to school. As he turned

438
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:06,800
Speaker 1: out of the square where they lived, he'd wave back

439
00:25:06,840 --> 00:25:09,600
Speaker 1: at her. Each morning, she'd stand to attention and fling

440
00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:12,240
Speaker 1: out her right arm in a full fascist salute. I

441
00:25:12,359 --> 00:25:16,159
Speaker 1: returned it. P J, She shouted, Mosley followers speak for

442
00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:19,800
Speaker 1: parish Judah. I shouted back. I shouted it back, and

443
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:30,480
Speaker 1: then he'd run Satual, flying to catch his bus. Parish PJ. Pajamas, pajamas.

444
00:25:32,840 --> 00:25:37,720
Speaker 1: Hate what that stands for. That's not great? Now that

445
00:25:37,720 --> 00:25:40,240
Speaker 1: that little anecdotes from after the war. Um, but I'd

446
00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:42,920
Speaker 1: like to get after it's after the war, and we'll

447
00:25:42,920 --> 00:25:46,000
Speaker 1: get into what became a mostly during world. That does

448
00:25:46,119 --> 00:25:49,120
Speaker 1: make yeah, that makes it worse for his mom for sure.

449
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:50,919
Speaker 1: But I'd like to get into a little bit more

450
00:25:50,960 --> 00:25:53,880
Speaker 1: about the children of the Mosley Its first. Specifically, I'd

451
00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:57,400
Speaker 1: like to talk about their summer camps. If there's one

452
00:25:57,440 --> 00:26:01,120
Speaker 1: thing we've learned in this show, it's that fascists love

453
00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:05,640
Speaker 1: especially catching frogs. And you know, if you just they

454
00:26:05,680 --> 00:26:07,880
Speaker 1: just want a nice, cool coast to camp in. Yeah,

455
00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:13,160
Speaker 1: this would be a cool coast, kid, you know, Oh,

456
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:18,560
Speaker 1: the coast in England are pretty cool, cold fucking island, tiffy,

457
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:23,399
Speaker 1: great food, let's go. You're not showing off your bikini

458
00:26:23,440 --> 00:26:29,679
Speaker 1: bot there though, No, but I don't have one, SOI makeup,

459
00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:35,600
Speaker 1: no makeup, Gray shirts, skirts, that actually sounds fine. A

460
00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:41,160
Speaker 1: lovely color. Yeah, now I love color. I mean to say,

461
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:45,240
Speaker 1: I love that color. Now let's talk about their summer camps. Quote.

462
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:47,760
Speaker 1: It was near here on farmland around Pegam and Selsie

463
00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:49,959
Speaker 1: that fascist summer camps were set up by mostly followers

464
00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:52,720
Speaker 1: during the nineteen thirties. For twenty five shillings a week.

465
00:26:52,880 --> 00:26:54,880
Speaker 1: Members in their hundreds would come with their children from

466
00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:57,680
Speaker 1: all over England for sea bathing, fellowship and fun. There

467
00:26:57,720 --> 00:27:00,280
Speaker 1: was also an educational aspect of the gatherings and even

468
00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:03,080
Speaker 1: a jokey camp newsletter. It became part of the folklore

469
00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:06,000
Speaker 1: that Moseley's annual visit always brought the sun out. People

470
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:08,440
Speaker 1: would refer to it as Leader Weather. At eight or

471
00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:10,840
Speaker 1: nine years old, Diana was brought along by her parents

472
00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:14,200
Speaker 1: and a girl in the story what leader Weather Yeah

473
00:27:14,520 --> 00:27:17,840
Speaker 1: as a as an interesting cross fascist parallel. When stormy

474
00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:21,640
Speaker 1: weather blanketed Western Europe in N four, grounding Allied aircraft

475
00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:23,880
Speaker 1: and providing cover for the ver Mocht during the infamous

476
00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:26,680
Speaker 1: Battle of the Bulge, the Nazis called those storm clouds

477
00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:31,520
Speaker 1: fewer weather, which is the same thing as leader weather.

478
00:27:31,720 --> 00:27:37,680
Speaker 1: Leader weather. But these guys think the sunshines. Later, Fascist

479
00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:43,640
Speaker 1: just losers in a cult. So yep, leader weather. Those

480
00:27:43,680 --> 00:27:46,760
Speaker 1: poor kids, those poor kids, they just wanted to chase frogs.

481
00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:49,320
Speaker 1: They just wanted to chase frogs like summer camp. Great,

482
00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:55,280
Speaker 1: we gotta be Nazis, p j okay, I like pam

483
00:27:55,359 --> 00:28:01,520
Speaker 1: oh no. This brutality and seemed so whimsical right now.

484
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:11,159
Speaker 1: So since we've talked about battles, which we did a

485
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:14,399
Speaker 1: little bit ago before digression, let's talk about another battle,

486
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:17,640
Speaker 1: the Battle of Cable Street. This is one of, if

487
00:28:17,680 --> 00:28:19,760
Speaker 1: not the most important moments in the history of anti

488
00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:23,200
Speaker 1: fascist activism, and in fact, most modern anti fascists who

489
00:28:23,280 --> 00:28:25,800
Speaker 1: know their ship historically will point back to the Battle

490
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:28,080
Speaker 1: of Cable Street as sort of evidence for why their

491
00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:32,280
Speaker 1: tactics are effective. After four the BUF grew more and

492
00:28:32,280 --> 00:28:34,840
Speaker 1: more aggressively anti Semitic and closer and tenor to the

493
00:28:34,880 --> 00:28:38,600
Speaker 1: actual Nazi Party. Oswald Mosley declared a war against organized

494
00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:40,920
Speaker 1: Jewelry near the end of that year, and his black

495
00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:43,760
Speaker 1: Shirts began a campaign in London's East End. This was

496
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:45,680
Speaker 1: a heavily Jewish part of town, and his goal was

497
00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:48,840
Speaker 1: to basically radicalize all the gentiles living near Jewish areas.

498
00:28:49,280 --> 00:28:51,360
Speaker 1: For the next two years, violence between black Shirts and

499
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,080
Speaker 1: Jewish people escalated, culminating in a plan to march by

500
00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:57,200
Speaker 1: Oswald Mosley and three thousand of his supporters across Cable Street.

501
00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:00,280
Speaker 1: Locals attempted to head this march off. They gathered thousands

502
00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:02,600
Speaker 1: of signatures for a petition asked the local Council to

503
00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:05,800
Speaker 1: ban the fascist march. The council refused, and in the

504
00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:08,480
Speaker 1: name of free speech, gathered six thousand police officers to

505
00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:11,239
Speaker 1: protect the fascists while they marched along Cable Street. I

506
00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:13,640
Speaker 1: did put the word free speech in there, so right

507
00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:19,280
Speaker 1: that one was that one was six thousand cops three

508
00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:25,160
Speaker 1: thousand Nazis perfect. Perfect. Some might say nine thousand Nazis,

509
00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:35,600
Speaker 1: but we wouldn't say that, would they actually do. I

510
00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:39,840
Speaker 1: there are some fine, particularly in federal law enforcement officers,

511
00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:42,440
Speaker 1: who were really concerned about the problem of far I radicalization.

512
00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:46,880
Speaker 1: But I also it's my personal belief that it should

513
00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:49,440
Speaker 1: not be illegal to espouse Nazi beliefs. It's also my

514
00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:52,040
Speaker 1: personal belief that when Nazis march, people should beat the

515
00:29:52,040 --> 00:29:54,040
Speaker 1: ship out of them, and cops, if they're decent, people

516
00:29:54,080 --> 00:29:56,920
Speaker 1: should be like, yeah, I'm just not going to do anything.

517
00:29:57,240 --> 00:30:01,360
Speaker 1: He's got a swastica. Fuck it, he's literally asking for

518
00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:04,480
Speaker 1: He's literally asking for this is the one time. That's

519
00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:06,760
Speaker 1: one time that excuse. As I was saying it was like,

520
00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:11,360
Speaker 1: do I want to say that swaster because the target?

521
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:15,440
Speaker 1: Let let it stay there, black son kind of a target.

522
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:17,480
Speaker 1: I feel like we count that one as a swastica,

523
00:30:17,720 --> 00:30:19,520
Speaker 1: which I used to own stuff with that on it

524
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:22,400
Speaker 1: because I thought it because you didn't know because I

525
00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:25,560
Speaker 1: was like twenty and we weren't talking about that ship then.

526
00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:32,320
Speaker 1: So weird how fascists can easily use fun symbols. It's

527
00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:35,360
Speaker 1: a neat design. Yeah. I accidentally made the okay sign

528
00:30:35,360 --> 00:30:36,920
Speaker 1: in the picture, and then I was like, funk, I

529
00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:39,440
Speaker 1: have to delever. I have a lot of mixed feelings

530
00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:40,960
Speaker 1: on that, because like, are we really going to let

531
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,160
Speaker 1: them take the fun okay to sign like that? I

532
00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:45,880
Speaker 1: wasn't going to, but we're also not going to let

533
00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:52,720
Speaker 1: like fascist adjacent grifting pieces of ship use it to

534
00:30:52,720 --> 00:30:59,480
Speaker 1: provide cover for themselves. People were saying, okay, I'm sorry,

535
00:30:59,520 --> 00:31:02,200
Speaker 1: should I that? Can I penance with one pump in

536
00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:07,600
Speaker 1: one mouth? Yeah? It don't do it? Do it? Do it?

537
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:11,840
Speaker 1: It's all going in. Oh, this is going in. Oh No,

538
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:16,200
Speaker 1: he's doing that. He's getting ready for a pump. It

539
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:20,720
Speaker 1: was like a half cream, half a pump. It was

540
00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:25,560
Speaker 1: too much hazel nut. It's dribbling down here. He's covered

541
00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:34,720
Speaker 1: in hazel nut. It's almost like someone busted hates. That

542
00:31:34,880 --> 00:31:39,280
Speaker 1: was horrible. After half a pump too much. Are you're

543
00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:42,400
Speaker 1: going to get too much cream? I did not like that. Yeah,

544
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:45,440
Speaker 1: it wasn't great. When is Katie? Don't delete the photo

545
00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:50,600
Speaker 1: of yourself doing me? Okay, So anyway, that really disrupted

546
00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:54,920
Speaker 1: my train of thought. It's still very strong hazel, that

547
00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:58,960
Speaker 1: flavor in my mouth. Okay. The march was intended to

548
00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:01,720
Speaker 1: go from the Royal Mint through Shortach, Limehouse Bow and

549
00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:04,920
Speaker 1: eventually Bethnal Green. I'm sure I've mispronounced all of those names,

550
00:32:04,920 --> 00:32:08,960
Speaker 1: but again colonialism. Mosley would give speeches at a number

551
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:11,600
Speaker 1: of predetermined spots along the route of march. This was

552
00:32:11,640 --> 00:32:14,480
Speaker 1: the plan, but it did not quite work out that way.

553
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:17,720
Speaker 1: See the years of brawling and escalating fascist violence. That

554
00:32:17,760 --> 00:32:20,600
Speaker 1: taught the serried anti fascists and Jewish activists of London

555
00:32:20,720 --> 00:32:23,000
Speaker 1: a couple of things. Since the march was planned well

556
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,200
Speaker 1: in advance, they had time to gather their own counter demonstrators.

557
00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:30,160
Speaker 1: A vast alliance of Jews, Irish dock workers, trade unionists,

558
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:33,800
Speaker 1: socialists and communists put down their differences and came together

559
00:32:34,040 --> 00:32:36,760
Speaker 1: to stop some goddamn Nazis from goose stepping through the

560
00:32:36,760 --> 00:32:41,719
Speaker 1: streets of London. On October fourth, nineteen thirty six Oswald Moseley,

561
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:45,720
Speaker 1: three thousand fascists and six thousand cops assembled on Cable Street.

562
00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:48,360
Speaker 1: They were met by a force of between one hundred

563
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:53,840
Speaker 1: and three hundred thousand anti fascists. Yeah. The counter demonstrators

564
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:57,000
Speaker 1: commandeered a bus and a tram to use his makeshift

565
00:32:57,040 --> 00:33:00,800
Speaker 1: barricades lead through sticks, rocks, furniture, rotten fruit, and human

566
00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:03,480
Speaker 1: urine and fecal matter at the badly outnumbered police and

567
00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:06,280
Speaker 1: b UF men. The fascists tried to start up a

568
00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,400
Speaker 1: chant m O s l e y we want Moseley,

569
00:33:10,440 --> 00:33:13,120
Speaker 1: and the crowd shouted back much louder so do we

570
00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:19,320
Speaker 1: alive or dead? Yeah, solid, solid chance. The police deployed

571
00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:21,760
Speaker 1: to push back the anti fascists, meeting their chair, legs

572
00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:24,000
Speaker 1: and pipes with good old fashioned British billy clubs and

573
00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:27,000
Speaker 1: of course police horses, the ultimate riot control weapon of

574
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:29,560
Speaker 1: the last several centuries. But the anti fascists set a

575
00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:32,320
Speaker 1: plan for these as well. Hundreds of local children rushed

576
00:33:32,360 --> 00:33:35,320
Speaker 1: up and deployed their marble collections, rolling them under the

577
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:38,520
Speaker 1: feet of the horse cops and effectively impeding the police advance.

578
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,800
Speaker 1: The crowd began to chant they shall not pass a

579
00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:45,600
Speaker 1: reference to the battle cry of Spanish anti fascists who

580
00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:49,000
Speaker 1: battled General Franco's men during that nation's civil war. More

581
00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:52,560
Speaker 1: than eighty protesters were arrested seventy three cops were injured.

582
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:55,480
Speaker 1: In the end, local resistance was just far too much

583
00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:58,280
Speaker 1: for them to handle. Commissioner of Police Sir Philip Game

584
00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:00,880
Speaker 1: asked the Home Secretary for permission to cancel the march,

585
00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:04,000
Speaker 1: which was given. The fascists were ordered to disperse, having

586
00:34:04,040 --> 00:34:07,040
Speaker 1: never even started their march. The victory in the street

587
00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:10,239
Speaker 1: was immediately celebrated by leftist and Jewish newspapers. Here's the

588
00:34:10,239 --> 00:34:14,080
Speaker 1: Times of Israel quote battle stop Mosley March, declared a

589
00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:16,680
Speaker 1: banner headlines on the labor supporting Daily Harold. While the

590
00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:20,359
Speaker 1: Communist Party's Daily Worker let its report with Mosley did

591
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:24,200
Speaker 1: not pass East London routes the fascists, the Jewish chronicle

592
00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:27,240
Speaker 1: was barely less exuberant. The people said no, It's story

593
00:34:27,239 --> 00:34:31,719
Speaker 1: of events in the East End was headlined. So Max Levittus,

594
00:34:31,719 --> 00:34:33,960
Speaker 1: a protester that day who was interviewed about it many

595
00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:36,440
Speaker 1: years later, called the Battle of Cable Street quote a

596
00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:40,840
Speaker 1: victory for ordinary people against racism and anti Semitism. That

597
00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:43,760
Speaker 1: is surely true, but the exact extent of this victory

598
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:46,239
Speaker 1: is a little harder to parse out. Cable Street was

599
00:34:46,239 --> 00:34:48,120
Speaker 1: not the end of fascism in Britain or even in

600
00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,520
Speaker 1: London's East End, and we're going to talk about that

601
00:34:50,560 --> 00:34:56,880
Speaker 1: a little bit more after some ads. Ads, advertisements, advertisements.

602
00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:59,080
Speaker 1: I do wanna, I do wanna, I do wanna. I'm

603
00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:01,719
Speaker 1: really proud of those figuring out the marbles. I love

604
00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:08,840
Speaker 1: it so much, so good little treatin leader that's like,

605
00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:12,799
Speaker 1: come on, come on, And I imagine him sounding like

606
00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:15,200
Speaker 1: a New Yorker, like he's a little New York kid.

607
00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:17,280
Speaker 1: He just is in London's East In for no reason

608
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:22,040
Speaker 1: when they start up, and like the it's the hook.

609
00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:25,800
Speaker 1: Beautiful should be a movie. If it's not already, it

610
00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:31,000
Speaker 1: should be. I don't watch British movies that aren't hot fuzz. Sure, yeah,

611
00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:34,040
Speaker 1: that's the one that's That's the only British culture I'm

612
00:35:34,040 --> 00:35:36,600
Speaker 1: aware of, understand. I also had one of their pies once,

613
00:35:36,719 --> 00:35:39,400
Speaker 1: which was actually a pudding or vice versa. I forgive

614
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:45,240
Speaker 1: fuz pudding, yes, disgusting, Yeah, hot fuzz pudding, hot fuzz.

615
00:35:45,560 --> 00:35:48,120
Speaker 1: I guess it could be like peach peach pudding. I

616
00:35:48,120 --> 00:35:50,880
Speaker 1: mean I actually I heat pudding. I don't know, no

617
00:35:51,320 --> 00:35:53,880
Speaker 1: trying to make hot fuzz pudding sound appetizing. I do

618
00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:57,800
Speaker 1: love blood pudding, which is actually just a sausage, basically pudding.

619
00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:02,399
Speaker 1: Sticky toffee pudding that sounds like a sticky different thing.

620
00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:10,560
Speaker 1: Give it the old sticky toffee pudding. Not uh. Why

621
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:17,000
Speaker 1: do they call people governor because everyone's a governor there? Oh? Oh, colonialism,

622
00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:22,279
Speaker 1: colonialism because they controlled so much of the world. Right,

623
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:34,480
Speaker 1: all right, products and we're back, okay. So the Battle

624
00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:38,200
Speaker 1: of Cale Street was a major victory for anti fascism

625
00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,320
Speaker 1: in England, but it was not the end of Oswald

626
00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:44,160
Speaker 1: Mosley's movement, or even fascism in the East End of London.

627
00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:46,760
Speaker 1: As The Times of Israel noted, quote in the aftermath

628
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:49,520
Speaker 1: of it, Mosley's henchmen issued blood curdling threats. It was

629
00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:51,759
Speaker 1: about time the British people of the East End knew

630
00:36:51,760 --> 00:36:54,720
Speaker 1: that London's program is not very far away now, warned

631
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,719
Speaker 1: high ranking thug Mick Clark. Mosley is coming every night

632
00:36:57,760 --> 00:36:59,800
Speaker 1: of the week in the future to rid East London,

633
00:36:59,840 --> 00:37:02,440
Speaker 1: and by God, there is going to be a pogram.

634
00:37:02,520 --> 00:37:05,840
Speaker 1: A program is when you murder a bunch of Jewish people,

635
00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:10,080
Speaker 1: break their stuff. Yeah, Mosley was not in the East

636
00:37:10,160 --> 00:37:11,839
Speaker 1: End every night of the week. As a matter of fact,

637
00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:13,840
Speaker 1: he flew off to Germany not long after the Battle

638
00:37:13,840 --> 00:37:16,160
Speaker 1: of Cable Street to get married at Joseph Gebbel's house.

639
00:37:16,520 --> 00:37:24,480
Speaker 1: But gods, yep. Yeah, it's a nice house because it

640
00:37:24,520 --> 00:37:29,040
Speaker 1: was stolen from Yeah, of course, you gotta gotta go

641
00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:35,520
Speaker 1: to the g house gebelin. Yeah. But Mosley's men stayed

642
00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:37,720
Speaker 1: active in the East End. The weekend after the Battle

643
00:37:37,760 --> 00:37:39,960
Speaker 1: of Cable Street was witnessed to the worst spree of

644
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:42,960
Speaker 1: anti Semitic violence in the history of modern England. It's

645
00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:45,520
Speaker 1: gone down in history as the Program of Mile End.

646
00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:48,400
Speaker 1: Two hundred of Mosley's Black Shirts ran around Stepney, an

647
00:37:48,440 --> 00:37:50,920
Speaker 1: East End neighborhood, and shattered the shop and house windows

648
00:37:50,920 --> 00:37:53,359
Speaker 1: of every Jewish family they could find. They tossed an

649
00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:55,920
Speaker 1: old man and a girl through a window. Manchester and

650
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,080
Speaker 1: Leeds also saw violent attacks. Some people argue that the

651
00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:01,680
Speaker 1: Battle of Cable Street wound up being a propaganda victory

652
00:38:01,760 --> 00:38:04,040
Speaker 1: for the fascists. It's hard to say whether or not

653
00:38:04,080 --> 00:38:06,799
Speaker 1: that is true, but membership and Mosley's groups surged by

654
00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:08,960
Speaker 1: two thousand people in the immediate wake of the battle.

655
00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:12,399
Speaker 1: This surge was not evidence of long lived political viability. Though,

656
00:38:12,680 --> 00:38:15,840
Speaker 1: six months after Cable Street mostly attempted a major electoral

657
00:38:15,840 --> 00:38:18,280
Speaker 1: push for the BUF in the East End. He framed

658
00:38:18,280 --> 00:38:20,480
Speaker 1: the decision as a choice between US and the parties

659
00:38:20,520 --> 00:38:23,040
Speaker 1: of Jewelry, and yet in spite of all that, local

660
00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:26,200
Speaker 1: black Shirts only earned one fifth of the vote. Cable

661
00:38:26,239 --> 00:38:29,480
Speaker 1: Street also led to increased regulations on violent political groups.

662
00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:32,319
Speaker 1: The police pushed Parliament to class a Public Order Act.

663
00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:34,960
Speaker 1: Among other things, it banned the wearing of political uniforms

664
00:38:34,960 --> 00:38:36,839
Speaker 1: in public and gave the police the power to ban

665
00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:40,040
Speaker 1: marches for political purposes. It also allowed police to arrest

666
00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:42,920
Speaker 1: speakers who say directed violent rhetoric towards the Jews or

667
00:38:42,920 --> 00:38:45,720
Speaker 1: other minority groups. So you might argue that Cable Street,

668
00:38:45,880 --> 00:38:49,200
Speaker 1: while not a decisive defeat of fascism, prompted the government

669
00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:51,160
Speaker 1: and police to actually do a damn thing about all

670
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:53,399
Speaker 1: the goddamn fascists marching around in the streets, and that

671
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:55,719
Speaker 1: that helped kill off the movement. Others would argue that

672
00:38:55,719 --> 00:38:57,759
Speaker 1: the main effect of Cable Street in the immediate term

673
00:38:58,040 --> 00:38:59,640
Speaker 1: was to let the Jews of London know that they

674
00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:02,919
Speaker 1: were not alone. Bernard Cops was ten years old during

675
00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:05,160
Speaker 1: the battle and a Jew. He would later tell the

676
00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:08,319
Speaker 1: BBC quote, my mother said there were only two types

677
00:39:08,320 --> 00:39:11,120
Speaker 1: of people in the world, Jews and jew haters. Of course,

678
00:39:11,160 --> 00:39:13,920
Speaker 1: when Cable Street came along, the Irish laborers and doctors

679
00:39:13,960 --> 00:39:15,640
Speaker 1: came out, and it was them that really made sure

680
00:39:15,719 --> 00:39:18,279
Speaker 1: Mosley didn't get through. My mother and father really had

681
00:39:18,280 --> 00:39:20,480
Speaker 1: to change their minds after that and accept that others

682
00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:26,000
Speaker 1: did come to help us out. So complicated legacy. Yeah,

683
00:39:26,320 --> 00:39:28,640
Speaker 1: the British Union of Fascist stopped wearing their black shirts

684
00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:31,040
Speaker 1: after Cable Street, but Mosley continued to be a major

685
00:39:31,080 --> 00:39:33,279
Speaker 1: part of British political life for years to come. He

686
00:39:33,320 --> 00:39:36,360
Speaker 1: diverted his focus away from the Jewish question and rewrote

687
00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:38,960
Speaker 1: himself as a defender of peace. Of course, this was

688
00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:41,960
Speaker 1: peace with the Nazis, because Oswald really quite liked the Nazis,

689
00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:44,160
Speaker 1: but it was more palatable to the broader British public

690
00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:47,200
Speaker 1: than straight racial hatred. He developed a brilliant slogan during

691
00:39:47,239 --> 00:39:49,480
Speaker 1: this period. You want to guess what that slogan was.

692
00:39:51,160 --> 00:39:56,319
Speaker 1: Britain First, that's exactly America first. No, that would not

693
00:39:56,440 --> 00:40:06,040
Speaker 1: have that was my second no Britain first UH and

694
00:40:06,080 --> 00:40:08,760
Speaker 1: found himself working more and more with Nevill Chamberlain's governments

695
00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:11,560
Speaker 1: and its efforts to appease the Germans. The BUF hit

696
00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:14,359
Speaker 1: its greatest number of members fifty in nineteen thirty four,

697
00:40:14,520 --> 00:40:16,480
Speaker 1: but it continued to remain a force in British politics

698
00:40:16,560 --> 00:40:19,800
Speaker 1: until nineteen nineteen thirty nine. Mostly was able to attract

699
00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:23,400
Speaker 1: twenty people to a peace rally. Things of course, changed

700
00:40:23,480 --> 00:40:26,440
Speaker 1: rather abruptly when England went to war with the Nazi Germany.

701
00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:30,600
Speaker 1: The BUF was banned, having never succeeded in gaining parliamentary representation.

702
00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:33,120
Speaker 1: The government in turned many prominent members of the BUF

703
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:35,200
Speaker 1: during the war unless they act as an enemy fifth

704
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:38,480
Speaker 1: column inside England. Mosley was initially moved to Brixton Prison,

705
00:40:38,520 --> 00:40:40,960
Speaker 1: but eventually upgraded to the nicer Holloway Prison when he

706
00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:43,400
Speaker 1: got sick out of Winston Churchill's desire to that he

707
00:40:43,440 --> 00:40:48,360
Speaker 1: not die and become a martyr, which may be reasonable.

708
00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:52,080
Speaker 1: Guy had a lot of going on of the things

709
00:40:52,080 --> 00:40:58,200
Speaker 1: I'll criticize Churchill about whatever. Yeah. After the war, Mostly

710
00:40:58,239 --> 00:41:01,480
Speaker 1: attempted to rebrand himself as a normal conservative politician. He

711
00:41:01,560 --> 00:41:03,840
Speaker 1: formed the Union Movement and ran for Parliament again in

712
00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,680
Speaker 1: nineteen fifty nine, right after the notting Hill Race riots.

713
00:41:06,840 --> 00:41:09,800
Speaker 1: According to the Telegraph quote, his campaign called for forced

714
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:13,360
Speaker 1: repatriation of Caribbean immigrants and a prohibition on mixed marriage.

715
00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:19,440
Speaker 1: Just a Nazi in a slightly more advanced age. He

716
00:41:19,520 --> 00:41:22,920
Speaker 1: never again succeeded in gaining significant political standing. When he

717
00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:25,440
Speaker 1: died in nineteen eighty, he left behind a legacy of

718
00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:28,160
Speaker 1: hatred and bigotry that persists in the UK to this day.

719
00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:31,680
Speaker 1: The organization Britain First was founded in two thousand eleven

720
00:41:31,719 --> 00:41:34,800
Speaker 1: by former members of the British National Party. It campaigns

721
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:38,920
Speaker 1: against multiculturalism with Christian patrols of Muslim neighborhoods and mosques.

722
00:41:39,239 --> 00:41:41,560
Speaker 1: Its name was of course spawned by that rally held

723
00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:45,120
Speaker 1: by Oswald Moseley in nineteen thirty nine. In two thousand seventeen,

724
00:41:45,280 --> 00:41:48,520
Speaker 1: Britain First campaigners edited together a false video purporting to

725
00:41:48,520 --> 00:41:51,239
Speaker 1: show a Muslim man attacking a woman on crutches. They

726
00:41:51,239 --> 00:41:54,360
Speaker 1: tweeted this video out and it was retweeted by President

727
00:41:54,400 --> 00:41:57,400
Speaker 1: Donald Trump. When President Donald Trump was criticized for this,

728
00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:01,040
Speaker 1: White House spokeswoman Sarah Sanders said, there it's a real video.

729
00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:05,239
Speaker 1: The threat is real. In March two thousand nineteen, a

730
00:42:05,239 --> 00:42:07,359
Speaker 1: piece of ship shot and killed fifty people at two

731
00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:10,280
Speaker 1: mosques in christ Church, New Zealand. He published a manifesto

732
00:42:10,360 --> 00:42:13,319
Speaker 1: online and noted Sir Oswald Moseley as his number one

733
00:42:13,360 --> 00:42:16,520
Speaker 1: ideological influence. Obviously, quite a lot of what he wrote

734
00:42:16,520 --> 00:42:19,839
Speaker 1: in that manifesto was calculated nonsense, but not this. Over

735
00:42:19,880 --> 00:42:23,160
Speaker 1: and over again throughout the manifesto, the shooter expressed clear,

736
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:27,279
Speaker 1: mostly eight views. He believed white countries should be completely independent,

737
00:42:27,640 --> 00:42:30,880
Speaker 1: both economically and in terms of their population. They should

738
00:42:30,880 --> 00:42:33,360
Speaker 1: be cut off from immigration from the rest of the world.

739
00:42:33,719 --> 00:42:36,000
Speaker 1: His desire was for the white world to remain in

740
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:39,839
Speaker 1: a state of autarchy and end to multiculturalism. And so,

741
00:42:40,120 --> 00:42:42,360
Speaker 1: more than eighty years after the Battle of Cable Street,

742
00:42:42,640 --> 00:42:48,799
Speaker 1: the ideals of Oswald Mosley live on as the dot

743
00:42:48,880 --> 00:42:58,680
Speaker 1: dont done. Yeah, nohing changes again. Sometimes he can trip

744
00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:03,279
Speaker 1: some horse cops with marbles. Sometimes, why haven't we been

745
00:43:03,360 --> 00:43:07,120
Speaker 1: using that at our demonstrations. It's just like and you

746
00:43:07,160 --> 00:43:09,480
Speaker 1: see them, You see them like under the carriage waiting.

747
00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:12,759
Speaker 1: They're all huddled there and they got their marbles. We

748
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:14,520
Speaker 1: don't need to have them on horses to trip them.

749
00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:17,240
Speaker 1: Up on marbles. Yeah, I could trip up some Nazis

750
00:43:17,280 --> 00:43:21,280
Speaker 1: with marbles. Yeah, we need to invest in big Marble.

751
00:43:22,320 --> 00:43:24,480
Speaker 1: It made me. One of the first things I thought

752
00:43:24,520 --> 00:43:27,640
Speaker 1: it was that video that he retweeted. Yeah, it's like,

753
00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:31,120
Speaker 1: oh yeah, Britain first, Britain, first fake Muslim video. Yeah,

754
00:43:31,239 --> 00:43:34,520
Speaker 1: that's him. Literally we retweeting propaganda made by a group

755
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:41,080
Speaker 1: inspired by and descended by Mosley. It's really pretty cool.

756
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:44,480
Speaker 1: It's I was gonna say bad, but yeah, it's pretty cool, cool,

757
00:43:44,640 --> 00:43:48,040
Speaker 1: pretty pretty smart and cool, smart and cool and good

758
00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:53,359
Speaker 1: And I forgot to mention good great stuff. We really

759
00:43:53,360 --> 00:43:56,560
Speaker 1: don't learn ship. Um, no, we don't. I had an

760
00:43:56,640 --> 00:43:59,440
Speaker 1: argument with my mother in the immediate wake of the

761
00:44:00,040 --> 00:44:03,680
Speaker 1: attack where we were talking about, you know, the horrible

762
00:44:03,840 --> 00:44:06,240
Speaker 1: murders that had been committed, and she expressed her belief

763
00:44:06,239 --> 00:44:08,759
Speaker 1: that the United States should just pull all of its

764
00:44:09,280 --> 00:44:11,239
Speaker 1: soldiers back from all of the other places in the

765
00:44:11,280 --> 00:44:13,440
Speaker 1: world they are and basically just kind of wall itself

766
00:44:13,480 --> 00:44:15,640
Speaker 1: off from the world and be you know, you could

767
00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:18,719
Speaker 1: call it a state of autarchy. Yeah, yeah, sort of

768
00:44:18,880 --> 00:44:23,000
Speaker 1: like cat yourself off, sort of like that isolate suggested

769
00:44:24,520 --> 00:44:27,560
Speaker 1: the interesting I've seen a lot of people arguing that

770
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:31,719
Speaker 1: like maybe he uh, he's like a monster, like did

771
00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:35,360
Speaker 1: terrible things, but maybe like the reasons he did it

772
00:44:35,360 --> 00:44:38,920
Speaker 1: weren't wrong. Yeah, like maybe we should consider like doing

773
00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:43,080
Speaker 1: what he suggests to avoid more terrorist violence like that,

774
00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:46,000
Speaker 1: like sort of like like capitulating to terrorists kind of

775
00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:48,800
Speaker 1: then what they want they stopped. That's what we always

776
00:44:48,840 --> 00:44:52,839
Speaker 1: say about terrorists. We negotiate with We negotiate. The first

777
00:44:52,880 --> 00:44:55,399
Speaker 1: thing we do with the terrorists is we negotiate with them.

778
00:44:55,440 --> 00:44:57,719
Speaker 1: I remember that from the documentary Air Force One in

779
00:44:57,719 --> 00:45:02,120
Speaker 1: the late nineteen nineties. I also have seen I'm talking Mary.

780
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:06,320
Speaker 1: I do think it's I want to know um to

781
00:45:06,440 --> 00:45:10,000
Speaker 1: get a little slightly back on topic, uh, I think

782
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:15,680
Speaker 1: it's interesting and terrible that when this happened, the shooting

783
00:45:15,680 --> 00:45:18,719
Speaker 1: happened you Like I remember one of the first things

784
00:45:18,760 --> 00:45:22,319
Speaker 1: you sent to me was, I was literally just writing

785
00:45:22,360 --> 00:45:25,600
Speaker 1: about Mosley. I started writing this like four days before

786
00:45:25,600 --> 00:45:27,600
Speaker 1: the shooting, right, like I remember, because we were on

787
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:31,239
Speaker 1: a podcast about George Lincoln, right about Rockwell and all

788
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:33,799
Speaker 1: that kind of stuff. And then and literally you said,

789
00:45:33,840 --> 00:45:35,480
Speaker 1: like I wouldn't be surprised if by the time this

790
00:45:35,560 --> 00:45:38,560
Speaker 1: is over, something like this happens. And then like I

791
00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:40,360
Speaker 1: think a day or know that that night was it?

792
00:45:40,480 --> 00:45:42,160
Speaker 1: That night was the night of the third episode? Okay,

793
00:45:42,239 --> 00:45:44,319
Speaker 1: is the nightther third episode? It did? And you were

794
00:45:44,360 --> 00:45:47,319
Speaker 1: in the middle of writing about the person that inspired him.

795
00:45:48,120 --> 00:45:51,000
Speaker 1: Wasn't that book mentioned in the manifesto? To which one?

796
00:45:51,320 --> 00:45:54,000
Speaker 1: Was it? The Truman? What was it called? I can't

797
00:45:55,480 --> 00:45:57,200
Speaker 1: It wasn't mentioned, but it was. It was a clear

798
00:45:57,239 --> 00:46:00,440
Speaker 1: and yeah, and he had you know, the fourth words

799
00:46:00,440 --> 00:46:02,800
Speaker 1: written on his rifle, which we trace the descent of

800
00:46:02,840 --> 00:46:05,040
Speaker 1: that back to rock Right. It's all, it's all. It's

801
00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:08,520
Speaker 1: all there and some in some cases in black and white. Yeah. Um,

802
00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:11,160
Speaker 1: my point being that everyone should follow and protect Robert

803
00:46:11,160 --> 00:46:15,799
Speaker 1: Evans at all costs. Yeah, well, you know I want

804
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:17,920
Speaker 1: to stay more on point. But I have this beautiful

805
00:46:17,920 --> 00:46:20,520
Speaker 1: image in my head of of President Harrison Ford rolling

806
00:46:20,560 --> 00:46:23,080
Speaker 1: up in the presidential Memo and they're just a plume

807
00:46:23,160 --> 00:46:25,439
Speaker 1: of pot smoke rolling out of it, and then shy

808
00:46:25,520 --> 00:46:28,800
Speaker 1: La Buff staggers out, and then and then old Harrison

809
00:46:28,840 --> 00:46:31,839
Speaker 1: Ford and his sweatpants just sort of saunters up to

810
00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:34,719
Speaker 1: to the Arlington Cemetery take some chocolate off his shirt.

811
00:46:35,600 --> 00:46:46,640
Speaker 1: We only dreams to live for, That's my dream. Absolutely,

812
00:46:46,680 --> 00:46:49,360
Speaker 1: as do I, Robert, Do you have anything to plug?

813
00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:55,600
Speaker 1: I have a Twitter at I right okay? Uh com? Yes, yes,

814
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:59,440
Speaker 1: right okay dot com. I have the website for this

815
00:46:59,480 --> 00:47:01,879
Speaker 1: podcast is behind the Bastards dot com. You can find

816
00:47:01,960 --> 00:47:04,680
Speaker 1: us on Twitter and Instagram at Bastards pod. Buy a

817
00:47:04,719 --> 00:47:09,640
Speaker 1: shirt behind the Bastards to public buy a shirt or

818
00:47:10,760 --> 00:47:13,480
Speaker 1: food and water and medical supplies to prepare for the

819
00:47:13,920 --> 00:47:17,520
Speaker 1: all you. I have a podcast that's not this one

820
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,680
Speaker 1: coming out soon that is called it Can't Happen here

821
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:26,000
Speaker 1: or it could happen here Google and different things something

822
00:47:26,120 --> 00:47:29,600
Speaker 1: or other happen here. It's about what happens if civil

823
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:32,719
Speaker 1: war in America, but a second one. It'll be fun.

824
00:47:32,760 --> 00:47:35,640
Speaker 1: All you fish opposites out there? Are you fish opposites

825
00:47:35,680 --> 00:47:37,880
Speaker 1: out there? Uh? It'll be out by the time this

826
00:47:37,920 --> 00:47:42,080
Speaker 1: episode drops. Unless they put this episode up tomorrow against

827
00:47:42,120 --> 00:47:47,480
Speaker 1: my express wishes and desires. Don't don't do that, Sophie. Yes, Sophie,

828
00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:50,560
Speaker 1: she's the audio engineer today and she does not know

829
00:47:50,560 --> 00:47:53,000
Speaker 1: how to engineer audio. So if anyone guess as to

830
00:47:53,040 --> 00:47:55,560
Speaker 1: whether or not this episode will ever drop, can you hear?

831
00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:58,759
Speaker 1: Can you hear this? Tommy? Can you hear Okay, we

832
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:01,319
Speaker 1: really need to just in the episode. It's done, it's done.

833
00:48:06,920 --> 00:48:06,960
Speaker 1: M