1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:06,520 Speaker 1: events in history on with the show Welcome to this 3 00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:09,840 Speaker 1: Day in History class, where we sift through the artifacts 4 00:00:09,840 --> 00:00:21,959 Speaker 1: of history seven days a week. The day was May five, 5 00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty two. Congress passed the Indian Vaccination Act, which 6 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:32,000 Speaker 1: appropriated twelve thousand dollars to purchase vaccines and hire doctors 7 00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:36,480 Speaker 1: to vaccinate Native Americans against smallpox. There have been other 8 00:00:36,520 --> 00:00:40,320 Speaker 1: small scale efforts to inoculate Native Americans against the disease 9 00:00:40,720 --> 00:00:44,600 Speaker 1: on the South and North American continents before, but the 10 00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:47,440 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty two Act was the first piece of federal 11 00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:51,160 Speaker 1: legislation in the US that was designated to deal specifically 12 00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:55,040 Speaker 1: with the Native Americans health issue. The intention of the 13 00:00:55,080 --> 00:00:58,480 Speaker 1: Act was not just to protect Native Americans from smallpox, though, 14 00:00:59,040 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 1: It was passed in the interest of Native American removal, 15 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:05,319 Speaker 1: or the process of removing Native American tribes from their 16 00:01:05,360 --> 00:01:08,959 Speaker 1: ancestral lands to territory west of the Mississippi River so 17 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:12,640 Speaker 1: white people could develop the vacated lands. On top of 18 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:16,319 Speaker 1: the shady political motivations of the Act, its administration was 19 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:21,920 Speaker 1: also plagued by corruption and incompetence smallpox is an infectious 20 00:01:21,959 --> 00:01:26,360 Speaker 1: disease caused by the variola virus. The virus is now eradicated, 21 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:28,959 Speaker 1: but back in the eighteen hundreds it was active and 22 00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:33,080 Speaker 1: highly contagious. Though most people who got the smallpox recovered, 23 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:36,600 Speaker 1: three out of ten people infected with the contagious disease died. 24 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:42,479 Speaker 1: Symptoms included fever, body eggs, skin rash, skin strees, and scabs. 25 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:48,400 Speaker 1: European colonization brought smallpox into North America in the seventeenth century, 26 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:52,640 Speaker 1: and by eighteen thirty two, millions of non native peoples 27 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:57,520 Speaker 1: had already been vaccinated against smallpox, but smallpox was ravaging 28 00:01:57,600 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 1: Native American populations. In eighteen thirty U s Indian agents 29 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: as they were called, were authorized to hire physicians on 30 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:09,960 Speaker 1: an ad hoc basis to vaccinate or treat Native Americans 31 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,840 Speaker 1: at their agencies, but that was not enough to deal 32 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:16,920 Speaker 1: with the spread of smallpox to native people's across the 33 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:21,000 Speaker 1: Central Plains. In eighteen thirty one and eighteen thirty two, 34 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:24,720 Speaker 1: Indian agents and others who witnessed the smallpox epidemic on 35 00:02:24,760 --> 00:02:29,320 Speaker 1: the western frontier asked officials for assistance with controlling the disease. 36 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:34,600 Speaker 1: President Andrew Jackson was a huge advocate of Native American removal, 37 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: and in eighteen thirty he signed into law the Indian 38 00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:41,880 Speaker 1: Removal Act, which resulted in the deadly Trek West that 39 00:02:41,960 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 1: became known as the Trail of Tears. Since Congress was 40 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:48,560 Speaker 1: in the process of planning to remove tens of thousands 41 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:52,200 Speaker 1: of Native Americans into areas that were being seriously affected 42 00:02:52,200 --> 00:02:57,600 Speaker 1: by smallpox, these outbreaks were a problem. Commissioner of Indian 43 00:02:57,600 --> 00:03:00,920 Speaker 1: Affairs Albert Herring claimed in his annual report to the 44 00:03:00,919 --> 00:03:04,399 Speaker 1: Secretary of War that the Chippewa who had gone through 45 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:09,639 Speaker 1: smallpox epidemics had basically brought the disease upon themselves. This 46 00:03:09,760 --> 00:03:12,560 Speaker 1: helped convince the federal government that it needed to help 47 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:16,560 Speaker 1: Native Americans. There was no precedent for a bill to 48 00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:20,519 Speaker 1: deal with this kind of problem, but legislation proposed twelve 49 00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:24,480 Speaker 1: thousand dollars for preventing the spread of smallpox along Native 50 00:03:24,480 --> 00:03:30,160 Speaker 1: American frontiers. When the bill was introduced, southern congressmen opposed it, 51 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:35,360 Speaker 1: while Northerners largely supported it. Senators against the bill argued 52 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:38,360 Speaker 1: that twelve thousand dollars was too much and leaned on 53 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:42,400 Speaker 1: the stereotype of Native Americans as savages, but the bill 54 00:03:42,560 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 1: passed on its third reading. On May five, thirty two, 55 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: the Indian Vaccination Act went into effect. Section two of 56 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:55,000 Speaker 1: the Act stated, and be it further enacted, that the 57 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,840 Speaker 1: Secretary of War b and he hereby is empowered to 58 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:02,360 Speaker 1: employ as many physicians or surgeons from the army or 59 00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:05,640 Speaker 1: resident on the frontier near the point where their services 60 00:04:05,680 --> 00:04:08,920 Speaker 1: shall be required, as he may find necessary for the 61 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:13,560 Speaker 1: execution of this Act, and if necessary, to competent persons, 62 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:16,680 Speaker 1: to conduct the physicians to the remote Indians who are 63 00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:21,000 Speaker 1: infected or maybe in immediate danger of being infected with 64 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:24,920 Speaker 1: the smallpox, whose compensations shall be six dollars per day, 65 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:28,880 Speaker 1: and six men whose compensation shall be twenty five dollars 66 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:33,960 Speaker 1: per month. Physicians use live vaccine material, typically thread are 67 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:39,719 Speaker 1: cotton contaminated with cowpox to inoculate Native Americans. Secretary of 68 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:44,000 Speaker 1: War Louis Cass administered the program. He decided that the 69 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:46,880 Speaker 1: tribes that would get the vaccination were those that were 70 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,039 Speaker 1: friendly to the US, those that had significant roles in 71 00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:53,359 Speaker 1: the economy, and those that were being forcibly relocated to 72 00:04:53,400 --> 00:04:57,600 Speaker 1: the West. He also ordered Indian Agent John Dougherty to 73 00:04:57,760 --> 00:05:01,679 Speaker 1: limit vaccinations to tribes in the Lower Missouri River Valley. 74 00:05:02,360 --> 00:05:06,839 Speaker 1: Civilian and army physicians vaccinated people, yet Native Americans had 75 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: no say in the creation and implementation of the vaccine program. 76 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:15,440 Speaker 1: Beyond aiding in the removal and relocation of Native Americans, 77 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:21,160 Speaker 1: the Act also accelerated westward expansion and consolidated reservation communities. 78 00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:25,839 Speaker 1: The money allotted for the vaccination programs was not always 79 00:05:25,960 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 1: used as planned. For instance, Henry Schoolcraft spent eight hundred 80 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:34,640 Speaker 1: dollars of the vaccination funds for a cartographic and geological 81 00:05:34,680 --> 00:05:39,280 Speaker 1: survey of Chippewa County, vaccinating some Native Americans along the way. 82 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:43,640 Speaker 1: Another issue with the program was Louis Cass's exclusion of 83 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:47,640 Speaker 1: the Mandan and other Upper Missouri River tribes, possibly because 84 00:05:47,680 --> 00:05:51,040 Speaker 1: they were no longer economically important to the US or 85 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:55,920 Speaker 1: not considered civilized enough. No Native American groups that had 86 00:05:55,920 --> 00:06:00,960 Speaker 1: been deemed aggressors were vaccinated, yet Cass fade Native American 87 00:06:01,040 --> 00:06:04,000 Speaker 1: nations that were involved in favorable treaties with the US, 88 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:09,000 Speaker 1: and while many Native Americans welcomed the vaccinations, others refused 89 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:12,640 Speaker 1: them before deportation, so there were still large groups of 90 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:17,239 Speaker 1: unvaccinated people in the new nations. In eighteen thirty seven 91 00:06:17,320 --> 00:06:21,920 Speaker 1: and eighteen thirty eight, thousands of Mandan, Hadatza, Cree, and 92 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:24,640 Speaker 1: other Upper Missouri River tribes that have been left out 93 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:28,960 Speaker 1: of the Act died from smallpox. Non native populations affected 94 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:33,479 Speaker 1: were not so devastated. In eighteen thirty nine, another five 95 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:37,200 Speaker 1: thousand dollars was allocated to the Indian Vaccination Act programs 96 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:41,320 Speaker 1: to provide for vaccinations. After the smallpox epidemic of eighteen 97 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:45,039 Speaker 1: thirty seven and eighteen thirty eight, At least thirty eight 98 00:06:45,040 --> 00:06:49,280 Speaker 1: thousand Native Americans were vaccinated under the Indian Vaccination Act. 99 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:53,160 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Stepco and hopefully you know a little more 100 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:56,920 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. You can learn 101 00:06:56,960 --> 00:07:00,719 Speaker 1: more about history by following us on Twitter, Acebook and 102 00:07:00,920 --> 00:07:06,480 Speaker 1: Instagram at T d i h C podcast. Thank you 103 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:10,680 Speaker 1: for joining me today. See you same place, same time tomorrow. 104 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:23,000 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in 105 00:07:23,080 --> 00:07:26,240 Speaker 1: History Class, a podcast that serves up a fresh slice 106 00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:36,440 Speaker 1: of history every day. The day was May five, n 107 00:07:36,800 --> 00:07:40,400 Speaker 1: oh five. The Stratton brothers trial for the murder of 108 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:45,200 Speaker 1: Thomas Farrow began. The Stratton's case marked the first time 109 00:07:45,280 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 1: anyone was convicted for murder in Britain based on fingerprint evidence. 110 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:53,800 Speaker 1: The study of fingerprints and their use in identification picked 111 00:07:53,880 --> 00:07:58,080 Speaker 1: up considerably in nineteenth century Europe. That said, the history 112 00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:03,440 Speaker 1: of fingerprinting is inextricably linked with colonialism and racism. In 113 00:08:03,520 --> 00:08:07,400 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty eight, William James Herschel, an english Man, became 114 00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:10,600 Speaker 1: an officer in the Indian Civil Service. He was posted 115 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: to present day john Kiepoor in India. That year, he 116 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,280 Speaker 1: had a local man placed his handprint on a contract 117 00:08:17,440 --> 00:08:20,280 Speaker 1: in lieu of a signature. Herschel's goal was to keep 118 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:22,600 Speaker 1: the man from being able to deny his signature at 119 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:26,880 Speaker 1: a later time. Herschel continued to require handprints from locals 120 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:30,560 Speaker 1: on contracts, eventually realizing that he only needed prints from 121 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:34,040 Speaker 1: the index and middle finger. He was convinced that fingerprints 122 00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:36,640 Speaker 1: were unique and permanent, and believed they could be used 123 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: to prove someone's identity. Other Europeans also focused on the 124 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:45,079 Speaker 1: potential for fingerprints use and identifying suspects and solving crimes. 125 00:08:46,080 --> 00:08:49,920 Speaker 1: Building on others work, eugenicist and polly math Sir Francis 126 00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:54,720 Speaker 1: Galton identified patterns and fingerprints and published a classification system 127 00:08:54,760 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 1: for them. The use of fingerprints and forensics didn't really 128 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:01,920 Speaker 1: take off until the turn of the twentieth century. Asi's 129 00:09:01,920 --> 00:09:05,160 Speaker 1: Old Hawk in him Chandra Bows are credited with creating 130 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:09,959 Speaker 1: the Henry classification system for fingerprinting. By nineteen o one, 131 00:09:10,160 --> 00:09:14,800 Speaker 1: Scotland Yard also known as the London Metropolitan Police, established 132 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:18,840 Speaker 1: a new fingerprint bureau. The next year, the first recorded 133 00:09:18,920 --> 00:09:21,960 Speaker 1: trial in England that relied on fingerprint evidence took place. 134 00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:25,720 Speaker 1: In the trial, Harry Jackson was sentenced to several years 135 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:29,240 Speaker 1: in prison for a burglary in London after his fingerprint 136 00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:33,040 Speaker 1: was presented as evidence in court. Just two years later, 137 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:36,199 Speaker 1: the first murder trial in England in which fingerprints were 138 00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:41,040 Speaker 1: used as evidence began. Thomas Barrow was found dead after 139 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:44,720 Speaker 1: a robbery and his wife Anne died a few days later. 140 00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:48,360 Speaker 1: An empty cash box was found in the apartment, as 141 00:09:48,360 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: well as two black masks. A fingerprint was found in 142 00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:55,240 Speaker 1: the cash box and Inspector Charles Collins from Scotland Yards 143 00:09:55,240 --> 00:09:59,680 Speaker 1: Fingerprinting Bureau examined it, but the print didn't match the Pharaohs, 144 00:09:59,679 --> 00:10:03,960 Speaker 1: the officers or anybody in the bureau's file. But witnesses 145 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:06,480 Speaker 1: reported seeing two men in the area on the morning 146 00:10:06,520 --> 00:10:10,160 Speaker 1: of the crime. And police tracked down and arrested Albert 147 00:10:10,160 --> 00:10:13,800 Speaker 1: and Alfred Straten. Their prints were taken and Alfred's right 148 00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:17,320 Speaker 1: thumb print matched the print on the cash box. The 149 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:21,439 Speaker 1: brother's child began on May five, five. The fingerprint was 150 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:24,160 Speaker 1: the strongest evidence linking them to the crime scene, and 151 00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:27,800 Speaker 1: using fingerprints as evidence was still a relatively new technique, 152 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,880 Speaker 1: but Collins explained the classification of fingerprints to the jury 153 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:34,840 Speaker 1: and how he had never found two prints that had 154 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:38,880 Speaker 1: more than three characteristics in common. In this case, Alfred's 155 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:43,160 Speaker 1: print and the cash box print had multiple similarities. The 156 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:46,240 Speaker 1: Stratton brothers were found guilty of murder and sentenced to 157 00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 1: death by hanging. Fingerprint evidence has been used in criminal 158 00:10:50,679 --> 00:10:54,680 Speaker 1: investigations in cases ever since, though techniques and technology in 159 00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:59,560 Speaker 1: the field have changed significantly. I'm Eve Jeff Coat and 160 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:02,600 Speaker 1: hopeful you know a little more about history today than 161 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:06,199 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. And if you have any comments, questions, 162 00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:09,120 Speaker 1: or suggestions you can send them to us at this 163 00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:11,680 Speaker 1: day at I heeart media dot com. You can also 164 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:14,800 Speaker 1: follow us on social media at t D I h 165 00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:17,960 Speaker 1: C Podcast. Thanks again for listening to the show and 166 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:25,760 Speaker 1: we'll see you tomorrow. 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