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Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, would you rather our government spend money on

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Speaker 1: a new space telescope or fifty new paper weights for

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Speaker 1: the I R s Oh, well, tough one, but I'm

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Speaker 1: gonna go with space telescope all right? How about a

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Speaker 1: new telescope or brand new gold play in a toilet

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Speaker 1: seats for the White House? Wow? How many toilet seats

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Speaker 1: do they really need? I think we need another telescope?

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Speaker 1: Or and now, how about a new telescope or a

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Speaker 1: tax break for Elon Musk. I'm assuming Elon Musk is

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Speaker 1: not going to build this a telescope, so I'll say

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Speaker 1: let's keep the money and build our own. How about

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Speaker 1: a telescope or a new particle collider? Oh, don't ask

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Speaker 1: me that. Yeah, that's a tough one, right, For some

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Speaker 1: reason you find it tougher. Can we have both? Maybe

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Speaker 1: both the task break for Elon Musk and a particle collider.

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Speaker 1: As long as Elon builds us a particle collider, it's

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Speaker 1: a deal, an incentive. H. I am more handmade cartoonists

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Speaker 1: and the creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm

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Speaker 1: a particle physicist and a professor at UC Irvine, and

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Speaker 1: I will always vote to increase science funding. Oh, I

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Speaker 1: thought you were going to say you would always vote

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Speaker 1: for increasing billionaires taxes. If that's what it takes, then yes, Seriously,

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Speaker 1: I don't understand why we don't multiply our science budgets

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Speaker 1: by a factor or ten. We could learn so much

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Speaker 1: about the universe. But it's more than that. It's so

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Speaker 1: much wasted effort. You know, it's funding season right now,

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Speaker 1: and so many smart people are sending great ideas to

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Speaker 1: the government, and the government has to say no to

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Speaker 1: most of them, even if they're good ideas, because they

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Speaker 1: just don't have enough money. I guess the problem is

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Speaker 1: that those things are never on the ballot, right, Like

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Speaker 1: there's never a resolution or a new men meant about

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Speaker 1: more science. Yeah, it's pretty rare. You get like a

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Speaker 1: scientist in Congress, and it's not usually like a wedge issue.

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Speaker 1: It's further down the list than things like, you know,

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Speaker 1: reproductive rights or the environment or immigration or something like that. Right,

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Speaker 1: clearly you and I need to run for Congress, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: or at least you. I would just ask for more

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Speaker 1: money for cartoonis. I really don't want to be in Congress.

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Speaker 1: I just want on Congress. To vote to spend more

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Speaker 1: money on research. Well, there you go. That's the problem.

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Speaker 1: Everyone wants change, but nobody wants to be the change

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Speaker 1: they want to see in the world. All right, I'll

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Speaker 1: run for Congress. You persuaded me. The universe needs it.

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Speaker 1: This is the beginnancement. Daniel Whiteson announces is run for

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Speaker 1: Congress which state? Though? You don't just get to pick

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Speaker 1: your state. Man, You can't be like, I want to

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Speaker 1: be a congressman from Florida. Have you not seen how

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Speaker 1: it's done, Daniel. If you're a celebrity, you get to

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Speaker 1: pick the state and then you run for Congress. Well,

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Speaker 1: that's the problem. I'm not a celebrity, and I really

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Speaker 1: like our congressional representative, Katie Porter from Orange County. She's awesome. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: she's great. Well, I guess you'd have to move then,

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Speaker 1: I guess. So you know, the Katie Porter is also

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Speaker 1: a professor, you see, Irvine? No way? Really, what is

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Speaker 1: your teach being awesome? Yeah, I've had over for dinner

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Speaker 1: at my house. Wow, did you pitch to her your

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Speaker 1: new particle collider idea to proposing Congress. By the way, Katie,

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Speaker 1: here's a ten billion dollar ideada I have and for

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Speaker 1: dessert document that outlines my idea. No, it's the other way.

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Speaker 1: You don't get dessert unless you're going to vote for

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Speaker 1: my collider. Oh, I got leverage. Now. I knew Katie

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Speaker 1: before she was famous, when she was just a law

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Speaker 1: professor at you see Irvine. Wow. Interesting, And then she

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Speaker 1: decided to run for Congress. Well there you go. I'm

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure why what's keeping you back? Daniel? Not

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Speaker 1: being Katie Porter maybe is what's keeping me back. But

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Speaker 1: you're Daniel Watson. All right, stay tuned. I want to

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Speaker 1: ask you for a campaign donation. But anyways, welcome to

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Speaker 1: our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe and maybe

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Speaker 1: you run for Congress as well, a production of I

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Speaker 1: R Radio, in which we vote that everybody should understand

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Speaker 1: the universe and that we should do everything we can

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Speaker 1: to explore it. We know that there are deep questions

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Speaker 1: about the nature of space and time and black holes

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Speaker 1: in the very beginning of this whole crazy cosmos, and

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Speaker 1: that those questions have answers, and those answers can be

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Speaker 1: understood by me and by you and by everybody out

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Speaker 1: there who is curious about the way the universe works,

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Speaker 1: how it all comes together in this amazing cosmic quantum

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Speaker 1: swirl to make our world. Yeah, because while we may

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Speaker 1: not be able to vote on the laws of the universe,

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Speaker 1: we can still understand them and marvel at them and

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Speaker 1: be part of the collective nation of humans who love

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Speaker 1: and appreciate how the universe works. We do love and

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Speaker 1: appreciate how the universe works. You're exactly right. And every

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Speaker 1: time we look out into the universe and we build

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Speaker 1: a new kind of eyeball to look further or deeper,

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Speaker 1: or in a new wavelength or in a new kind

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Speaker 1: of radiation, we always see something new and not just

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Speaker 1: something like new and boring or new. And it's always like,

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Speaker 1: oh my gosh, did you see this latest thing that

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Speaker 1: hub Will discovered, or that new telescope did you see

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Speaker 1: what it found? It's mind blowing. The universe is filled

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Speaker 1: with incredible and beautiful things, beautiful when we understand how

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Speaker 1: it works. Yeah, because it is a really huge universe.

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Speaker 1: It's about sixty five billion light years across, and so

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Speaker 1: there's a lot to see, and a lot of it

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Speaker 1: is really far away. Most of it's really far away,

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Speaker 1: actually almost all of it. There's nothing nearby sort by definition,

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Speaker 1: everything that's close to us. It's a tiny fraction of

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Speaker 1: the universe, which is pretty frustrating. And the stuff that

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Speaker 1: we can actually explore, you know, that scientists can put

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Speaker 1: their hands on, is limited to what's here on Earth,

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Speaker 1: where we can send people and where we can get

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Speaker 1: like robots to sample stuff and bring it back to us. Fortunately,

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Speaker 1: we're not limited to only doing science for things we

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Speaker 1: can touch. We can still understand the universe just by

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Speaker 1: looking at it. Yeah, and there's a lot to see

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Speaker 1: out there. There are trillions and trillions of galaxies and

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Speaker 1: an immeasurable number of stars out there. It potential planets

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Speaker 1: and maybe life out there for us to explore it,

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Speaker 1: if only we could get a good look. I like

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Speaker 1: that new word you just invented, their immeasurable in measurable. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: means that you can measure it in how big your

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Speaker 1: pants these days, Daniel, other immeasurable. Ye know. The universe

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Speaker 1: is delicious and amazing and beautiful, and most of what

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Speaker 1: it's doing, most of the information that it's screaming at us,

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Speaker 1: is basically ignored. You know, some crazy thing happened out

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Speaker 1: there in the universe and photons from its streaked across

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Speaker 1: the universe for billions of years and then splat, h's

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Speaker 1: some piece of the sidewalk, and nobody paid attention. Think

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Speaker 1: about all the stories of cataclysmic events that nobody is

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Speaker 1: watching just because we don't have enough eyeballs paying attention

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Speaker 1: to the cosmos, yeah, or good enough eyeballs, because our

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Speaker 1: eyes can only see so much resolution out there in

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Speaker 1: the night sky. But fortunately humans have been clever and

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Speaker 1: we've invented devices that let us see really far away

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Speaker 1: out there in space. Yeah, huge space based mechanical eyeballs.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly how we pitched these projects, too comless, that's

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Speaker 1: the title of the proposal, Huge space based mechanical eyeball.

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Speaker 1: What's the acronym there, hsb me shove me how you

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Speaker 1: pronounced it, s hb emy. But they are really marvels.

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Speaker 1: It's incredible what we've done. And we have ground based

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Speaker 1: telescopes which are really really huge, and then we have

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Speaker 1: these space based telescopes which float above the atmosphere and

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Speaker 1: see things extra crystal clear. Yeah, because that's how humans

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Speaker 1: started with telescopes down here on Earth, little handheld ones

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Speaker 1: back in the day of Galileo. But now we've sort

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Speaker 1: of upgraded not just huge, big giant telescopes here at

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Speaker 1: the at the top of mountains, but out there in space.

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Speaker 1: We can now put telescopes in there. They are not

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Speaker 1: obscured by the atmosphere that blurs our vision of the stars,

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Speaker 1: and it's a complementary set of programs. Telescopes on the

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Speaker 1: ground can do things that telescopes in space can't do,

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Speaker 1: like be almost arbitrarily big. You know, there's the thirty

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Speaker 1: meter telescope, there's the extremely large telescope, there's the overwhelmingly

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Speaker 1: large telescope that would be bigger than anything we could

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Speaker 1: ever launch into space. But then the telescopes in space

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Speaker 1: obviously have the advantage of not being blurred by the atmosphere.

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Speaker 1: So it's a wonderful complementary set of science programs. And

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Speaker 1: on the podcast before we talked about the future of

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Speaker 1: ground based telescopes, but there's also an exciting future ahead

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Speaker 1: for space telescopes. Yeah, there are a lot of exciting

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Speaker 1: new mechanical giant space eyeballs being built and being planned

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Speaker 1: to launch in the future, and so do they. On

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Speaker 1: the program, we'll be tackling why will the next generation

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Speaker 1: of space telescopes show us, like literally shows right, because

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Speaker 1: that's what telescopes are for. Yeah, they literally will send

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Speaker 1: us pictures of the universe, the early universe, the distant universe,

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Speaker 1: all the crazy stuff that's happening out there that we're

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Speaker 1: basically ignoring right now. Yeah, I guess, Daniel, you know,

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Speaker 1: space telescopes are nice, but there they are a little

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Speaker 1: bit more expensive than ground telescopes, right, And that's kind

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Speaker 1: of the distinction. Like we can make bigger ones down

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Speaker 1: here because they're a little easier to build big, but

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Speaker 1: in space, you know, you have to put them in

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Speaker 1: a rocket and launch them and they have to work.

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Speaker 1: They do have to work, that's true. So they are

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Speaker 1: more complicated and they can't be as big, or if

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Speaker 1: they're gonna be big, they have to be even more

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Speaker 1: complicated because you have to do things like fold and

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Speaker 1: then automatically unfold themselves. So it's definitely a different set

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Speaker 1: of challenges. I don't know if it's more expensive. We

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Speaker 1: have a whole range of budgets of space telescopes from

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Speaker 1: the hundreds of millions of dollars to the tens of

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Speaker 1: billions of dollars and ground telescopes can be almost as expensive.

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Speaker 1: It's just sort of a question of where you want

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Speaker 1: to put your money. And something I love is just

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Speaker 1: saying yes to all of it because they all have

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Speaker 1: different strengths and can show us different kinds of things

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Speaker 1: about the universe. Yeah, I think that's what you were

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Speaker 1: going to say. You were going to say, we have

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Speaker 1: a whole range of waste to spend money, man, and

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Speaker 1: they're on they're all our favorite they're all our favorites.

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Speaker 1: Let's just do more exactly. You know. I think sometimes

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Speaker 1: people think that we can spend money on signs, or

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Speaker 1: we can spend money on gold plated toilet seats or

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Speaker 1: other stuff. But you know, the truth is we can

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Speaker 1: do both. It's not a limited amount of money. It's

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Speaker 1: an investment. When you spend money on science, you're investing

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Speaker 1: in our future and it's going to pay itself back

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Speaker 1: in terms of technology and understanding and education and economics

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Speaker 1: like that. Money doesn't go into space. It's not like

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Speaker 1: if you spend ten billion dollars in a space telescope,

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Speaker 1: you literally like send ten billion dollars where the bills

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Speaker 1: into space. You're buying stuff from companies on Earth, employing

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Speaker 1: people on Earth, so it's money well spent. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: not flushed down the toilet like maybe those toilet seats

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Speaker 1: you might spend your money on. So we have a

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Speaker 1: whole bunch of space sl scopes that we have sent

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Speaker 1: out there into space, or some that are working right

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Speaker 1: now and giving us amazing images of the universe. But

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Speaker 1: there's a whole new generation of space telescopes being built

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Speaker 1: and being planned for the near future to tell us

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Speaker 1: more about how this beautiful universe works. That's right, And

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Speaker 1: a lot of folks have heard about the James Web

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Speaker 1: space Telescope, which just started functioning and it's already giving

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Speaker 1: us amazing pictures of the universe. So I was wondering

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Speaker 1: if people were aware of the next few decades plans

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Speaker 1: for building new eyeballs. So lots of exciting things happening

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Speaker 1: in the works, and as usually, we were wondering how

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Speaker 1: many people were aware of these plans for new space

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Speaker 1: dollars coopes and what they might be able to show us.

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Speaker 1: So thank you to everybody who volunteered to answer random questions.

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Speaker 1: If you'd like to participate and you've been holding back,

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Speaker 1: today is the day that you write to me two

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Speaker 1: questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com so you can

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Speaker 1: hear your voice on the podcast. So we ask people

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Speaker 1: what do you think the next generation of space dollar

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Speaker 1: scopes will show us. Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 1: The next generation of space telescopes, I would hope would

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Speaker 1: pick up signals hopefully, and maybe we'll get to hear

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Speaker 1: what's out there better. The next generation of space telescopes

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Speaker 1: will show us the oldest light in the universe and

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Speaker 1: unlock the secrets to the beginning of time. I think

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Speaker 1: with the new generation of space telescopes will be looking

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Speaker 1: at far away planets and reallex ease and stars in

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Speaker 1: different ranges of freeb blengths of light, and we'll be

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Speaker 1: looking forward how old they are or what they have

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Speaker 1: in them. The next generation of telescopes, I don't know

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Speaker 1: exactly where they're at right now, but it would be

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Speaker 1: really cool if the next generations could act like X rays,

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Speaker 1: like extra machines and kind of detect what the interior

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Speaker 1: plants look like and what interior I mean. We can't

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Speaker 1: escape the Solar System, there's no way that it could

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Speaker 1: zoom up that big, but never no bigger observable universe.

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Speaker 1: That's my only guess. I really have no idea, but

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Speaker 1: I have the expectations that they can be more stable,

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Speaker 1: and they can they can have bigger lenses so we

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Speaker 1: can point them on the same direction for a longer time,

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Speaker 1: so they can pick up the faultons individual faultons spread

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Speaker 1: across time from very distances. I hope the next generation

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Speaker 1: of space telescope will be able to measure the atmospheric

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Speaker 1: content of distant planets and tell us whether or not

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Speaker 1: there might be alien life. Stuff like that will past it,

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Speaker 1: possibly gravitational waves that are a lot, a lot more

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Speaker 1: sensitive than the present telescopes for gravitational waves. Perhaps that

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Speaker 1: I guess they'll be able to show us more from

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Speaker 1: the past because they'll be able to accumulate more light

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Speaker 1: that's coming from further away more accurately. All Right, lots

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Speaker 1: of interesting ideas here. These are great answers. Mostly people

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Speaker 1: just said more universe. More. Yes, that's basically You've got

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Speaker 1: to Congress, you say more, give us another ten billion.

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Speaker 1: We want to do more more universe, please, Well, the

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Speaker 1: universe is so awesome. Who doesn't want to see the sequel? Right?

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Speaker 1: It's like you go to see the Universe. No, I

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Speaker 1: don't want to see the sequel. That means this universe

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Speaker 1: is over. No, it's never over as long as the

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Speaker 1: cinematic universe of the universe can continue. Right, the two

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Speaker 1: Universe three? The You you do? You see You? I

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Speaker 1: think you may maybe like the second episode, right, okaya continuation? Yes,

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Speaker 1: all right, let's maybe pitch it for TV instead of features. Exactly,

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Speaker 1: we wanted infinite number of seasons. That's it's all a

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Speaker 1: blur now, you know, streaming TV. What's the difference. We

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Speaker 1: want to stream the excitement of the universe to you,

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Speaker 1: and we want to do it forever. Actually, maybe Netflix

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Speaker 1: should be funding science. Oh they have a lot of money.

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Speaker 1: They should have just one of their shows just be

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Speaker 1: like Images of the Universe. Yeah, exactly, And we want

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Speaker 1: to make a new science show. We have kind of

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Speaker 1: an expensive camera plan. It costs ten billion dollars and

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Speaker 1: it's in space. Is that okay? Is that within your budget?

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Speaker 1: They're like only ten billion dollars. Sure we make that

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Speaker 1: in one month. Just get Kat to Porter to walk

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Speaker 1: over there and chew them out. I'll set that meeting up,

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Speaker 1: no problem, that's right, And then withhold dessert until until

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Speaker 1: she gets the money. I think she can probably hold

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Speaker 1: out longer than I can. I'm like, all right, fine,

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Speaker 1: let's have desserve. Don't even do anything for chocolate. But

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Speaker 1: it is interesting. I think the idea is that the

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Speaker 1: universe is literally streaming information and content to us all

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Speaker 1: the time, from all directions, from the far corners of

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Speaker 1: the universe, right with interesting things that could tell us

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Speaker 1: a lot about how things work exactly. We know that

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Speaker 1: there are stories out there, and the universe is telling

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Speaker 1: us those stories. We're just not tuning in. And all

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Speaker 1: we need to do is build the right device and

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Speaker 1: we can listen to those stories and we can unlock secrets.

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Speaker 1: And what the listeners are talking about is exactly kinds

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Speaker 1: of things that we can learn new planets or their atmospheres.

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Speaker 1: We know that there are discoveries waiting out for us

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Speaker 1: in the distant reaches of the universe, things that have

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Speaker 1: happened that we had no idea about. We're just waiting

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Speaker 1: to learn about them. And we have built a pretty

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Speaker 1: amazing telescope, Daniel, So maybe to start with, maybe run

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Speaker 1: us through what are some of the existing or previous

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Speaker 1: space else codes. We feel, like you said, most people

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Speaker 1: heard of the James Web telescope and maybe the Hubble,

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Speaker 1: but there have been others. Yeah, there was a golden

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Speaker 1: age of space telescopes between nine and two thousand three

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Speaker 1: when they launched four of them, and they call them

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Speaker 1: the Great Observatories because there's sort of like a complementary set.

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Speaker 1: Each one can do something different. They're like power Rangers

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Speaker 1: they come together, or the X Men or something. And

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Speaker 1: of course, you know, the star of the show is Hubble.

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Speaker 1: Launched in ten billion dollars. Everybody's heard about it, and

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Speaker 1: it's beautiful pictures and it made a lot of important

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Speaker 1: scientific discoveries along the way. You know, it was used

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Speaker 1: to discover type one a supernova, which we used to

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Speaker 1: measure the expansion of the universe. It was used here

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Speaker 1: in our Solar system to take pictures when Shoemaker Levees

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Speaker 1: smashed into Jupiter. So it's really been an amazing workhorse

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Speaker 1: for science. But as you say, it's not the only

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Speaker 1: star of the show. There are three other space telescopes

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Speaker 1: in the Great Observatories. Yeah, but I guess what the

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Speaker 1: question is, what was Hubble's superpower? You know, was it

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Speaker 1: like the Iron Man of the Great observatories. What was

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Speaker 1: different about it. Hubble had a big mirror, it was

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Speaker 1: two point four meters across, and it had a broad

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Speaker 1: range of abilities, so it could see in the optical

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Speaker 1: and it could also see a little bit into the

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Speaker 1: ultra violet and a little bit into the infrared, so

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Speaker 1: it could do a broad range of astronomy. And also

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Speaker 1: it took pictures that were easily translated into things we

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Speaker 1: could see with our eyes because it was mostly in

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Speaker 1: the optical. The other telescopes and the Great observatories were

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Speaker 1: sort of in different energy ranges that weren't always traditionally visual, right,

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Speaker 1: because I guess the light that's coming to us from

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Speaker 1: the universe is in all kinds of wavelength, right, and

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Speaker 1: all kinds of frequencies, and so these telescoptes have kind

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Speaker 1: of a range, right, Like they can't see every range

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Speaker 1: of frequency out there, just like your eyeballs can only

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Speaker 1: see in the visual. You need different kinds of optics

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Speaker 1: to see the infrared, which to see the ultra violet,

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Speaker 1: or to see X rays. So one of my favorite

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Speaker 1: telescopes is actually the Chandra X ray telescope launch and

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Speaker 1: it can see as we say, X rays, which are

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Speaker 1: also photons right there, just wiggles in the electromagnetic field,

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Speaker 1: but they wiggle much faster because they have higher energy,

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Speaker 1: and Hubble can't see them. They just passed right through

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Speaker 1: Hubble the way they pass through your hand. But they

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Speaker 1: contain a lot of really interesting information about very hot

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Speaker 1: things in the universe, like discs around black holes. It

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Speaker 1: had X ray vision, and how did it do that?

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Speaker 1: If it don't X rays pass through everything. X rays

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Speaker 1: do pass through almost everything, and so X ray optics

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Speaker 1: are very, very tricky. You basically can't build a lens

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Speaker 1: for X rays in the same way you can for

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Speaker 1: optical light, and you can only like very gently guide them.

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Speaker 1: So an X ray telescope instead of having lenses as

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Speaker 1: like many many concentric shells of metal cylinders which gently

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Speaker 1: guide the X rays, it's much more challenging than like

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Speaker 1: traditional visual light optics. If you saw an X ray telescope,

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Speaker 1: you wouldn't even necessarily understand that it was a telescope. Cool,

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Speaker 1: So I'll say Chandra is the thor of the great observatories,

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Speaker 1: because I don't know, it comes from a different place,

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Speaker 1: different plane of existence, maybe, Yeah. And then even further

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Speaker 1: up the energy range are gamma ray gammeara is of

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Speaker 1: a different name, but there again just photons. They're just

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Speaker 1: like super duper high energy photons. And there's a telescope

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Speaker 1: called the Compton Space Telescope which cost a billion dollars

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Speaker 1: and launched in and it's studied gamma ray bursts. So

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Speaker 1: there's some things in the universe to produce very fast,

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Speaker 1: short lived, very intense bursts of gamma rays, and we

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Speaker 1: don't really understand it very well. They're called fast gamma

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Speaker 1: ray bursts. We've done an episode about them, and Compton

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Speaker 1: was designed to study them. Well. Obviously this one is

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Speaker 1: the hulk because it's the text gamma rays on the

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Speaker 1: Great Observatories. But maybe paints a picture what what does

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Speaker 1: this one look like? Doesn't look like a dish or

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Speaker 1: LA tube or or a box. So the Compton Telescope

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Speaker 1: is not really like a telescope. It's more like a

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Speaker 1: particle physics experiment. Because when particles have this kind of energy,

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Speaker 1: you can't really do anything to like deflect them or

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Speaker 1: focus them. All you can do is detect them. And

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Speaker 1: so this energy what we do is we just try

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Speaker 1: to capture the photon. We put some material in there

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Speaker 1: that the photon will mash into and that create a

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Speaker 1: shower of electrons and positrons, and then we use that

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Speaker 1: to measure its energy and a little bit its direction,

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Speaker 1: and so it's more like a particle detector in space

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Speaker 1: than really a telescope the way you might imagine. That's

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Speaker 1: amazing because that means it literally comptroom smash, right, just

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Speaker 1: like the Hulk, just exactly so you throw in the Hulk.

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Speaker 1: So these are sort of like brute objects the way

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Speaker 1: you're describing as no subtlety involved. Yeah, yeah, is it

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Speaker 1: also painted green? Only when it gets mad if you

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Speaker 1: don't fund it, it gets bigger too. All right, Well,

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Speaker 1: then what's the last of the four great observatories. The

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Speaker 1: last one is the Spitzer Space Telescope, which was recently decommissioned.

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Speaker 1: It went from two thousand three to twenty and we

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Speaker 1: did a whole episode about the science of Spitzer, which

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Speaker 1: is really incredible. This saw infrared lights a sort of

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Speaker 1: the way James Webb does, and that's good for seeing

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Speaker 1: cold things like planets or the early universe, or things

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Speaker 1: that are really really far and have been deeply deeply

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Speaker 1: red shifted cool. And it tests here it was liquid

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Speaker 1: helium cool too. Yeah, these telescopes have to be very

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Speaker 1: very cold because things that are warm give off infrared light.

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Speaker 1: Like me and you and the Earth. We're all glowing

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Speaker 1: in the infrared. So if you want to see infrared

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Speaker 1: lighte from distant parts of the universe very faint, you

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Speaker 1: have to shield yourself somehow from infrared life from everything else. Basically,

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Speaker 1: the whole universe is glowing brightly with infrared light. The

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Speaker 1: way to do that is to cool everything down. That's

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Speaker 1: like why the James Webb has that big sun shield,

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Speaker 1: for example. And so in this case what they did

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Speaker 1: is they use liquid helium to cool the things, to

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Speaker 1: keep it as cold as possible to avoid it generating

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Speaker 1: the kind of photons it was looking for, right, right,

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Speaker 1: So it was frozen in time. Clearly, this one's the

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Speaker 1: Captain America of the Great observatories because it also has

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Speaker 1: an exotic metal giant shield, right, doesn't it. Yeah, the

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Speaker 1: mirror is made out of beryllium, which is pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: Surprise it wasn't called Steve Rogers. But what did this

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Speaker 1: one tell us about the universe? What we see in

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Speaker 1: these wavelengths. So in the infrared you can see things

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Speaker 1: like the oldest galaxies because remember, things that are far

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Speaker 1: away are moving away from us really quickly, which means

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Speaker 1: that light from them is red shifted. So even if

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Speaker 1: a photon was visual when it left that galaxy thirteen

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Speaker 1: billion years ago, by the time it gets to us,

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Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe and its relative velocity has

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Speaker 1: changed the wavelength to be very, very long. So if

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Speaker 1: you want to see things that are super duper old,

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Speaker 1: then you have to use infrared light. That's what this

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Speaker 1: one is really good at. And also if you want

429
00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:34,480
Speaker 1: to see things that are close by but aren't bright

430
00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:38,040
Speaker 1: enough to glow in the visual, like planets around other stars,

431
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:40,560
Speaker 1: then you have to use infrared light to see those

432
00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:43,400
Speaker 1: things directly. Well, it's it's pretty amazing that you need

433
00:22:43,720 --> 00:22:46,959
Speaker 1: all these different devices to capture the full range of

434
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:49,640
Speaker 1: the light spectrum, right because there's so much happening all

435
00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:53,040
Speaker 1: across the spectrum, you know, from high energy rays to

436
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:58,320
Speaker 1: low low frequency. It's very different what's happening in the

437
00:22:58,359 --> 00:23:00,760
Speaker 1: universe at these different wavelengths. If you look at the

438
00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:02,680
Speaker 1: night sky in the X ray, you get a very

439
00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:04,720
Speaker 1: different picture that if you look at the night sky

440
00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:08,080
Speaker 1: in the infrared and that's very helpful. Like using color vision.

441
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,320
Speaker 1: If you looked at an apple tree and you look

442
00:23:10,359 --> 00:23:11,640
Speaker 1: at it in black and white, to be a lot

443
00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:14,120
Speaker 1: harder to see the apples. But if you can distinguish

444
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:16,200
Speaker 1: between the wavelengths of LIGHTE, then you can go right

445
00:23:16,240 --> 00:23:18,440
Speaker 1: for the tasty fruit. And it's sort of the same

446
00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:20,359
Speaker 1: story here. If we can look at the universe and

447
00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:22,960
Speaker 1: lots of different frequencies, we have a much better chance

448
00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:26,399
Speaker 1: at discovering interesting stuff. And we need different technologies to

449
00:23:26,440 --> 00:23:28,679
Speaker 1: see all these different wavelengths, right, because some of this

450
00:23:28,760 --> 00:23:30,960
Speaker 1: information that's coming at you is sort of invisible to

451
00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:32,879
Speaker 1: different wavelength right, Like if you don't even have the

452
00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:35,520
Speaker 1: right telescope, you would totally miss it. Yeah, some of

453
00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:38,359
Speaker 1: the stuff, for example, can't pass through gas and dust,

454
00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:41,880
Speaker 1: and other frequencies can and so some things you can

455
00:23:42,040 --> 00:23:45,840
Speaker 1: only see in certain wavelengths. Radio telescopes, for example, are

456
00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,239
Speaker 1: really good at seeing through the gas and dust at

457
00:23:48,240 --> 00:23:50,679
Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy. So it's really helpful. So

458
00:23:50,720 --> 00:23:53,920
Speaker 1: you really need all these kinds of eyeballs. Well, these

459
00:23:54,359 --> 00:23:58,120
Speaker 1: telescope avengers assembled in the nineties and they've been given

460
00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:01,080
Speaker 1: us great data all this time. But now I guess

461
00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:05,280
Speaker 1: their phase, their cinematic phase should have ended or is ending.

462
00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:08,080
Speaker 1: And so there's a new generation of telescopes being planned.

463
00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:10,880
Speaker 1: Some pemen have already launched, and so let's get into

464
00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:13,480
Speaker 1: this new generation of telescopes. But first let's take a

465
00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:28,520
Speaker 1: quick break. All right, we're talking about the new generation

466
00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:31,160
Speaker 1: of space telescope standard. We talked about the four great

467
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:33,960
Speaker 1: observatories that launched in the nineties and early two thousands,

468
00:24:34,160 --> 00:24:37,159
Speaker 1: and they revealed a lot about the universe, right, they

469
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,120
Speaker 1: sure did. It was really a golden age of science.

470
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:43,280
Speaker 1: We learned so much about the universe, and everybody wants

471
00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:45,320
Speaker 1: to do it again. They thought, hey, that was a

472
00:24:45,320 --> 00:24:48,080
Speaker 1: big success, Let's do it again. Yeah, it's like Avenger's

473
00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:50,000
Speaker 1: end Game made a lot of money. Let's introduce a

474
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:54,760
Speaker 1: whole new set of superheroes, some of them streaming exactly.

475
00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:57,919
Speaker 1: And while people are very excited about the James Web Telescope,

476
00:24:58,119 --> 00:25:00,439
Speaker 1: they were a little bit frustrated about the time scale,

477
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:04,280
Speaker 1: Like it took until twenty one for James Webb to

478
00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:06,560
Speaker 1: finally launch. It would be in the planning stages for

479
00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:09,359
Speaker 1: years and then delayed for years and years and years,

480
00:25:09,560 --> 00:25:11,439
Speaker 1: and the community was a little bit frustrated. You know,

481
00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:15,399
Speaker 1: they launched four space telescopes within thirteen years back in

482
00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:18,280
Speaker 1: the nineties, why can't they do that again? And so

483
00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:20,760
Speaker 1: the feeling is like, let's go for that sort of cadence,

484
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,520
Speaker 1: like instead of one every twenty five years, let's try

485
00:25:23,520 --> 00:25:26,399
Speaker 1: to launch four all at once. Interesting. So this was

486
00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:29,120
Speaker 1: actually like like on purpose, like these duties were all

487
00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:32,640
Speaker 1: planned as a slate of new telescopes. It wasn't sort

488
00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:35,520
Speaker 1: of like random. No, it's not random. The astronomy community

489
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:38,240
Speaker 1: comes together about every ten years to make plans for

490
00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:41,119
Speaker 1: the future, because when you have these big projects, it

491
00:25:41,119 --> 00:25:44,200
Speaker 1: can't just be like individual professors writing grants. Nobody writes

492
00:25:44,240 --> 00:25:47,000
Speaker 1: an individual grant to the NSF for ten billion dollars.

493
00:25:47,119 --> 00:25:49,200
Speaker 1: Since you have to come together as a community and say,

494
00:25:49,320 --> 00:25:51,639
Speaker 1: what's the most important science, how do we think we

495
00:25:51,640 --> 00:25:53,239
Speaker 1: should do it? It didn't do that work to make

496
00:25:53,280 --> 00:25:56,439
Speaker 1: consensus in advance. These are called decadal surveys because they

497
00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:59,040
Speaker 1: come out every ten years, and the most recent one

498
00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:02,920
Speaker 1: just came out but was a little delayed. But recently

499
00:26:02,920 --> 00:26:06,160
Speaker 1: they came out and they proposed a new Great Observatories

500
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:09,960
Speaker 1: program launching four more telescopes over the next couple of

501
00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:12,920
Speaker 1: decades and sort of the same pattern as the previous

502
00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:16,840
Speaker 1: set of Great Observatories. And I see, and James Webb

503
00:26:17,040 --> 00:26:19,639
Speaker 1: was the first one of this late or is or

504
00:26:19,760 --> 00:26:22,040
Speaker 1: was sort of grandfather? Did know? James Webb is not

505
00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:24,639
Speaker 1: part of the new Great Observatories. It's already in the sky.

506
00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:28,600
Speaker 1: And now they want four more in addition to James Webb. Oh,

507
00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:30,880
Speaker 1: I see, because James Webb was just sort of a

508
00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,600
Speaker 1: standalone telescope. Yeah, it was also recommended by a Decado survey.

509
00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:38,440
Speaker 1: But now they're feeling like maybe just pitching one telescope

510
00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:41,080
Speaker 1: and waiting for it to launch wasn't the right strategy.

511
00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:44,000
Speaker 1: They're thinking, let's go bigger. Let's propose four all at

512
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:49,720
Speaker 1: the same time. Yeah, why not more superheroes better? You

513
00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:52,359
Speaker 1: really think that's true, Like you think it more superheroes

514
00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:53,960
Speaker 1: in a movie make it better. Like if you had

515
00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:57,240
Speaker 1: a thousand characters all with their all backstories and strengths

516
00:26:57,240 --> 00:26:59,879
Speaker 1: and weaknesses, that would be fun to watch. Yeah, I

517
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:03,040
Speaker 1: am totally enjoying this news latest superheroes that Marvel is

518
00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:06,600
Speaker 1: putting out. All right, you can never be too much dessert,

519
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,240
Speaker 1: that's right. Well, so what did James Webb. Tell us, like,

520
00:27:10,280 --> 00:27:12,120
Speaker 1: what did it have a specialty or is it just

521
00:27:12,160 --> 00:27:14,920
Speaker 1: like an all purpose telescope. So James Webb is an

522
00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:18,879
Speaker 1: infrared telescope and it has this famous sun shield in

523
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,280
Speaker 1: order to keep it cool, and it's sitting out at

524
00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:24,959
Speaker 1: the L two lagrange point and it's awesome new step

525
00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:27,359
Speaker 1: in lots of ways. It's new technology. It's got a

526
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:30,520
Speaker 1: really big mirror that's segmented. Its folded up to fit

527
00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:33,040
Speaker 1: into the rocket and then unfolded when it went out

528
00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:36,359
Speaker 1: into space, and so it sees a particular slice of

529
00:27:36,359 --> 00:27:38,760
Speaker 1: the spectrum right the infrared spect It's like a successor

530
00:27:38,840 --> 00:27:41,359
Speaker 1: to Spitzer. But you know, James Webb won't last forever,

531
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:44,040
Speaker 1: and these things take decades to plan, and so if

532
00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:45,800
Speaker 1: you're going to think about the future and you have

533
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:50,600
Speaker 1: to think about what's going to happen post James Webb. Interesting, Yeah, well,

534
00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:53,439
Speaker 1: tell us what are the four new telescopes being planned.

535
00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:55,840
Speaker 1: So the four new telescopes, one of them is sort

536
00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:58,760
Speaker 1: of the successor to Hubble. It's like a general purpose telescope,

537
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:02,280
Speaker 1: and then there's one that specifically for looking for exoplanets,

538
00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:04,760
Speaker 1: one in the X ray and another one in the

539
00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:08,320
Speaker 1: far infrared and they all look super awesome and have

540
00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:10,840
Speaker 1: cool names. Maybe let's start with a one that's a

541
00:28:10,880 --> 00:28:15,200
Speaker 1: successor to Hubble. This one is called louve woir l

542
00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:18,600
Speaker 1: u v o i R, which of course is an

543
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:25,359
Speaker 1: acronym for large ultra violet optical Infrared surveyor. I'm not

544
00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:28,080
Speaker 1: exactly sure how you get louvoir from that or why

545
00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:31,679
Speaker 1: it's pronounced in French. Is it from a French consortium

546
00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:34,200
Speaker 1: or something. Now these are all NASSA or and s

547
00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:38,080
Speaker 1: F American lead programs. Interesting, So what does louvoir means

548
00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:44,800
Speaker 1: something in French or where they're just trying to give

549
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:46,880
Speaker 1: it a French flair. I don't think they're hoping to

550
00:28:46,880 --> 00:28:49,560
Speaker 1: celebrate with chocolate croissants when this thing goes up. No,

551
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:51,520
Speaker 1: I don't know if there's a French angle on this,

552
00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:54,320
Speaker 1: but really it's it's when people pronounce it in the community,

553
00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:56,120
Speaker 1: to say louvois. It's a good question, you know. I

554
00:28:56,120 --> 00:28:58,640
Speaker 1: actually spoke with one of the scientists involved and she

555
00:28:58,680 --> 00:29:01,520
Speaker 1: pronounces it louvoi. I don't think she pronounced it with

556
00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:06,120
Speaker 1: the luvoi exact popular pew accent. But yeah, it's got

557
00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:09,280
Speaker 1: a little bit of a French connotation. They're interesting. Well,

558
00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:12,360
Speaker 1: guessing since the name ultra violet is in it that

559
00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:14,680
Speaker 1: it looks at things in the ultra violet, it's actually

560
00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:17,160
Speaker 1: gonna look in the ultra violet and the optical and

561
00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:20,000
Speaker 1: the infrared. It's kind of a general purpose telescope the

562
00:29:20,040 --> 00:29:22,160
Speaker 1: same way that Hubble was. So it's sort of a

563
00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:25,200
Speaker 1: broad range, but sitting right there in the optical so

564
00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:27,000
Speaker 1: it'll be able to see things that you can see

565
00:29:27,040 --> 00:29:29,760
Speaker 1: with your eyes, but of course much much closer. And

566
00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:31,560
Speaker 1: the big step up is that the mirror is going

567
00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:34,280
Speaker 1: to be much bigger than Hubbles. Hubbles was two point

568
00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:37,080
Speaker 1: four meters. This thing is going to be six meters wide,

569
00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:39,320
Speaker 1: which means it's going to have to be segmented into

570
00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:43,040
Speaker 1: pieces and unfold the way James Webbs did. Wow. Interesting,

571
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:45,880
Speaker 1: And I guess the bigger mirror gives you and not

572
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:48,640
Speaker 1: bigger images. It lets you kind of focus more or

573
00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:51,400
Speaker 1: collect more light. It's all about collecting more light. If

574
00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:54,160
Speaker 1: you want to see something that's really distant. Those things

575
00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:57,080
Speaker 1: don't send many photons. Imagine if you took our son

576
00:29:57,120 --> 00:29:59,040
Speaker 1: and you put it billions of light years away, it

577
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:01,400
Speaker 1: would still admit this same number of photons, but you

578
00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:04,040
Speaker 1: would see fewer of them because they'd be spreading out

579
00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:06,480
Speaker 1: through the universe more closely you are to something, the

580
00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:09,000
Speaker 1: more of its photons you see, the further away you are,

581
00:30:09,120 --> 00:30:11,320
Speaker 1: the fewer of its photons you see. But if you

582
00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:14,600
Speaker 1: have a bigger lens, you can capture more of those photons.

583
00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:16,920
Speaker 1: So things that are super duper far away you can

584
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:20,000
Speaker 1: see more easily if you have a bigger aperture to

585
00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:22,920
Speaker 1: collect more light. Right, I guess it's like those zoom

586
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,560
Speaker 1: lenses right that they're they're huge, right, I mean they

587
00:30:25,560 --> 00:30:28,200
Speaker 1: have like a big lens at the at the end. Yeah, exactly,

588
00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:29,960
Speaker 1: A bigger aperture in your camera is going to be

589
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:32,960
Speaker 1: more light in keys of like photography here on Earth,

590
00:30:33,240 --> 00:30:35,640
Speaker 1: I think you want to balance sometimes like more light

591
00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:38,160
Speaker 1: with less light to get focused if things are in motion,

592
00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:40,880
Speaker 1: But in space you basically just want the biggest aperture.

593
00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:43,160
Speaker 1: You can get an interesting thing about this if you

594
00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,000
Speaker 1: google it is that it doesn't look like hubble. Hubble

595
00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:48,280
Speaker 1: looks like you know, a telescope. It's a big tube.

596
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:50,480
Speaker 1: And that's because there's only two point four meters why

597
00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:53,240
Speaker 1: they could sort of fit inside the rocket. This thing

598
00:30:53,320 --> 00:30:56,000
Speaker 1: looks more like James Webb. It's got like a big

599
00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:59,320
Speaker 1: hexagonal segmented mirror and it's sitting on top of like

600
00:30:59,360 --> 00:31:01,560
Speaker 1: a big sheet field. So when you first look at it,

601
00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:03,760
Speaker 1: you think it might be an infrared telescope, but it's not.

602
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:06,600
Speaker 1: It's a lot more like Hubble. And you actually got

603
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:08,680
Speaker 1: to talk to one of the scientists that works on it, right,

604
00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:10,920
Speaker 1: that's right, there's a bunch of folks involved. And I

605
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,880
Speaker 1: talked to Dr Aki Robert she's a scientist at NASA,

606
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:17,680
Speaker 1: and she's really excited about the science that Louve War

607
00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:19,959
Speaker 1: is going to do. Great to hear is Dr Roberts

608
00:31:20,120 --> 00:31:23,000
Speaker 1: on why we need this telescope? Well, for me, the

609
00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:27,160
Speaker 1: best case scenario is that we've find that little dot.

610
00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:31,560
Speaker 1: It's blue, we confirm that it's actually orbiting at the

611
00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:33,920
Speaker 1: right distance from the start, and then it has about

612
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:36,960
Speaker 1: the right mass and size, and then we take a

613
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:39,160
Speaker 1: spectrum of it. We take the light reflecting out that

614
00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:41,400
Speaker 1: we break it up my wavelength and we look for

615
00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:44,680
Speaker 1: the molecules in the atmosphere here and we see water, vapor,

616
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:49,280
Speaker 1: we see oxygen, and then we measure the abundances of

617
00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:52,040
Speaker 1: the molecules in the atmosphere, because that's what you really

618
00:31:52,040 --> 00:31:53,720
Speaker 1: need to do. If you don't actually if you just

619
00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:56,440
Speaker 1: detect a molecule, you haven't or even two, you haven't

620
00:31:56,560 --> 00:31:59,680
Speaker 1: detected life. You have to actually understand the whole atmosphere.

621
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:01,720
Speaker 1: It's who chemistry. So you need to measure. Will measure

622
00:32:01,720 --> 00:32:05,160
Speaker 1: the amounts of the molecules the atmosphere and look at

623
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,040
Speaker 1: how much would be produced by non biol you know,

624
00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:11,280
Speaker 1: a biotically without biology, and how much would be sunk

625
00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:14,120
Speaker 1: without biology. You know, you know, ins and out, sinks

626
00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:19,000
Speaker 1: and sources, and if there's too much of something that

627
00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:22,640
Speaker 1: shouldn't be there, that's your sort of smoking gun for biology.

628
00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:24,480
Speaker 1: You can't you're going to try to explain it with physics.

629
00:32:24,520 --> 00:32:27,000
Speaker 1: You'll try to explain it with chemistry. You can't explain

630
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:31,840
Speaker 1: it physics, chemistry, geophysics. Then you turn to the science

631
00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:35,600
Speaker 1: left in the building, so which is biology. And frankly,

632
00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:38,760
Speaker 1: what would be ideal is if with het spectrum looked

633
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,560
Speaker 1: just like the modern Earth, because then we would understand

634
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:46,720
Speaker 1: it really well. But we have prepared ourselves to some

635
00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:49,840
Speaker 1: extent with the understanding that the Earth has been inhabited

636
00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:52,120
Speaker 1: for most of its history, but it only looked like

637
00:32:52,160 --> 00:32:55,440
Speaker 1: the modern Earth for about a third of that time. So,

638
00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:59,120
Speaker 1: for example, during the Archaean period early like four billion

639
00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:02,640
Speaker 1: years ago, UM, there was no oxygen in our statosphere.

640
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,959
Speaker 1: There was tons of lots of methane because the planet

641
00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:10,080
Speaker 1: was ruled by the messanogens bacteria that produced methane. Today

642
00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:12,719
Speaker 1: they they're still around today. They live in swamps and

643
00:33:12,760 --> 00:33:15,200
Speaker 1: the guts of our livestock. And then but as time

644
00:33:15,240 --> 00:33:18,800
Speaker 1: went on, with the rise of photosynthesis and green plants,

645
00:33:18,840 --> 00:33:23,000
Speaker 1: the oxygen levels started increasing. And so during the Proterozoic period,

646
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:26,200
Speaker 1: which is actually probably the longest period, it was a

647
00:33:26,240 --> 00:33:29,080
Speaker 1: little bit of molecular oxygen, but very hard to detect,

648
00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:31,720
Speaker 1: not a lot, but there was ozone, even a little

649
00:33:31,760 --> 00:33:34,080
Speaker 1: bit of micular oxygen. You get an ozone layer and so,

650
00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:37,320
Speaker 1: which is you know, it's a byproduct of molecular oxygen.

651
00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:41,440
Speaker 1: So um, during that time, you could see like somewhat

652
00:33:41,520 --> 00:33:45,400
Speaker 1: enhanced methane. Probably couldn't see the molecular oxygen, but you

653
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:49,840
Speaker 1: could see ozone. And then finally, eventually the oxygen is

654
00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:53,440
Speaker 1: such to such high levels that you can actually you know,

655
00:33:53,520 --> 00:33:56,000
Speaker 1: we have the modern Earth with its abundant you know

656
00:33:56,080 --> 00:33:59,000
Speaker 1: O two, which we're breathing, and so this it's almost

657
00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:01,920
Speaker 1: like there were like three different earths, three different inhabited

658
00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:06,320
Speaker 1: earths over the course of its of its history, and we've, uh,

659
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:09,200
Speaker 1: we've designed our hardware with that in mind, you know,

660
00:34:09,239 --> 00:34:12,279
Speaker 1: our our personal goal, the team's personal goal was to

661
00:34:12,760 --> 00:34:14,680
Speaker 1: be able to tell that the Earth was inhabited at

662
00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:18,440
Speaker 1: any time and its inhabited history. Awesome. So this is

663
00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:20,640
Speaker 1: going to be looking for exo planets, right planets and

664
00:34:20,680 --> 00:34:24,479
Speaker 1: other solar systems out there exactly. One of the things

665
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:26,399
Speaker 1: this will be able to do is to look at

666
00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:29,640
Speaker 1: light from those planets. You can see your light reflected

667
00:34:29,760 --> 00:34:32,839
Speaker 1: off of those planets from its star. You can also

668
00:34:32,880 --> 00:34:36,120
Speaker 1: see light passing through its atmosphere as like you get

669
00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:39,840
Speaker 1: a sunrise over that alien world. And from the frequencies

670
00:34:39,880 --> 00:34:41,719
Speaker 1: of light that come and the frequencies of light that

671
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:44,520
Speaker 1: don't derive, we'll be able to tell something about the

672
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:48,040
Speaker 1: composition of those atmospheres, like how much C O two

673
00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:50,760
Speaker 1: is there, how much oxygen, how much water, how much methane,

674
00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:53,120
Speaker 1: And that would be really cool. Yeah, it's amazing. We'll

675
00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:55,920
Speaker 1: get like an actual picture of another planet. I mean,

676
00:34:55,960 --> 00:34:57,960
Speaker 1: there'll be a little dot, but it's still be like

677
00:34:58,360 --> 00:35:01,840
Speaker 1: light directly from that planet exactly. We'll be seeing pale

678
00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:04,680
Speaker 1: blue dots from other solar systems. You know that famous

679
00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:07,160
Speaker 1: picture of the Earth from really far away where we're

680
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:09,440
Speaker 1: just a tiny blue dot. We're gonna get to see

681
00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:12,000
Speaker 1: those dots from other solar system and that's about the

682
00:35:12,080 --> 00:35:13,919
Speaker 1: level we might be able to see them, Like we'll

683
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,560
Speaker 1: see like a single pixel. I'm gonna be asking questions like, well,

684
00:35:16,680 --> 00:35:18,479
Speaker 1: is it blue or is it red? Or is it green?

685
00:35:18,680 --> 00:35:21,480
Speaker 1: You know, maybe some future generation of telescopes will be

686
00:35:21,520 --> 00:35:23,800
Speaker 1: able to give us a more in depth is further

687
00:35:23,960 --> 00:35:26,279
Speaker 1: zoomed in picture, but it would be exciting even to

688
00:35:26,320 --> 00:35:29,040
Speaker 1: see these planets as dots. And I think the idea

689
00:35:29,080 --> 00:35:31,279
Speaker 1: is that the changing color of them would maybe tell

690
00:35:31,320 --> 00:35:34,960
Speaker 1: you a little bit about its atmosphere and whether or

691
00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:36,759
Speaker 1: not we could live in it exactly. And this is

692
00:35:36,840 --> 00:35:39,560
Speaker 1: really really hard to do, you know, because these planets

693
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:43,399
Speaker 1: are really close to their stars, and the stars are

694
00:35:43,560 --> 00:35:46,560
Speaker 1: so much brighter than the planets, so it's really a

695
00:35:46,680 --> 00:35:49,200
Speaker 1: huge challenge to try to make this work, you know,

696
00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:52,839
Speaker 1: to see something that's so close to something else that's

697
00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:55,640
Speaker 1: super duper bright, and what else is it going to

698
00:35:55,680 --> 00:35:58,719
Speaker 1: be looking for besides awesome pictures of the universe. So

699
00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:01,640
Speaker 1: it's gonna do exoplanet research, it's also going to do

700
00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:04,319
Speaker 1: other stuff, Like it's gonna look in our solar system,

701
00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:07,400
Speaker 1: you know, the way Hubble study Jupiter and the impact

702
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:10,240
Speaker 1: of comets. We can turn this thing on the moons

703
00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 1: in our planets and get like really close up images

704
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:15,839
Speaker 1: of these moons. What's going on on the surface, how

705
00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:19,799
Speaker 1: much tectonic activity is there? What about these cry all volcanoes.

706
00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:22,279
Speaker 1: Will be able to study the surface of things in

707
00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:25,279
Speaker 1: our solar system at crazy detail. If you look at,

708
00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:27,600
Speaker 1: for example, what we see from Hubble versus what we

709
00:36:27,719 --> 00:36:31,000
Speaker 1: expect to see from Mouvoir, it's like going from a

710
00:36:31,040 --> 00:36:35,160
Speaker 1: fuzzball to a crisp picture. Wow, that's awesome, yeah, he said,

711
00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:38,719
Speaker 1: And don't think about maybe using telescopes to look at

712
00:36:38,719 --> 00:36:41,080
Speaker 1: our own planets, right, And it's amazing that it can

713
00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:43,839
Speaker 1: see things super far away and also super close up

714
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:46,960
Speaker 1: and it's really pointable, and that's gonna be really helpful.

715
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:49,320
Speaker 1: You know, for example, if we find something that's headed

716
00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:51,759
Speaker 1: towards the Earth and we wanted to like, oh, what

717
00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:53,680
Speaker 1: is this thing, let's get a better tracking on it.

718
00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:57,040
Speaker 1: We could point our best space telescopes at it and

719
00:36:57,120 --> 00:36:59,080
Speaker 1: understand like what is it made out of? How big

720
00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:01,040
Speaker 1: is it? Where is it really going? So that could

721
00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:03,680
Speaker 1: be really valuable. Cool And I guess a quick question,

722
00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:05,480
Speaker 1: how do you point this telescope? Like does it have

723
00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:09,319
Speaker 1: little jets or does it actually move the telescoping like

724
00:37:09,360 --> 00:37:12,040
Speaker 1: a robot arm? Well, each telescope has a different system

725
00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:13,880
Speaker 1: for how to do this. Some of them have little jets,

726
00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:16,920
Speaker 1: and they have gyroscopes of course to keep track. It's

727
00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:19,439
Speaker 1: really complicated. Some of them are more complex than others

728
00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:21,640
Speaker 1: in terms of rotating. But it's important to be able

729
00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:23,400
Speaker 1: to point it in different directions because you want to

730
00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:25,880
Speaker 1: see things in different parts of the sky. Cool. Well,

731
00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:27,879
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this one like the maybe the Black

732
00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:30,600
Speaker 1: Widow of the new slatest superheroes because it's good at

733
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:33,359
Speaker 1: close up fighting and also the long range fighting. Yeah,

734
00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:36,440
Speaker 1: and it's going to be operated by Scarlett Johansson. All right,

735
00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:39,040
Speaker 1: who else is on the slate of new telescopes? So

736
00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:42,359
Speaker 1: the next one is called have X and this one

737
00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:45,839
Speaker 1: is looking for habitable exo planets. So I guess that's

738
00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:48,720
Speaker 1: why it's called have X and this one is really

739
00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:53,279
Speaker 1: dedicated specifically to exoplanet like Louvre is a general purpose one.

740
00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:56,080
Speaker 1: It's also really good at exoplanets, but this one is

741
00:37:56,280 --> 00:37:59,919
Speaker 1: just like only going to do exoplanets. Awesome, that's great.

742
00:38:00,320 --> 00:38:02,840
Speaker 1: Like it it's dedicated and put up there only to

743
00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:05,080
Speaker 1: look for other plants that we could live in, right,

744
00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:08,080
Speaker 1: or maybe the where there could be aliens. Mmm. It's

745
00:38:08,120 --> 00:38:10,239
Speaker 1: gonna do similar signs to what lu War can do,

746
00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:13,360
Speaker 1: but it's very different kind of technology. If you google

747
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:15,840
Speaker 1: a picture this thing, it actually has two parts to it.

748
00:38:15,920 --> 00:38:18,880
Speaker 1: Floating in space. There's the telescope itself, and then in

749
00:38:18,920 --> 00:38:22,000
Speaker 1: front of it there's a star shade. Right, there's like

750
00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:24,880
Speaker 1: a circle in front of it that will block the

751
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:28,160
Speaker 1: light of bright suns near their planets so that you

752
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:30,640
Speaker 1: can make out the planet. WHOA, what do you mean.

753
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:33,359
Speaker 1: It's like literally putting your hand up when you're trying

754
00:38:33,360 --> 00:38:35,160
Speaker 1: to see something up in the sky. Yeah, if you

755
00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:36,960
Speaker 1: want to see an airplane is flying near the sun,

756
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 1: you put your hand up to block the sun. You

757
00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:41,240
Speaker 1: can see the airplane better because your eyes can adjust

758
00:38:41,280 --> 00:38:43,319
Speaker 1: there not being like filled with light from the sun.

759
00:38:43,800 --> 00:38:46,279
Speaker 1: So this has two pieces. The telescope and then this

760
00:38:46,520 --> 00:38:49,960
Speaker 1: big circular shield that's going to float in front of

761
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:52,319
Speaker 1: the telescope to block the light from the star so

762
00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:54,560
Speaker 1: that you can see the thing next to the star.

763
00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:57,920
Speaker 1: But those things are so far away, Like what's the

764
00:38:57,960 --> 00:39:01,000
Speaker 1: idea of having such a big bull you know, shade nearby?

765
00:39:01,160 --> 00:39:02,640
Speaker 1: You know what I mean? Like cann't you just block

766
00:39:02,680 --> 00:39:06,880
Speaker 1: out the sun with your thumb or something. Well, it

767
00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:09,760
Speaker 1: depends on the distance, Right, the closer it is to lens,

768
00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:12,200
Speaker 1: the smaller it can be. You actually want this thing

769
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:15,080
Speaker 1: to be sort of further away from the telescope to

770
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:17,960
Speaker 1: keep any of the light from the star entering the telescope.

771
00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:20,520
Speaker 1: There's two different technologies you can go with. Here what

772
00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:24,040
Speaker 1: it's called a corona graph, where it's inside the telescope

773
00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:25,799
Speaker 1: and it can be just like a tiny little dot

774
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,360
Speaker 1: to block the light from the star. A star shade

775
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:31,200
Speaker 1: is outside the telescope, it's in front of the telescope.

776
00:39:31,280 --> 00:39:33,879
Speaker 1: It's actually better because it blocks the light from entering

777
00:39:33,880 --> 00:39:36,040
Speaker 1: the telescope at all. And with the chronograph, the light

778
00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:38,800
Speaker 1: from that star does enter the telescope and is blocked

779
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:41,680
Speaker 1: partially by the coronograph, but also bounces around a lot,

780
00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:43,840
Speaker 1: and so it's more complicated. And so this is a

781
00:39:43,880 --> 00:39:46,440
Speaker 1: star shape which you can put in front of the telescope,

782
00:39:46,480 --> 00:39:48,160
Speaker 1: and it's kind of beautiful. If you look at pictures

783
00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:50,399
Speaker 1: of this thing, it looks sort of awesome. Yeah, it

784
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:52,880
Speaker 1: looks pretty cool. And I like the name star Shade.

785
00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:55,000
Speaker 1: That should be the the title of your next sci

786
00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:57,520
Speaker 1: fi book. Yeah, it's very cool. And you're right, it's

787
00:39:57,600 --> 00:39:59,880
Speaker 1: very hard to do. I mean, just to put some

788
00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:02,520
Speaker 1: numbers on it, Like an exo planet that you're trying

789
00:40:02,560 --> 00:40:06,000
Speaker 1: to look at is ten billion times dimmer than the

790
00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:08,480
Speaker 1: Sun that's next to it on average, and yet it's

791
00:40:08,480 --> 00:40:11,160
Speaker 1: super duper close to it. Right, These stars are like

792
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:14,960
Speaker 1: a million times smaller than our sun appears to be.

793
00:40:15,440 --> 00:40:18,320
Speaker 1: So you have to be really specific about blocking these things.

794
00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:20,600
Speaker 1: And that's one of the challenges here, Like if you

795
00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:22,920
Speaker 1: want to turn this telescope and look at a new star,

796
00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:24,839
Speaker 1: you have to not just turn the telescope, you also

797
00:40:24,880 --> 00:40:27,319
Speaker 1: have to move the star shade and needs like its

798
00:40:27,320 --> 00:40:29,960
Speaker 1: own fuel and its own jets. Oh wow. So it's

799
00:40:29,960 --> 00:40:33,000
Speaker 1: actually like a separate thing and they're floating together. They're

800
00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:36,080
Speaker 1: not connected at all. They're not connected exactly. So this

801
00:40:36,120 --> 00:40:39,160
Speaker 1: thing is like really hard to steer. The advantage of

802
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:41,440
Speaker 1: having like a corona graph just like a little shield

803
00:40:41,520 --> 00:40:44,360
Speaker 1: inside your telescope is that it's not that complicated. You

804
00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:46,960
Speaker 1: turn the telescope, you're turning the coronograph. If you have

805
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:49,919
Speaker 1: a star shade, it's more effective, but it's also much

806
00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:52,840
Speaker 1: more cumbersome and like turning it as a big pain. Wow,

807
00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:55,759
Speaker 1: you have to like dance together out there in space. Yeah,

808
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:58,120
Speaker 1: it's incredible that they can coordinate that. You know that

809
00:40:58,160 --> 00:41:00,840
Speaker 1: these two things can be like exactly the right relative

810
00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,880
Speaker 1: angles to each other. You can take days or weeks

811
00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:05,680
Speaker 1: to turn this thing. And you said it's going to

812
00:41:05,719 --> 00:41:07,600
Speaker 1: look for exoplanets, Like, how is it going to do

813
00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:11,080
Speaker 1: that better than um, the Black Widow. It's a good question.

814
00:41:11,120 --> 00:41:14,400
Speaker 1: These things will have sort of complementary sensitivity. The truth

815
00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:18,680
Speaker 1: is that these two proposals were developed independently by different communities,

816
00:41:18,960 --> 00:41:21,359
Speaker 1: and now that they decaytal Servey, he said, hey, let's

817
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:23,640
Speaker 1: do both. The two are sort of in touch with

818
00:41:23,680 --> 00:41:26,920
Speaker 1: each other and trying to like tweak their proposals so

819
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:30,279
Speaker 1: they move in slightly different directions so that they're more complementary.

820
00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:33,279
Speaker 1: Right now, they're sort of overlapping The biggest difference is

821
00:41:33,280 --> 00:41:35,040
Speaker 1: that one has a star shade, any other one has

822
00:41:35,040 --> 00:41:37,800
Speaker 1: a coronagraph. But they're gonna work on refining these proposals

823
00:41:37,840 --> 00:41:40,319
Speaker 1: make them fit together better. Yeah, I guess the star

824
00:41:40,360 --> 00:41:43,400
Speaker 1: shade gives it a huge kind of ability to write,

825
00:41:43,480 --> 00:41:46,160
Speaker 1: Like it's probably it's really good at looking the plants

826
00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:48,479
Speaker 1: that are close to their stars exactly. So that's something

827
00:41:48,520 --> 00:41:50,480
Speaker 1: that Louve War can't do. So you really do want

828
00:41:50,480 --> 00:41:52,839
Speaker 1: to have both technologies. I mean, I'm just gonna say

829
00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:57,680
Speaker 1: yes to everything. Anyway. You want to tell ask code

830
00:41:57,719 --> 00:42:01,680
Speaker 1: for every point two meter of of wavelength right exactly,

831
00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:03,600
Speaker 1: and so this thing will be greatly be like a

832
00:42:03,719 --> 00:42:07,960
Speaker 1: thousand times better than Hubble at studying distant planets and

833
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:11,319
Speaker 1: their atmospheres. Wow, a thousand times that's awesome. So I'm

834
00:42:11,360 --> 00:42:14,520
Speaker 1: going to call this one the Captain Marvel of the

835
00:42:14,560 --> 00:42:18,400
Speaker 1: New Slate of Superheroes, because you know she's she kind

836
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:21,719
Speaker 1: of has a star logo on her chest. Well, let's

837
00:42:21,719 --> 00:42:23,640
Speaker 1: talk about the last two of the New Slate of

838
00:42:23,719 --> 00:42:25,920
Speaker 1: space telescopes that are going up there to tell us

839
00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:28,600
Speaker 1: more about the universe. But first let's take another quick break.

840
00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:45,120
Speaker 1: All right, we're talking about space Superheroes sort of released

841
00:42:45,239 --> 00:42:50,160
Speaker 1: a new new giant space mechanical eyeballs, as Daniel calls

842
00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:53,680
Speaker 1: the space science Heroes, Yeah, we're sending a whole new

843
00:42:53,840 --> 00:42:56,520
Speaker 1: slate of space telescopes out there to look at the

844
00:42:56,840 --> 00:43:00,000
Speaker 1: stars and the planets and all the crazy things happening

845
00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:02,239
Speaker 1: in the universe. And so we talked about two of them.

846
00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:04,799
Speaker 1: Of these new ones, what are the other two? So

847
00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:07,719
Speaker 1: the next one is called LYNX, L Y and X

848
00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:10,400
Speaker 1: like the Cat, this one has an ex indent because

849
00:43:10,440 --> 00:43:12,759
Speaker 1: it's going to be a special X ray telescope. And

850
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:17,480
Speaker 1: it's also named after Galleos Scientific Society Academia de Lynch,

851
00:43:17,920 --> 00:43:20,680
Speaker 1: which is an academy of the Lynx, And so I

852
00:43:20,680 --> 00:43:22,840
Speaker 1: think that's pretty cool. And this one sort of looks

853
00:43:23,120 --> 00:43:25,719
Speaker 1: like a telescope in the sense that it's like a tube, right,

854
00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:28,680
Speaker 1: it looks like a tube with two giant ears kind

855
00:43:28,680 --> 00:43:31,440
Speaker 1: of which are this some panels? Right? Yeah, it's got

856
00:43:31,480 --> 00:43:34,000
Speaker 1: solar panels to power it. But because this one is

857
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,680
Speaker 1: an X ray telescope, it doesn't have optics inside of it.

858
00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:41,759
Speaker 1: It has thousands of very thin, highly polished segments of

859
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:46,160
Speaker 1: almost pure silicon. They're stacked really tightly like concentric shells,

860
00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:48,840
Speaker 1: and so when an X ray photon comes in, they

861
00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:51,799
Speaker 1: will like bounce off at a very slight angle, an

862
00:43:51,920 --> 00:43:53,640
Speaker 1: X ray it hits a piece of optics directly, will

863
00:43:53,680 --> 00:43:55,719
Speaker 1: just pass right through. If it hits at a very

864
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:58,799
Speaker 1: high angle, it'll bounce off and like reflect in the

865
00:43:58,840 --> 00:44:02,040
Speaker 1: opposite direction. So these concentric shells will each like give

866
00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:04,239
Speaker 1: it a little bit of bending and then it will

867
00:44:04,280 --> 00:44:06,200
Speaker 1: focus the light down on the detector at the end

868
00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:08,320
Speaker 1: of it, right, And then how does the detector detect

869
00:44:08,320 --> 00:44:10,600
Speaker 1: an X ray? Like don't they go through stuff? Is

870
00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:12,759
Speaker 1: it a special metal or X rays go through a

871
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:14,840
Speaker 1: lot of stuff, but they don't go through everything. The

872
00:44:14,880 --> 00:44:16,960
Speaker 1: reason that you can make a picture using X rays,

873
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:18,840
Speaker 1: for example, is that you have an X ray camera

874
00:44:18,960 --> 00:44:21,239
Speaker 1: at the back of it that can detect those X rays. Right,

875
00:44:21,239 --> 00:44:24,000
Speaker 1: the X rays that pass through your body hit the camera,

876
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:26,440
Speaker 1: and so you can detect X rays. Is a variety

877
00:44:26,440 --> 00:44:28,880
Speaker 1: of technologies, but for example, when X rays hit a

878
00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:32,520
Speaker 1: piece of semiconductor, for example, they can like dislodge electrons

879
00:44:32,560 --> 00:44:34,200
Speaker 1: and then you can pick those up as a current

880
00:44:34,320 --> 00:44:35,840
Speaker 1: sort of in the same way that like a digital

881
00:44:35,840 --> 00:44:37,920
Speaker 1: camera works. And what is this one going to be

882
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:40,440
Speaker 1: looking for So this one is an X ray telescope,

883
00:44:40,440 --> 00:44:43,720
Speaker 1: and it's a lot like Chandra. It's basically super Chandra.

884
00:44:43,840 --> 00:44:46,160
Speaker 1: Like everything that went well for Chandra, they just did

885
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:49,160
Speaker 1: it again and better. So you know, it's bigger and

886
00:44:49,160 --> 00:44:52,399
Speaker 1: has more sense detectors, is going to get more light.

887
00:44:52,480 --> 00:44:54,759
Speaker 1: And this one, because they can see X rays, can

888
00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:57,400
Speaker 1: do things that other telescopes can't. For example, they can

889
00:44:57,400 --> 00:45:01,000
Speaker 1: see the formation of black holes. X rays come when

890
00:45:01,040 --> 00:45:04,279
Speaker 1: things are really really hot, and when black holes are

891
00:45:04,320 --> 00:45:06,239
Speaker 1: forming in the vicinity of them, it's a lot of

892
00:45:06,280 --> 00:45:09,360
Speaker 1: tidal forces that are like grinding the gas together in

893
00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:11,680
Speaker 1: the gas in the dust, they get really hot and

894
00:45:11,680 --> 00:45:14,359
Speaker 1: it makes X rays. So they hope that like we

895
00:45:14,360 --> 00:45:18,600
Speaker 1: can try to see ancient supermassive black holes being born

896
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:21,120
Speaker 1: by looking at the X rays from their birth. They're

897
00:45:21,120 --> 00:45:24,440
Speaker 1: not being born from supernova, are they, Because these are supermassive.

898
00:45:24,520 --> 00:45:27,040
Speaker 1: These are super massive black holes in the hearts of galaxies,

899
00:45:27,360 --> 00:45:29,439
Speaker 1: and if you look back in time you can see

900
00:45:29,520 --> 00:45:32,279
Speaker 1: maybe when they were born, like billions of years ago.

901
00:45:32,760 --> 00:45:34,880
Speaker 1: And so we want to pick up faint X rays

902
00:45:35,160 --> 00:45:37,960
Speaker 1: from the centers of those distant galaxies to give us

903
00:45:37,960 --> 00:45:40,439
Speaker 1: the clues to like what was the environment in which

904
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:43,919
Speaker 1: these supermassive black holes were formed. Because remember, we still

905
00:45:43,920 --> 00:45:46,680
Speaker 1: don't understand how did those black holes get so big

906
00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:49,520
Speaker 1: so fast. We see a lot of really really massive

907
00:45:49,520 --> 00:45:52,759
Speaker 1: black holes in the hearts of distant galaxies. In our simulations,

908
00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:55,319
Speaker 1: we can't make them that big that fast, so we'd

909
00:45:55,320 --> 00:45:58,120
Speaker 1: really like to watch them form to understand what's going on.

910
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:01,920
Speaker 1: It's pretty wild. It's the birth of black holes. It's

911
00:46:01,920 --> 00:46:04,040
Speaker 1: amazing because I guess in the university, if you want

912
00:46:04,040 --> 00:46:05,759
Speaker 1: to look back in time, you just gotta kind of

913
00:46:05,840 --> 00:46:07,560
Speaker 1: look further out. And that's why you have to look

914
00:46:07,560 --> 00:46:10,080
Speaker 1: at fainter stuff, because it's really far away, and so

915
00:46:10,160 --> 00:46:12,959
Speaker 1: these things are really faint and harder to observe, which

916
00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:16,080
Speaker 1: is why you need bigger, more sensitive telescopes than we

917
00:46:16,120 --> 00:46:18,839
Speaker 1: have before. Cool, what else is it looking for. It's

918
00:46:18,880 --> 00:46:22,120
Speaker 1: also going to see things like star mergers. So neutron

919
00:46:22,200 --> 00:46:24,920
Speaker 1: stars when they smash into each other, they make all

920
00:46:24,960 --> 00:46:27,840
Speaker 1: sorts of great stuff like gold and platinum and uranium

921
00:46:27,840 --> 00:46:31,080
Speaker 1: and all the heavy metals. And just before that happens,

922
00:46:31,120 --> 00:46:33,200
Speaker 1: just before they slam into each other, they generate a

923
00:46:33,239 --> 00:46:36,360
Speaker 1: lot of X rays because they're accelerating really really fast.

924
00:46:36,920 --> 00:46:39,160
Speaker 1: And so we hope by looking at those X rays

925
00:46:39,160 --> 00:46:41,400
Speaker 1: to understand a little bit better what's going on in

926
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:44,040
Speaker 1: those neutron star mergers. You know, we don't understand what's

927
00:46:44,040 --> 00:46:47,120
Speaker 1: inside neutron stars. We can try to study those using

928
00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:50,320
Speaker 1: X rays from hotspots on their surface, but then seeing

929
00:46:50,360 --> 00:46:52,319
Speaker 1: them merge together and seeing the X rays that come

930
00:46:52,360 --> 00:46:54,600
Speaker 1: out is a great way to understand, like, what's going

931
00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:57,680
Speaker 1: on inside these neutron stars? How did they actually merge

932
00:46:57,760 --> 00:47:00,279
Speaker 1: into a new object? And a lot of them nation

933
00:47:00,360 --> 00:47:03,080
Speaker 1: comes only in the X ray cool Well, I guess

934
00:47:03,120 --> 00:47:06,200
Speaker 1: the question is like do these talescopes have to know

935
00:47:06,280 --> 00:47:08,160
Speaker 1: what they're looking for or can they just kind of

936
00:47:08,160 --> 00:47:11,279
Speaker 1: look out into space, you know, get a scene of

937
00:47:11,320 --> 00:47:14,040
Speaker 1: all these stars and galaxies and potential things happening, and

938
00:47:14,080 --> 00:47:17,000
Speaker 1: then like, oh, here's a black hole being born, or

939
00:47:17,239 --> 00:47:20,400
Speaker 1: here are two neutron stars being merged together. Or do

940
00:47:20,480 --> 00:47:22,719
Speaker 1: we need to like point them directly at these things.

941
00:47:23,280 --> 00:47:25,480
Speaker 1: That's a great question. I love that, and it's a

942
00:47:25,520 --> 00:47:28,200
Speaker 1: bit of a challenge because on one hand, you have

943
00:47:28,320 --> 00:47:30,160
Speaker 1: questions you want to answer, so you want to point

944
00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:32,760
Speaker 1: this heal scope at specific places to answer those questions.

945
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:35,160
Speaker 1: You know, we know something is happening here. Go look.

946
00:47:35,520 --> 00:47:37,400
Speaker 1: On the other hand, you want to be open to

947
00:47:37,560 --> 00:47:39,640
Speaker 1: new discoveries, so you want to spend some of the

948
00:47:39,680 --> 00:47:42,840
Speaker 1: time just looking around. And some of these discoveries historically

949
00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:45,720
Speaker 1: have come from those moments, like the Hubble Deep Field,

950
00:47:45,960 --> 00:47:48,440
Speaker 1: when they just pointed the hubble deep into space and

951
00:47:48,560 --> 00:47:50,640
Speaker 1: left it there for a while to see like what

952
00:47:50,760 --> 00:47:53,920
Speaker 1: the most distant galaxies were. That came from the discretionary

953
00:47:53,960 --> 00:47:57,040
Speaker 1: time from NASA administrators who just like had a little

954
00:47:57,040 --> 00:47:58,880
Speaker 1: bit of time they got to devote the hubble and

955
00:47:58,880 --> 00:48:01,120
Speaker 1: they're like, you know what, just pointed in one spot

956
00:48:01,120 --> 00:48:03,799
Speaker 1: in the sky for a while and see what comes out.

957
00:48:04,480 --> 00:48:06,960
Speaker 1: So sometimes those are the best discoveries of things that

958
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:09,799
Speaker 1: you don't expect. But everybody's going to be competing for

959
00:48:09,840 --> 00:48:11,879
Speaker 1: time in these telescopes. You have to bounce those things

960
00:48:11,920 --> 00:48:13,839
Speaker 1: a little bit. Yeah, that's kind of how it works, right,

961
00:48:13,880 --> 00:48:15,440
Speaker 1: Like you have to as a scientist. If you want

962
00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:17,760
Speaker 1: to look through this telescope, you have to like apply

963
00:48:17,840 --> 00:48:19,680
Speaker 1: for it, and you get like a certain night of

964
00:48:19,719 --> 00:48:21,759
Speaker 1: the year or something, and then you have to be

965
00:48:21,840 --> 00:48:25,080
Speaker 1: there to like monitor it, right. You know, with these

966
00:48:25,120 --> 00:48:27,520
Speaker 1: space telescopes, you don't actually have to go out there.

967
00:48:27,640 --> 00:48:29,680
Speaker 1: But you do have to apply for time, and there's

968
00:48:29,760 --> 00:48:32,279
Speaker 1: limited time and lots more people with good ideas than

969
00:48:32,280 --> 00:48:34,920
Speaker 1: there is time on these telescopes, and so you have

970
00:48:34,960 --> 00:48:36,600
Speaker 1: to compete for it. You wanted to point at your

971
00:48:36,680 --> 00:48:38,400
Speaker 1: star or your spot in the sky, you have to

972
00:48:38,440 --> 00:48:41,719
Speaker 1: convince people that's a good use of this very expensive

973
00:48:41,719 --> 00:48:45,640
Speaker 1: Eyeball right, clearly we need more more superhero Yes, exactly,

974
00:48:46,160 --> 00:48:50,080
Speaker 1: you need more, one for every scientist. Sure, let's do it.

975
00:48:51,920 --> 00:48:54,560
Speaker 1: Ela Muska, we're waiting for you. I think with what

976
00:48:54,640 --> 00:48:56,680
Speaker 1: he paid for twitters share of Twitter, and they could

977
00:48:56,680 --> 00:48:59,520
Speaker 1: have bought a new telescope for everyone, Space Twitter. You

978
00:48:59,520 --> 00:49:02,160
Speaker 1: should have been space Twitter. There you go. All right, Well,

979
00:49:02,200 --> 00:49:04,640
Speaker 1: what's the last of this new slate of telescopes? I mean,

980
00:49:04,680 --> 00:49:07,279
Speaker 1: I give the last one the name Lady Thor And

981
00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:09,640
Speaker 1: this one, I'm going to guess it's discard at which

982
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:12,479
Speaker 1: so this one is called Origins. And this one's also

983
00:49:12,520 --> 00:49:16,080
Speaker 1: an infrared telescope, but unlike James Webb, this one's in

984
00:49:16,120 --> 00:49:20,080
Speaker 1: the far infrared. It's like looking at even longer wavelength

985
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:22,719
Speaker 1: than James Webb can do. And they call it origins

986
00:49:22,840 --> 00:49:25,840
Speaker 1: because things that are really really far away, like the

987
00:49:25,920 --> 00:49:29,040
Speaker 1: very early parts of the universe. That stuff is really

988
00:49:29,080 --> 00:49:31,600
Speaker 1: really red shifted, and so you have to study it

989
00:49:31,680 --> 00:49:34,720
Speaker 1: in the infrared, right. It's it's like it it didn't

990
00:49:34,760 --> 00:49:38,120
Speaker 1: start out as infrared or or super long infrareded but

991
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:41,160
Speaker 1: because the universe is expanding, it's like literally stretching the

992
00:49:41,239 --> 00:49:44,839
Speaker 1: light into those frequencies, right exactly, So everything that came

993
00:49:44,840 --> 00:49:47,759
Speaker 1: from a long time ago is now red shifted, and

994
00:49:47,920 --> 00:49:50,160
Speaker 1: it used to be visible, but now it's red shifted.

995
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:53,279
Speaker 1: Like even the cosmic microwave background radiation. People say it's

996
00:49:53,280 --> 00:49:55,839
Speaker 1: the two point seven degrees kelvin. That means that it's

997
00:49:55,960 --> 00:49:58,480
Speaker 1: current wavelength is the same as if you had a

998
00:49:58,520 --> 00:50:01,200
Speaker 1: gas at that temperature in eating light. But the gas

999
00:50:01,239 --> 00:50:03,239
Speaker 1: was actually really really hot when it admitted it was

1000
00:50:03,320 --> 00:50:06,920
Speaker 1: thousands of degrees kelvin. So the cosmic microwave background radiation

1001
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:09,160
Speaker 1: used to be in the X rays or gamma rays,

1002
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:11,480
Speaker 1: and now it's gotten red shifted all the way down

1003
00:50:11,640 --> 00:50:15,000
Speaker 1: to the far infrared right right, it's not just because

1004
00:50:15,200 --> 00:50:17,719
Speaker 1: it's moving away from us kind of, it's because the

1005
00:50:17,800 --> 00:50:21,040
Speaker 1: universe is expanding, right, Although there is some new ones

1006
00:50:21,120 --> 00:50:24,400
Speaker 1: there in gr about what you mean about relative velocities

1007
00:50:24,440 --> 00:50:27,680
Speaker 1: and is its space expanding or is relative velocities Is

1008
00:50:27,680 --> 00:50:30,319
Speaker 1: there actually a difference. Have a whole conversation about that

1009
00:50:30,320 --> 00:50:32,200
Speaker 1: a couple of weeks ago in the podcast. It's a

1010
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:34,400
Speaker 1: complicated topic, but this one is going to study some

1011
00:50:34,520 --> 00:50:37,600
Speaker 1: really cool stuff like the very very early universe. We

1012
00:50:37,680 --> 00:50:40,400
Speaker 1: talked once about the dark Ages of the universe. What

1013
00:50:40,480 --> 00:50:43,080
Speaker 1: happened just after the CNB was emitted, that you had

1014
00:50:43,120 --> 00:50:46,680
Speaker 1: these clouds of hydrogen gas. The universe became neutral and

1015
00:50:46,719 --> 00:50:49,040
Speaker 1: it was dark, nothing was emitting light. There weren't any

1016
00:50:49,120 --> 00:50:52,080
Speaker 1: stars yet, and then slowly star started to form because

1017
00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:55,239
Speaker 1: of gravity, and then you got light created in these

1018
00:50:55,239 --> 00:50:58,000
Speaker 1: pockets of gas, and so the dark ages ended. And

1019
00:50:58,000 --> 00:50:59,640
Speaker 1: so that's what they're going to study. They're gonna try

1020
00:50:59,640 --> 00:51:02,880
Speaker 1: to see the first light from these stars. WHOA, and

1021
00:51:02,920 --> 00:51:05,040
Speaker 1: I guess you you would see this dark age kind

1022
00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:07,160
Speaker 1: of as you look out right, like as you look

1023
00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:11,040
Speaker 1: back in time. By looking further out, you would see

1024
00:51:11,040 --> 00:51:13,319
Speaker 1: this kind of dip in activity exactly. And we can

1025
00:51:13,320 --> 00:51:15,720
Speaker 1: see that right because we can see past the dark Ages.

1026
00:51:15,760 --> 00:51:17,480
Speaker 1: We can see all the way back to the CNB,

1027
00:51:17,960 --> 00:51:20,880
Speaker 1: the last light emitted when the universe was still hot

1028
00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:24,800
Speaker 1: and electrically charged. And then it got dark because everything

1029
00:51:24,840 --> 00:51:27,600
Speaker 1: was neutral. There's just clouds of hydrogen. And then lights

1030
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:30,160
Speaker 1: started to emerge again as stars formed, and we'd like

1031
00:51:30,239 --> 00:51:32,799
Speaker 1: to understand exactly how that happened, because you know, the

1032
00:51:32,840 --> 00:51:35,520
Speaker 1: first stars were born in clouds of hydrogen, so they

1033
00:51:35,520 --> 00:51:38,040
Speaker 1: couldn't just like shoot their light across the universe the

1034
00:51:38,040 --> 00:51:40,680
Speaker 1: way the Sun does. You have to reionize that hydrogen.

1035
00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:43,200
Speaker 1: And so that's what they'd like to understand, that process

1036
00:51:43,239 --> 00:51:45,560
Speaker 1: of breaking down those clouds of hydrogen to make the

1037
00:51:45,640 --> 00:51:49,200
Speaker 1: universe transparent again. So it's looking into dark stuff, just

1038
00:51:49,280 --> 00:51:52,040
Speaker 1: like the scart which and so I talked to Professor

1039
00:51:52,160 --> 00:51:54,839
Speaker 1: Kate Sue at the University of Arizona and asked her

1040
00:51:54,840 --> 00:51:58,360
Speaker 1: what she was excited about for the Origins space telescope.

1041
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:01,279
Speaker 1: So here's Dr Sue talking about Deep Origins telescope. So

1042
00:52:01,360 --> 00:52:06,120
Speaker 1: for me, it's really about how planetform plane information. And

1043
00:52:06,320 --> 00:52:10,359
Speaker 1: I studied a second spell at this so basically planetaries.

1044
00:52:10,600 --> 00:52:14,200
Speaker 1: When I call uh planetary system or solar system, I

1045
00:52:14,320 --> 00:52:17,520
Speaker 1: think about three different things. One is the star. You

1046
00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:19,840
Speaker 1: have to have a star a sound right as the

1047
00:52:19,920 --> 00:52:22,600
Speaker 1: heating source. And you have to have planet because it

1048
00:52:22,760 --> 00:52:25,640
Speaker 1: is a planetary system. So you have giant planet, there

1049
00:52:25,760 --> 00:52:29,120
Speaker 1: is your planet ice giant. And the third thing is

1050
00:52:29,239 --> 00:52:34,360
Speaker 1: what I call debris uh minor body astroid comment although saying,

1051
00:52:34,920 --> 00:52:39,439
Speaker 1: and it's very hard to study the planet around other star,

1052
00:52:39,920 --> 00:52:43,120
Speaker 1: but it's much easier to study debris around other store

1053
00:52:43,200 --> 00:52:47,400
Speaker 1: because they provide much bigger surface area, so it's perfect

1054
00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:50,200
Speaker 1: to use infrared light to study those kind of the

1055
00:52:50,239 --> 00:52:53,560
Speaker 1: same um So so to me is to resolve the

1056
00:52:54,080 --> 00:52:59,880
Speaker 1: debris structure around other star, and you can use the

1057
00:53:00,120 --> 00:53:04,680
Speaker 1: structure to actually trying to pink down where depending might

1058
00:53:04,719 --> 00:53:08,600
Speaker 1: be because the structure like Astra Belle have a gap,

1059
00:53:08,680 --> 00:53:12,640
Speaker 1: their distribution have gaps. All those gas influenced by Jupiter

1060
00:53:13,120 --> 00:53:16,680
Speaker 1: because there's a Jupiter nearby the creating area that is

1061
00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:20,200
Speaker 1: cha audit, so the smaller body is not stable in

1062
00:53:20,239 --> 00:53:24,840
Speaker 1: those bridges, so you will see structure. So resolving similar

1063
00:53:24,880 --> 00:53:28,400
Speaker 1: structure around other stuff and that would be you know,

1064
00:53:29,120 --> 00:53:31,560
Speaker 1: to me, that would be the most important, saying. That's

1065
00:53:31,560 --> 00:53:35,200
Speaker 1: where origin has the advantage because it's going to be big.

1066
00:53:35,360 --> 00:53:39,920
Speaker 1: Depending on what version we can build six m or

1067
00:53:40,239 --> 00:53:43,560
Speaker 1: nine meter, the resourceing will be much much better than

1068
00:53:44,080 --> 00:53:46,480
Speaker 1: what we have in the past. All right, pretty cool,

1069
00:53:46,480 --> 00:53:47,759
Speaker 1: It's pretty cool. You got to talk to a lot

1070
00:53:47,760 --> 00:53:50,080
Speaker 1: of these scientists. Yeah. You know, the cool thing about

1071
00:53:50,120 --> 00:53:52,640
Speaker 1: academics is you can just cold email them and say, hey,

1072
00:53:52,680 --> 00:53:55,080
Speaker 1: I'm excited about Drew Burke. Tell me more about it.

1073
00:53:55,120 --> 00:53:57,160
Speaker 1: And because they've devoted their life to it, they like

1074
00:53:57,280 --> 00:53:59,880
Speaker 1: hearing that people are excited about it. So it's not

1075
00:54:00,040 --> 00:54:02,120
Speaker 1: that hard to get them to talk. Well, they definitely

1076
00:54:02,160 --> 00:54:04,839
Speaker 1: sound excited and it is pretty exciting, right, I mean,

1077
00:54:05,120 --> 00:54:07,560
Speaker 1: when are these telescopes going to be flying up there

1078
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:10,120
Speaker 1: in space. Well, we're not sure, but they're proposed to

1079
00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:15,480
Speaker 1: launch in the mid twenties. Like this kind of stuff,

1080
00:54:15,480 --> 00:54:18,359
Speaker 1: it takes that long to plan these things, to build them,

1081
00:54:18,520 --> 00:54:21,360
Speaker 1: to get them up there into space. So we hope

1082
00:54:21,440 --> 00:54:23,680
Speaker 1: that sometime in the middle of the next decade we'll

1083
00:54:23,719 --> 00:54:26,880
Speaker 1: have this new sequence of great observatories launching out in

1084
00:54:26,920 --> 00:54:29,680
Speaker 1: the space and giving us these new eyeballs. Yeah, it

1085
00:54:29,719 --> 00:54:32,200
Speaker 1: sounds like a long time for now, but the time flies,

1086
00:54:32,239 --> 00:54:34,080
Speaker 1: you know. The next thing, you know, they'll be launching

1087
00:54:34,080 --> 00:54:36,800
Speaker 1: this thing and you'll see it in the news exactly

1088
00:54:36,800 --> 00:54:40,439
Speaker 1: and we'll be covering its new discoveries. On season twenty four,

1089
00:54:40,640 --> 00:54:45,960
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain the universe still going will be

1090
00:54:45,960 --> 00:54:48,640
Speaker 1: in our sixties, Daniel wille I'll be red shifted down

1091
00:54:48,680 --> 00:54:52,680
Speaker 1: in my fifties. That's right. Your waistline will be red

1092
00:54:52,680 --> 00:54:58,879
Speaker 1: shifted to immeasurable length. I'm counting on length contraction. That's

1093
00:54:58,880 --> 00:55:01,520
Speaker 1: why I keep moving fast. Although I here will probably

1094
00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:06,120
Speaker 1: be a lot whider exactly. We'll be great shifted, all right, Well,

1095
00:55:06,160 --> 00:55:09,480
Speaker 1: I guess pretty exciting stuff. Stay tuned, um, because pretty

1096
00:55:09,520 --> 00:55:11,759
Speaker 1: soon before you know it, we'll have all these new

1097
00:55:11,880 --> 00:55:14,879
Speaker 1: eyeballs looking out into the universe telling us what's out

1098
00:55:14,880 --> 00:55:17,600
Speaker 1: there and giving us a lot more details, sometimes a

1099
00:55:17,640 --> 00:55:20,560
Speaker 1: thousand times more detailed than we previously have been able

1100
00:55:20,600 --> 00:55:22,759
Speaker 1: to look at the universe exactly. And something I find

1101
00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:24,800
Speaker 1: really inspirational is that a lot of the folks working

1102
00:55:24,800 --> 00:55:27,440
Speaker 1: on these projects will never use it, like they will

1103
00:55:27,480 --> 00:55:30,400
Speaker 1: probably retire before these things are up there in space.

1104
00:55:30,680 --> 00:55:33,760
Speaker 1: So they're building these things for you, for the next

1105
00:55:33,840 --> 00:55:37,800
Speaker 1: generation of astronomers, for folks out there who are ten, twelve, fifteen,

1106
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:40,719
Speaker 1: who are listening now, who will be professional astronomers in

1107
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:44,400
Speaker 1: fifteen years. You will see data from the ancient universe

1108
00:55:44,480 --> 00:55:47,600
Speaker 1: because these folks have built this telescope. And when I

1109
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:49,560
Speaker 1: talk to them. They were all inspired by the fact

1110
00:55:49,560 --> 00:55:52,200
Speaker 1: that people before them build hubble and never got to

1111
00:55:52,320 --> 00:55:54,360
Speaker 1: use it, and they got to do science with it.

1112
00:55:54,440 --> 00:55:57,160
Speaker 1: Astronomy is just like passing of the bucket from generation

1113
00:55:57,239 --> 00:56:01,239
Speaker 1: to generation, where they build the device for the next generation. Wow,

1114
00:56:01,280 --> 00:56:04,080
Speaker 1: that's pretty awesome. So I guess those of you listening,

1115
00:56:04,080 --> 00:56:06,880
Speaker 1: you have fifteen years to finish your PhD in physics.

1116
00:56:06,920 --> 00:56:09,640
Speaker 1: Do you think there will be enough? Maybe they'll make

1117
00:56:09,640 --> 00:56:12,000
Speaker 1: it just just in time. We better stop listening to

1118
00:56:12,080 --> 00:56:15,760
Speaker 1: podcast and get studied. No, no, keep listening, keep listening

1119
00:56:15,960 --> 00:56:20,360
Speaker 1: on discourage her listeners. Daniel, this could be part of

1120
00:56:20,400 --> 00:56:23,200
Speaker 1: your thesis, right, that's right, yeah, exactly, listening to this

1121
00:56:23,280 --> 00:56:26,560
Speaker 1: podcast is a crucial part of your preparation. That's right.

1122
00:56:26,800 --> 00:56:30,000
Speaker 1: In fact, if you listen to all three episodes so far,

1123
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:34,280
Speaker 1: and Daniel will give you a PhD in podcast listening exactly.

1124
00:56:34,280 --> 00:56:36,560
Speaker 1: It's not accredited, it doesn't count for anything, but sure

1125
00:56:36,880 --> 00:56:41,120
Speaker 1: you'll get a PhD in podcast science. Al Right, Well,

1126
00:56:41,160 --> 00:56:43,680
Speaker 1: it's exciting to know we'll be learning more about the universe.

1127
00:56:44,160 --> 00:56:47,399
Speaker 1: We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See

1128
00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:57,640
Speaker 1: you next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

1129
00:56:57,640 --> 00:57:00,680
Speaker 1: and Jorge explain the Universe is a production I Heart

1130
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:03,960
Speaker 1: Radio or more podcast from my heart Radio. Visit the

1131
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:07,760
Speaker 1: i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

1132
00:57:07,840 --> 00:57:10,880
Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. H