1 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:07,160 Speaker 1: Get in test with technology with text stuff from how 2 00:00:07,240 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. Hey the everyone, and welcome to 3 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:17,000 Speaker 1: tech Stuff. I'm Jonathan Strickland and I'm Lauren Bolkum. And 4 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:20,439 Speaker 1: today we're going to respond to a listener request. This 5 00:00:20,560 --> 00:00:24,680 Speaker 1: comes to us from Daniels via Facebook. Yes, he said, Hi, guys, 6 00:00:24,760 --> 00:00:27,560 Speaker 1: I've just listened to your episodes about Tesla. I wonder 7 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 1: how would fully electric cars like Tesla compete with hydrogen 8 00:00:31,440 --> 00:00:35,360 Speaker 1: based cars like becoming Toyota model which is cheaper. Tesla 9 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: is the only successful fully electric car so far. Isn't 10 00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:41,000 Speaker 1: this a sign that this is not the right direction 11 00:00:41,040 --> 00:00:43,800 Speaker 1: for Toyota to bet on hydrogen? It would be nice 12 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:46,200 Speaker 1: at at some point you could cover the hydrogen car 13 00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:48,840 Speaker 1: and compare them with the electric ones. So we're gonna 14 00:00:48,920 --> 00:00:51,120 Speaker 1: do that, but we're gonna go even further. We're going 15 00:00:51,200 --> 00:00:55,040 Speaker 1: to describe everything about hydrogen and how it's being used 16 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:58,600 Speaker 1: in multiple ways. Yeah, because hydrogen is a really simple 17 00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 1: element with a huge amount of potential. Simplest element in 18 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:06,039 Speaker 1: the universe. One proton, one electron, That is it. Get 19 00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:08,440 Speaker 1: yourself a proton, get yourself electron, and let them make friends. 20 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:12,280 Speaker 1: You've got hydrogen. So it's also the most abundant element 21 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:15,679 Speaker 1: in the universe. It's it's everywhere. This is the stuff 22 00:01:16,240 --> 00:01:19,320 Speaker 1: that the Sun fuses into helium at a temperature of 23 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:22,680 Speaker 1: millions of degrees. Yeah, we had to put that in there. 24 00:01:23,560 --> 00:01:27,039 Speaker 1: Uh yeah, So so it's technically fueling well everything, I 25 00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:29,600 Speaker 1: suppose once you've got it working in the sun. Yeah. Yeah, 26 00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: pretty much everything on Earth life as we know it 27 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:39,000 Speaker 1: exists because of hydrogen being built into helium in the sun. 28 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,040 Speaker 1: There are some exceptions, like you could look at some 29 00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:46,000 Speaker 1: extreme of files in Earth where they're living off chemicals 30 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:49,480 Speaker 1: that are being produced by uh, the gases and things 31 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:52,960 Speaker 1: being released in deep undersea fissures. But most of life, 32 00:01:53,240 --> 00:01:55,800 Speaker 1: the vast majority of it, depends at least in some 33 00:01:55,880 --> 00:02:00,400 Speaker 1: part on light yes, and hydrogen. Although we have only 34 00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:03,720 Speaker 1: known about its existence as an element for a relatively 35 00:02:03,720 --> 00:02:09,640 Speaker 1: short period of time, has has been kind of theorized about. 36 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:12,080 Speaker 1: There's been people who have worked with what they called like, 37 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:15,680 Speaker 1: they had various words for it, inflammable air being a 38 00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: popular one, because they realized, hey, there's this stuff that 39 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:21,799 Speaker 1: when you do things to other things happens, and then 40 00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:23,960 Speaker 1: if you put a fire near it, it blows up 41 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:28,640 Speaker 1: right inflammable mean inflammable meaning inflammable, Yes, exactly able to 42 00:02:28,680 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 1: be set fire to. Right, And in this case, it's 43 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,760 Speaker 1: not just that it burns, it's exclusive. So the word 44 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:38,480 Speaker 1: hydrogen is actually combination of two words from Greek hydro 45 00:02:38,680 --> 00:02:43,800 Speaker 1: and genus, which together mean water forming. And once you 46 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:46,480 Speaker 1: know about hydrogen and you know what water is, it's 47 00:02:46,760 --> 00:02:49,919 Speaker 1: H two O makes perfect sense. You gotta have hydrogen 48 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:51,480 Speaker 1: or you don't have water. Of course, if you don't 49 00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:54,960 Speaker 1: have oxygen, you still don't have water. And while this 50 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: hydrogen stuff is everywhere, I mean, it's the most abundant 51 00:02:58,200 --> 00:03:02,880 Speaker 1: element in the universe, it isn't often found on it's lonesome. 52 00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:06,280 Speaker 1: That's because it makes friends really easily. Yeah, it's it's 53 00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:09,480 Speaker 1: kind of like the opposite of me. It actually gets 54 00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:12,960 Speaker 1: real buddy buddy really fast, and and and the buddies 55 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,280 Speaker 1: like it. So I got half that equation. But anyway, 56 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:19,919 Speaker 1: hydrogen forms compounds readily, right, You get compounds and all 57 00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:22,560 Speaker 1: sorts of stuff. You got water being a big example. 58 00:03:22,639 --> 00:03:25,880 Speaker 1: At hydrogen bonds with oxygen. You have water, you have 59 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:30,040 Speaker 1: lots of hydrocarbons, you've got um. You even have occlusion, 60 00:03:30,120 --> 00:03:34,800 Speaker 1: which is molecular condensation inside igneous rocks. The point is 61 00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: is that it's bound up with other stuff. It's not 62 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,680 Speaker 1: just out there on its own. So if we want 63 00:03:40,720 --> 00:03:44,880 Speaker 1: to harvest hydrogen to use as fuel, you gotta think 64 00:03:44,920 --> 00:03:46,920 Speaker 1: a little outside the box. You can't just go to 65 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:50,040 Speaker 1: the hydrogen store by it. Yeah, it doesn't grow on 66 00:03:50,040 --> 00:03:52,080 Speaker 1: any hydrogen trees. Now you have to you have to 67 00:03:52,160 --> 00:03:54,640 Speaker 1: do something to something else generally in order to get 68 00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:57,000 Speaker 1: some of it exactly, which means you've got to expend 69 00:03:57,160 --> 00:03:59,440 Speaker 1: energy in order to get this fuel. And that's one 70 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:02,880 Speaker 1: of the things that's really important about any sort of fuel. 71 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:05,120 Speaker 1: It's not just hydrogen. We're talking about any kind of 72 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:07,880 Speaker 1: fuel where you're planning on getting energy out. If it 73 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:11,600 Speaker 1: requires you to put more energy into it to get 74 00:04:11,640 --> 00:04:14,360 Speaker 1: the fuel, then you're getting as a benefit of the fuel. 75 00:04:14,560 --> 00:04:18,000 Speaker 1: It's a losing proposition, right. Although there are lots of 76 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:21,200 Speaker 1: different ways to to produce hydrogen UM. You can use 77 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:24,679 Speaker 1: light to split water molecules, you can gasify biomass waste, 78 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:26,359 Speaker 1: you can even just kind of let a bunch of 79 00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: microbes do the work for you as part of their 80 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,480 Speaker 1: normal metabolism. UM, but one of the most popular ones 81 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:35,320 Speaker 1: right now anyway, what accounts for about of the hydrogen 82 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:38,640 Speaker 1: in the United States. Is something called reforming, in which 83 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:42,599 Speaker 1: carbon based fuels like natural gas typically methane, are reacted 84 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:45,880 Speaker 1: with steam at high pressures and temperatures. That produces hydrogen, 85 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:48,680 Speaker 1: a little bit of carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, that 86 00:04:48,760 --> 00:04:51,560 Speaker 1: last of which is then reacted to produce more hydrogen 87 00:04:51,640 --> 00:04:54,960 Speaker 1: and carbon dioxide. Um. You will note that that both 88 00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:57,440 Speaker 1: of these do produce greenhouse gases, so it's a little 89 00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:01,159 Speaker 1: bit less friendly than something like electron lysis, although you 90 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:03,360 Speaker 1: have to pump a whole lot of energy into electrolysis. 91 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:06,000 Speaker 1: We'll talk a little bit more about that later. Um. Overall, 92 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:10,279 Speaker 1: reforming does have the potential to overall reduce our carbon 93 00:05:10,320 --> 00:05:13,120 Speaker 1: footprint if it could provide the hydrogen for like a 94 00:05:13,160 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: whole fleet of fuel cell vehicles. Right. That's one of 95 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:18,840 Speaker 1: the big things about hydrogen. We'll talk about that in 96 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:21,920 Speaker 1: just a second, about how it does not give off 97 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:26,000 Speaker 1: greenhouse gases in ideal cases. Uh. Keep in mind we're 98 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 1: talking ideal cases because it all depends on how you're 99 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:32,440 Speaker 1: using the hydrogen. So, uh yeah, I also read that 100 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:35,680 Speaker 1: there have been some studies of algae that give off hydrogen, 101 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:38,440 Speaker 1: which you know, if we were ever able to make 102 00:05:39,160 --> 00:05:42,480 Speaker 1: an algae farm that was efficient enough, that would be 103 00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:44,159 Speaker 1: a great way. But there are a lot of people 104 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 1: who question whether or that that's practical. It may not 105 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:50,000 Speaker 1: ever be something that generates enough hydrogen for it to 106 00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:52,119 Speaker 1: be worth the amount of effort it would take. Again 107 00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:56,280 Speaker 1: that sort of energy losing proposition night. So some other 108 00:05:56,279 --> 00:06:00,159 Speaker 1: things about hydrogen. It has a low ignition energy. That 109 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:01,880 Speaker 1: means you don't have to apply a lot of energy 110 00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:04,559 Speaker 1: to it to get it to ignite. That makes sense, 111 00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:06,080 Speaker 1: you know, it doesn't take much to set it on 112 00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:08,960 Speaker 1: fire essentially, is what we're talking about here. It actually 113 00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:13,280 Speaker 1: requires an order of magnitude less energy to ignite hydrogen 114 00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:16,880 Speaker 1: than it does to ignite gasoline. Yeah, so that means 115 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:21,159 Speaker 1: gasoline is pretty pretty flammable, pretty dar inflammable. Yeah, kids, 116 00:06:21,360 --> 00:06:23,600 Speaker 1: let's not play with the stuff at home, shall we, 117 00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:26,640 Speaker 1: or anywhere else for that matter. Let's treat it like 118 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: serious business. But it's both a good and bad thing, 119 00:06:29,760 --> 00:06:32,279 Speaker 1: right Because the hydrogen stance it's easy to ignite, means 120 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:35,880 Speaker 1: that you can easily implement that in an engine. Uh, 121 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:38,320 Speaker 1: it does it very efficiently. You don't have to spend 122 00:06:38,320 --> 00:06:40,279 Speaker 1: a lot of energy to make it do what you 123 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:42,640 Speaker 1: want it to do. On the other hand, because it 124 00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:45,360 Speaker 1: has such a low ignition point, it's also a challenge 125 00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:49,080 Speaker 1: engineering wise, because if your engine gets hot enough, the 126 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:53,119 Speaker 1: engine itself could cause the hydrogen to ignite prematurely before 127 00:06:53,160 --> 00:06:55,400 Speaker 1: it gets into the operative fits right, and then it 128 00:06:55,400 --> 00:06:59,599 Speaker 1: could make everything inoperative. You would get inoperative right quick. 129 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 1: So that's you know that there's a there's a good 130 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:05,600 Speaker 1: and bad side of this. If you can engineer your 131 00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:09,400 Speaker 1: way around it, it can eventually be a benefit. Oh sure, 132 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:12,600 Speaker 1: it technically has the highest energy output by weight of 133 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:15,160 Speaker 1: any fuel um though it is the lightest elements, so 134 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 1: that's kind of yeah. You kind of have to get 135 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:19,840 Speaker 1: a lot of it together too. So it's because it's 136 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:22,640 Speaker 1: it's not dense, you know, which is something else will 137 00:07:22,680 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: chat about. So one of the reasons why we're even 138 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:28,560 Speaker 1: talking about hydrogen, one of the big ones, it's what 139 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:31,160 Speaker 1: we alluded to earlier, is the fact that the combustion 140 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:36,120 Speaker 1: is really clean, particularly if you're using hydrogen and pure 141 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: oxygen as the mixture that goes into your engine, all right, 142 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:43,360 Speaker 1: because then your output is going to be just energy 143 00:07:43,360 --> 00:07:45,760 Speaker 1: and water. Yep, you get energy in the form of 144 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: the power that you generate and some heat because of 145 00:07:48,360 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: course we don't have any perfect systems where we don't 146 00:07:50,760 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 1: lose some energy in the form of heat. But yeah, 147 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:54,840 Speaker 1: the only other thing you get is water. You don't 148 00:07:54,880 --> 00:07:57,480 Speaker 1: get anything else. And this is when I when I 149 00:07:57,480 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: talk about mixtures, we'll talk about combustion in gen's a 150 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: little later too. This is a typical thing where you 151 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: mix together some fuel and some air to go into 152 00:08:05,880 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: a combustion engine. Same sort of thing with hydrogen. You're 153 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:11,280 Speaker 1: not putting just pure hydrogen and you're mixing it with 154 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: some form of air, in this case oxygen. However, that 155 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:19,480 Speaker 1: being said, most hydrogen combustion engines are not using pure 156 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:24,000 Speaker 1: oxygen to mix together to make the combustible mixture. They're 157 00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:28,560 Speaker 1: using air. So air has stuff in it besides oxygen. 158 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:32,240 Speaker 1: In fact, the primary component of our atmosphere is not oxygen. 159 00:08:32,320 --> 00:08:35,439 Speaker 1: It's nitrogen. So one of the byproducts you get with 160 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:39,040 Speaker 1: using a hydrogen combustion engine that uses air is that 161 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:42,920 Speaker 1: you get some nitrous oxides. Nitrogen oxides, I should say, 162 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:47,320 Speaker 1: not nitrous oxides, which would be hilarious until you suffocated, 163 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:50,760 Speaker 1: but nitrogen oxides. Uh, that's a that's a pollutant. You 164 00:08:50,840 --> 00:08:53,720 Speaker 1: don't want that UM and you can also get carbon 165 00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:57,480 Speaker 1: monoxide and carbon dioxide if you get some oil seeping 166 00:08:57,520 --> 00:09:02,360 Speaker 1: into the combustion chambers because uh, oxygen does. Our our 167 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:04,440 Speaker 1: atmosphere doesn't have like tons of carbon in it, but 168 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:08,280 Speaker 1: oil does. So there are chances of having in a 169 00:09:08,679 --> 00:09:11,840 Speaker 1: hydrogen combustion engine this kind of pollutants. You can get 170 00:09:11,880 --> 00:09:13,720 Speaker 1: around that if you wanted to go with fuel cells, 171 00:09:13,760 --> 00:09:17,120 Speaker 1: and we'll talk about those two. So the amount of 172 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:21,360 Speaker 1: power that a hydrogen engine can generate is dependent upon 173 00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:23,880 Speaker 1: a few different things. It depends upon the mix of 174 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:27,360 Speaker 1: air and fuel and how that fuel is injected into 175 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:32,520 Speaker 1: those combustion chambers in your engine. So, theoretically, the maximum 176 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:35,839 Speaker 1: output of a hydrogen based combustion engine using a pre 177 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:40,600 Speaker 1: mixed method, this is where you have like a carburetor 178 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:44,240 Speaker 1: type situation that is mixing air and fuel together and 179 00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:47,520 Speaker 1: then it goes into the combustion chamber. Uh. If you're 180 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:50,520 Speaker 1: using that method, theoretically your maximum output is about eight 181 00:09:51,520 --> 00:09:55,080 Speaker 1: of the power generated in a comparable gasoline engine. So 182 00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:58,920 Speaker 1: not as powerful, right, But if you were to take 183 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:02,080 Speaker 1: a direct in injection approach, which mixes the fuel and 184 00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:06,079 Speaker 1: air after the intake valve in the combustion chamber closes. 185 00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:10,679 Speaker 1: Then the hydrogen based engine can theoretically produce fift more 186 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:13,520 Speaker 1: power than a gasoline engine, So you kind of have 187 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:19,360 Speaker 1: a less in one way or percent more the other way. Um, However, 188 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:22,800 Speaker 1: this is all based upon the idea that you're using 189 00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 1: exactly the amount of air you need to complete combustion. 190 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:28,760 Speaker 1: So you're using just the right mixture of air and 191 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:32,400 Speaker 1: just the right mixture of hydrogen. But the downside of 192 00:10:32,440 --> 00:10:38,680 Speaker 1: that is that you also produce more pollutants that way, right, Although, okay, 193 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:40,920 Speaker 1: so so this is a complicated issue and the numbers 194 00:10:40,960 --> 00:10:42,600 Speaker 1: on it are always going to be rough. But when 195 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:46,640 Speaker 1: you're talking about fuel efficiency, you you need to use 196 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: more gasoline in order to make an engine do the 197 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:53,760 Speaker 1: same amount of work than you would hydrogen. Yeah, exactly, 198 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:57,480 Speaker 1: Like you have this note about gasoline vehicles operating at 199 00:10:57,679 --> 00:11:03,720 Speaker 1: around efficiency. What that means is that of all the 200 00:11:03,840 --> 00:11:06,440 Speaker 1: energy that's being generated is actually going to doing the 201 00:11:06,440 --> 00:11:09,200 Speaker 1: thing you needed to do, the other is being lost 202 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:11,760 Speaker 1: in some way or another. Sure you usually due to 203 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: heat loss. Yeah, that's the big one, especially with engines. 204 00:11:14,520 --> 00:11:17,560 Speaker 1: I mean, engines generate lots and lots of heat. The 205 00:11:17,559 --> 00:11:20,839 Speaker 1: the ideal of a fuel cell vehicle using hydrogen, it's 206 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:24,360 Speaker 1: closer to sixty percent efficiency um for For the record, 207 00:11:24,360 --> 00:11:27,199 Speaker 1: electric cars may manage somewhere between twenty five and sixty 208 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:30,600 Speaker 1: percent fuel efficiency depending on where you get the electricity 209 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:33,880 Speaker 1: to recharge that battery. Right, And and if you want 210 00:11:33,880 --> 00:11:36,920 Speaker 1: to be really technical, a fuel cell vehicle is kind 211 00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 1: of a subset of electric vehicles. It's just that it's 212 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:44,280 Speaker 1: an electric vehicle that you are refueling with hydrogen rather 213 00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:48,120 Speaker 1: than a closed battery system exactly. So yeah, it's a 214 00:11:48,160 --> 00:11:49,880 Speaker 1: great point, and that's another thing that we have to 215 00:11:49,920 --> 00:11:53,680 Speaker 1: take into consideration. Now. Typically, if if we're talking about 216 00:11:53,679 --> 00:11:55,960 Speaker 1: you know, I just mentioned about having just enough air 217 00:11:56,160 --> 00:11:59,200 Speaker 1: and fuel to complete combustion, and you get that that 218 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:03,800 Speaker 1: crazy near of a gasoline power engine, but you produce 219 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:08,520 Speaker 1: more more pollutants as well. Usually we're not using exactly 220 00:12:08,559 --> 00:12:11,640 Speaker 1: the amount of air because we want to cut back 221 00:12:11,720 --> 00:12:13,800 Speaker 1: on those pollutants. One of the big reasons we want 222 00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,280 Speaker 1: to use hydrogen is the too cut back on pollutants. 223 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:19,160 Speaker 1: So if we're producing more pollutants by making it really efficient, 224 00:12:19,160 --> 00:12:21,720 Speaker 1: then we're like, well, we just kind of traded off 225 00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:23,640 Speaker 1: that was a lot of money to not do any 226 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:27,200 Speaker 1: better exactly. So what we tend to see our engines 227 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:30,520 Speaker 1: that use about twice as much air as is actually 228 00:12:30,559 --> 00:12:34,600 Speaker 1: required to complete combustion. Now, this reduces pollution, but it 229 00:12:34,679 --> 00:12:39,680 Speaker 1: also reduces the output of the engine. Yeah, sad trombone. Okay, 230 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:41,880 Speaker 1: so these are just tradeoffs. This is the way the 231 00:12:41,920 --> 00:12:44,000 Speaker 1: real world works. We have to sit there and say, Okay, 232 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,200 Speaker 1: there's not a magic solution that is going to solve 233 00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:50,040 Speaker 1: all the problems equally, we have to start making tradeoffs. 234 00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: This is a pretty good one because you can you 235 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:54,920 Speaker 1: can enlarge the engine size and make up for a 236 00:12:54,960 --> 00:12:56,960 Speaker 1: lot of it. Right, So if you make the hydrogen 237 00:12:57,000 --> 00:12:59,960 Speaker 1: based engine larger than a gasoline based engine, you can 238 00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:02,319 Speaker 1: kind of make up this this loss. Now that does, 239 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:04,520 Speaker 1: of course, mean you have to redesign vehicles around a 240 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:06,560 Speaker 1: larger engine. So I mean it's you know, it's those 241 00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:09,400 Speaker 1: domino effects. Right. You could also include what's called a 242 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:12,320 Speaker 1: turbo charger or supercharger, and you might wonder, hey, how 243 00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: did those work? We'll do another episode because it's already 244 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:17,680 Speaker 1: going to be a long one for this one, So 245 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:19,920 Speaker 1: we can't. We can't sit there and uh and jump 246 00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:22,440 Speaker 1: into that and hope to make it out alive, because 247 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:26,960 Speaker 1: no will kill us. The protective barrier is only so strong. Okay. So, 248 00:13:27,080 --> 00:13:30,640 Speaker 1: like we said, hydrogen not very dense. When you've got 249 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:32,920 Speaker 1: one proton and one electron, you don't expect it to 250 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:36,920 Speaker 1: be Nope, So it's uh, room temperature is a gas. 251 00:13:37,240 --> 00:13:39,800 Speaker 1: Getting enough hydrogen together in one place to be useful 252 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: as a fuel takes a lot of work, and some 253 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:44,319 Speaker 1: of the easiest ways of storing it, like in extremely 254 00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:47,320 Speaker 1: cold liquid form, aren't really practical for toting around in 255 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:50,439 Speaker 1: a consumer motor vehicle that might not want to incorporate 256 00:13:50,559 --> 00:13:54,080 Speaker 1: a complex cooling system due to you know, cost and 257 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:57,280 Speaker 1: weight and space issues. So usually we end up having 258 00:13:57,360 --> 00:14:00,400 Speaker 1: to figure out a way of pressurizing it under hence 259 00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:04,320 Speaker 1: amounts of pressure. Now that of course creates another safety issue. 260 00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:06,920 Speaker 1: Anytime you have a compressed gas, it's under a lot 261 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:11,280 Speaker 1: of pressure. If you rupture that containment unit in some way, yeah, 262 00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:13,680 Speaker 1: that's and then at on top of that that, the 263 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:17,199 Speaker 1: gas itself is inflammable, and you've got the potential for really, 264 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:20,840 Speaker 1: really a bad day, which is why a lot of 265 00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:23,440 Speaker 1: companies that have looked into using hydrogen as a fuel 266 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:26,320 Speaker 1: in one way or another, whether as a combustion engine 267 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:29,520 Speaker 1: fuel or whether as a fuel sell fuel. Have put 268 00:14:29,520 --> 00:14:32,680 Speaker 1: in a lot of research and development in safety for 269 00:14:32,920 --> 00:14:36,000 Speaker 1: these hydrogen canisters or you know else. They will never 270 00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:37,840 Speaker 1: be able to market it because it would just be 271 00:14:37,880 --> 00:14:41,520 Speaker 1: too dangerous. Although some people argue that, I mean, gasoline 272 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:44,360 Speaker 1: tanks being driven around are also that's a it's a 273 00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:46,440 Speaker 1: good point, it's a fair point. I mean, we're we've 274 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:50,440 Speaker 1: been relying on a technology that has a an inflammable 275 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:53,480 Speaker 1: fuel for more than a century. And you know, although 276 00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,720 Speaker 1: it's not quite as dangerous as movies make it out 277 00:14:55,720 --> 00:14:58,360 Speaker 1: to be. I mean, it's not that where where you 278 00:14:58,360 --> 00:15:02,560 Speaker 1: you your car, your are sways a bed and then explodes. Yeah. 279 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:05,400 Speaker 1: So if Michael Bay made cars, no one would ever 280 00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:08,320 Speaker 1: get in them. But fortunately, as far as I know, 281 00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:11,720 Speaker 1: he has not made one. Uh So, uh yeah, we've 282 00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:14,760 Speaker 1: we've been making use of this hydrogen for a long time. 283 00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:17,520 Speaker 1: And in fact, we, like Lauren said, we were kind 284 00:15:17,520 --> 00:15:20,280 Speaker 1: of playing with this stuff before we even had any 285 00:15:20,320 --> 00:15:23,320 Speaker 1: idea of what it was. We didn't really know about 286 00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:27,200 Speaker 1: elements or even gases. So we're gonna take you on 287 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:30,440 Speaker 1: a historical journey and along this journey will be explaining 288 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:33,000 Speaker 1: how some of this stuff works, because we figured we'd 289 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: kind of incorporate both the history and the technical stuff 290 00:15:36,760 --> 00:15:41,200 Speaker 1: all together. It's an experiment. Now before we jump into 291 00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:43,280 Speaker 1: the way Back Machine, because I know all you guys 292 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:46,400 Speaker 1: have been missing it, Laurence looking at me terrified. Yeah, Lauren, 293 00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:48,320 Speaker 1: that's what that big thing is in the corner that 294 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:51,160 Speaker 1: we haven't been using. It's all dusty and stuff. Turns 295 00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:53,640 Speaker 1: out it wasn't in Mongolia. It was just in a 296 00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:56,600 Speaker 1: supply closet. So we're gonna get in that in a second. 297 00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:58,760 Speaker 1: But before we do that, let's take a quick break 298 00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,240 Speaker 1: to thank our sponsor. Okay, so we're back and we're 299 00:16:01,280 --> 00:16:03,360 Speaker 1: ready to get into the way Back Machine, which I 300 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:06,720 Speaker 1: know is going to sound absolutely amazing. I can't believe 301 00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:08,880 Speaker 1: all the bells and whistles that indicate to you that 302 00:16:08,920 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: we've actually traveled back in time, because in truth, it's silent. 303 00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:14,760 Speaker 1: But we have to give you some you know, way 304 00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:16,880 Speaker 1: of knowing that that's what's happened. Oh yeah, otherwise it's 305 00:16:16,920 --> 00:16:19,680 Speaker 1: not it's not fun radio trauma exactly. So let's let's 306 00:16:19,680 --> 00:16:21,880 Speaker 1: just go ahead and get in. Now. Over here, we've 307 00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:24,320 Speaker 1: got the dial, which I'm going to set back to 308 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:28,880 Speaker 1: uh early seventeenth century. You know, I don't know how 309 00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:31,800 Speaker 1: it knows where I wanted to go. It just does. 310 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,040 Speaker 1: But when is really tricky. All right, let's just hit 311 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:44,800 Speaker 1: the button. Here, here we are. It's a glorious and 312 00:16:44,840 --> 00:16:48,440 Speaker 1: smelly So I want to introduce you to Johann Baptista 313 00:16:48,520 --> 00:16:52,680 Speaker 1: van Helmont, who is the first person to describe hydrogen 314 00:16:53,080 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 1: as a gas, and only that, he's the first person 315 00:16:56,760 --> 00:17:00,520 Speaker 1: to come up with the word gas to describe aubstances 316 00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:02,640 Speaker 1: that have the qualities of a gas. He was thinking 317 00:17:02,640 --> 00:17:05,920 Speaker 1: of stuff that is heavier than air or misty, or 318 00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:07,439 Speaker 1: he was just trying to come up with like a 319 00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:12,080 Speaker 1: collective noun to call this stuff. He proposed gas, and 320 00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:15,640 Speaker 1: it stuck. So he goes on to make some more 321 00:17:15,680 --> 00:17:18,200 Speaker 1: observations which in a few decades get picked up by 322 00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:21,520 Speaker 1: another person, a philosopher, a natural philosopher, and we'll chat 323 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:25,439 Speaker 1: about him. His name is Robert Boyle. So between Robert 324 00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:29,320 Speaker 1: Boyle and Johan we have in six fifty stead or 325 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:32,400 Speaker 1: Turque with the man may yearn which I know I've 326 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:36,520 Speaker 1: absolutely butchered based Swiss, so so I'm sure he's fine. 327 00:17:36,560 --> 00:17:40,080 Speaker 1: With it. Yeah, they the Swiss have a beautiful way 328 00:17:40,119 --> 00:17:45,000 Speaker 1: with words that escapes the physical contortions my mouth can 329 00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:48,199 Speaker 1: go through. So uh. But he produced hydrogen and he 330 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:53,520 Speaker 1: called it inflammable air, by combining iron with sulfuric acid. Now, 331 00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:57,280 Speaker 1: hydrogen is found in a lot of different compounds, including 332 00:17:57,320 --> 00:17:59,920 Speaker 1: all the acids, So if you are able to come 333 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,679 Speaker 1: find it with other stuff, usually that that reaction you 334 00:18:02,760 --> 00:18:06,520 Speaker 1: get by introducing an element into acid will release the 335 00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:10,880 Speaker 1: hydrogen exactly. Now seventy one we get to that Irish 336 00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:14,800 Speaker 1: philosopher I had mentioned, Robert Boyle. Now he experimented with 337 00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:17,560 Speaker 1: producing hydrogen as well, and he was of the New 338 00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:21,520 Speaker 1: Philosophy movement. This was a really interesting movement. It combined 339 00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:26,119 Speaker 1: observations and experimentation with logical thinking to understand the world 340 00:18:26,119 --> 00:18:30,280 Speaker 1: around him. So this is sort of a proto scientist movement. 341 00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:34,119 Speaker 1: It's before we really had the formal sciences we This 342 00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:38,720 Speaker 1: is when alchemy was starting to transform into chemistry. Right. 343 00:18:38,760 --> 00:18:42,679 Speaker 1: We had people who had made observations and calculations on 344 00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:45,600 Speaker 1: things like physics, but it's now starting to actually take 345 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:48,560 Speaker 1: form into the sciences as we know them today. So 346 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:52,600 Speaker 1: he produced hydrogen by combining iron and various acids, and uh, 347 00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:55,199 Speaker 1: that's how he started to take a look at this 348 00:18:55,280 --> 00:18:58,760 Speaker 1: hydrogen gas. And he was he was pretty pretty intelligent. 349 00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:03,560 Speaker 1: He noticed that gass volume varies inversely with pressure, hence 350 00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:06,720 Speaker 1: Boil's law. Yeah, we named it after after him. He 351 00:19:06,800 --> 00:19:10,280 Speaker 1: also believed in alchemy and transmutation, so he didn't get 352 00:19:10,280 --> 00:19:14,040 Speaker 1: everything right. Lots of people today still believe in alchemy 353 00:19:14,040 --> 00:19:18,160 Speaker 1: and transmutation, so what we'll leave that for now. But yes, Boil, 354 00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:20,240 Speaker 1: he did a lot of work, and a lot of 355 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:24,119 Speaker 1: his work inspired other people. So over the next several decades, 356 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:29,119 Speaker 1: lots of different philosophers and then later chemists and scientists 357 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:33,560 Speaker 1: began to experiment with hydrogen gas. They didn't really give 358 00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:36,000 Speaker 1: it a name yet, but they knew that the stuff 359 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,040 Speaker 1: would blow up if you exposed it to flame, so 360 00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:42,680 Speaker 1: they began to really study it further until we get 361 00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,720 Speaker 1: to seventeen sixty six, and now we get to go 362 00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:49,040 Speaker 1: to England, because that's where Henry Cavendish was and he 363 00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:52,240 Speaker 1: was the first to recognize hydrogen as a distinct substance, 364 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: and he was also the first to describe the composition 365 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:57,800 Speaker 1: of water. You know, before that everyone just said it's 366 00:19:57,840 --> 00:20:02,360 Speaker 1: wet and if they get cold, it gets hard. That's 367 00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:04,359 Speaker 1: that was pretty much it. If he gets really hot, 368 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:08,560 Speaker 1: it gets cloudy. That's, you know, just that's where we 369 00:20:08,560 --> 00:20:11,000 Speaker 1: were with science until Cavendish came along. I might be 370 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:16,320 Speaker 1: exaggerating a little, but he absolutely loved learning for learning sake. 371 00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:19,480 Speaker 1: He wasn't actually a scientist per se, though, was he. No, 372 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:21,560 Speaker 1: not really, I mean he was, He was more like 373 00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:25,880 Speaker 1: just obsessed. He was one of the wealthiest men in 374 00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:29,960 Speaker 1: all of Europe. He had inherited a crazy sum of money, 375 00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:33,560 Speaker 1: and he chose to live very frugally in London. He 376 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:37,359 Speaker 1: wasn't interested in the trappings of wealth. He wasn't interested 377 00:20:37,359 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: in ostentation. He was actually, according to one thing I read, 378 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,000 Speaker 1: the only reason we even have a sketch of him 379 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:48,120 Speaker 1: is because an artist surreptitiously drew one while at a gathering, 380 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:51,320 Speaker 1: a small private gathering at his house. Because he didn't 381 00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:53,880 Speaker 1: he didn't, you know, want, He didn't. He didn't sit 382 00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:57,000 Speaker 1: for a portrait. He was super introvert, super introvert, and 383 00:20:57,040 --> 00:21:00,400 Speaker 1: he didn't really publish most of his work. He published 384 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:01,840 Speaker 1: some of it, but not all of it, because he 385 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:03,520 Speaker 1: wasn't really interested in that. He know, he just wanted 386 00:21:03,560 --> 00:21:06,040 Speaker 1: to know how the world works. He was just fascinated 387 00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:09,120 Speaker 1: with learning. He wasn't not necessarily as fascinated with teaching, 388 00:21:09,359 --> 00:21:11,960 Speaker 1: but he was definitely fascinated with learning. I want someone 389 00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:15,160 Speaker 1: to make a awkward action here, a movie about this guy. Yeah. 390 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:17,520 Speaker 1: I have a feeling that we'd have to invent a 391 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:20,639 Speaker 1: lot of of facts about his life, which makes it 392 00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:23,960 Speaker 1: even better. Yeah, that's what movies generally do. Anyway, I'd 393 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:26,399 Speaker 1: be less offended if I knew less about the history 394 00:21:26,440 --> 00:21:29,200 Speaker 1: of the actual guy. So yeah, I think Henry Cavendish, 395 00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:32,000 Speaker 1: Supervillain would be an awesome movie. So I'll get to 396 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:33,720 Speaker 1: work on that. Yes, all right. Then we moved to 397 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:37,520 Speaker 1: seventeen eighty three, when Jacques Charles makes his first flight 398 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:41,840 Speaker 1: in his balloon La Charliere, which used hydrogen as it's 399 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:45,399 Speaker 1: a lifting agent because hydrogen is lighter than atmosphere, so 400 00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:48,520 Speaker 1: if you get enough of it together, the bulliancy will 401 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:51,480 Speaker 1: counteract gravity and then you'll float right off the ground, 402 00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:54,520 Speaker 1: go up. Yeah. Meanwhile, in eighteen hundred, William Nicholson and 403 00:21:54,520 --> 00:21:58,560 Speaker 1: Anthony Carlyle described the process of electrolysis, in which electricity 404 00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:00,920 Speaker 1: is applied to water to break its molecules down into 405 00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:05,960 Speaker 1: their constituents, being oxygen and hydrogen. This will become important later. Yeah, 406 00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:09,280 Speaker 1: but just understanding that. Hey, this process where hydrogen and 407 00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:11,720 Speaker 1: oxygen gets together to make water is reversible if you 408 00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:15,000 Speaker 1: just pour energy into it. That's pretty cool. Eighteen or 409 00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:19,000 Speaker 1: six we have Francois Isazac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor. 410 00:22:19,080 --> 00:22:21,960 Speaker 1: He built the de Revase engine. And again I apologize 411 00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:25,320 Speaker 1: if I'm absolutely butchering that, but this was the first 412 00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:28,879 Speaker 1: internal combustion engine to use hydrogen and oxygen as a fuel. 413 00:22:29,280 --> 00:22:33,320 Speaker 1: It would be nearly sixty five years before you get 414 00:22:33,359 --> 00:22:36,639 Speaker 1: the first gas lean powered internal combustion engine. So actually, 415 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:42,040 Speaker 1: hydrogen combustible engines predate gas yeah by quite a bit. 416 00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:44,879 Speaker 1: So yeah, we've talked a lot about how electric cars 417 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:48,679 Speaker 1: are older than you think, So are hydrogen combustion engine cars. 418 00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:51,480 Speaker 1: That's kind of cool. Then in eighteen twenty we have 419 00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:55,359 Speaker 1: the Reverend W. Cecil who writes a paper and I 420 00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:58,840 Speaker 1: love this title. Here we go on the application of 421 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:01,439 Speaker 1: hydrogen gas to produce a moving power and machinery, with 422 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:03,479 Speaker 1: a description of an engine which is moved by pressure 423 00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:05,800 Speaker 1: of the atmosphere upon a vacuum caused by explosions of 424 00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:09,560 Speaker 1: hydrogen gas and atmospheric air. I think it's a sink 425 00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:13,200 Speaker 1: pretty much. You've read the whole article just by the title. 426 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:18,560 Speaker 1: But yeah, he he proposed an engine using hydrogen as 427 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:23,080 Speaker 1: the combustible material. But it's a different style of combustion 428 00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:27,720 Speaker 1: engine than what we see today. So his design involved 429 00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:31,560 Speaker 1: having a chamber that you would fill with hydrogen plus 430 00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:34,080 Speaker 1: regular old air, and it would be connected to a 431 00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:37,159 Speaker 1: valve so that you could insert this stuff but it 432 00:23:37,160 --> 00:23:42,000 Speaker 1: wouldn't escape back out. Uh. And then the you would 433 00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:44,879 Speaker 1: put a flame in there, and then you have the 434 00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:47,960 Speaker 1: valve switched so it would allow it to escape again. Right, 435 00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 1: you put the flame in, This causes the gas to 436 00:23:50,680 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 1: expand rapidly. Uh. And normally in our combustion engines we 437 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:58,040 Speaker 1: used as a pushing force, but at this case, the 438 00:23:58,040 --> 00:24:01,400 Speaker 1: the piston in this chamber is all the way out already, 439 00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:03,679 Speaker 1: so it can't be pushed further out, so he's not 440 00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:06,480 Speaker 1: using as a pushing force. Instead. Once that guest starts 441 00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:09,359 Speaker 1: to cool and is released, it starts to shrink down. 442 00:24:09,440 --> 00:24:11,520 Speaker 1: It's not and he's not letting more air in there 443 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:13,640 Speaker 1: to replace it, and the valve is closed. So it's 444 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,560 Speaker 1: pulling the piston back in in that vacuum that's created 445 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:20,120 Speaker 1: in the chamber exactly. It's a partial vacuum and imperfect vacuum, 446 00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:23,000 Speaker 1: and that creates an area of low pressure. That low 447 00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:26,159 Speaker 1: pressure pulls on the piston, which then moves to the 448 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:29,440 Speaker 1: other end of the combustion chamber. So you're using this 449 00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:35,639 Speaker 1: vacuum engine. Now it worked, but uh, it's not really practical. 450 00:24:35,720 --> 00:24:40,359 Speaker 1: So this particular design wasn't widely implemented, but it does 451 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:44,120 Speaker 1: in fact work. The principles are all sound. So then 452 00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:48,520 Speaker 1: you had a lot more experimentation following with hydrogen, which 453 00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:53,400 Speaker 1: included everything from inventors to chemists to physicists and regular 454 00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:57,199 Speaker 1: old crazy people, and all of this is leading up 455 00:24:57,240 --> 00:25:01,280 Speaker 1: to some pretty cool stuff, including the first fuel cell. 456 00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:04,639 Speaker 1: But here's the thing, guys, there's a lot more to 457 00:25:04,720 --> 00:25:07,359 Speaker 1: cover here. We've got fuel cells to talk about, we 458 00:25:07,359 --> 00:25:11,639 Speaker 1: have other combustion engine to talk about. We've got exactly 459 00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:14,040 Speaker 1: how hydrogen is going to be used today, how it's 460 00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:15,480 Speaker 1: how it's being used right now, and how it will 461 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,879 Speaker 1: be used in the future. And in fact, it's so 462 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,080 Speaker 1: much stuff we've decided we're gonna split this sucker up, 463 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:23,240 Speaker 1: we're gonna do a second episode so we can really 464 00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:26,400 Speaker 1: do this justice and dig in here. So, guys, since 465 00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:29,159 Speaker 1: we're splitting this up, it's now time for me to 466 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:32,560 Speaker 1: ask you that special question. Hey, do you have something 467 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:35,520 Speaker 1: he wants to talk about? Let us know, because if 468 00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:37,960 Speaker 1: you don't, we're just gonna keep talking about whatever we 469 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: want to talk about, which may or may not be 470 00:25:40,119 --> 00:25:42,200 Speaker 1: what you want to hear. So let us know by 471 00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:44,480 Speaker 1: sending us an email. A lot of you have responded 472 00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:46,800 Speaker 1: already when we asked if you wanted to hear more 473 00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:51,600 Speaker 1: about how to truly surf the web as anonymously and 474 00:25:51,640 --> 00:25:54,400 Speaker 1: as secure as you possibly can. We've heard you, We've 475 00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:55,919 Speaker 1: added it to our list, and we're going to be 476 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:58,600 Speaker 1: doing that episode. But if you have another idea, send 477 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,840 Speaker 1: it in let us know email addresses, tech stuff at 478 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:05,359 Speaker 1: Discovery dot com, or drop us a line on Facebook, Twitter, 479 00:26:05,520 --> 00:26:08,840 Speaker 1: or Tumbler. Our handle at all three of those is 480 00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:11,640 Speaker 1: text stuff hs W. And if you're not following us, 481 00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:16,080 Speaker 1: you should probably do that because Lauren and I both 482 00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:19,680 Speaker 1: share lots of stuff you never hear on the podcasts 483 00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:25,920 Speaker 1: that are either amazing, entertaining or whackadoodle weird. So send 484 00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:28,040 Speaker 1: in your ideas and we will talk to you you again. 485 00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:34,040 Speaker 1: Really Zin for more on this and thousands of other 486 00:26:34,080 --> 00:26:45,720 Speaker 1: topics because it has stuff. Works dot com