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Speaker 1: The Day in History Class. It's a production of I

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hi, I'm Eves and Welcome to this Day

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Speaker 1: in History Class, a show that uncovers a little bit

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Speaker 1: more about history every day. Today is August nineteen. The

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Speaker 1: day was auguste eighty seven. Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born

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Speaker 1: in Saint Anne's Bay, Jamaica. Garvey was an orator, journalist,

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Speaker 1: and activists who was a proponent of black nationalism, Pan Africanism,

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Speaker 1: and segregation. Garvey was the youngest of eleven children. His

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Speaker 1: dad was a Stonemason and his mother was a servant.

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Speaker 1: As a child, Garvey developed a love for books. He

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Speaker 1: went to school in Jamaica until he was fourteen years old,

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Speaker 1: when he left school and eventually moved to King's In

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Speaker 1: He became a printer's apprentice, and he also developed speaking, debate,

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Speaker 1: and journalistic skills. While working in Kingston, he became a

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Speaker 1: trade unionist and took part in a printer strike. The

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Speaker 1: strike was unsuccessful, but Garvey became increasingly interested in activism

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Speaker 1: and politics. In the early nineteen tens, many Jamaican people

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Speaker 1: facing financial hardship were heading to Central and South America

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Speaker 1: for work. Garvey was one of them in Costa Rica.

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Speaker 1: He wrote about the poor conditions that black workers were facing.

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Speaker 1: In nineteen twelve, after returning to Jamaica briefly, he moved

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Speaker 1: to London. There he studied law and philosophy at the

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Speaker 1: University of London's Birkbeck College. He also met with black

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Speaker 1: intellectuals and laborers who described the treatment they faced under

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Speaker 1: colonial rule, and he worked for the Pan Africa and

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Speaker 1: pan Asian journal called African Times and orient Review. Booker T.

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Speaker 1: Washington's autobiography Up from Slavery influenced his growing racial awareness

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Speaker 1: and his work on race issues. Garvey went back to

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Speaker 1: Jamaica in nineteen fourteen with new views on Africa, race,

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Speaker 1: and European colonization. On August one of that year, he

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Speaker 1: founded the Universal Negro Improvement and Conservation Association and African

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Speaker 1: Communities League, or the U n i A. The U

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Speaker 1: n i A s motto was one God, one Aim,

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Speaker 1: one destiny. Garvey wanted to build an agricultural and industrial

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Speaker 1: training school modeled after Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute, but

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Speaker 1: he was not getting the support he needed in Jamaica,

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Speaker 1: so he turned to the United States to get the money.

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Speaker 1: And backing he desired. By the time Garvey got to

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Speaker 1: New York in nineteen sixteen, Booker T. Washington had died.

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Speaker 1: Harlem wasn't that receptive of garb speeches in the beginning,

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Speaker 1: But while he initially had a reformist outlook and advocated

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Speaker 1: for racial accommodation, once he got to America he became

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Speaker 1: more revolutionary. The time was characterized by black migration, segregation,

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Speaker 1: and racial violence. Through Garvey speeches and the U n

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Speaker 1: i AS publication called The Girl World, the organization's message

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Speaker 1: of private business and industry spread as he toured the

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Speaker 1: U s giving lectures. He urged black people to be

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Speaker 1: proud of their race and to return to Africa. The

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Speaker 1: U n i A grew rapidly, appealing to Black people

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Speaker 1: who were tired of colonial rule and racial dispossession. He

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Speaker 1: established the Negro Factories Corporation and the Black Star Line,

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Speaker 1: a shipping company. He also launched restaurants, grocery stores, a

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Speaker 1: publishing house, a millinary, laundries, and a hotel. Garvey sought

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Speaker 1: to build a nation state in Africa for certain African Americans,

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Speaker 1: black people migrating north from the South, as well as

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Speaker 1: black veterans made up a lot of Garvey's audience. At

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Speaker 1: the nineteen twenty u n i A Convention, Garvey issued

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Speaker 1: the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World,

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Speaker 1: which contained a bill of rights, declared black equality, and

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Speaker 1: had resolutions on creating independent legal and educational systems. But

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Speaker 1: as the U n i A and Garvey became more

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Speaker 1: popular worldwide, many people opposed them, including W. E. B.

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Speaker 1: Du Bois, A, Philip Randolph, and J. Egger Hoover. In

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Speaker 1: the Bureau of Investigation, Socialists and communist conspiracies were being

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Speaker 1: tossed around. Garvey's radicalism was worrisome too many, and Garby

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Speaker 1: was a segregationist who met with the Kool Klux Klan

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Speaker 1: as they shared views on the issue of racial separation.

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Speaker 1: Because of debt and mismanagement, the Black Star Line went bankrupt,

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Speaker 1: and in nineteen two Garvey was convicted of male fraud

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Speaker 1: and sentenced to five years in prison. President Calvin Coolidge

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Speaker 1: commuted his sentence under the terms that Garvey would be deported.

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Speaker 1: He returned to Jamaica, picking back up with his U

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Speaker 1: n i A efforts and getting involved in local politics.

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Speaker 1: His movement continued in the United States, but the organization

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Speaker 1: struggled to gain ground in Jamaica and branches in the

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Speaker 1: US began to break apart. In nineteen thirty five, Garvey

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Speaker 1: moved to London, and he continued to write and travel

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Speaker 1: to conventions. He also established the School of African Philosophy

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Speaker 1: in Toronto, but he could not find the success he

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Speaker 1: did in the US. He died in London in nineteen

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Speaker 1: forty from complications of strokes, never having been to Prica.

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Speaker 1: Though his legacy is controversial for his advocacy of separatism

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Speaker 1: and black nationalism, Garvey is also celebrated for his focus

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Speaker 1: on black freedom and pride. I'm Eve, Jeff Coote and

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Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than

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Speaker 1: you did yesterday. You can find us on Twitter, Instagram,

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Speaker 1: and Facebook at t d i h C podcast Come

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Speaker 1: back tomorrow for another tidbit from History. For more podcasts

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Speaker 1: from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

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Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.