1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,920 Speaker 2: Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. 4 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:16,800 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:17,440 --> 00:00:20,800 Speaker 2: Last year, when we took our podcast strip to Barcelona, 6 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:24,680 Speaker 2: during some of our kind of unscheduled time in Barcelona, 7 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:28,000 Speaker 2: my spouse and I walked down to the Maritime Museum 8 00:00:28,560 --> 00:00:32,120 Speaker 2: and there were some submarine models there that really caught 9 00:00:32,159 --> 00:00:37,520 Speaker 2: my eye. They had been designed by cattleum inventor Narcis Material, 10 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:41,000 Speaker 2: and I found them to just be really beautiful and intriguing. 11 00:00:41,080 --> 00:00:44,800 Speaker 2: They looked kind of like a very well made wine barrel, 12 00:00:45,560 --> 00:00:47,839 Speaker 2: but if a wine barrel was shaped more like a 13 00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:52,040 Speaker 2: torpedo or a fish. And based on the very brief 14 00:00:52,080 --> 00:00:55,680 Speaker 2: descriptions on the signs there, it seemed like these submarines 15 00:00:56,160 --> 00:00:58,720 Speaker 2: worked a little bit better than a lot of other 16 00:00:58,800 --> 00:01:02,520 Speaker 2: submarines of their era. So, like so many other things 17 00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:06,760 Speaker 2: that went on the list, Narcis Monturial lived through a 18 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:10,960 Speaker 2: lot of the nineteenth century upheavals in Spain and Catalonia 19 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:14,560 Speaker 2: that we talked about in our episode on Manjuiq Castle 20 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:18,120 Speaker 2: that came out on December sixth of last year. We 21 00:01:18,240 --> 00:01:22,880 Speaker 2: don't rerun episodes that recent as Saturday Classics, but I 22 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:25,760 Speaker 2: do feel like it helps kind of contextualize some of 23 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:27,440 Speaker 2: the stuff that was going on in a lot more 24 00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:31,000 Speaker 2: detail than we're going to get into today. But that 25 00:01:31,080 --> 00:01:33,920 Speaker 2: does mean before we get to the really cool submarines, 26 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 2: we are going to talk about Monturial's time fighting for 27 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:41,000 Speaker 2: ideals like equality and freedom and progress in the middle 28 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,720 Speaker 2: of just a ton of social and political chaos. 29 00:01:44,720 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: Narcis Monturial Yestariol was born in September of eighteen nineteen. 30 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:52,760 Speaker 1: Some sources say on the twenty eighth, and others say 31 00:01:52,760 --> 00:01:56,360 Speaker 1: on the twenty ninth. He was born in Figettes in 32 00:01:56,440 --> 00:02:01,280 Speaker 1: northern Catalonia, northeast of Barcelona. He was one of five children. 33 00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:03,920 Speaker 1: Their father was a cooper, so in other words, a 34 00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: barrel maker. Under the inheritance laws of the day, Narcis's 35 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:11,359 Speaker 1: older brother was the one who would inherit their father's business. 36 00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:14,240 Speaker 1: So the plan for Narcis, which was the plan for 37 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:17,280 Speaker 1: a lot of second sons, was that he would join 38 00:02:17,320 --> 00:02:20,480 Speaker 1: the priesthood. So to that end, he studied at a 39 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:25,040 Speaker 1: monastery in Figaris and then at the University of Servera. 40 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:28,840 Speaker 1: At the time This was the only university in Catalonia, 41 00:02:29,120 --> 00:02:32,280 Speaker 1: and some sources describe the education that he got there 42 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:36,399 Speaker 1: as more comparable to today's high schools than to college. 43 00:02:37,080 --> 00:02:39,960 Speaker 1: But he just wasn't all that interested in the subjects 44 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:42,720 Speaker 1: that would have been most relevant to going on to 45 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:46,840 Speaker 1: joining the priesthood, things like philosophy, Latin and Greek. In 46 00:02:46,919 --> 00:02:49,840 Speaker 1: terms of academics, he was more interested in things like 47 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:54,560 Speaker 1: science and medicine. Before long, he was also more interested 48 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:58,920 Speaker 1: in revolution than in schoolwork. In eighteen thirty three, either 49 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,000 Speaker 1: on his fourteenth or day or the day after, King 50 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:05,960 Speaker 1: Fernando the seventh of Spain died, as we discussed in 51 00:03:05,960 --> 00:03:09,760 Speaker 1: the Monjuique episode from last December, Fernando's heir was his daughter, 52 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:13,920 Speaker 1: Isabella the Second, who was only three. But Isabella was 53 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:16,320 Speaker 1: only in line for the throne because of a decree 54 00:03:16,320 --> 00:03:19,240 Speaker 1: her father had issued that allowed for a woman to 55 00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:23,639 Speaker 1: become the Spanish monarch. Fernando's brother Carlos would have been 56 00:03:23,639 --> 00:03:27,720 Speaker 1: next in line without that decree, and Carlos declared himself king. 57 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:32,000 Speaker 1: This led to the First Carlist War, which continued until 58 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:37,760 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty nine. Broadly speaking, Isabella's side was more liberal 59 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:41,720 Speaker 1: and progressive while the Carlists were more conservative, and people 60 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:44,640 Speaker 1: who wanted to go even farther than a more liberal 61 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:49,160 Speaker 1: monarchy also started a movement for democracy in Spain. By 62 00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:52,440 Speaker 1: the age of sixteen, Narcis had moved to Barcelona, where 63 00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:56,680 Speaker 1: his social circle was filled with revolutionaries and activists. One 64 00:03:56,680 --> 00:04:00,600 Speaker 1: of his friends and frequent collaborators was Abdo Tore, who 65 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:04,640 Speaker 1: had been born in Figaris as well. Abdo Taradas was 66 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: a socialist who advocated for Spain to become a republic. 67 00:04:08,720 --> 00:04:13,000 Speaker 1: The University of Barcelona was re established in eighteen thirty six, 68 00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:16,880 Speaker 1: and Narci seems to have enrolled there to study law, 69 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:20,719 Speaker 1: but there are some discrepancies about whether he graduated. He 70 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:24,160 Speaker 1: never described himself as a lawyer or practiced law, and 71 00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:26,840 Speaker 1: there were times in his life when he really needed money, 72 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:29,560 Speaker 1: and it seems like if he'd had a law degree 73 00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:32,840 Speaker 1: he might have had more opportunities to earn it. At 74 00:04:32,880 --> 00:04:35,480 Speaker 1: the same time, the style and quality of his writing 75 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 1: suggests that he had more advanced education than he would 76 00:04:38,800 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: have gotten at the University of Savera, which had been 77 00:04:41,680 --> 00:04:45,599 Speaker 1: declining in quality and ultimately closed in eighteen thirty five. 78 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: Some sources say he never graduated from the University of 79 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:54,400 Speaker 1: Barcelona because he was so focused on his activism, and 80 00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:57,000 Speaker 1: others say it was because he kept giving his tuition 81 00:04:57,160 --> 00:05:00,000 Speaker 1: money to support the cause. Kind of two different flas 82 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:01,080 Speaker 1: of the same thing. 83 00:05:01,480 --> 00:05:05,320 Speaker 2: Yeah. Yeah, between eighteen thirty five and eighteen fifty five, 84 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:09,560 Speaker 2: So for twenty years, Monturial launched or worked out a 85 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:14,279 Speaker 2: whole series of radical and revolutionary periodicals, and this was 86 00:05:14,320 --> 00:05:17,919 Speaker 2: an ongoing cycle. He and some compatriots would start a 87 00:05:17,960 --> 00:05:21,120 Speaker 2: newspaper or a journal or a publishing house. Then they 88 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:24,599 Speaker 2: would print a whole bunch of material criticizing the Carlists 89 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:28,679 Speaker 2: or the government or Baldemiro s Bartero, who was Queen 90 00:05:28,760 --> 00:05:34,039 Speaker 2: Isabella's regent, or advocating for socialism or democracy or revolution. 91 00:05:35,200 --> 00:05:37,880 Speaker 2: Soon the police would show up and shut down the 92 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:41,960 Speaker 2: press and arrest everybody, sometimes also storming their homes or 93 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:46,680 Speaker 2: their businesses. At various points, Monturial was fled or was 94 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:50,800 Speaker 2: sent into exile, first to Girona, then to his hometown 95 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:54,080 Speaker 2: of Figaris, and then to the coastal town of Katakaise. 96 00:05:54,800 --> 00:05:56,719 Speaker 2: As soon as he could, he would make his way 97 00:05:56,720 --> 00:05:58,880 Speaker 2: back to Barcelona, and he would just do that all 98 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 2: over again. He also published treatises of his own, including 99 00:06:03,360 --> 00:06:07,240 Speaker 2: one that advocated against the death penalty in eighteen forty four. 100 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:11,159 Speaker 2: He was also a member of La Melisia Nacionale, or 101 00:06:11,240 --> 00:06:14,839 Speaker 2: the National Militia, which fought against the Spanish military during 102 00:06:14,880 --> 00:06:18,920 Speaker 2: a number of popular uprisings and other unrest. We talked 103 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,560 Speaker 2: about several of these in the Monjuique episode. He was 104 00:06:22,600 --> 00:06:26,280 Speaker 2: involved in two different uprisings that authorities dealt with, in 105 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:29,920 Speaker 2: part by bombarding the city of Barcelona from the castle 106 00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:30,680 Speaker 2: at Montuique. 107 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:32,520 Speaker 1: In the middle of all. 108 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:35,640 Speaker 2: This, Monturial also tried to find ways to make money. 109 00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:39,800 Speaker 2: He learned to paint from his friend Ramun Marty Alcina, 110 00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:42,480 Speaker 2: who was considered to be one of the most important 111 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:46,120 Speaker 2: painters in Catalan realism, and from time to time he 112 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 2: made some money as a portrait artist. He also invented things, 113 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:54,200 Speaker 2: including a printing machine that could print and cut the 114 00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:58,680 Speaker 2: lined paper used for children's notebooks. Another invention was a 115 00:06:58,720 --> 00:07:01,960 Speaker 2: cigarette rolling machine which could make forty five cigarettes a 116 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:05,760 Speaker 2: minute and then put them into a box. Monturial also 117 00:07:05,880 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 2: worked as a tutor, including tutoring his landlord's daughter. Her 118 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:13,720 Speaker 2: name was Emilia, and as has been the case several times, 119 00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:17,360 Speaker 2: on the show recently, their relationship gets a yikes when 120 00:07:17,360 --> 00:07:20,560 Speaker 2: it's seen through a modern lens. In addition to the 121 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:23,640 Speaker 2: fact that he was her tutor. When Narcis and Emilia 122 00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:26,800 Speaker 2: got married, he was twenty six and she was sixteen. 123 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:31,080 Speaker 2: The two of them had very similar social and political views, 124 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 2: and they seem to have had a happy and loving 125 00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:36,880 Speaker 2: relationship that lasted for the rest of their lives. With 126 00:07:37,040 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 2: all of Narcis's various exiles and other travels, they were 127 00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:44,360 Speaker 2: sometimes separated for long periods, and their letters to one 128 00:07:44,360 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 2: another during these times are very loving and devoted, although 129 00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:52,320 Speaker 2: there were times, especially later in Narcisa's life, when their 130 00:07:52,320 --> 00:07:56,560 Speaker 2: circumstances did seem to cause them some strain. Emilia and 131 00:07:56,640 --> 00:08:00,000 Speaker 2: Narcis would go on to have eight children together, although 132 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 2: only three of those children lived to adulthood. The year 133 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:07,200 Speaker 2: they got married, Montoreal started publishing a journal called La 134 00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:10,600 Speaker 2: Madre de Familia, which promoted the role of women in 135 00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:15,000 Speaker 2: families from kind of a proto feminist perspective. This was 136 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:18,880 Speaker 2: definitely underpinned by the idea that women had a natural 137 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:22,520 Speaker 2: family role, but he also called for equal legal and 138 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 2: political rights and access to education for women, and for 139 00:08:26,480 --> 00:08:30,040 Speaker 2: women to have protections against men who could mistreat or 140 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:35,160 Speaker 2: harm them. This journal, like so many of Monturial's periodicals, 141 00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:38,360 Speaker 2: was short lived, though it lasted for only eight weeks. 142 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:42,559 Speaker 2: When it closed, he started another one called La Fra Trinidad, 143 00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:46,839 Speaker 2: which advocated for the advancement of all of humanity, regardless 144 00:08:46,920 --> 00:08:51,600 Speaker 2: of sex. In eighteen forty seven, Monturial was introduced to 145 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:55,559 Speaker 2: the work of French philosopher and writer Ettienn Kabe. Kabe 146 00:08:55,840 --> 00:08:58,480 Speaker 2: was a communist who had written a utopian novel called 147 00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:03,320 Speaker 2: Voyage to Acarias years before. Cab thought that for most 148 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:07,840 Speaker 2: of history a small wealthy minority had been exploiting everyone else, 149 00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:13,360 Speaker 2: with that exploitation taking a series of forms including serfdom, slavery, 150 00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:17,880 Speaker 2: and unfair economic structures. He thought communism was the only 151 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:20,960 Speaker 2: way to resolve this, and he wanted to establish a 152 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 2: communist utopia called Akaria, like in his novel In the 153 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:28,439 Speaker 2: real world. We might talk more about this later, as 154 00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:31,920 Speaker 2: in during a whole different episode. Yeah, this is not 155 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:35,360 Speaker 2: even It doesn't even scratch the surface of Ettien Caabe 156 00:09:35,720 --> 00:09:41,439 Speaker 2: really uh. Montoreal helps translate Cabay's book and published and 157 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:47,280 Speaker 2: periodical for Cabay's followers The Montoreals also contributed some money 158 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 2: to Kabay's efforts to buy land and Texas for his 159 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:55,320 Speaker 2: utopian project. After Kabe and his followers departed for the 160 00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:59,560 Speaker 2: US in eighteen forty eight, Monturial continued to promote his 161 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:04,640 Speaker 2: idea in Catalonia. Of course, these writings also once again 162 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:08,920 Speaker 2: caught the attention of authorities, especially as a series of 163 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:12,480 Speaker 2: revolutions swept across parts of Europe in eighteen forty eight, 164 00:10:13,200 --> 00:10:18,320 Speaker 2: and Monturial once again went into exile, this time in France. 165 00:10:19,080 --> 00:10:23,839 Speaker 2: Montoreal returned to Barcelona in eighteen forty nine, possibly because 166 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:26,080 Speaker 2: an amnesty had been announced at the end of the 167 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:32,120 Speaker 2: Second Carlist War. From here, his activism became slightly more tempered. 168 00:10:32,720 --> 00:10:35,600 Speaker 2: While he had previously been part of the militia, his 169 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:40,160 Speaker 2: rhetoric became more pacifist. He still advocated for a revolution, 170 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:44,800 Speaker 2: but not a violent one. That didn't stop authorities from 171 00:10:44,840 --> 00:10:49,040 Speaker 2: shutting down his publications, though, including his pro democracy El 172 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:52,920 Speaker 2: Padre de Familia Father of the Family, that was shut 173 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:56,840 Speaker 2: down by judicial order in eighteen fifty. Around this time, 174 00:10:56,880 --> 00:11:01,559 Speaker 2: Monturial started spending a bit more time studying science and nature, 175 00:11:01,640 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 2: but he didn't entirely stop his radical publishing. He founded 176 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:11,080 Speaker 2: a secret publishing circle called El Coorto in eighteen fifty three, 177 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:15,760 Speaker 2: and when he once again fell under suspicion, they disbanded. 178 00:11:16,679 --> 00:11:20,080 Speaker 2: After almost two decades of this of just like starting 179 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:23,120 Speaker 2: things and being shut down and being exiled, and starting 180 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:25,600 Speaker 2: and shut down and exiled over and over, he was 181 00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:29,160 Speaker 2: starting to get discouraged, and for a while he thought 182 00:11:29,160 --> 00:11:33,160 Speaker 2: about joining the Akarians in the United States. Ultimately, though, 183 00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:37,480 Speaker 2: he decided to stay in Barcelona. In eighteen fifty four, 184 00:11:37,679 --> 00:11:41,160 Speaker 2: Spain embarked on a period of reform called the Biennio 185 00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:46,480 Speaker 2: Progressista or the Progressive Biennium. For a very brief moment, 186 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:49,960 Speaker 2: Monturial was able to openly advocate for many of his 187 00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:54,200 Speaker 2: ideals without the threat of arrest or exile. He was 188 00:11:54,240 --> 00:11:56,880 Speaker 2: a speaker at the first meeting of a newly established 189 00:11:56,920 --> 00:12:00,120 Speaker 2: Republican party, where he steered clear of the idea of 190 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:04,440 Speaker 2: communism and focused on topics like freedom, equality, and the 191 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 2: separation of church and state. His speech there was well received, 192 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:12,320 Speaker 2: but the Progressive Biennium was short lived, ending just a 193 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:17,960 Speaker 2: year later when Conservatives retook control. After that, Monturial was 194 00:12:18,080 --> 00:12:22,720 Speaker 2: once again exiled. This exile really changed his life, which 195 00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:34,960 Speaker 2: we will get to after a sponsor break. After the 196 00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:39,000 Speaker 2: end of the Progressive biennium, Narcis Material went into exile 197 00:12:39,160 --> 00:12:42,560 Speaker 2: in the seaside town of Kutacase, while his wife, Amelia 198 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:45,200 Speaker 2: and their two daughters went to live with his mother 199 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:49,360 Speaker 2: in Figueris. He tried to make ends meet there by 200 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:54,640 Speaker 2: painting portraits. He also wrote poetry, and he grieved. By 201 00:12:54,679 --> 00:12:57,640 Speaker 2: this point, he and his wife had lost two children. 202 00:12:57,920 --> 00:13:00,720 Speaker 2: Emilio had died in eighteen forty an at the age 203 00:13:00,760 --> 00:13:04,400 Speaker 2: of twelve months, and Filamina in eighteen fifty four at 204 00:13:04,440 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 2: the age of four years. Abdo Tarraras and Ettien Kabe 205 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:13,320 Speaker 2: also both died in eighteen fifty six. They had each 206 00:13:13,360 --> 00:13:17,640 Speaker 2: been enormously influential on Montorial and on his work and ideals, 207 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:22,079 Speaker 2: so with their deaths really pretty close together, he lost 208 00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:27,120 Speaker 2: two of his biggest inspirations and collaborators. While in Katacase, 209 00:13:27,520 --> 00:13:32,679 Speaker 2: Monturial also spent time watching divers collect Mediterranean red coral. 210 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:36,760 Speaker 2: This coral was used as a gemstone, including polishing and 211 00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:40,640 Speaker 2: shaping it to make jewelry, beads and artwork. Of course, 212 00:13:40,760 --> 00:13:43,840 Speaker 2: red coral has its own much bigger story. One that 213 00:13:43,960 --> 00:13:48,720 Speaker 2: is connected to slavery, globalization, environmentalism, and a range of 214 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:53,720 Speaker 2: spiritual and religious beliefs and practices. But Monturial's focus was 215 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:56,960 Speaker 2: on the divers and the dangers of their work. These 216 00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:00,440 Speaker 2: were usually men who worked from boats. In pairs, one 217 00:14:00,440 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 2: would dive to the seafloor, sometimes as deep as twenty 218 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:06,120 Speaker 2: meters below, and stayed down for as long as they 219 00:14:06,120 --> 00:14:09,240 Speaker 2: could hold their breath, cutting and breaking pieces of coral 220 00:14:09,559 --> 00:14:12,760 Speaker 2: to then carry back to the boat. Then the other 221 00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:16,960 Speaker 2: would dive in and repeat the process. This all carried 222 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,760 Speaker 2: obvious risks of injuries or drowning, and sometimes there were 223 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:24,680 Speaker 2: also sharks in the water. During one of his earlier 224 00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:28,600 Speaker 2: periods of exile, in Kaida case in eighteen forty five, 225 00:14:29,240 --> 00:14:33,040 Speaker 2: Montreal had reportedly saved a diver who had been pulled 226 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 2: out of the water and was not breathing. In the 227 00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:40,320 Speaker 2: account of this, Montreal lifted the man up by his 228 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:43,320 Speaker 2: feet so that gravity would force the water out of 229 00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:46,920 Speaker 2: his lungs. This can force some water out of a 230 00:14:46,920 --> 00:14:50,320 Speaker 2: person's lungs, but this is not what's typically advised in 231 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 2: cases of drowning today because it can cause vomiting and 232 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,680 Speaker 2: delay the start of CPR or rescue breathing. So this 233 00:14:57,840 --> 00:15:01,920 Speaker 2: experience led Montreal to start thinking about a way to 234 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,920 Speaker 2: make a vessel that could go totally underwater, equipped with 235 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:09,360 Speaker 2: arms and a basket so that people could gather coral 236 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:13,600 Speaker 2: from safely inside of it and then now back in Katakis. 237 00:15:13,640 --> 00:15:17,360 Speaker 2: A decade later he started actually working on this. This 238 00:15:17,440 --> 00:15:22,840 Speaker 2: involved learning everything he could about existing technologies for surviving underwater. 239 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:26,360 Speaker 2: This started with diving bells, which date back to at 240 00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:30,240 Speaker 2: least the fourth century BCE. We talked about this more 241 00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:33,520 Speaker 2: in our episode on the history of diving technology, which 242 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,480 Speaker 2: ran as a Saturday Classic in November of twenty twenty three. 243 00:15:37,520 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 2: And then from there Monturial learned about the work of 244 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:43,800 Speaker 2: English mathematician William Bourne, who served in the Royal Navy 245 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:47,600 Speaker 2: and wrote on ideas for controlling buoyancy in a completely 246 00:15:47,640 --> 00:15:51,880 Speaker 2: submerged boat, something that is critical to the successful operation 247 00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:56,200 Speaker 2: of a submarine. He also studied descriptions of a submarine 248 00:15:56,240 --> 00:16:00,920 Speaker 2: called the Turtle, developed by David and Ezra Bushnell of Connecticut, 249 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:04,880 Speaker 2: which was used in attempts to attach mines to British 250 00:16:04,920 --> 00:16:09,240 Speaker 2: warships during the American Revolution. The Turtle had an air 251 00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:12,160 Speaker 2: filled chamber to help control its depth in the water, 252 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:15,800 Speaker 2: and it had a propeller that was driven by treatles 253 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,440 Speaker 2: or cranks. This was actually the first known use of 254 00:16:19,480 --> 00:16:21,480 Speaker 2: a propeller on a watercraft. 255 00:16:22,240 --> 00:16:25,680 Speaker 1: Monturial also knew about the work of Robert Fulton, better 256 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:29,800 Speaker 1: known for inventing the first practical steamship. Fulton built a 257 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:34,160 Speaker 1: submarine called the Nautilus for Napoleon in eighteen hundred, and 258 00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:37,480 Speaker 1: then there was Vilhelm Bauer, who built submarine prototypes for 259 00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:42,360 Speaker 1: several nations starting in eighteen fifty one. Bowers two primary 260 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: prototypes both failed, one after unexpectedly sinking to the seafloor 261 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:50,480 Speaker 1: and starting to leak, and the other after getting stuck 262 00:16:50,560 --> 00:16:54,760 Speaker 1: on the seafloor after intentionally coming to rest there. In 263 00:16:54,880 --> 00:16:59,320 Speaker 1: both cases, the crews managed to escape, and Monturial knew 264 00:16:59,320 --> 00:17:01,960 Speaker 1: about Bower's work as well, which was as useful as 265 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:05,320 Speaker 1: much for his innovations as for picking apart what had 266 00:17:05,359 --> 00:17:09,680 Speaker 1: gone wrong and how to prevent those problems. Monturial's plans 267 00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:13,879 Speaker 1: for his submarine were ambitious. These names that we just 268 00:17:14,040 --> 00:17:17,000 Speaker 1: mentioned were only a very few of the people who 269 00:17:17,080 --> 00:17:20,880 Speaker 1: had worked on some kind of submersible vessel, and by 270 00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:23,520 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, there were a lot of people in 271 00:17:23,600 --> 00:17:24,120 Speaker 1: a lot of. 272 00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:26,919 Speaker 2: Different countries who had at least built some kind of 273 00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:31,680 Speaker 2: submarine prototype. Most of these were meant to stay fairly 274 00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:34,959 Speaker 2: close to the surface of the water. For example, Robert 275 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 2: Fulton considered the Nautilus to be safe to a depth 276 00:17:38,359 --> 00:17:41,719 Speaker 2: of about eight meters or roughly twenty six feet, so 277 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:45,680 Speaker 2: not nearly as far down as those coral divers would 278 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:49,520 Speaker 2: go that we talked about earlier. Montoreal wanted to build 279 00:17:49,640 --> 00:17:52,080 Speaker 2: a submarine that could go all the way down to 280 00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:55,359 Speaker 2: the bottom of the ocean, which he estimated to be 281 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:59,720 Speaker 2: about eight thousand meters deep. That's much deeper than the 282 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:02,919 Speaker 2: act average ocean depth of three thousand, six hundred and 283 00:18:02,920 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 2: eighty two meters, but not nearly as deep as the 284 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,880 Speaker 2: deepest parts of the ocean, which are more than ten 285 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:13,560 Speaker 2: thousand meters deep. In addition to giving coral divers a 286 00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:16,360 Speaker 2: safer way to work, he thought such a vessel could 287 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:20,119 Speaker 2: help fishers, salvage, operators, and other people who worked on 288 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:23,440 Speaker 2: the sea. He also imagined the ocean as a whole 289 00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,879 Speaker 2: new continent to explore. He thought of this submarine as 290 00:18:26,920 --> 00:18:30,760 Speaker 2: something that would bring scientific and social progress a new 291 00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:34,600 Speaker 2: way to promote his earlier ideals of social justice and equality. 292 00:18:35,720 --> 00:18:38,480 Speaker 2: So many submarine projects up to this point had been 293 00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:41,880 Speaker 2: done for military purposes, and he understood that what he 294 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:45,399 Speaker 2: was working on could have a potential military use, but 295 00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:47,919 Speaker 2: he thought of his submarine as something that would have 296 00:18:48,119 --> 00:18:52,880 Speaker 2: only a defensive role. He was so idealistic about all 297 00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:56,200 Speaker 2: of this, and I really kind of love it about him. 298 00:18:56,880 --> 00:19:00,760 Speaker 2: Working on the submarine really became his entire focus. While 299 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:05,000 Speaker 2: he still supported progressive political causes and the idea of 300 00:19:05,119 --> 00:19:09,280 Speaker 2: democracy for Catalonia and Spain, he was now trying to 301 00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:13,520 Speaker 2: do this through science and imagination. He started looking for 302 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,600 Speaker 2: people to fund his project, and by eighteen fifty seven 303 00:19:16,680 --> 00:19:20,400 Speaker 2: he had twenty backers. He made his way back to Barcelona. 304 00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:23,560 Speaker 2: He reunited with his family and they found a place 305 00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:26,919 Speaker 2: to live near the shipyard. In eighteen fifty eight, he 306 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:31,280 Speaker 2: presented his research on what he called submarine navigation to 307 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:35,639 Speaker 2: his backers. This synthesized everything into a plan for a 308 00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:40,400 Speaker 2: vessel that would include navigational systems, propulsion, and a renewable 309 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:45,240 Speaker 2: air supply. Monturial knew that the strongest material in shape 310 00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:48,119 Speaker 2: for his submarine would be a sphere made of metal, 311 00:19:48,720 --> 00:19:51,480 Speaker 2: but a sphere wasn't practical for the size of vessel 312 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:53,640 Speaker 2: he wanted to build, and he just didn't have enough 313 00:19:53,680 --> 00:19:57,119 Speaker 2: money for something that was made entirely of metal, so 314 00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:00,280 Speaker 2: he designed his submarine to have a double hull, the 315 00:20:00,359 --> 00:20:03,320 Speaker 2: first known submarine to be built this way, and this 316 00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:07,440 Speaker 2: combination of an outer hydrodynamic hull and an inner pressure 317 00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:11,880 Speaker 2: hull is still used in a lot of submarines today. 318 00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:15,840 Speaker 2: The inner hull of Monturial's submarine was an ellipsoid shape, 319 00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:18,959 Speaker 2: not quite as strong as a sphere, but still pretty close. 320 00:20:19,680 --> 00:20:23,160 Speaker 2: It was made of olive wood staves with oak supports, 321 00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:26,360 Speaker 2: covered in copper two millimeters thick so that it would 322 00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:30,040 Speaker 2: be water tight. The outer hull was also made of wood, 323 00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:33,439 Speaker 2: about seven meters long and roughly resembling a fish with 324 00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:36,960 Speaker 2: a propeller and the tail. The crew turned this propeller 325 00:20:37,080 --> 00:20:40,120 Speaker 2: using a screw. On the inside of the vessel. There 326 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:44,360 Speaker 2: were also fins to steer and portholes for visibility. The 327 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:47,840 Speaker 2: space between these two hulls would be flooded with sea 328 00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:51,520 Speaker 2: water when the vessel submerged, so only the inner hull 329 00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,560 Speaker 2: had to be able to withstand the pressure of the ocean. 330 00:20:55,359 --> 00:20:58,520 Speaker 2: The water filled space in between the two hulls was 331 00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:02,480 Speaker 2: also home to the ballast tanks and what Montreal described 332 00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:07,439 Speaker 2: as flotation bladders. These air bladders used the interplay between 333 00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:11,159 Speaker 2: water pressure and air pressure to adjust the vessel's buoyancy. 334 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:14,880 Speaker 2: There was a movable weight inside the vessel that could 335 00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:17,840 Speaker 2: adjust its center of gravity, and weights mounted to the 336 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:20,960 Speaker 2: outside that could be released so that the submarine could 337 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:25,200 Speaker 2: still surface again if something went wrong with those flotation bladders. 338 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:30,680 Speaker 2: Montreal thought this vessel could safely withstand the ocean's pressure 339 00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:34,639 Speaker 2: down to a depth of about five hundred meters, but 340 00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:37,639 Speaker 2: for the sake of safety, he approved it only to 341 00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:41,679 Speaker 2: fifty meters. Montreal also wanted to find a way to 342 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:45,560 Speaker 2: provide oxygen and fresh air to his submarine while submerged. 343 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:48,960 Speaker 2: He studied fish physiology to see if he could figure 344 00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:52,480 Speaker 2: out a way to extract oxygen from the surrounding sea water. 345 00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:55,240 Speaker 2: He did not find a way to do that, and 346 00:21:55,359 --> 00:21:58,280 Speaker 2: the method he found to produce oxygen on board involved 347 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 2: a chemical reaction that involves furic acid that was unsafe, 348 00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:05,880 Speaker 2: so he limited his dives to the amount of time 349 00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:08,720 Speaker 2: that his crew of five or six people would have 350 00:22:08,840 --> 00:22:13,760 Speaker 2: enough oxygen, supplemented with bottled oxygen for longer dives. The 351 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:16,800 Speaker 2: interior of the submarine was also lit by a candle, 352 00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:20,119 Speaker 2: which also used up some of the oxygen, but the 353 00:22:20,160 --> 00:22:23,199 Speaker 2: size and color of the flame also gave a visual 354 00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:26,640 Speaker 2: indication of when that oxygen was about to run out. 355 00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:31,080 Speaker 2: While he had to set aside his method for oxygen production, 356 00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:34,719 Speaker 2: he did develop a way to scrub the exhaled carbon 357 00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:38,560 Speaker 2: dioxide from the air inside a submarine. The air inside 358 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,280 Speaker 2: the sub was pumped through a container of calcium hydroxide 359 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:46,200 Speaker 2: and that would cause the carbon dioxide to precipitate out 360 00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:50,200 Speaker 2: of it as calcium carbonate. To be clear, while these 361 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:53,720 Speaker 2: were Monturial's ideas and designs, he did not build. 362 00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:55,919 Speaker 1: This ship all by himself. He had a lot of 363 00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:59,880 Speaker 1: support from people who were affiliated with the Barcelona Industrial School. 364 00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:04,840 Speaker 1: Joseph Missey Castels acted as master boat builder, and naval 365 00:23:04,920 --> 00:23:09,560 Speaker 1: architect Juan Mounuo worked on the design, basically turning Montoreal's 366 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:12,959 Speaker 1: ideas into plans the builders could follow to make us 367 00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:19,399 Speaker 1: functioning submarine. Montreal called this submarine Actineo John from Greek 368 00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:23,160 Speaker 1: words meaning fish vessel. He launched it for the first 369 00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:26,840 Speaker 1: time in Barcelona on June twenty eighth, eighteen fifty nine, 370 00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:31,200 Speaker 1: and he had an immediate setback. Almost as soon as 371 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,880 Speaker 1: the submarine hit the water, it ran into hidden pilings 372 00:23:35,760 --> 00:23:38,159 Speaker 1: that were under the water's surface, and it had to 373 00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:41,480 Speaker 1: be repaired. He really didn't have the time or money 374 00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:44,399 Speaker 1: or materials to do all of the repairs that he 375 00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:48,760 Speaker 1: thought were necessary, so he did what he could, and 376 00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:52,800 Speaker 1: then he limited the Actineos dives to twenty meters depth 377 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:57,600 Speaker 1: rather than fifty. Montreal took the Actineo through more than 378 00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:01,520 Speaker 1: twenty test dives in the summer of eighteen fifty fifty nine. 379 00:24:01,520 --> 00:24:04,359 Speaker 1: Many of these dives lasted more than two hours, and 380 00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:07,600 Speaker 1: one lasted more than four with the crew provided with 381 00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:12,679 Speaker 1: bottled oxygen, and people in Barcelona got really excited about 382 00:24:12,680 --> 00:24:16,480 Speaker 1: this vessel. A public demonstration on September twenty third was 383 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:19,320 Speaker 1: carried out before huge, cheering crowds. 384 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:23,560 Speaker 2: Montreal still had a lot of really idealistic thoughts about 385 00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:27,960 Speaker 2: the humanitarian possibilities of his submarine, and he was getting 386 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:32,440 Speaker 2: a lot of popular enthusiasm and support, including what were 387 00:24:32,480 --> 00:24:36,600 Speaker 2: basically fan organizations that formed to try to raise money 388 00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:40,040 Speaker 2: for him. But he recognized that to get the kind 389 00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:42,720 Speaker 2: of funding he would need to build a ship that 390 00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:45,399 Speaker 2: could really get all the way to the bottom of 391 00:24:45,440 --> 00:24:48,920 Speaker 2: the ocean. He would need the backing of the governments 392 00:24:49,119 --> 00:24:54,080 Speaker 2: or the Spanish Navy. He was envisioning something truly massive, 393 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:57,199 Speaker 2: with hundreds or even more than one thousand people on 394 00:24:57,280 --> 00:25:01,159 Speaker 2: the crew. He started requesting govern funds by the end 395 00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:05,200 Speaker 2: of eighteen fifty nine. Publicly he was still talking about 396 00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:10,359 Speaker 2: the possibilities for exploration and research and scientific progress, but 397 00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:13,000 Speaker 2: he tried to get the navy interested with the idea 398 00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:16,720 Speaker 2: of a submarine as a defensive tool. If Spain had 399 00:25:16,760 --> 00:25:21,160 Speaker 2: a vessel that could approach and destroy British ships completely undetected, 400 00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:25,520 Speaker 2: then Britain might just stay away from Spain. By eighteen 401 00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:30,639 Speaker 2: sixty one, Montreal and his ship were international news. English 402 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:34,760 Speaker 2: language newspapers in multiple countries carried a report that said 403 00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 2: quote a Spaniard named Signor Montreal is declared to have 404 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:43,199 Speaker 2: discovered the means of constructing a vessel by means of 405 00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:45,560 Speaker 2: which he and a crew can live at the bottom 406 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:49,520 Speaker 2: of the sea. That same year, the Spanish government announced 407 00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 2: that it would fund the building of a new Octenneo. 408 00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:58,040 Speaker 2: Montreal had some concerns about this announcement. He had been 409 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:01,040 Speaker 2: trying to get government funding, but he just wasn't confident 410 00:26:01,119 --> 00:26:04,959 Speaker 2: that the government would actually follow through, and the announcement 411 00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:09,240 Speaker 2: also put an end to all of those public fundraising efforts. 412 00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:14,240 Speaker 1: Then the Actineo was destroyed in eighteen sixty two when 413 00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:17,720 Speaker 1: a freighter accidentally ran into it while it was docked 414 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:22,840 Speaker 1: in Barcelona Harbor. So Montorial built a second submarine, and 415 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:25,200 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about that after we pause for 416 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:38,680 Speaker 1: another sponsor break. When the Actennio was destroyed in Barcelona 417 00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:43,080 Speaker 1: Harbor in eighteen sixty two, Narcis Montorial started working on 418 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:46,959 Speaker 1: a replacement, and he did so without that government backing 419 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:50,120 Speaker 1: that had been announced the year before. How many never 420 00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:54,040 Speaker 1: actually materialized. Some of the generals who had been connected 421 00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:57,720 Speaker 1: to all this were transferred to Havana, and that meant 422 00:26:57,720 --> 00:27:02,680 Speaker 1: there was increasing interest in submarine technology in Cuba that 423 00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:06,400 Speaker 1: did not actually help Montreal though he was still in Barcelona. 424 00:27:07,280 --> 00:27:11,560 Speaker 1: The Acdenneo two was seventeen meters long, so ten meters 425 00:27:11,560 --> 00:27:15,880 Speaker 1: longer than his earlier submarine. Aspects of the Acdennio two 426 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:19,240 Speaker 1: were similar to the Actennio one. It was once again 427 00:27:19,240 --> 00:27:21,720 Speaker 1: a submarine with an inner and outer hull and a 428 00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:25,199 Speaker 1: fish like shape. He also worked with Wan Manno and 429 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:28,439 Speaker 1: Joseph Mise again on getting this second one built. 430 00:27:29,320 --> 00:27:33,360 Speaker 2: Since the new submarine had a bigger interior volume, there 431 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:36,480 Speaker 2: was more air available, so even with a crew of 432 00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:40,639 Speaker 2: about sixteen rather than five or six, it could potentially 433 00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:44,240 Speaker 2: stay submerged for a lot longer. But that longer time 434 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:48,880 Speaker 2: underwater increased the need to remove excess carbon dioxide from 435 00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:54,520 Speaker 2: the air, as well as removing odors and microorganisms, so 436 00:27:54,640 --> 00:27:59,679 Speaker 2: Montreal created a more sophisticated system to circulate and purify 437 00:27:59,760 --> 00:28:03,719 Speaker 2: their including a different way he figured out to produce 438 00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:08,600 Speaker 2: oxygen that was from a chemical reaction involving manganese dioxide 439 00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:13,199 Speaker 2: and potassium chlorate. Monturial launched the Actineo two for the 440 00:28:13,240 --> 00:28:16,960 Speaker 2: first time on October second, eighteen sixty four, and he 441 00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:20,280 Speaker 2: continued to refine the design until May of the following year. 442 00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,560 Speaker 2: From there, he took longer test dives, going to depths 443 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:27,919 Speaker 2: of about thirty meters for as long as seven hours. 444 00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 2: During one of these trials, on June sixteenth, the Actineo 445 00:28:32,160 --> 00:28:36,520 Speaker 2: two developed a leak back on the surface. Monturial realized 446 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:40,000 Speaker 2: the iron screws holding the inner hulls copper sheathing together 447 00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:43,760 Speaker 2: had rusted, and one of them had dislodged, something that 448 00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:46,479 Speaker 2: had not been an issue on the Actinea Ie. At 449 00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:50,720 Speaker 2: Shallower Depths, Montreal replaced all of the screws with ones 450 00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:55,600 Speaker 2: made from copper or bronze. In December of eighteen sixty five, 451 00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:59,920 Speaker 2: still hoping to get governments or military support, Montoreal mount 452 00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:02,880 Speaker 2: to a cannon on the outside of the ACTINEO two 453 00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:06,080 Speaker 2: and he tested it in the waters off of Barcelona, 454 00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:10,120 Speaker 2: so the submarine would approach the surface, fire the cannon, 455 00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:14,240 Speaker 2: and immediately dive again, kind of replicating what might happen 456 00:29:14,320 --> 00:29:19,280 Speaker 2: during a stealth mission at sea. He apparently didn't really 457 00:29:19,880 --> 00:29:22,520 Speaker 2: tell anybody he was going to do this or get 458 00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:26,440 Speaker 2: permission for doing it, so officials did not find this intriguing. 459 00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:29,600 Speaker 2: They found it pretty alarming. It did not bring in 460 00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:31,560 Speaker 2: the funding that he was hoping for. 461 00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,920 Speaker 1: Then, in eighteen sixty six, even though he hadn't been 462 00:29:35,960 --> 00:29:40,280 Speaker 1: writing revolutionary newspapers or fighting in a populist militia for 463 00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:44,000 Speaker 1: more than a decade, he was arrested under suspicion of 464 00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:47,600 Speaker 1: being involved in a plot against the Queen. He was 465 00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:51,320 Speaker 1: eventually released, but this interrupted his work and his efforts 466 00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:52,120 Speaker 1: to get funding. 467 00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:58,080 Speaker 2: These efforts included writing to Gideon Wells, the US Secretary 468 00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:02,120 Speaker 2: of the Navy, Monterrea was offering his services in the 469 00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:07,320 Speaker 2: US Civil War. Montreal did not know until receiving Wells's 470 00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,560 Speaker 2: reply that the war had actually already ended by that point. 471 00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:16,960 Speaker 2: Montreal also patented his earlier invention of a cigarette machine, 472 00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:20,120 Speaker 2: hoping that he could use this as a source of income. 473 00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:23,840 Speaker 2: In eighteen sixty seven, he tried to establish a company 474 00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:27,600 Speaker 2: to produce and distribute these machines, but he wasn't able 475 00:30:27,640 --> 00:30:32,720 Speaker 2: to get the interest of cigarette manufacturers. Also, while Montreal 476 00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:36,320 Speaker 2: had imagined this as a labor saving device that would 477 00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:39,959 Speaker 2: help the people who rolled cigarettes by hand, to the 478 00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:42,440 Speaker 2: workers who did those jobs, it was a machine that 479 00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:46,440 Speaker 2: was going to replace them. By eighteen seventy two, he 480 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:50,960 Speaker 2: had one working machine that was destroyed in a factory riot. 481 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:54,800 Speaker 2: He was eventually compensated for its loss, but that took years. 482 00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:59,160 Speaker 2: He later made a smaller tabletop version of this machine 483 00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:01,680 Speaker 2: that did actually bring him a little bit of income. 484 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:07,160 Speaker 2: News was also continuing to spread about Monturial's work outside 485 00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:11,000 Speaker 2: of Spain. In eighteen sixty six, this snippet was picked 486 00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:14,480 Speaker 2: up in newspapers around the world. Quote a Madrid letter 487 00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:18,440 Speaker 2: in the Paris Tempt states that M. Monturial, a Spaniard, 488 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:22,520 Speaker 2: has solved the problem of submarine steam navigation by the 489 00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:25,400 Speaker 2: invention of a vessel which can remain for hours at 490 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:30,000 Speaker 2: a considerable depth, can discharge cannons from below, and even 491 00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:34,320 Speaker 2: act as a ram for piercing ironclad ships. The Prise 492 00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:38,120 Speaker 2: Sure Advertiser ran this with the heading wonderful if true. 493 00:31:39,160 --> 00:31:42,160 Speaker 2: That seems like something that somebody would put on social media, 494 00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:45,160 Speaker 2: with the screenshot of the news story big if true. 495 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:50,280 Speaker 2: The Liverpool Mercury also printed a letter from a JF 496 00:31:50,680 --> 00:31:53,800 Speaker 2: asking if anyone had heard of a submarine demonstration a 497 00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:58,240 Speaker 2: couple of years back. He described this public demonstration as 498 00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:02,720 Speaker 2: something quote told by an eyewitness to him. This letter 499 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:06,040 Speaker 2: ended by saying the author did not recall seeing any 500 00:32:06,120 --> 00:32:09,520 Speaker 2: mentioned of this in English newspapers and being very curious 501 00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:12,080 Speaker 2: about it because such a thing seemed to violate the 502 00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:17,200 Speaker 2: known laws of physics. This letter writer wrote, quote, and 503 00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:21,520 Speaker 2: if what I have heard stated is practicable, might not 504 00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:25,080 Speaker 2: the power obtained be applied to something useful In the 505 00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:28,760 Speaker 2: search for the lost Atlantic cable for example, or the 506 00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:32,320 Speaker 2: laying of a new one. If this lost Atlantic cable 507 00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:35,280 Speaker 2: sounds intriguing, we have an episode on that which we 508 00:32:35,360 --> 00:32:37,960 Speaker 2: ran as a Saturday Classic in May of twenty twenty three. 509 00:32:38,760 --> 00:32:41,840 Speaker 2: Like that other piece, this letter from JF was picked 510 00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:44,960 Speaker 2: up in a lot of other English language newspapers. 511 00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:49,360 Speaker 1: Back in Barcelona, Monturial was trying to figure out how 512 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:53,200 Speaker 1: to give his submarine an engine, because, like the original Icdinio, 513 00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:57,000 Speaker 1: it was very, very slow, and it required crew members 514 00:32:57,040 --> 00:33:01,240 Speaker 1: to continually exert themselves. He had proposed the idea of 515 00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 1: a submarine with an electric motor years before, but at 516 00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:08,400 Speaker 1: the time electric motors really weren't powerful enough for this purpose. 517 00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:12,720 Speaker 1: The batteries needed to keep one running underwater also probably 518 00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:15,760 Speaker 1: would have filled the entire vessel, so he tried to 519 00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:18,160 Speaker 1: find a way to use a steam engine instead. 520 00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:22,080 Speaker 2: Steam engines had become a primary source of power in 521 00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:26,520 Speaker 2: the nineteenth century, and Robert Fulton's North River steamboat, which 522 00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:29,640 Speaker 2: we alluded to earlier, that had been launched way back 523 00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:32,800 Speaker 2: in eighteen oh seven. But you could not just burn 524 00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:36,120 Speaker 2: a whole bunch of coal in an enclosed, air tight 525 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:41,840 Speaker 2: vessel underwater. Montreal did outfit the Actineo II with a 526 00:33:41,920 --> 00:33:45,960 Speaker 2: coal powered boiler, but that was only used when the 527 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,240 Speaker 2: submarine was traveling on the surface of the water and 528 00:33:49,320 --> 00:33:52,400 Speaker 2: it was possible to move fresh air into the submarine 529 00:33:52,440 --> 00:33:56,760 Speaker 2: and coal exhaust out of it. For underwater purposes, he 530 00:33:56,920 --> 00:34:01,880 Speaker 2: used a chemical reaction instead. He experimented with thousands of 531 00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:07,200 Speaker 2: combinations before arriving at proportions of zinc, manganese dioxide, and 532 00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:12,279 Speaker 2: chlorate that produced both oxygen and heat, So that was 533 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:15,520 Speaker 2: going to give more oxygen to the interior of the 534 00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:17,760 Speaker 2: submarine as well as the heat to run the boiler, 535 00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:20,680 Speaker 2: and then it also produced zinc oxide, which could be 536 00:34:20,680 --> 00:34:25,279 Speaker 2: collected and sold. He made these rod like fuel containers 537 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:29,920 Speaker 2: to deliver the chemicals into the boiler in very precise amounts. 538 00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:33,239 Speaker 1: The engine that ran off this reaction was designed by 539 00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:37,160 Speaker 1: Joseph Pasquali dop, who was also the first formally trained 540 00:34:37,160 --> 00:34:40,920 Speaker 1: engineer to work on one of Montreal's projects. He also 541 00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:46,399 Speaker 1: incidentally later married Monturial's oldest daughter. Getting this engine into 542 00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:50,040 Speaker 1: the interior of the Actineo two was difficult. They had 543 00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:52,320 Speaker 1: to take it apart and move it piece by piece 544 00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:54,520 Speaker 1: through a hatch that was only about a foot and 545 00:34:54,560 --> 00:34:56,440 Speaker 1: a half wide. 546 00:34:56,560 --> 00:35:00,000 Speaker 2: As Montreal was working on this, in August of eighteen 547 00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:03,200 Speaker 2: sixty seven, he heard that police were coming to arrest 548 00:35:03,280 --> 00:35:06,960 Speaker 2: him and he had to flee. This was again because 549 00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:10,279 Speaker 2: his earlier political activities had made him a suspect in 550 00:35:10,360 --> 00:35:14,799 Speaker 2: something recent that he wasn't actually involved with. He was 551 00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:18,440 Speaker 2: able to return, but this was another disruption at a 552 00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:21,360 Speaker 2: pretty critical time as he was trying to finish his 553 00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:23,480 Speaker 2: work on the submarine. 554 00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:26,680 Speaker 1: Work was finished on the coal burner for surface travel 555 00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:30,360 Speaker 1: in October of eighteen sixty seven, and the underwater engine 556 00:35:30,440 --> 00:35:34,399 Speaker 1: was finished that December, and both the chemical reaction and 557 00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:38,040 Speaker 1: the engine powered by it worked, but it also made 558 00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:42,760 Speaker 1: the inside of that submarine incredibly hot. While earlier dives 559 00:35:42,760 --> 00:35:46,280 Speaker 1: had lasted up to eight hours with the underwater engine running, 560 00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:50,000 Speaker 1: crews could only stay submerged for about twenty minutes. By 561 00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:53,200 Speaker 1: that point, the temperature inside had climbed to about fifty 562 00:35:53,239 --> 00:35:57,040 Speaker 1: degrees celsius or one hundred and twenty two degrees fahrenheit. 563 00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:01,160 Speaker 2: What Montoreal really wanted to do was to create a 564 00:36:01,239 --> 00:36:05,120 Speaker 2: whole new submarine, one that was purpose built to work 565 00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:09,319 Speaker 2: with this specific engine and fuel source. But he had 566 00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:12,840 Speaker 2: already spent about four times as much money on the 567 00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:16,600 Speaker 2: Octennao two as he had on the Octennio one. So 568 00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:19,920 Speaker 2: he worked on plans for a cooling system with copper 569 00:36:20,040 --> 00:36:22,880 Speaker 2: pipes that would be cooled by the ocean water that 570 00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:26,160 Speaker 2: could be added to this existing submarine. 571 00:36:26,239 --> 00:36:29,080 Speaker 1: But he didn't get a chance to carry out this modification. 572 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:32,840 Speaker 1: He and the company he'd established to do this work 573 00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:36,040 Speaker 1: were deeply in debt, and other economic issues were playing 574 00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:40,040 Speaker 1: out throughout Barcelona. A shipyard that had been the project's 575 00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:43,719 Speaker 1: major financial backer demanded the debt be paid off, and 576 00:36:43,760 --> 00:36:47,440 Speaker 1: there was nothing to pay it with. Montreal had to 577 00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:50,240 Speaker 1: fire all of his employees. Near the end of December 578 00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:54,640 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven, a court ordered his assets to be seized. 579 00:36:54,719 --> 00:36:58,360 Speaker 1: The following February, the Octenny O two was sold for 580 00:36:58,480 --> 00:37:01,560 Speaker 1: scrap and it's underwater engine was sent to a wheat 581 00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:03,839 Speaker 1: processing plant where it was repurposed. 582 00:37:04,760 --> 00:37:09,680 Speaker 2: Montreal was devastated. He really thought he would have gotten 583 00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 2: a submarine that could stay underwater indefinitely if only he 584 00:37:13,840 --> 00:37:18,000 Speaker 2: had gotten enough money to cool the engine system. And 585 00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:21,400 Speaker 2: the public was still really fascinated by the idea of 586 00:37:21,640 --> 00:37:26,719 Speaker 2: underwater travel and exploration. Jules Vern's twenty thousand leagues under 587 00:37:26,719 --> 00:37:29,360 Speaker 2: the Sea came out as a serial starting in early 588 00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:34,239 Speaker 2: eighteen sixty nine, and Montreal's submarines are cited as one 589 00:37:34,239 --> 00:37:39,239 Speaker 2: of the inspirations for Jules Verne's Nautilus. Monturial wrote a 590 00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:42,080 Speaker 2: book about his efforts, titled Essay on the Art of 591 00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:46,440 Speaker 2: Navigating Underwater. He finished that work in eighteen seventy, and 592 00:37:46,480 --> 00:37:49,240 Speaker 2: while the writing process seems to have helped him recover 593 00:37:49,719 --> 00:37:53,360 Speaker 2: emotionally from the end of his submarine project, at least somewhat, 594 00:37:53,840 --> 00:37:57,279 Speaker 2: he couldn't find a publisher for it. Then, in late 595 00:37:57,320 --> 00:38:00,960 Speaker 2: eighteen seventy one and early eighteen seventy two, two of 596 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:05,440 Speaker 2: his children died of tuberculosis, seventeen year old Adelaida and 597 00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:09,880 Speaker 2: thirteen year old Delfina. Queen Isabella the Second was driven 598 00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:14,040 Speaker 2: into exile in eighteen sixty eight and abdicated in eighteen seventy. 599 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:18,279 Speaker 2: She was succeeded by Italian Prince Amadeo the First, who 600 00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:22,240 Speaker 2: was then overthrown in eighteen seventy three, and then after 601 00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:27,239 Speaker 2: that Spain was briefly a republic. Montreal served as a 602 00:38:27,320 --> 00:38:31,600 Speaker 2: deputy in the first Republican Parliament. He moved to Madrid, 603 00:38:31,640 --> 00:38:35,000 Speaker 2: where he was made a director at the National Factory 604 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:38,120 Speaker 2: of Stamps. In that role, he worked out a faster 605 00:38:38,320 --> 00:38:41,560 Speaker 2: drying glue so that the factory could get enough stamps 606 00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:44,960 Speaker 2: into production to meet a government ordered deadline involving a 607 00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:45,640 Speaker 2: new tax. 608 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:50,279 Speaker 1: The Spanish monarchy was restored in eighteen seventy four, which 609 00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:54,759 Speaker 1: was during the Third Carlist War. During this war, Montoreal 610 00:38:54,840 --> 00:38:58,000 Speaker 1: designed a couple of cannons, one of which was destroyed 611 00:38:58,040 --> 00:39:01,560 Speaker 1: in the process of testing it. The Third Carlist War 612 00:39:01,719 --> 00:39:05,000 Speaker 1: ended in eighteen seventy six with a new constitution that 613 00:39:05,160 --> 00:39:10,759 Speaker 1: established Spain as a constitutional monarchy. Two years later, apparently 614 00:39:10,920 --> 00:39:15,239 Speaker 1: just desperate for work, Montreal took an administrative job at 615 00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:19,480 Speaker 1: a monarchist newspaper called La Corona. Within a year, he 616 00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:23,440 Speaker 1: had left and started working as a clerk at a brokerage. 617 00:39:23,480 --> 00:39:27,520 Speaker 1: He developed emphysema, and then he died on September sixth, 618 00:39:27,560 --> 00:39:30,880 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty five, at the age of sixty five. He 619 00:39:31,080 --> 00:39:35,040 Speaker 1: was buried alongside the five children whom he had survived. 620 00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:41,400 Speaker 1: His book on his submarines remained unpublished until eighteen ninety one. 621 00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:45,799 Speaker 1: Monturial left behind all kinds of notes and plans for 622 00:39:45,880 --> 00:39:49,600 Speaker 1: his inventions and experiments. In addition to the ones that 623 00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:54,400 Speaker 1: we've discussed. There were chemistry experiments involving winemaking techniques, a 624 00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:58,400 Speaker 1: formula for wood glue, and a method for chemically preserving meat. 625 00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:01,920 Speaker 1: He also worked on designing a sewing machine based on 626 00:40:02,040 --> 00:40:05,040 Speaker 1: work that he'd heard was being done in the US. 627 00:40:05,560 --> 00:40:08,840 Speaker 2: A nineteen oh three book on the history of submarines 628 00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:12,920 Speaker 2: summed up Montreal's submarines this way, quote, such an invention 629 00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:17,719 Speaker 2: should indeed have altered the world's history. Yet, strange as 630 00:40:17,719 --> 00:40:21,840 Speaker 2: it may seem, el Ectineo, with all its perfection, affected 631 00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:26,640 Speaker 2: nothing and was presently forgotten, as had been all its predecessors. 632 00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:32,320 Speaker 2: This was also true of Montreal's immediate successor in Spain, 633 00:40:32,920 --> 00:40:36,840 Speaker 2: Isaac Perl E Cabarierro, who designed the first submarine to 634 00:40:36,880 --> 00:40:40,600 Speaker 2: be officially commissioned by the Spanish Navy in eighteen eighty eight. 635 00:40:41,280 --> 00:40:45,520 Speaker 2: This submarine was also the first electrically powered submarine in 636 00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:49,440 Speaker 2: the world. After a change in leadership, the Spanish Navy 637 00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:53,920 Speaker 2: seemingly just lost interest and shelved this project. As all 638 00:40:53,960 --> 00:40:57,879 Speaker 2: of this was happening, various people mentioned Montreal in their 639 00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:01,800 Speaker 2: articles about the pedal submarine, or they wrote remembrances of him. 640 00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:06,600 Speaker 2: Both of these men, though, were largely forgotten, just kind 641 00:41:06,640 --> 00:41:10,360 Speaker 2: of a gap in people caring about submarines until shortly 642 00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:13,799 Speaker 2: before World War One. Today, there are a couple of 643 00:41:13,880 --> 00:41:18,480 Speaker 2: monuments to Narcis Montreal. One is in Barcelona, shaped like 644 00:41:18,520 --> 00:41:21,360 Speaker 2: one of his submarines in kind of an irregular pillar. 645 00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:25,600 Speaker 2: There's also a monument in his hometown of Figettas, and 646 00:41:25,719 --> 00:41:28,920 Speaker 2: various streets and schools are named after him, including in 647 00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:32,400 Speaker 2: places he lived or spent time in exile. If you 648 00:41:32,440 --> 00:41:34,520 Speaker 2: want to know more about this, I know of one 649 00:41:34,640 --> 00:41:38,440 Speaker 2: book written in English, and it is Montreal's Dream, The 650 00:41:38,560 --> 00:41:42,160 Speaker 2: Submarine Inventor Who Wanted to Save the World, by Matthew Stuart. 651 00:41:43,160 --> 00:41:45,719 Speaker 2: It was one of the many sources used in this episode, 652 00:41:45,760 --> 00:41:47,640 Speaker 2: and I think it's very good. It also has just 653 00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:52,080 Speaker 2: a ton more detail about what was happening in Barcelona 654 00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:55,520 Speaker 2: and more broadly in Spain during all this. It also 655 00:41:55,680 --> 00:42:02,040 Speaker 2: has more detail about Ettienkabe and the Akarians, which, again, 656 00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,040 Speaker 2: the more I learned about that in the brief amount 657 00:42:06,120 --> 00:42:08,480 Speaker 2: of focus that I spent learning about that, the more 658 00:42:08,520 --> 00:42:11,759 Speaker 2: I was like, Okay, I'm reshuffling what's happening next on 659 00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:15,560 Speaker 2: my calendar because we need to talk about another failed 660 00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:20,440 Speaker 2: utopian experiment. It's been a while. Do you, in the 661 00:42:20,480 --> 00:42:24,160 Speaker 2: meantime have English language listener mail? I do have English 662 00:42:24,239 --> 00:42:30,600 Speaker 2: language listener mail. This is from Kelly, and Kelly wrote 663 00:42:30,840 --> 00:42:35,279 Speaker 2: an email that is titled Jean Stratton Porter and My 664 00:42:35,360 --> 00:42:38,880 Speaker 2: Family Legacy, and Kelly wrote, Hello Holly and Tracy. I 665 00:42:38,920 --> 00:42:40,960 Speaker 2: want to first thank you for the countless hours of 666 00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:44,399 Speaker 2: entertainment and learning you've gifted me. Facts I've learned from 667 00:42:44,440 --> 00:42:48,760 Speaker 2: your podcast, have contributed answers to our trivia team numerous times, 668 00:42:48,760 --> 00:42:52,200 Speaker 2: and we have a pretty winning team attached. You'll find 669 00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:55,640 Speaker 2: a photo of my Gene Stratton Porter collection. It was 670 00:42:55,719 --> 00:42:58,239 Speaker 2: passed from my great grandma to my Grams, then on 671 00:42:58,360 --> 00:43:01,480 Speaker 2: to me with these and unless other books. They also 672 00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:05,040 Speaker 2: passed to me a great love of reading. My grandparents 673 00:43:05,080 --> 00:43:07,200 Speaker 2: read to me from infancy and turned me into a 674 00:43:07,360 --> 00:43:11,080 Speaker 2: very early reader. Though my Grams was the busiest man 675 00:43:11,120 --> 00:43:14,120 Speaker 2: I've ever known. You never saw him without a book 676 00:43:14,160 --> 00:43:16,920 Speaker 2: in his hand. He read so intently and quickly, it 677 00:43:16,960 --> 00:43:19,080 Speaker 2: was hard for him to keep reading material at hand, 678 00:43:19,120 --> 00:43:23,560 Speaker 2: so he read anything and everything, even harlequins. In my 679 00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:26,399 Speaker 2: adult years, we traded stacks of books at a time 680 00:43:26,480 --> 00:43:29,720 Speaker 2: and loved to discuss them. My thirty year old daughter 681 00:43:29,880 --> 00:43:32,840 Speaker 2: is the same kind of voracious reader. She happened to 682 00:43:32,880 --> 00:43:34,920 Speaker 2: come in as I was snapping the photo of the 683 00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:37,920 Speaker 2: books and exclaimed, oh, the Harvester, that is such a 684 00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:41,120 Speaker 2: great book. She's read them all repeatedly. Also from a 685 00:43:41,160 --> 00:43:44,439 Speaker 2: young age. I had to confiscate my Stephen King from 686 00:43:44,440 --> 00:43:48,040 Speaker 2: that girl when she was too young for them. Anyway, 687 00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:50,560 Speaker 2: that was my roundabout way of saying the Gene Stratton 688 00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:53,600 Speaker 2: Porter episode brought back many memories of my grandpa and 689 00:43:53,640 --> 00:43:57,120 Speaker 2: our reading adventures. I was also charmed by most of 690 00:43:57,520 --> 00:44:00,680 Speaker 2: her story and find her so intriguing. Also is my 691 00:44:00,840 --> 00:44:04,040 Speaker 2: pet tax Rebel. Rebel the pink nose Kitty is the 692 00:44:04,080 --> 00:44:07,759 Speaker 2: oldest sister, followed by Scout, the very sweet torty. Their 693 00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:10,880 Speaker 2: brothers are Andy, the Golden Retriever mix and Pilot the 694 00:44:10,960 --> 00:44:13,879 Speaker 2: Australian cattle dog. I had to include an extra pick 695 00:44:13,880 --> 00:44:17,919 Speaker 2: of Andy, who frisbeeed so hard he crass stained his head. 696 00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:19,960 Speaker 1: Oh no, we may. 697 00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:22,440 Speaker 2: Be empty nesters, but we have a very lively household 698 00:44:22,440 --> 00:44:24,920 Speaker 2: with much gratitude. Kelly, Thank you so much, Kelly. So 699 00:44:25,480 --> 00:44:29,080 Speaker 2: this picture of the Stratton Porter collection. We've got at 700 00:44:29,120 --> 00:44:32,600 Speaker 2: the Foot of the Rainbow, Laddie, the Keeper of the Bees, 701 00:44:32,840 --> 00:44:37,279 Speaker 2: a Girl of the Limberlost the Harvester, and Freckles. One 702 00:44:37,360 --> 00:44:40,480 Speaker 2: of the things about getting older is it becomes less 703 00:44:40,560 --> 00:44:45,640 Speaker 2: possible to really remember whether you're remembering something because you 704 00:44:45,719 --> 00:44:48,880 Speaker 2: remember it, or whether you're remembering something just because you 705 00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:52,040 Speaker 2: have been exposed to it so many times. And I 706 00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:55,439 Speaker 2: could not for sure tell you whether Laddie is one 707 00:44:55,480 --> 00:44:57,920 Speaker 2: of the books that was on the bookshelf at my 708 00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:01,279 Speaker 2: grandmother's house when I was a kid, or if I 709 00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:04,239 Speaker 2: just saw so many photos of Laddie while I was 710 00:45:04,280 --> 00:45:09,160 Speaker 2: working on that episode that it seems familiar to me. Yeah, 711 00:45:09,360 --> 00:45:12,160 Speaker 2: don't really know, so anyway, Yeah, these are, you know, 712 00:45:12,239 --> 00:45:17,800 Speaker 2: just a collection of like the lovely old hardcover books 713 00:45:17,840 --> 00:45:22,120 Speaker 2: with the you know, the the weathered covers. And then, 714 00:45:22,280 --> 00:45:28,759 Speaker 2: oh my goodness, just some adorable, adorable cats and adorable dogs, 715 00:45:28,840 --> 00:45:33,480 Speaker 2: all of them making like the interested big eye, let 716 00:45:33,480 --> 00:45:35,840 Speaker 2: me look at your face, and so picture number last, 717 00:45:35,880 --> 00:45:40,120 Speaker 2: as referenced with frisbeeing too hard. We have a little 718 00:45:40,120 --> 00:45:43,480 Speaker 2: puppy dog with just like one little blatch of grass 719 00:45:43,520 --> 00:45:44,799 Speaker 2: stain right in. 720 00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:46,640 Speaker 1: The middle of forehead. 721 00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:50,080 Speaker 2: Love extremely cute, Thank you so much Kelly for this 722 00:45:50,320 --> 00:45:54,480 Speaker 2: email and for sending all of these great pictures. If 723 00:45:54,520 --> 00:45:56,680 Speaker 2: you would like to write to us about this or 724 00:45:56,680 --> 00:46:00,600 Speaker 2: any other podcast or a history podcast at iHeartRadio dot com, 725 00:46:00,960 --> 00:46:04,480 Speaker 2: and you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio 726 00:46:04,520 --> 00:46:12,840 Speaker 2: app or wherever you like to get your podcasts. Stuff 727 00:46:12,840 --> 00:46:15,640 Speaker 2: you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 728 00:46:15,960 --> 00:46:20,560 Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 729 00:46:20,680 --> 00:46:22,720 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.