WEBVTT - How Volcanoes Work 0:00:00.280 --> 0:00:02.840 Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. 0:00:03.160 --> 0:00:07.560 It's ready. Are you welcome to stuff you should know 0:00:08.160 --> 0:00:16.960 from House to works dot com? Hey, welcome to the podcast. 0:00:17.079 --> 0:00:21.840 I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant looking spry? 0:00:21.880 --> 0:00:28.840 Are you spry? Grandma? Here comes to the Sun? What 0:00:29.400 --> 0:00:32.160 here comes the Sun? This reminds me of the Sun Podcast. 0:00:32.320 --> 0:00:34.160 Oh yeah, I don't think it's going to be nearly 0:00:34.200 --> 0:00:36.159 as better. There's not nearly as much physics to it, 0:00:36.280 --> 0:00:41.480 especially not particle physics or spooky physics. It's pretty straightforward. Really. 0:00:42.200 --> 0:00:48.640 It was very richly detailed dance and structuring content. But really, 0:00:48.640 --> 0:00:51.199 if you break it down, volcanoes, well that's what that's 0:00:51.200 --> 0:00:52.640 what we're paid to, due Chuck, and that's what we 0:00:52.680 --> 0:00:55.040 are going to do. Let me do my introt. First, 0:00:55.040 --> 0:00:57.320 you ever see Joe versus the Volcano? One of my 0:00:57.360 --> 0:01:01.360 favorite all time movies all time, like probably top five. 0:01:01.360 --> 0:01:04.080 I've seen it at least twelve times. It's so great, 0:01:04.080 --> 0:01:08.440 the pre serious Tom Hanks best role. Yeah, I think 0:01:08.480 --> 0:01:11.360 so beats the tired of bosom buddies. I'm a big 0:01:11.360 --> 0:01:15.479 bachelor party guy. Are you really? Um? But In this movie, 0:01:15.680 --> 0:01:18.959 he is sent to Wapani Wu right, which means a 0:01:19.000 --> 0:01:22.880 little island with big volcano to write to jump into 0:01:23.000 --> 0:01:27.280 the big woo to basically appease the wall ponies. Um 0:01:27.360 --> 0:01:30.600 who needs somebody to sacrifice himself into the volcano, to 0:01:31.000 --> 0:01:33.280 call him the volcano God. So everything keep going out 0:01:33.360 --> 0:01:35.960 right and they can keep drinking their orange soda, which yeah, 0:01:36.000 --> 0:01:39.760 they're famous for loving. Yes, was it fanta? Uh? I 0:01:39.800 --> 0:01:44.440 think it was in the brand for the movie? Um? 0:01:44.440 --> 0:01:48.440 So you remember then when he jumps in. What happens? Well, 0:01:48.480 --> 0:01:49.880 I don't want to spoil it for anybody, but you 0:01:49.920 --> 0:01:53.640 remember what happens? Right? Okay, Chuck, do you realize that, 0:01:54.000 --> 0:01:56.840 as of this week, we've reached a weird point in 0:01:56.880 --> 0:02:01.520 our life where we can explain what happened Yeah in 0:02:01.560 --> 0:02:05.040 that movie because it's not explained by the great John 0:02:05.040 --> 0:02:07.960 Patrick Shanley who wrote and directed that. No, we needn't 0:02:07.960 --> 0:02:10.040 need to because it's a movie. Yeah, but isn't that 0:02:10.120 --> 0:02:13.000 weird that were we sitting next to our other significant 0:02:13.040 --> 0:02:15.440 others watching this movie, we could turn to them and say, 0:02:15.840 --> 0:02:18.600 here's actually what happened, and this is the type of 0:02:19.000 --> 0:02:21.680 thing that just happened. Yeah, of course it really wouldn't 0:02:21.720 --> 0:02:24.440 happen that way, but well, we'll figure it out. I 0:02:24.440 --> 0:02:26.080 don't want to ruin the movie for anyone who hasn't 0:02:26.080 --> 0:02:28.560 seen it, because we've been chastised for spoiling like thirty 0:02:28.639 --> 0:02:32.280 year old movies before in series that ended like ten 0:02:32.360 --> 0:02:37.720 years ago. Yeah, good series, thought phoned home. Let's talk 0:02:37.760 --> 0:02:42.000 about volcanoes and how they work, Josh. A volcano, a 0:02:42.080 --> 0:02:45.800 lot of people might say, is a big mountain with 0:02:45.840 --> 0:02:49.840 a square top that's bits fire everywhere and kills people. 0:02:50.200 --> 0:02:52.440 I don't know about square top. That is not true, 0:02:52.560 --> 0:02:56.040 because any place on the planet Earth where the Earth, 0:02:57.320 --> 0:03:00.560 the inner Earth, leaks out into the outer Earth, is 0:03:00.600 --> 0:03:05.320 a volcano wherever Earth gets a boo boo. Yeah right, 0:03:05.600 --> 0:03:08.040 it's exactly right. Yeah. So the Earth is composed of 0:03:08.240 --> 0:03:10.600 three we should we should really just do the broad 0:03:10.639 --> 0:03:13.560 stroke basics real quick. The Earth is composed of three 0:03:14.160 --> 0:03:18.240 general mega layers. Right, You've got the thinnest layer, which 0:03:18.320 --> 0:03:21.000 is the outer crust, which is what we walk around on, 0:03:21.480 --> 0:03:23.360 which is the bottom of the ocean, the kind of 0:03:23.360 --> 0:03:28.320 things deep in land. And that sounds no on yes, 0:03:28.400 --> 0:03:30.720 you're right, that sounds super big, but that's actually really thin. 0:03:30.919 --> 0:03:33.400 So from its thinnest part at the bottom of the ocean, 0:03:33.639 --> 0:03:37.800 it's three miles down, we're thick up to like you said, yeah, 0:03:37.800 --> 0:03:40.440 forty four miles right, and then under that you've got 0:03:40.440 --> 0:03:44.680 the mantle, right, and then you have the inner core, 0:03:44.840 --> 0:03:48.160 which is um where the the inner core the inner 0:03:48.160 --> 0:03:50.160 earth people that right, Yeah, And the mantle is the 0:03:50.160 --> 0:03:53.800 biggest part, really really hot but not melty because of 0:03:53.880 --> 0:03:58.960 one word that is the key to all things volcano pressure. 0:03:59.040 --> 0:04:04.400 Pressure pressure. Any time, like everything about volcanoes is pressure related. 0:04:04.400 --> 0:04:07.560 It seems like it's, yes, it's hot enough this so 0:04:07.640 --> 0:04:10.320 this mantle it is solid, but it's so it's hot 0:04:10.440 --> 0:04:12.680 enough to melt, but the pressure is so great it 0:04:12.760 --> 0:04:15.040 can't melt. It can't be liquid. It's forced to stay 0:04:15.080 --> 0:04:19.839 in this solid form, right. Um. The other key thing 0:04:19.880 --> 0:04:21.600 that we need to we need to touch on before 0:04:21.600 --> 0:04:26.800 we get into volcanoes is the continental drift theory plate tectonics. 0:04:27.600 --> 0:04:30.880 Right that there are set at least seven large plates 0:04:30.880 --> 0:04:33.720 and some minor plates as well that are the outer 0:04:33.800 --> 0:04:40.000 crust that are moving over the um mantle via the athenisphere. 0:04:40.600 --> 0:04:43.760 And it's like this kind of liquid layer, this lubricating 0:04:43.839 --> 0:04:47.440 layer between the crust and the mantle. Right. And then 0:04:47.520 --> 0:04:51.680 so any time these boundaries where these boundaries are, there's 0:04:51.760 --> 0:04:55.880 there's a potential for volcanic activity. Right, But that's not 0:04:56.279 --> 0:05:00.760 the all encompassing explanation for volcanoes, right the right. There 0:05:00.760 --> 0:05:03.920 are several ways that volcanic activity can occur as far 0:05:03.960 --> 0:05:08.000 as plate tectonics goes. Let's cover those first, Chuckers, I'll 0:05:08.000 --> 0:05:11.599 take the first one. Uh, these plates can move away 0:05:11.640 --> 0:05:16.120 from each other, sometimes not necessarily toward each other. They 0:05:16.160 --> 0:05:19.080 can move away when they move away from each other. Um, 0:05:19.120 --> 0:05:23.599 if you're if it's over water, I'm sorry, underwater. Under 0:05:23.880 --> 0:05:29.120 the water, it's a specific subsurface. Subsurface, then that's an 0:05:29.120 --> 0:05:32.440 ocean ridge. If it's under the land, it's a continental ridge. 0:05:32.640 --> 0:05:35.839 And Uh, these plates drift apart, and then the mantle 0:05:35.920 --> 0:05:39.040 all of a sudden doesn't have as much pressure, so 0:05:39.080 --> 0:05:42.359 it can actually melt finally because it's so hot, and 0:05:42.360 --> 0:05:45.880 then it bubbles up through the little cracks there. Then 0:05:45.920 --> 0:05:49.839 once it gets there, it gets cool, hardens again, forms 0:05:49.839 --> 0:05:52.560 an all new crust and kind of just fills up 0:05:52.600 --> 0:05:56.440 that gap. And that's called spread spreading center volcanism. And 0:05:56.440 --> 0:05:59.480 that's where two plates are moving apart, moving apart. Now, 0:05:59.520 --> 0:06:03.760 if you want to talk about subduction zone volcanism, which 0:06:03.800 --> 0:06:06.800 I do feel allow me. That's where two plates are 0:06:06.839 --> 0:06:09.600 moving together. And if you remember from the earthquake podcast, 0:06:09.680 --> 0:06:11.440 we covered a lot of this and that too. A 0:06:11.520 --> 0:06:14.039 subduction zone is where one where plates are pressing up 0:06:14.040 --> 0:06:18.520 against one another and one is pushed under the other. Right, 0:06:19.320 --> 0:06:23.560 this forms a trench, a hole in the earth big time. Okay. 0:06:24.320 --> 0:06:28.839 So with the spreading center volcanism, magma flowed out because 0:06:28.839 --> 0:06:31.080 of this, uh, this lower pressure, it was allowed to 0:06:31.560 --> 0:06:34.960 go to its liquid form. With um subduction. We haven't 0:06:34.960 --> 0:06:39.719 said what magma is. That's liquid rock. Nice, very important 0:06:40.279 --> 0:06:42.919 it is. This is the this is what makes up 0:06:42.960 --> 0:06:45.360 the mantle for the most part as well. Right, So 0:06:45.400 --> 0:06:48.119 this is the stuff that can that is very hot 0:06:48.200 --> 0:06:50.640 but is under so much pressure it stays solid. Well, 0:06:50.680 --> 0:06:54.280 I think it becomes magma once it turns fluid. Okay, 0:06:54.320 --> 0:06:56.880 and then once and here's the distinction between magma and 0:06:56.960 --> 0:07:01.480 lava once it exits the earth, lava, it's lava. So 0:07:01.560 --> 0:07:04.919 go ahead, okay, nice one, chuck, good catch um. So 0:07:05.200 --> 0:07:11.720 with subduction zone volcanism, uh, the magma actually the melting 0:07:11.800 --> 0:07:16.080 point is lowered with the introduction of water. So either 0:07:16.160 --> 0:07:19.480 water enters the trench created by this subduction zone or 0:07:19.800 --> 0:07:24.280 um ambient water from the rock around it enters it, 0:07:24.760 --> 0:07:28.280 or it's like squeezed out of it exactly. So either way, 0:07:28.360 --> 0:07:31.720 this introduction of of water lowers the melting point and 0:07:31.760 --> 0:07:35.360 allows this, uh, the mantle to become magma, as is 0:07:35.400 --> 0:07:39.960 its destiny. Right, So that's colliding and then shifting under 0:07:39.960 --> 0:07:43.920 one another subduction you can also collide and you just collide. 0:07:44.040 --> 0:07:48.040 You meet each other head on, two plates collide and boom, 0:07:48.160 --> 0:07:53.040 you've got mountains, not volcano right, right, But this is 0:07:53.120 --> 0:07:55.880 usually just a subduction zone that hasn't happened yet. Eventually 0:07:55.880 --> 0:07:57.720 one of them is probably gonna slip under the other 0:07:57.800 --> 0:08:03.200 and but for the kind of just like pull of rams. Yeah, 0:08:03.240 --> 0:08:05.600 and then you've got plates moving up against each other. 0:08:05.640 --> 0:08:08.520 I think that was a slip strike fault, wasn't it 0:08:08.560 --> 0:08:11.040 in the earthquake podcast, I don't remember. I think it 0:08:11.160 --> 0:08:13.400 was where they're just like one's going south and one's 0:08:13.440 --> 0:08:17.200 going north. Um, that forms a transformed plate boundary and 0:08:17.280 --> 0:08:21.480 there's almost never volcanic activity. Uh, there's another way they 0:08:21.480 --> 0:08:24.560 can form, and this is kind of a cool one, uh, 0:08:24.720 --> 0:08:28.960 interplate or hot spot volcanic activity. Right, we should say 0:08:29.000 --> 0:08:31.240 that everything we just talked about, all of those were 0:08:31.400 --> 0:08:34.640 found along plate boundaries. And this is like within a 0:08:34.720 --> 0:08:36.920 solid plate, right, Yeah, within a plate, you can get 0:08:36.960 --> 0:08:39.000 a hot spot in the middle of it because the 0:08:39.080 --> 0:08:42.880 mantle basically forms a hot plume. It comes up from 0:08:42.920 --> 0:08:45.599 the bottom and gets hotter and hotter, and then eventually 0:08:46.320 --> 0:08:50.319 reaches you know, right underneath I guess, I guess the lithosphere. 0:08:51.880 --> 0:08:55.240 I guess the lithosphere and creates a hot spot, and 0:08:55.360 --> 0:08:59.640 it's really an unusual heat. It forms magma right under 0:08:59.679 --> 0:09:03.040 the earth crust and that stays there, but then the 0:09:03.080 --> 0:09:06.680 plates move over it. And as each plate moves over it, 0:09:06.679 --> 0:09:09.080 it forms the whole string of little volcanos, which is 0:09:09.280 --> 0:09:12.920 how the Hawaii volcanoes were created seventy million years old. 0:09:12.960 --> 0:09:15.920 By the way, this is a very slow process, but 0:09:16.040 --> 0:09:18.320 it is a process if you sped it up really 0:09:18.360 --> 0:09:20.560 fast and be like, okay, yeah, this plate is moving 0:09:20.600 --> 0:09:23.520 over it, and that's that's that hot spot volcano. Right. 0:09:24.080 --> 0:09:27.040 Interplate volcanic activity is what it's called. Yeah, And I 0:09:27.080 --> 0:09:29.040 think they point out that most of the land volcanoes 0:09:29.080 --> 0:09:31.360 are the subduction zone that you mentioned, and then the 0:09:31.400 --> 0:09:34.400 hot hot spot ones and then in the ocean it's 0:09:34.440 --> 0:09:39.600 mostly the um spreading center of volcanism I belief, yes, right, yes, 0:09:39.920 --> 0:09:43.079 all right, So Chuck, we've got magma, right, yeah, Or 0:09:43.160 --> 0:09:46.199 let's say we don't have magma, we have a mantle. Yeah. 0:09:46.520 --> 0:09:51.080 And then something happens. So this this mantle shifts a 0:09:51.080 --> 0:09:55.280 little bit in starts to move upward. Right. Um. Something 0:09:55.400 --> 0:09:59.000 is something is given way to the downward pressure of 0:09:59.040 --> 0:10:02.560 the rock surrounding it. And so this magma, which is hot, 0:10:02.679 --> 0:10:05.000 it's just under a lot of pressure. Uh, And it 0:10:05.040 --> 0:10:07.600 wants to be liquid. It's less dense, and it's able 0:10:07.600 --> 0:10:10.800 to move up. The further moves up, the less pressure 0:10:10.840 --> 0:10:13.320 there is. So it's just gonna keep going upward and 0:10:13.400 --> 0:10:16.120 upward and upward. And that's how magma starts to move 0:10:16.200 --> 0:10:19.880 towards the Earth's surface. Right. And one thing I used 0:10:19.880 --> 0:10:23.040 to build ponds for a living, and one thing that is, uh, 0:10:23.440 --> 0:10:25.560 you'll find when you ever try to build a pond. 0:10:25.800 --> 0:10:28.720 Water is very lazy and it wants to go to 0:10:28.800 --> 0:10:31.560 the path of least resistance. Liquids are, right, So it 0:10:31.600 --> 0:10:34.520 will always find something you overlooked and cause a leak. 0:10:35.360 --> 0:10:38.920 Same thing I imagine with lava or magma. It's liquid, 0:10:38.960 --> 0:10:41.240 so it's going through any crack or crevice that can find. 0:10:41.559 --> 0:10:45.200 And as long as the upward pressure created by the 0:10:45.280 --> 0:10:49.040 lower density of the magma is greater than the downward 0:10:49.040 --> 0:10:52.079 pressure of the surrounding rock, it will keep going up. Yeah. 0:10:52.080 --> 0:10:54.640 But once there is enough pressure, like let's say it 0:10:54.720 --> 0:10:56.559 just kept going up and eventually with spew out and 0:10:56.559 --> 0:10:59.640 you've got a volcano. But if there just happens to 0:10:59.640 --> 0:11:02.200 be enough pressure and it's like no stop, then it 0:11:02.280 --> 0:11:06.400 kind of has a little waiting zone in a magma chamber, right, 0:11:06.440 --> 0:11:08.439 and it just fills up and it's like I can 0:11:08.520 --> 0:11:13.120 wait seventy million years, right, don't don't be a mistaken brother. 0:11:13.400 --> 0:11:17.839 Don't there that that We just sounded like zazy top 0:11:19.600 --> 0:11:24.800 um Jerry like that, so chuck um. That explains how 0:11:25.040 --> 0:11:29.360 lava enters the Earth's crust, holes in the Earth's crust 0:11:30.040 --> 0:11:32.320 and creates um what we'll talk about in a second 0:11:32.360 --> 0:11:36.120 Hawaiian type volcanoes Hawaiian type eruptions, I should say, we're 0:11:36.120 --> 0:11:38.880 basically the lava is just coming out, bubbling up over 0:11:38.920 --> 0:11:45.040 the surface and flowing real slowly um creating little lava ponds, right, 0:11:45.120 --> 0:11:47.319 and creators and stuff like this. Just it's cool looking, 0:11:47.840 --> 0:11:51.120 not very dangerous if you can walk at all, yeah, 0:11:51.120 --> 0:11:53.680 I mean it's slow, right, or even drank yourself slowly, 0:11:53.679 --> 0:11:56.360 you could probably beat the lava. But the one that 0:11:56.400 --> 0:11:59.800 everybody wants to know about our eruptions, like the spectacular, 0:12:00.200 --> 0:12:04.120 like the um Iceland volcano. Right, I'm not even going 0:12:04.160 --> 0:12:08.040 to attempt a pronunciation of this, which, by the way, 0:12:08.400 --> 0:12:11.120 caused at least one point seven billion dollars to the 0:12:11.120 --> 0:12:14.559 airlines alone in lost revenue. Yeah. Um, it was a 0:12:14.600 --> 0:12:16.520 strato volcano by the way. We'll talk about that in 0:12:16.600 --> 0:12:20.360 a minute. Okay, yes, but with a huge explosion. It's 0:12:20.400 --> 0:12:25.600 not just this lower density of the magma now, it's 0:12:25.760 --> 0:12:28.240 it has to do with the gases inside, and magma 0:12:28.400 --> 0:12:31.200 is what magma eats, right, Yeah, And I mean this 0:12:31.280 --> 0:12:33.079 is sort of like the It reminds me of the 0:12:33.120 --> 0:12:35.880 Lake Nyos exploding lakes. It's it's a build up of 0:12:35.920 --> 0:12:40.240 gas pressure internally within the magma. Uh, it's a lot 0:12:40.240 --> 0:12:44.120 of dissolved gas and they're they're stuck that way dissolved, 0:12:44.160 --> 0:12:46.320 which is all fine, and they're kept you know, thanks 0:12:46.320 --> 0:12:50.319 to pressure confined in there. But when the vapor pressure 0:12:50.480 --> 0:12:54.239 gets greater than the pressure surrounding it, it forms little vesicles, 0:12:54.320 --> 0:12:56.880 which are little gas bubbles, and then it's time. And 0:12:56.880 --> 0:12:58.480 that's when you know you've got some trouble because those 0:12:58.480 --> 0:13:00.920 bubbles they gotta get out. It's like a soda soda can. 0:13:01.040 --> 0:13:03.720 It's exactly like it's the exact same principle of a soda. Right. 0:13:03.760 --> 0:13:06.880 So if you open a soda, all the bubbles rushed 0:13:06.880 --> 0:13:09.520 to the top, and that's if it's just a regular old, 0:13:09.559 --> 0:13:12.280 non shaking touched it or anything. If you shake it up, 0:13:12.360 --> 0:13:15.520 you're actually mixing those bubbles in with the liquid. So 0:13:15.559 --> 0:13:18.160 when those bubbles rushed to the top, they're going to 0:13:18.200 --> 0:13:19.920 bring a lot of the liquid with them. This is 0:13:19.960 --> 0:13:23.360 the same exact principle that's behind a volcanic eruption. Okay, 0:13:23.400 --> 0:13:27.200 but in this case, magma is the soda exactly, and 0:13:27.200 --> 0:13:31.719 the bubbles are the gases from the dissolved rock. Okay, right, yeah, 0:13:31.720 --> 0:13:34.000 I'm with you. So then there's two factors you said 0:13:34.000 --> 0:13:37.480 that um that pressure was had everything to do with 0:13:37.559 --> 0:13:42.600 volcanic activity with eruptions, there's two um two factors, two 0:13:42.720 --> 0:13:45.400 general factors that really have an effect on what kind 0:13:45.400 --> 0:13:50.440 of volcanic. Volcanic eruption takes place, and that is viscosity, 0:13:50.559 --> 0:13:53.000 which is I can never keep it straight, but now 0:13:53.160 --> 0:13:57.360 I've got it. Viscosity is the ability to resist flow, 0:13:57.679 --> 0:14:03.079 rightlid Right. If it's high viscosity, which means it has 0:14:03.080 --> 0:14:06.240 a high ability to resist flow, which means it's thick stuff, 0:14:06.280 --> 0:14:09.200 it's molasses. If it has a low ability to resist flow, 0:14:09.240 --> 0:14:11.559 meaning you're pouring something out of a cup and creating flow. 0:14:11.920 --> 0:14:13.720 If as a low ability, it's going to flow very 0:14:13.760 --> 0:14:17.080 easily and quickly out of it. So it's low viscosity. 0:14:17.160 --> 0:14:20.680 So viscosity and the amount of gas bubbles present are 0:14:20.720 --> 0:14:23.560 going to determine what kind of volcanic eruption you have. Right. 0:14:23.840 --> 0:14:27.680 If it's high viscosity, which means it's very thick, then 0:14:27.720 --> 0:14:31.840 it will be a big eruption, right because it tried 0:14:31.960 --> 0:14:34.640 very hard to get out exactly. And then the opposite 0:14:34.680 --> 0:14:36.640 is true if it's a low viscosity and the more 0:14:36.680 --> 0:14:39.920 gas is present, the more imagine just these little bubbles, 0:14:39.960 --> 0:14:41.920 the more little bubbles that are trying to get out, 0:14:42.480 --> 0:14:45.560 the higher the viscosity, the harder they're going to try 0:14:45.600 --> 0:14:48.840 to get out, and then when they do get out, kaboom, right, 0:14:49.040 --> 0:14:51.560 which is determined by how much silicon is in the magma, 0:14:51.600 --> 0:14:54.280 which I thought it was a little weird or not weird, 0:14:54.320 --> 0:14:58.240 but just I had no idea, So Chuck, we have. 0:14:58.520 --> 0:15:02.280 Um when when it does go kaboom, that's called the 0:15:02.400 --> 0:15:08.240 eruption column, right, it's composed of hot gas ash pyroclastic rocks, 0:15:08.240 --> 0:15:12.480 which is lava in solid form. Right. Um. And that one, 0:15:12.640 --> 0:15:14.800 that one flow I was talking about Hawaii, the real 0:15:14.880 --> 0:15:19.520 slow kind of lumbering flow where's just bubbling over its effusive. Yeah, 0:15:19.560 --> 0:15:21.520 and that I mean that's not super dangerous because it's 0:15:21.520 --> 0:15:26.280 so slow, but it's still destructive eventually, Yeah, slowly destructive. 0:15:26.360 --> 0:15:30.880 If you're a plant that's stationary, you're in trouble because 0:15:30.880 --> 0:15:33.880 plants can't walk at all. Let's talk about the different 0:15:33.880 --> 0:15:38.960 types of eruptions, man, Yeah, there's a bunch of these. Uh. 0:15:39.120 --> 0:15:42.320 My favorite is a Strombolian. It's definitely the most delicious 0:15:43.520 --> 0:15:48.160 for one reason and one reason alone. It's pretty impressive, 0:15:48.200 --> 0:15:51.520 not too dangerous. About fifty feet in the air. It's 0:15:51.520 --> 0:15:55.760 gonna be spewing a little short bursts, very highly viscous, 0:15:56.480 --> 0:15:58.440 so gas really has to build up in order for 0:15:58.480 --> 0:16:01.560 this to happen. But they're pretty the small eruptions, not 0:16:01.720 --> 0:16:04.360 much lava going on, they make a big boom, yeah, 0:16:04.400 --> 0:16:07.040 a little ashy tefra, which is always nice in your 0:16:07.080 --> 0:16:11.600 volcanic eruption, right, and tefras that that fall in volcanic material. 0:16:12.360 --> 0:16:15.680 A lot of things like uh, undergo a change in 0:16:15.840 --> 0:16:19.600 name after they become after they've been a verb at 0:16:19.600 --> 0:16:23.480 some point, so like it goes from magma to lava 0:16:23.720 --> 0:16:29.840 to tefra. Yeah, right, and that's all rock or it depends. 0:16:29.840 --> 0:16:31.680 It could be asked, tefra is just any of the 0:16:31.720 --> 0:16:34.440 material that comes out of volcano and is landed. Oh 0:16:34.480 --> 0:16:36.400 I thought you said originally it was all magma. That's 0:16:37.080 --> 0:16:40.440 well yeah, yeah, you're right, you're right, you're good, good chuck. Right. 0:16:40.640 --> 0:16:42.760 And then we also have the plenty in eruption, right, 0:16:42.920 --> 0:16:46.400 which the Yeah, this is the type of eruption that 0:16:46.480 --> 0:16:48.600 covered that came out of Mountain Vesuvius and I think 0:16:50.080 --> 0:16:53.760 and covered Herculaneum and Pompeii. Yeah, these are the big 0:16:53.880 --> 0:16:56.000 daddies that you think of when you think of volcano. 0:16:56.680 --> 0:17:02.080 The big upward thrust, the thirty mile column of junk 0:17:02.880 --> 0:17:05.520 that is shooting out. That is the plenty in eruption, 0:17:05.960 --> 0:17:10.840 right yeah. I mean it's bad news for anyone around there, 0:17:12.280 --> 0:17:14.760 don't you think I would think so? Yeah, and not 0:17:14.880 --> 0:17:17.479 even right around there. I mean, like it can shoot 0:17:17.800 --> 0:17:23.080 pyroclastic material thirty miles into the air undred hundreds of 0:17:23.119 --> 0:17:27.760 feet per second. That's a big explosion. Um and uh so, 0:17:27.880 --> 0:17:30.040 I imagine I couldn't find it. Looked all over the 0:17:30.040 --> 0:17:32.080 place to find out what type of eruption the Iceland 0:17:32.160 --> 0:17:35.960 volcano underwent in April. It couldn't find it. But this 0:17:36.000 --> 0:17:38.320 sounds a lot like a plenty in eruption. I mean, 0:17:38.359 --> 0:17:40.840 if they were shutting down air service in like southern 0:17:40.880 --> 0:17:44.119 Europe because of the ash that it entered the atmosphere. 0:17:44.160 --> 0:17:47.160 From this, it sounds like it was probably plenty allans 0:17:47.160 --> 0:17:49.760 I guess was to right, Yeah, basically all the ones 0:17:49.800 --> 0:17:51.280 you can rattle off off the top of your head, 0:17:51.359 --> 0:17:56.159 there's a probably plenty in volcan What about the Hawaiian 0:17:56.480 --> 0:17:59.240 Those are the really slow effusive ones, right yeah. But 0:17:59.280 --> 0:18:01.240 they have like fire fountains, like they're cool to look at, 0:18:01.480 --> 0:18:05.600 yeah for sure, and it's cool sounding, yeah, And they 0:18:05.600 --> 0:18:09.840 can produce a lava lakes which are ponds of lava craters. 0:18:10.119 --> 0:18:13.280 Pretty cool. Yes, I've never been to Hawaii though, you 0:18:13.320 --> 0:18:16.680 know Strickland has, Oh yes he has. He loves talking 0:18:16.720 --> 0:18:21.320 about the Hawaiian eruptions ives butchering the Hawaiian names of 0:18:21.359 --> 0:18:24.320 things too. Are those other ones smaller and less frequent? 0:18:24.440 --> 0:18:27.920 The the volcanian, hydro volcanic, and fissure. Yeah, the most 0:18:27.920 --> 0:18:30.680 common eruption types of the plenty in Hawaiian and Strombolian, 0:18:31.160 --> 0:18:33.239 and then less common like the real. Like, if you're 0:18:33.280 --> 0:18:37.080 an aficionado of of volcanoes, then you're gonna want to 0:18:37.080 --> 0:18:40.679 know about the volcano and hydro hydro volcanic and fisher. 0:18:40.960 --> 0:18:43.560 Like you said, the fisher has the curtain of fire. 0:18:43.760 --> 0:18:46.800 It occurs along like a a trench. It's not like 0:18:46.840 --> 0:18:50.520 a mountain. It's basically there's a tear in the earth 0:18:51.200 --> 0:18:54.240 and the the magma is becoming lava and like this 0:18:54.320 --> 0:18:57.439 big curtain of fire. I can't really call it anything 0:18:57.440 --> 0:19:01.119 else in it be is dead on sure. The volcan 0:19:01.160 --> 0:19:03.760 ian is cool because of the pyroclastic bombs that it 0:19:03.800 --> 0:19:07.160 will shoot into the air, like football size bombs of 0:19:07.160 --> 0:19:11.040 of hot rock. This is the Earth being angry. The 0:19:11.119 --> 0:19:14.760 gods are awakening. Well, this is the other saying I'm 0:19:14.800 --> 0:19:17.960 I'm moving around, dude. And then hydro volcanic compares a 0:19:18.000 --> 0:19:21.600 little um explaining this is a volcano that it takes 0:19:21.600 --> 0:19:25.400 place not underwater, but near water, near um, a very 0:19:25.480 --> 0:19:29.359 high humidity area, and basically the interaction of the water 0:19:29.800 --> 0:19:33.160 creates this chain reaction that turns the volcanic material into 0:19:33.160 --> 0:19:36.719 this fine ash right Um. It can also melt a 0:19:36.800 --> 0:19:41.600 lot of surrounding snow um, which can cause landslides and 0:19:41.600 --> 0:19:45.040 a lot of trouble for people. Yes, so those are 0:19:45.040 --> 0:19:48.040 the types of eruptions. Are you still awake and are 0:19:48.040 --> 0:19:53.840 you still with this so far? Anyway? Right? People like, oh, yeah, 0:19:54.320 --> 0:19:59.080 the sun. Uh should we talk about the shapes or 0:19:59.200 --> 0:20:01.720 just the frequent the of eruption? Well, let's talk about 0:20:01.720 --> 0:20:05.080 the shapes, because there's there's the basically, there's three components 0:20:05.080 --> 0:20:08.800 to a volcano. Every volcano, right Um. You've got the 0:20:08.800 --> 0:20:11.320 magma chamber, which we talked about, it's where it builds up. 0:20:11.840 --> 0:20:14.760 You've got the central event, which is the the this 0:20:14.920 --> 0:20:18.040 little connecting area, this is where it starts to. This 0:20:18.080 --> 0:20:21.560 is the fissure that it comes out of the crater, 0:20:21.800 --> 0:20:23.760 right you've got the summit crater, which is where it 0:20:23.800 --> 0:20:28.520 explodes out of right, and then um, you've got different 0:20:28.560 --> 0:20:32.800 types of volcanoes, three main shapes, and the strato volcanoes. 0:20:33.160 --> 0:20:35.520 So a strato volcano with a plenty in eruption is 0:20:35.520 --> 0:20:38.520 what everyone thinks of as a volcano, right, the classic 0:20:38.760 --> 0:20:41.199 what what you would build for your science school project 0:20:41.320 --> 0:20:44.120 with the baking soda. That's a strato volcano. That's right. 0:20:44.359 --> 0:20:46.040 Unless you're a really forward thinking kid and you're like, 0:20:46.080 --> 0:20:49.159 I'm going to build a scory of tone volcano for 0:20:49.240 --> 0:20:51.760 extra points, which actually, if you did do that, you'd 0:20:51.800 --> 0:20:54.760 be pretty smart, because, um, while the strato volcano is 0:20:54.800 --> 0:20:57.760 the most familiar, the scory of cone volcano is the 0:20:57.800 --> 0:21:01.400 most common. Yeah, I guess would be a very smart kid. Yes, 0:21:01.480 --> 0:21:04.560 And if there's any seventh graders out there looking for 0:21:04.680 --> 0:21:08.360 a cooler volcano, you want to add a little zing 0:21:08.440 --> 0:21:10.560 your volcano, make a scory of cone and say, Josh 0:21:10.560 --> 0:21:13.040 and Chuck, san't you and get prepared to be beaten 0:21:13.560 --> 0:21:15.919 fire classmates. Score of cones, by the way, if you 0:21:15.920 --> 0:21:19.679 need a little help, are Um, they're smaller, they're steep 0:21:19.720 --> 0:21:25.080 on both sides, um, and they're very wide right, uh, 0:21:25.080 --> 0:21:30.959 And they're usually composed of ashy tephra ashy telfra shield volcanoes, 0:21:31.000 --> 0:21:35.840 that's the last kind. They're wide short, low viscosity dispersal 0:21:35.880 --> 0:21:39.600 of lava. So it's just a big using blob basically, 0:21:39.600 --> 0:21:41.840 and it builds up into like a shield like dome. 0:21:42.359 --> 0:21:45.359 And these these are repped like every few years, very frequent. 0:21:45.960 --> 0:21:48.600 So um, we'll talk about eruption a second. A good 0:21:48.640 --> 0:21:51.640 example of a shield volcanoes Mounta Looa, and a good 0:21:51.720 --> 0:21:54.600 example of a score of cone is Sunset Crater in Arizona. 0:21:55.080 --> 0:21:59.120 Yeah all right, Chuck, Josh, you ever heard of Crater 0:21:59.240 --> 0:22:03.240 Lake in Oregon? Yeah? Yeah, Gortis. Isn't there like a 0:22:03.320 --> 0:22:05.560 down World War two plane or something in there? I 0:22:05.600 --> 0:22:07.800 don't know. Is that just like a cloud Cussler novel 0:22:07.840 --> 0:22:10.280 I'm thinking of? I have no idea. Well, Crater Lake 0:22:10.400 --> 0:22:15.480 was actually in extinct. We imagine an extinct volcano. Um Basically, 0:22:15.560 --> 0:22:19.159 the magma chamber blew it all at once, collapsed in 0:22:19.240 --> 0:22:23.080 on itself. The the crater collapses in on itself and 0:22:23.119 --> 0:22:26.400 it eventually fills in with water. It's called the caldera, yes, 0:22:26.520 --> 0:22:28.280 until it's full of water. Then it's called the lake. 0:22:28.600 --> 0:22:33.840 That's right. Once again, add something, change the name. How 0:22:33.840 --> 0:22:37.359 many volcanoes are there active right now working in the 0:22:37.400 --> 0:22:43.120 world today, I'm gonna guess four. You would be off 0:22:43.119 --> 0:22:46.920 by about a hundred. What do you mean you're gonna 0:22:46.960 --> 0:22:48.920 guess you have the same information I do. Let's trying 0:22:48.920 --> 0:22:52.000 to mix it up. Uh, they are active volcanoes five 0:22:52.080 --> 0:22:56.240 hundred around the world. And the classifications a little inexact, 0:22:56.920 --> 0:23:00.199 even the revised classifications a little inexacutive. I didn't vers. 0:23:01.320 --> 0:23:05.199 Here's why though. This is why it's inexact and subjective, 0:23:05.600 --> 0:23:08.720 because we don't have anything that won't melt if we 0:23:08.800 --> 0:23:11.800 try to really get a good look inside of a volcano. Yeah, 0:23:12.040 --> 0:23:14.679 so it's all just kind of like, well, yeah, it's smoking, 0:23:14.720 --> 0:23:17.359 so we're gonna call that an active volcano. The ones 0:23:17.400 --> 0:23:19.520 in uh, there was at least one when we were 0:23:19.520 --> 0:23:22.840