1 00:00:00,280 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. 2 00:00:03,160 --> 00:00:07,560 Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to stuff you should know 3 00:00:08,160 --> 00:00:16,960 Speaker 1: from House to works dot com? Hey, welcome to the podcast. 4 00:00:17,079 --> 00:00:21,840 Speaker 1: I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant looking spry? 5 00:00:21,880 --> 00:00:28,840 Speaker 1: Are you spry? Grandma? Here comes to the Sun? What 6 00:00:29,400 --> 00:00:32,160 Speaker 1: here comes the Sun? This reminds me of the Sun Podcast. 7 00:00:32,320 --> 00:00:34,160 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I don't think it's going to be nearly 8 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:36,159 Speaker 1: as better. There's not nearly as much physics to it, 9 00:00:36,280 --> 00:00:41,480 Speaker 1: especially not particle physics or spooky physics. It's pretty straightforward. Really. 10 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:48,640 Speaker 1: It was very richly detailed dance and structuring content. But really, 11 00:00:48,640 --> 00:00:51,199 Speaker 1: if you break it down, volcanoes, well that's what that's 12 00:00:51,200 --> 00:00:52,640 Speaker 1: what we're paid to, due Chuck, and that's what we 13 00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:55,040 Speaker 1: are going to do. Let me do my introt. First, 14 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:57,320 Speaker 1: you ever see Joe versus the Volcano? One of my 15 00:00:57,360 --> 00:01:01,360 Speaker 1: favorite all time movies all time, like probably top five. 16 00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:04,080 Speaker 1: I've seen it at least twelve times. It's so great, 17 00:01:04,080 --> 00:01:08,440 Speaker 1: the pre serious Tom Hanks best role. Yeah, I think 18 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:11,360 Speaker 1: so beats the tired of bosom buddies. I'm a big 19 00:01:11,360 --> 00:01:15,479 Speaker 1: bachelor party guy. Are you really? Um? But In this movie, 20 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:18,959 Speaker 1: he is sent to Wapani Wu right, which means a 21 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:22,880 Speaker 1: little island with big volcano to write to jump into 22 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:27,280 Speaker 1: the big woo to basically appease the wall ponies. Um 23 00:01:27,360 --> 00:01:30,600 Speaker 1: who needs somebody to sacrifice himself into the volcano, to 24 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:33,280 Speaker 1: call him the volcano God. So everything keep going out 25 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:35,960 Speaker 1: right and they can keep drinking their orange soda, which yeah, 26 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:39,760 Speaker 1: they're famous for loving. Yes, was it fanta? Uh? I 27 00:01:39,800 --> 00:01:44,440 Speaker 1: think it was in the brand for the movie? Um? 28 00:01:44,440 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: So you remember then when he jumps in. What happens? Well, 29 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:49,880 Speaker 1: I don't want to spoil it for anybody, but you 30 00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:53,640 Speaker 1: remember what happens? Right? Okay, Chuck, do you realize that, 31 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:56,840 Speaker 1: as of this week, we've reached a weird point in 32 00:01:56,880 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: our life where we can explain what happened Yeah in 33 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:05,040 Speaker 1: that movie because it's not explained by the great John 34 00:02:05,040 --> 00:02:07,960 Speaker 1: Patrick Shanley who wrote and directed that. No, we needn't 35 00:02:07,960 --> 00:02:10,040 Speaker 1: need to because it's a movie. Yeah, but isn't that 36 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:13,000 Speaker 1: weird that were we sitting next to our other significant 37 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:15,440 Speaker 1: others watching this movie, we could turn to them and say, 38 00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:18,600 Speaker 1: here's actually what happened, and this is the type of 39 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:21,680 Speaker 1: thing that just happened. Yeah, of course it really wouldn't 40 00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:24,440 Speaker 1: happen that way, but well, we'll figure it out. I 41 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:26,080 Speaker 1: don't want to ruin the movie for anyone who hasn't 42 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:28,560 Speaker 1: seen it, because we've been chastised for spoiling like thirty 43 00:02:28,639 --> 00:02:32,280 Speaker 1: year old movies before in series that ended like ten 44 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: years ago. Yeah, good series, thought phoned home. Let's talk 45 00:02:37,760 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: about volcanoes and how they work, Josh. A volcano, a 46 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:45,800 Speaker 1: lot of people might say, is a big mountain with 47 00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:49,840 Speaker 1: a square top that's bits fire everywhere and kills people. 48 00:02:50,200 --> 00:02:52,440 Speaker 1: I don't know about square top. That is not true, 49 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:56,040 Speaker 1: because any place on the planet Earth where the Earth, 50 00:02:57,320 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: the inner Earth, leaks out into the outer Earth, is 51 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:05,320 Speaker 1: a volcano wherever Earth gets a boo boo. Yeah right, 52 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:08,040 Speaker 1: it's exactly right. Yeah. So the Earth is composed of 53 00:03:08,240 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 1: three we should we should really just do the broad 54 00:03:10,639 --> 00:03:13,560 Speaker 1: stroke basics real quick. The Earth is composed of three 55 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:18,240 Speaker 1: general mega layers. Right, You've got the thinnest layer, which 56 00:03:18,320 --> 00:03:21,000 Speaker 1: is the outer crust, which is what we walk around on, 57 00:03:21,480 --> 00:03:23,360 Speaker 1: which is the bottom of the ocean, the kind of 58 00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:28,320 Speaker 1: things deep in land. And that sounds no on yes, 59 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:30,720 Speaker 1: you're right, that sounds super big, but that's actually really thin. 60 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:33,400 Speaker 1: So from its thinnest part at the bottom of the ocean, 61 00:03:33,639 --> 00:03:37,800 Speaker 1: it's three miles down, we're thick up to like you said, yeah, 62 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:40,440 Speaker 1: forty four miles right, and then under that you've got 63 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:44,680 Speaker 1: the mantle, right, and then you have the inner core, 64 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:48,160 Speaker 1: which is um where the the inner core the inner 65 00:03:48,160 --> 00:03:50,160 Speaker 1: earth people that right, Yeah, And the mantle is the 66 00:03:50,160 --> 00:03:53,800 Speaker 1: biggest part, really really hot but not melty because of 67 00:03:53,880 --> 00:03:58,960 Speaker 1: one word that is the key to all things volcano pressure. 68 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:04,400 Speaker 1: Pressure pressure. Any time, like everything about volcanoes is pressure related. 69 00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:07,560 Speaker 1: It seems like it's, yes, it's hot enough this so 70 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:10,320 Speaker 1: this mantle it is solid, but it's so it's hot 71 00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:12,680 Speaker 1: enough to melt, but the pressure is so great it 72 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:15,040 Speaker 1: can't melt. It can't be liquid. It's forced to stay 73 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:19,839 Speaker 1: in this solid form, right. Um. The other key thing 74 00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:21,600 Speaker 1: that we need to we need to touch on before 75 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: we get into volcanoes is the continental drift theory plate tectonics. 76 00:04:27,600 --> 00:04:30,880 Speaker 1: Right that there are set at least seven large plates 77 00:04:30,880 --> 00:04:33,720 Speaker 1: and some minor plates as well that are the outer 78 00:04:33,800 --> 00:04:40,000 Speaker 1: crust that are moving over the um mantle via the athenisphere. 79 00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:43,760 Speaker 1: And it's like this kind of liquid layer, this lubricating 80 00:04:43,839 --> 00:04:47,440 Speaker 1: layer between the crust and the mantle. Right. And then 81 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:51,680 Speaker 1: so any time these boundaries where these boundaries are, there's 82 00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:55,880 Speaker 1: there's a potential for volcanic activity. Right, But that's not 83 00:04:56,279 --> 00:05:00,760 Speaker 1: the all encompassing explanation for volcanoes, right the right. There 84 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:03,920 Speaker 1: are several ways that volcanic activity can occur as far 85 00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:08,000 Speaker 1: as plate tectonics goes. Let's cover those first, Chuckers, I'll 86 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:11,599 Speaker 1: take the first one. Uh, these plates can move away 87 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: from each other, sometimes not necessarily toward each other. They 88 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:19,080 Speaker 1: can move away when they move away from each other. Um, 89 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:23,599 Speaker 1: if you're if it's over water, I'm sorry, underwater. Under 90 00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:29,120 Speaker 1: the water, it's a specific subsurface. Subsurface, then that's an 91 00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:32,440 Speaker 1: ocean ridge. If it's under the land, it's a continental ridge. 92 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:35,839 Speaker 1: And Uh, these plates drift apart, and then the mantle 93 00:05:35,920 --> 00:05:39,040 Speaker 1: all of a sudden doesn't have as much pressure, so 94 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:42,359 Speaker 1: it can actually melt finally because it's so hot, and 95 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:45,880 Speaker 1: then it bubbles up through the little cracks there. Then 96 00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:49,839 Speaker 1: once it gets there, it gets cool, hardens again, forms 97 00:05:49,839 --> 00:05:52,560 Speaker 1: an all new crust and kind of just fills up 98 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: that gap. And that's called spread spreading center volcanism. And 99 00:05:56,440 --> 00:05:59,480 Speaker 1: that's where two plates are moving apart, moving apart. Now, 100 00:05:59,520 --> 00:06:03,760 Speaker 1: if you want to talk about subduction zone volcanism, which 101 00:06:03,800 --> 00:06:06,800 Speaker 1: I do feel allow me. That's where two plates are 102 00:06:06,839 --> 00:06:09,600 Speaker 1: moving together. And if you remember from the earthquake podcast, 103 00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: we covered a lot of this and that too. A 104 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:14,039 Speaker 1: subduction zone is where one where plates are pressing up 105 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 1: against one another and one is pushed under the other. Right, 106 00:06:19,320 --> 00:06:23,560 Speaker 1: this forms a trench, a hole in the earth big time. Okay. 107 00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:28,839 Speaker 1: So with the spreading center volcanism, magma flowed out because 108 00:06:28,839 --> 00:06:31,080 Speaker 1: of this, uh, this lower pressure, it was allowed to 109 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:34,960 Speaker 1: go to its liquid form. With um subduction. We haven't 110 00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:39,719 Speaker 1: said what magma is. That's liquid rock. Nice, very important 111 00:06:40,279 --> 00:06:42,919 Speaker 1: it is. This is the this is what makes up 112 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:45,360 Speaker 1: the mantle for the most part as well. Right, So 113 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:48,119 Speaker 1: this is the stuff that can that is very hot 114 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:50,640 Speaker 1: but is under so much pressure it stays solid. Well, 115 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:54,280 Speaker 1: I think it becomes magma once it turns fluid. Okay, 116 00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: and then once and here's the distinction between magma and 117 00:06:56,960 --> 00:07:01,480 Speaker 1: lava once it exits the earth, lava, it's lava. So 118 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:04,919 Speaker 1: go ahead, okay, nice one, chuck, good catch um. So 119 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:11,720 Speaker 1: with subduction zone volcanism, uh, the magma actually the melting 120 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: point is lowered with the introduction of water. So either 121 00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: water enters the trench created by this subduction zone or 122 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:24,280 Speaker 1: um ambient water from the rock around it enters it, 123 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 1: or it's like squeezed out of it exactly. So either way, 124 00:07:28,360 --> 00:07:31,720 Speaker 1: this introduction of of water lowers the melting point and 125 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:35,360 Speaker 1: allows this, uh, the mantle to become magma, as is 126 00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:39,960 Speaker 1: its destiny. Right, So that's colliding and then shifting under 127 00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: one another subduction you can also collide and you just collide. 128 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:48,040 Speaker 1: You meet each other head on, two plates collide and boom, 129 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:53,040 Speaker 1: you've got mountains, not volcano right, right, But this is 130 00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:55,880 Speaker 1: usually just a subduction zone that hasn't happened yet. Eventually 131 00:07:55,880 --> 00:07:57,720 Speaker 1: one of them is probably gonna slip under the other 132 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:03,200 Speaker 1: and but for the kind of just like pull of rams. Yeah, 133 00:08:03,240 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: and then you've got plates moving up against each other. 134 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:08,520 Speaker 1: I think that was a slip strike fault, wasn't it 135 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:11,040 Speaker 1: in the earthquake podcast, I don't remember. I think it 136 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: was where they're just like one's going south and one's 137 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:17,200 Speaker 1: going north. Um, that forms a transformed plate boundary and 138 00:08:17,280 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 1: there's almost never volcanic activity. Uh, there's another way they 139 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:24,560 Speaker 1: can form, and this is kind of a cool one, uh, 140 00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:28,960 Speaker 1: interplate or hot spot volcanic activity. Right, we should say 141 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:31,240 Speaker 1: that everything we just talked about, all of those were 142 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:34,640 Speaker 1: found along plate boundaries. And this is like within a 143 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:36,920 Speaker 1: solid plate, right, Yeah, within a plate, you can get 144 00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:39,000 Speaker 1: a hot spot in the middle of it because the 145 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:42,880 Speaker 1: mantle basically forms a hot plume. It comes up from 146 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:45,599 Speaker 1: the bottom and gets hotter and hotter, and then eventually 147 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:50,319 Speaker 1: reaches you know, right underneath I guess, I guess the lithosphere. 148 00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:55,240 Speaker 1: I guess the lithosphere and creates a hot spot, and 149 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:59,640 Speaker 1: it's really an unusual heat. It forms magma right under 150 00:08:59,679 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 1: the earth crust and that stays there, but then the 151 00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:06,680 Speaker 1: plates move over it. And as each plate moves over it, 152 00:09:06,679 --> 00:09:09,080 Speaker 1: it forms the whole string of little volcanos, which is 153 00:09:09,280 --> 00:09:12,920 Speaker 1: how the Hawaii volcanoes were created seventy million years old. 154 00:09:12,960 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 1: By the way, this is a very slow process, but 155 00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:18,320 Speaker 1: it is a process if you sped it up really 156 00:09:18,360 --> 00:09:20,560 Speaker 1: fast and be like, okay, yeah, this plate is moving 157 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:23,520 Speaker 1: over it, and that's that's that hot spot volcano. Right. 158 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:27,040 Speaker 1: Interplate volcanic activity is what it's called. Yeah, And I 159 00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:29,040 Speaker 1: think they point out that most of the land volcanoes 160 00:09:29,080 --> 00:09:31,360 Speaker 1: are the subduction zone that you mentioned, and then the 161 00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:34,400 Speaker 1: hot hot spot ones and then in the ocean it's 162 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:39,600 Speaker 1: mostly the um spreading center of volcanism I belief, yes, right, yes, 163 00:09:39,920 --> 00:09:43,079 Speaker 1: all right, So Chuck, we've got magma, right, yeah, Or 164 00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:46,199 Speaker 1: let's say we don't have magma, we have a mantle. Yeah. 165 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:51,080 Speaker 1: And then something happens. So this this mantle shifts a 166 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:55,280 Speaker 1: little bit in starts to move upward. Right. Um. Something 167 00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:59,000 Speaker 1: is something is given way to the downward pressure of 168 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:02,560 Speaker 1: the rock surrounding it. And so this magma, which is hot, 169 00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:05,000 Speaker 1: it's just under a lot of pressure. Uh, And it 170 00:10:05,040 --> 00:10:07,600 Speaker 1: wants to be liquid. It's less dense, and it's able 171 00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:10,800 Speaker 1: to move up. The further moves up, the less pressure 172 00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:13,320 Speaker 1: there is. So it's just gonna keep going upward and 173 00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:16,120 Speaker 1: upward and upward. And that's how magma starts to move 174 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:19,880 Speaker 1: towards the Earth's surface. Right. And one thing I used 175 00:10:19,880 --> 00:10:23,040 Speaker 1: to build ponds for a living, and one thing that is, uh, 176 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:25,560 Speaker 1: you'll find when you ever try to build a pond. 177 00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:28,720 Speaker 1: Water is very lazy and it wants to go to 178 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:31,560 Speaker 1: the path of least resistance. Liquids are, right, So it 179 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:34,520 Speaker 1: will always find something you overlooked and cause a leak. 180 00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:38,920 Speaker 1: Same thing I imagine with lava or magma. It's liquid, 181 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:41,240 Speaker 1: so it's going through any crack or crevice that can find. 182 00:10:41,559 --> 00:10:45,200 Speaker 1: And as long as the upward pressure created by the 183 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:49,040 Speaker 1: lower density of the magma is greater than the downward 184 00:10:49,040 --> 00:10:52,079 Speaker 1: pressure of the surrounding rock, it will keep going up. Yeah. 185 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:54,640 Speaker 1: But once there is enough pressure, like let's say it 186 00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:56,559 Speaker 1: just kept going up and eventually with spew out and 187 00:10:56,559 --> 00:10:59,640 Speaker 1: you've got a volcano. But if there just happens to 188 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,200 Speaker 1: be enough pressure and it's like no stop, then it 189 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:06,400 Speaker 1: kind of has a little waiting zone in a magma chamber, right, 190 00:11:06,440 --> 00:11:08,439 Speaker 1: and it just fills up and it's like I can 191 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:13,120 Speaker 1: wait seventy million years, right, don't don't be a mistaken brother. 192 00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:17,839 Speaker 1: Don't there that that We just sounded like zazy top 193 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:24,800 Speaker 1: um Jerry like that, so chuck um. That explains how 194 00:11:25,040 --> 00:11:29,360 Speaker 1: lava enters the Earth's crust, holes in the Earth's crust 195 00:11:30,040 --> 00:11:32,320 Speaker 1: and creates um what we'll talk about in a second 196 00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:36,120 Speaker 1: Hawaiian type volcanoes Hawaiian type eruptions, I should say, we're 197 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:38,880 Speaker 1: basically the lava is just coming out, bubbling up over 198 00:11:38,920 --> 00:11:45,040 Speaker 1: the surface and flowing real slowly um creating little lava ponds, right, 199 00:11:45,120 --> 00:11:47,319 Speaker 1: and creators and stuff like this. Just it's cool looking, 200 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:51,120 Speaker 1: not very dangerous if you can walk at all, yeah, 201 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:53,680 Speaker 1: I mean it's slow, right, or even drank yourself slowly, 202 00:11:53,679 --> 00:11:56,360 Speaker 1: you could probably beat the lava. But the one that 203 00:11:56,400 --> 00:11:59,800 Speaker 1: everybody wants to know about our eruptions, like the spectacular, 204 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:04,120 Speaker 1: like the um Iceland volcano. Right, I'm not even going 205 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:08,040 Speaker 1: to attempt a pronunciation of this, which, by the way, 206 00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:11,120 Speaker 1: caused at least one point seven billion dollars to the 207 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:14,559 Speaker 1: airlines alone in lost revenue. Yeah. Um, it was a 208 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:16,520 Speaker 1: strato volcano by the way. We'll talk about that in 209 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 1: a minute. Okay, yes, but with a huge explosion. It's 210 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:25,600 Speaker 1: not just this lower density of the magma now, it's 211 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:28,240 Speaker 1: it has to do with the gases inside, and magma 212 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:31,200 Speaker 1: is what magma eats, right, Yeah, And I mean this 213 00:12:31,280 --> 00:12:33,079 Speaker 1: is sort of like the It reminds me of the 214 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:35,880 Speaker 1: Lake Nyos exploding lakes. It's it's a build up of 215 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:40,240 Speaker 1: gas pressure internally within the magma. Uh, it's a lot 216 00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:44,120 Speaker 1: of dissolved gas and they're they're stuck that way dissolved, 217 00:12:44,160 --> 00:12:46,320 Speaker 1: which is all fine, and they're kept you know, thanks 218 00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:50,319 Speaker 1: to pressure confined in there. But when the vapor pressure 219 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:54,239 Speaker 1: gets greater than the pressure surrounding it, it forms little vesicles, 220 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:56,880 Speaker 1: which are little gas bubbles, and then it's time. And 221 00:12:56,880 --> 00:12:58,480 Speaker 1: that's when you know you've got some trouble because those 222 00:12:58,480 --> 00:13:00,920 Speaker 1: bubbles they gotta get out. It's like a soda soda can. 223 00:13:01,040 --> 00:13:03,720 Speaker 1: It's exactly like it's the exact same principle of a soda. Right. 224 00:13:03,760 --> 00:13:06,880 Speaker 1: So if you open a soda, all the bubbles rushed 225 00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:09,520 Speaker 1: to the top, and that's if it's just a regular old, 226 00:13:09,559 --> 00:13:12,280 Speaker 1: non shaking touched it or anything. If you shake it up, 227 00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:15,520 Speaker 1: you're actually mixing those bubbles in with the liquid. So 228 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:18,160 Speaker 1: when those bubbles rushed to the top, they're going to 229 00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:19,920 Speaker 1: bring a lot of the liquid with them. This is 230 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:23,360 Speaker 1: the same exact principle that's behind a volcanic eruption. Okay, 231 00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:27,200 Speaker 1: but in this case, magma is the soda exactly, and 232 00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:31,719 Speaker 1: the bubbles are the gases from the dissolved rock. Okay, right, yeah, 233 00:13:31,720 --> 00:13:34,000 Speaker 1: I'm with you. So then there's two factors you said 234 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:37,480 Speaker 1: that um that pressure was had everything to do with 235 00:13:37,559 --> 00:13:42,600 Speaker 1: volcanic activity with eruptions, there's two um two factors, two 236 00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:45,400 Speaker 1: general factors that really have an effect on what kind 237 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:50,440 Speaker 1: of volcanic. Volcanic eruption takes place, and that is viscosity, 238 00:13:50,559 --> 00:13:53,000 Speaker 1: which is I can never keep it straight, but now 239 00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:57,360 Speaker 1: I've got it. Viscosity is the ability to resist flow, 240 00:13:57,679 --> 00:14:03,079 Speaker 1: rightlid Right. If it's high viscosity, which means it has 241 00:14:03,080 --> 00:14:06,240 Speaker 1: a high ability to resist flow, which means it's thick stuff, 242 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:09,200 Speaker 1: it's molasses. If it has a low ability to resist flow, 243 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:11,559 Speaker 1: meaning you're pouring something out of a cup and creating flow. 244 00:14:11,920 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: If as a low ability, it's going to flow very 245 00:14:13,760 --> 00:14:17,080 Speaker 1: easily and quickly out of it. So it's low viscosity. 246 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:20,680 Speaker 1: So viscosity and the amount of gas bubbles present are 247 00:14:20,720 --> 00:14:23,560 Speaker 1: going to determine what kind of volcanic eruption you have. Right. 248 00:14:23,840 --> 00:14:27,680 Speaker 1: If it's high viscosity, which means it's very thick, then 249 00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:31,840 Speaker 1: it will be a big eruption, right because it tried 250 00:14:31,960 --> 00:14:34,640 Speaker 1: very hard to get out exactly. And then the opposite 251 00:14:34,680 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 1: is true if it's a low viscosity and the more 252 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:39,920 Speaker 1: gas is present, the more imagine just these little bubbles, 253 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:41,920 Speaker 1: the more little bubbles that are trying to get out, 254 00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:45,560 Speaker 1: the higher the viscosity, the harder they're going to try 255 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: to get out, and then when they do get out, kaboom, right, 256 00:14:49,040 --> 00:14:51,560 Speaker 1: which is determined by how much silicon is in the magma, 257 00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:54,280 Speaker 1: which I thought it was a little weird or not weird, 258 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:58,240 Speaker 1: but just I had no idea, So Chuck, we have. 259 00:14:58,520 --> 00:15:02,280 Speaker 1: Um when when it does go kaboom, that's called the 260 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:08,240 Speaker 1: eruption column, right, it's composed of hot gas ash pyroclastic rocks, 261 00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:12,480 Speaker 1: which is lava in solid form. Right. Um. And that one, 262 00:15:12,640 --> 00:15:14,800 Speaker 1: that one flow I was talking about Hawaii, the real 263 00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:19,520 Speaker 1: slow kind of lumbering flow where's just bubbling over its effusive. Yeah, 264 00:15:19,560 --> 00:15:21,520 Speaker 1: and that I mean that's not super dangerous because it's 265 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:26,280 Speaker 1: so slow, but it's still destructive eventually, Yeah, slowly destructive. 266 00:15:26,360 --> 00:15:30,880 Speaker 1: If you're a plant that's stationary, you're in trouble because 267 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:33,880 Speaker 1: plants can't walk at all. Let's talk about the different 268 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:38,960 Speaker 1: types of eruptions, man, Yeah, there's a bunch of these. Uh. 269 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:42,320 Speaker 1: My favorite is a Strombolian. It's definitely the most delicious 270 00:15:43,520 --> 00:15:48,160 Speaker 1: for one reason and one reason alone. It's pretty impressive, 271 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:51,520 Speaker 1: not too dangerous. About fifty feet in the air. It's 272 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:55,760 Speaker 1: gonna be spewing a little short bursts, very highly viscous, 273 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:58,440 Speaker 1: so gas really has to build up in order for 274 00:15:58,480 --> 00:16:01,560 Speaker 1: this to happen. But they're pretty the small eruptions, not 275 00:16:01,720 --> 00:16:04,360 Speaker 1: much lava going on, they make a big boom, yeah, 276 00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:07,040 Speaker 1: a little ashy tefra, which is always nice in your 277 00:16:07,080 --> 00:16:11,600 Speaker 1: volcanic eruption, right, and tefras that that fall in volcanic material. 278 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,680 Speaker 1: A lot of things like uh, undergo a change in 279 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:19,600 Speaker 1: name after they become after they've been a verb at 280 00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:23,480 Speaker 1: some point, so like it goes from magma to lava 281 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:29,840 Speaker 1: to tefra. Yeah, right, and that's all rock or it depends. 282 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:31,680 Speaker 1: It could be asked, tefra is just any of the 283 00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:34,440 Speaker 1: material that comes out of volcano and is landed. Oh 284 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:36,400 Speaker 1: I thought you said originally it was all magma. That's 285 00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:40,440 Speaker 1: well yeah, yeah, you're right, you're right, you're good, good chuck. Right. 286 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:42,760 Speaker 1: And then we also have the plenty in eruption, right, 287 00:16:42,920 --> 00:16:46,400 Speaker 1: which the Yeah, this is the type of eruption that 288 00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:48,600 Speaker 1: covered that came out of Mountain Vesuvius and I think 289 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,760 Speaker 1: and covered Herculaneum and Pompeii. Yeah, these are the big 290 00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:56,000 Speaker 1: daddies that you think of when you think of volcano. 291 00:16:56,680 --> 00:17:02,080 Speaker 1: The big upward thrust, the thirty mile column of junk 292 00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:05,520 Speaker 1: that is shooting out. That is the plenty in eruption, 293 00:17:05,960 --> 00:17:10,840 Speaker 1: right yeah. I mean it's bad news for anyone around there, 294 00:17:12,280 --> 00:17:14,760 Speaker 1: don't you think I would think so? Yeah, and not 295 00:17:14,880 --> 00:17:17,479 Speaker 1: even right around there. I mean, like it can shoot 296 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:23,080 Speaker 1: pyroclastic material thirty miles into the air undred hundreds of 297 00:17:23,119 --> 00:17:27,760 Speaker 1: feet per second. That's a big explosion. Um and uh so, 298 00:17:27,880 --> 00:17:30,040 Speaker 1: I imagine I couldn't find it. Looked all over the 299 00:17:30,040 --> 00:17:32,080 Speaker 1: place to find out what type of eruption the Iceland 300 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:35,960 Speaker 1: volcano underwent in April. It couldn't find it. But this 301 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 1: sounds a lot like a plenty in eruption. I mean, 302 00:17:38,359 --> 00:17:40,840 Speaker 1: if they were shutting down air service in like southern 303 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:44,119 Speaker 1: Europe because of the ash that it entered the atmosphere. 304 00:17:44,160 --> 00:17:47,160 Speaker 1: From this, it sounds like it was probably plenty allans 305 00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:49,760 Speaker 1: I guess was to right, Yeah, basically all the ones 306 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:51,280 Speaker 1: you can rattle off off the top of your head, 307 00:17:51,359 --> 00:17:56,159 Speaker 1: there's a probably plenty in volcan What about the Hawaiian 308 00:17:56,480 --> 00:17:59,240 Speaker 1: Those are the really slow effusive ones, right yeah. But 309 00:17:59,280 --> 00:18:01,240 Speaker 1: they have like fire fountains, like they're cool to look at, 310 00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:05,600 Speaker 1: yeah for sure, and it's cool sounding, yeah, And they 311 00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:09,840 Speaker 1: can produce a lava lakes which are ponds of lava craters. 312 00:18:10,119 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: Pretty cool. Yes, I've never been to Hawaii though, you 313 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:16,680 Speaker 1: know Strickland has, Oh yes he has. He loves talking 314 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:21,320 Speaker 1: about the Hawaiian eruptions ives butchering the Hawaiian names of 315 00:18:21,359 --> 00:18:24,320 Speaker 1: things too. Are those other ones smaller and less frequent? 316 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:27,920 Speaker 1: The the volcanian, hydro volcanic, and fissure. Yeah, the most 317 00:18:27,920 --> 00:18:30,680 Speaker 1: common eruption types of the plenty in Hawaiian and Strombolian, 318 00:18:31,160 --> 00:18:33,239 Speaker 1: and then less common like the real. Like, if you're 319 00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:37,080 Speaker 1: an aficionado of of volcanoes, then you're gonna want to 320 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:40,679 Speaker 1: know about the volcano and hydro hydro volcanic and fisher. 321 00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:43,560 Speaker 1: Like you said, the fisher has the curtain of fire. 322 00:18:43,760 --> 00:18:46,800 Speaker 1: It occurs along like a a trench. It's not like 323 00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:50,520 Speaker 1: a mountain. It's basically there's a tear in the earth 324 00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:54,240 Speaker 1: and the the magma is becoming lava and like this 325 00:18:54,320 --> 00:18:57,439 Speaker 1: big curtain of fire. I can't really call it anything 326 00:18:57,440 --> 00:19:01,119 Speaker 1: else in it be is dead on sure. The volcan 327 00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:03,760 Speaker 1: ian is cool because of the pyroclastic bombs that it 328 00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:07,160 Speaker 1: will shoot into the air, like football size bombs of 329 00:19:07,160 --> 00:19:11,040 Speaker 1: of hot rock. This is the Earth being angry. The 330 00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:14,760 Speaker 1: gods are awakening. Well, this is the other saying I'm 331 00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:17,960 Speaker 1: I'm moving around, dude. And then hydro volcanic compares a 332 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,600 Speaker 1: little um explaining this is a volcano that it takes 333 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:25,400 Speaker 1: place not underwater, but near water, near um, a very 334 00:19:25,480 --> 00:19:29,359 Speaker 1: high humidity area, and basically the interaction of the water 335 00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:33,160 Speaker 1: creates this chain reaction that turns the volcanic material into 336 00:19:33,160 --> 00:19:36,719 Speaker 1: this fine ash right Um. It can also melt a 337 00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:41,600 Speaker 1: lot of surrounding snow um, which can cause landslides and 338 00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,040 Speaker 1: a lot of trouble for people. Yes, so those are 339 00:19:45,040 --> 00:19:48,040 Speaker 1: the types of eruptions. Are you still awake and are 340 00:19:48,040 --> 00:19:53,840 Speaker 1: you still with this so far? Anyway? Right? People like, oh, yeah, 341 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:59,080 Speaker 1: the sun. Uh should we talk about the shapes or 342 00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:01,720 Speaker 1: just the frequent the of eruption? Well, let's talk about 343 00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:05,080 Speaker 1: the shapes, because there's there's the basically, there's three components 344 00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:08,800 Speaker 1: to a volcano. Every volcano, right Um. You've got the 345 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 1: magma chamber, which we talked about, it's where it builds up. 346 00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:14,760 Speaker 1: You've got the central event, which is the the this 347 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:18,040 Speaker 1: little connecting area, this is where it starts to. This 348 00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:21,560 Speaker 1: is the fissure that it comes out of the crater, 349 00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:23,760 Speaker 1: right you've got the summit crater, which is where it 350 00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:28,520 Speaker 1: explodes out of right, and then um, you've got different 351 00:20:28,560 --> 00:20:32,800 Speaker 1: types of volcanoes, three main shapes, and the strato volcanoes. 352 00:20:33,160 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: So a strato volcano with a plenty in eruption is 353 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:38,520 Speaker 1: what everyone thinks of as a volcano, right, the classic 354 00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:41,199 Speaker 1: what what you would build for your science school project 355 00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:44,120 Speaker 1: with the baking soda. That's a strato volcano. That's right. 356 00:20:44,359 --> 00:20:46,040 Speaker 1: Unless you're a really forward thinking kid and you're like, 357 00:20:46,080 --> 00:20:49,159 Speaker 1: I'm going to build a scory of tone volcano for 358 00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:51,760 Speaker 1: extra points, which actually, if you did do that, you'd 359 00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,760 Speaker 1: be pretty smart, because, um, while the strato volcano is 360 00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:57,760 Speaker 1: the most familiar, the scory of cone volcano is the 361 00:20:57,800 --> 00:21:01,400 Speaker 1: most common. Yeah, I guess would be a very smart kid. Yes, 362 00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:04,560 Speaker 1: And if there's any seventh graders out there looking for 363 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:08,360 Speaker 1: a cooler volcano, you want to add a little zing 364 00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:10,560 Speaker 1: your volcano, make a scory of cone and say, Josh 365 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:13,040 Speaker 1: and Chuck, san't you and get prepared to be beaten 366 00:21:13,560 --> 00:21:15,919 Speaker 1: fire classmates. Score of cones, by the way, if you 367 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:19,679 Speaker 1: need a little help, are Um, they're smaller, they're steep 368 00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 1: on both sides, um, and they're very wide right, uh, 369 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:30,959 Speaker 1: And they're usually composed of ashy tephra ashy telfra shield volcanoes, 370 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:35,840 Speaker 1: that's the last kind. They're wide short, low viscosity dispersal 371 00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:39,600 Speaker 1: of lava. So it's just a big using blob basically, 372 00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:41,840 Speaker 1: and it builds up into like a shield like dome. 373 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:45,359 Speaker 1: And these these are repped like every few years, very frequent. 374 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:48,600 Speaker 1: So um, we'll talk about eruption a second. A good 375 00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:51,640 Speaker 1: example of a shield volcanoes Mounta Looa, and a good 376 00:21:51,720 --> 00:21:54,600 Speaker 1: example of a score of cone is Sunset Crater in Arizona. 377 00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:59,120 Speaker 1: Yeah all right, Chuck, Josh, you ever heard of Crater 378 00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:03,240 Speaker 1: Lake in Oregon? Yeah? Yeah, Gortis. Isn't there like a 379 00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:05,560 Speaker 1: down World War two plane or something in there? I 380 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:07,800 Speaker 1: don't know. Is that just like a cloud Cussler novel 381 00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:10,280 Speaker 1: I'm thinking of? I have no idea. Well, Crater Lake 382 00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:15,480 Speaker 1: was actually in extinct. We imagine an extinct volcano. Um Basically, 383 00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:19,159 Speaker 1: the magma chamber blew it all at once, collapsed in 384 00:22:19,240 --> 00:22:23,080 Speaker 1: on itself. The the crater collapses in on itself and 385 00:22:23,119 --> 00:22:26,400 Speaker 1: it eventually fills in with water. It's called the caldera, yes, 386 00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:28,280 Speaker 1: until it's full of water. Then it's called the lake. 387 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:33,840 Speaker 1: That's right. Once again, add something, change the name. How 388 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:37,359 Speaker 1: many volcanoes are there active right now working in the 389 00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:43,120 Speaker 1: world today, I'm gonna guess four. You would be off 390 00:22:43,119 --> 00:22:46,920 Speaker 1: by about a hundred. What do you mean you're gonna 391 00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:48,920 Speaker 1: guess you have the same information I do. Let's trying 392 00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:52,000 Speaker 1: to mix it up. Uh, they are active volcanoes five 393 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:56,240 Speaker 1: hundred around the world. And the classifications a little inexact, 394 00:22:56,920 --> 00:23:00,199 Speaker 1: even the revised classifications a little inexacutive. I didn't vers. 395 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:05,199 Speaker 1: Here's why though. This is why it's inexact and subjective, 396 00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 1: because we don't have anything that won't melt if we 397 00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:11,800 Speaker 1: try to really get a good look inside of a volcano. Yeah, 398 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:14,679 Speaker 1: so it's all just kind of like, well, yeah, it's smoking, 399 00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,359 Speaker 1: so we're gonna call that an active volcano. The ones 400 00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:19,520 Speaker 1: in uh, there was at least one when we were 401 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:22,840 Speaker 1: in Guatemala, remember, and then one went off right after 402 00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:26,679 Speaker 1: Jerry was there? Really I think, so yeah, wow, yeah, 403 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:30,800 Speaker 1: we'll find out after we stopped recording an ASCAR. So 404 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:34,040 Speaker 1: the classifications, even though it's inexact, we will quote them 405 00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:38,000 Speaker 1: here if it's erupting obviously or or demonstrating some kind 406 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:43,800 Speaker 1: of activity within recorded history, right, then it's active. And 407 00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:48,560 Speaker 1: why we say it's inaccurate because recorded history varies big time. Uh. 408 00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:51,359 Speaker 1: If it is not showing any signs, but it has 409 00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:56,480 Speaker 1: erupted with years, then uh it is you know, could 410 00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:59,760 Speaker 1: potentially erupt again. So it's dormant, but it could could 411 00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:03,000 Speaker 1: go off. If it has not erupted in ten thousand years, 412 00:24:03,119 --> 00:24:07,680 Speaker 1: then it's extinct, they say, right, but I say, all 413 00:24:07,720 --> 00:24:10,480 Speaker 1: bets are off. Man, you never know. No, I agree wholeheartedly. 414 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:15,120 Speaker 1: I think, Um, if you're dealing with plate tectonics and um, 415 00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:18,960 Speaker 1: there's clearly not any kind of magma chamber around that 416 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:22,120 Speaker 1: we can detect, it probably is extinct. But as we said, 417 00:24:22,160 --> 00:24:29,119 Speaker 1: they have revised the the rating of volcanoes, right, Um, 418 00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:31,960 Speaker 1: so now if it's showing anything, is that what you 419 00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:34,960 Speaker 1: just did was the revised version, because they really are 420 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:38,280 Speaker 1: similar to the original version. Basically. The only change is 421 00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:45,000 Speaker 1: now if it's showing anything, then it's it's active. Right. Yeah. Weird, 422 00:24:45,119 --> 00:24:49,160 Speaker 1: And uh here's the cool fact of the day. Right. Uh. 423 00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:53,119 Speaker 1: And any given day, ten volcanoes are erupting. Yeah, that 424 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:56,160 Speaker 1: aren't a big deal. Probably, well they are if you're 425 00:24:56,160 --> 00:25:00,400 Speaker 1: staying next to Yeah, but it's not newsmakers, I would say. Yeah. 426 00:25:00,680 --> 00:25:03,159 Speaker 1: And then one volcano is thought to have wiped out 427 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:07,200 Speaker 1: an entire civilization, Sanderini in Greece. Really yeah, the Minoan 428 00:25:07,280 --> 00:25:09,960 Speaker 1: civilization suddenly disappeared, and they're starting to think that it 429 00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:14,760 Speaker 1: was because they melted pretty much. Yeah, well, that's it 430 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:17,000 Speaker 1: for volcanoes. If you want to see some really boss 431 00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:20,760 Speaker 1: volcano pictures, I know where you can just type volcanoes 432 00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:22,640 Speaker 1: into the search bar at how stuff works dot com. 433 00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:25,320 Speaker 1: You've made it through this one. Pay yourself on the back. 434 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:28,639 Speaker 1: But hey, we've all got to understand volcanoes, right all right? 435 00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:32,200 Speaker 1: So yeah, okay, since I said search bar, that means 436 00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:36,160 Speaker 1: it's time for listener mail. So that is not only 437 00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:39,280 Speaker 1: the end of volcanoes, Josh, that's the end of this 438 00:25:39,480 --> 00:25:42,360 Speaker 1: is something else. Can you believe this? Can you believe? 439 00:25:42,880 --> 00:25:45,800 Speaker 1: I know you we're in the future like I thought. 440 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:48,720 Speaker 1: I thought it'd be in like spaceships and have pill 441 00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:51,720 Speaker 1: meals that I could eat. I have pill meals in 442 00:25:51,760 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: my pocket right now. Really, what you got? I have 443 00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:58,480 Speaker 1: pot roasts and turkey and stuff. Did you add water 444 00:25:58,520 --> 00:25:59,919 Speaker 1: and it becomes a big meal. You just eat it, 445 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:02,080 Speaker 1: you see, and it tastes like all that and get 446 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:05,560 Speaker 1: pulled up. So uh, you know, at the end of 447 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:08,520 Speaker 1: every year we like to say thanks. Obviously we're still 448 00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:10,720 Speaker 1: on the air, and we wouldn't be if you guys 449 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:14,120 Speaker 1: weren't listening. No, we would be, you know, just doing 450 00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:17,040 Speaker 1: our regular thing right in the articles, crying ourselves, crying 451 00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:19,360 Speaker 1: ourselves to sleep. Yeah, thank you for listening to all 452 00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:22,200 Speaker 1: of you, a new people, all of you vets, all 453 00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:25,960 Speaker 1: of you returning friends, everybody. Happy New Year to all 454 00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:30,360 Speaker 1: of you very much. Um yeah, yeah, that's all I got. 455 00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:31,560 Speaker 1: I mean, I I don't want to make a big 456 00:26:31,560 --> 00:26:32,800 Speaker 1: deal out of it because I just want to keep 457 00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:38,000 Speaker 1: on going through. Here's to the next year and eleven 458 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:42,119 Speaker 1: months in eleven days left of earth? Yeah right, you 459 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,159 Speaker 1: want me to sing uh all anzig? Please? Can we 460 00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:46,960 Speaker 1: get can we get Jerry to put it over? Or 461 00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:49,879 Speaker 1: at leastly there's no rights on all at least Fogelberg's 462 00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:53,359 Speaker 1: same old Anzig the Satas song in history. Oh that 463 00:26:53,480 --> 00:26:56,800 Speaker 1: is a good one. Let's hear it shun oh no never, 464 00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:59,119 Speaker 1: but I do have listen to mail. Well do you 465 00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:02,520 Speaker 1: know an album that hear it on? Uh? The Innocent Age? Okay, 466 00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:05,000 Speaker 1: So do you. Was it a good album? Yeah, I 467 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 1: mean I actually owned that. I was a little kid. 468 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:08,879 Speaker 1: I was like twelve listening to that song thinking it 469 00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:10,560 Speaker 1: was sad when I was the wealth and that's Dan 470 00:27:10,680 --> 00:27:14,440 Speaker 1: Fogelberg and uh it's what's the name, same old things 471 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:32,440 Speaker 1: on and what's the album The Innocent Age the Seas. 472 00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:35,720 Speaker 1: So this is listener mail Josh from Kyle and this 473 00:27:35,760 --> 00:27:39,119 Speaker 1: is about our our Chronica podcast which we got some 474 00:27:39,119 --> 00:27:42,240 Speaker 1: pretty good marks from from our Jewish friends. Yeah, we 475 00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:45,239 Speaker 1: did here there, although I got good try. I had 476 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:48,840 Speaker 1: a few people that are are converted Jews say, hey, 477 00:27:48,920 --> 00:27:50,560 Speaker 1: Chuck when he said it's not the same thing, that 478 00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:54,400 Speaker 1: really hurt my feelings. I wasn't saying for you, it's 479 00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:56,720 Speaker 1: not the same for me like I would I would 480 00:27:56,720 --> 00:27:59,200 Speaker 1: feel like a I would still feel like a boy. 481 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:02,159 Speaker 1: So it's not the same for you. But in Chuck's 482 00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:04,600 Speaker 1: opinion of you, it's the same. Yeah, that's that doesn't 483 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:06,800 Speaker 1: make you any less Jewish if you're if you've converted. 484 00:28:06,840 --> 00:28:09,239 Speaker 1: I wasn't saying that at all. I was a kid. 485 00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:11,960 Speaker 1: I don't want to hur anyone's feelings. Hey, guys, great 486 00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:14,360 Speaker 1: job on the Hanaka podcast. I'm a seventeen year old 487 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:18,679 Speaker 1: from De Plaine, Illinois. It's the home of the McDonald's Museum, 488 00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:22,440 Speaker 1: right home of the first McDonald's. He says, I was 489 00:28:22,520 --> 00:28:25,080 Speaker 1: raised atheists my whole life until the fourth grade, when 490 00:28:25,119 --> 00:28:28,520 Speaker 1: I learned about religion, and as much as research a 491 00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:31,679 Speaker 1: fourth grader can do, I decided I wanted to be Jewish. 492 00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,560 Speaker 1: I love this guy in the fourth grade. He's like, 493 00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:37,040 Speaker 1: I want to be Jewish. That's pretty cool, and he 494 00:28:37,119 --> 00:28:39,120 Speaker 1: did it. I realized that in college and I didn't 495 00:28:39,160 --> 00:28:43,240 Speaker 1: do it. I ended up converting, being bar Mitzvoued, learned Hebrew, 496 00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:48,200 Speaker 1: and now plan on joining the Israeli Army. Wow, I heard. 497 00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:51,080 Speaker 1: I heard about this the real deal. I find it 498 00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:54,200 Speaker 1: to be an amazing religion, and I loved your podcast 499 00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:56,160 Speaker 1: on it. I just want to show you something you 500 00:28:56,240 --> 00:29:00,080 Speaker 1: might find interesting. None gimmal hey shin, which appear the 501 00:29:00,160 --> 00:29:03,160 Speaker 1: dradle in almost every country in the world nska dol 502 00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:07,360 Speaker 1: haya sham means a great miracle happened there, while in 503 00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:11,840 Speaker 1: Israel the Dradel says none gimmal hey hey, which means 504 00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:16,160 Speaker 1: a great miracle happened here. Cool. So in Israel they 505 00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:18,239 Speaker 1: have a different radel because it's like could happened here 506 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:21,120 Speaker 1: and not there, as I've always found that interesting. Just 507 00:29:21,160 --> 00:29:23,080 Speaker 1: want to let you in. Thanks for the podcast. And 508 00:29:23,160 --> 00:29:28,560 Speaker 1: that is from Kyle the New Jew. I really think 509 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:32,360 Speaker 1: Kyle was on MPR. I've heard an interview with somebody 510 00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,320 Speaker 1: who had converted in the US and was now like 511 00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:38,600 Speaker 1: going to Israel to join the Israeli army. Was a 512 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:41,160 Speaker 1: young guy like that? Yeah, he was young dude. It 513 00:29:41,240 --> 00:29:42,840 Speaker 1: might be him. I wonder if it was, we'll have 514 00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:44,920 Speaker 1: to check it out. That'd be pretty cool. Yeah, he 515 00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:47,080 Speaker 1: should have come to us first, though, I agree whole 516 00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:49,280 Speaker 1: hard at time, he's making the rounds of the media 517 00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:53,400 Speaker 1: secure right hey, by the way, I mean that's what 518 00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:56,800 Speaker 1: he's saying to everybody, right, Yeah, I was on stuff 519 00:29:56,800 --> 00:30:00,520 Speaker 1: you should know and MPR. Right, well, chuck again. Happy 520 00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:03,800 Speaker 1: two thousand and eleven to you. Happy New Year. Congratulations 521 00:30:03,840 --> 00:30:06,000 Speaker 1: sir on another year making it through another year with 522 00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:09,680 Speaker 1: me having to deal with me. Hey, it's every year 523 00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:13,360 Speaker 1: gets easier. Is gonna be a breeze? Nice? Um. 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