WEBVTT - The Colonialist 0:00:03.200 --> 0:00:07.520 Before FIFA was corrupt, it was merely racist, built in 0:00:07.520 --> 0:00:10.600 the image of its colonial architects. FIFA's view of the 0:00:10.640 --> 0:00:14.440 world reflected the privileged white status of its founding members, 0:00:15.280 --> 0:00:19.040 and maybe because of this the corruption was inevitable. Maybe 0:00:19.079 --> 0:00:21.439 it wasn't the results of a few bad apples in 0:00:21.440 --> 0:00:26.960 the barrel, but a bad barrel itself. It's a question 0:00:27.000 --> 0:00:30.680 that might be best answered by looking at FIFA's six President, 0:00:30.720 --> 0:00:34.560 Sir Stanley Rouse, a man with many laudable qualities except 0:00:34.600 --> 0:00:37.440 the one he and the lords of soccer needed most, 0:00:38.280 --> 0:00:41.040 the ability to see beyond the world as it was 0:00:41.800 --> 0:00:45.240 and see the world as it could be if international 0:00:45.280 --> 0:00:51.920 soccer was made a fair game for all. I'm Connor Powell. 0:00:52.520 --> 0:01:03.560 This is episode five. The colonialist. Bobby Moore's white shorts 0:01:03.600 --> 0:01:07.320 were caked with mud, his red number six long Sleep 0:01:07.360 --> 0:01:10.600 England's jersey dripped with sweat as he led his team 0:01:10.680 --> 0:01:13.720 up the steep staircase at London's Wembley Stadium to the 0:01:13.840 --> 0:01:17.000 Royal Box. Bobby Moore leading them up to the Royal 0:01:17.000 --> 0:01:20.240 Box to receive the Jewelry may Cup and the Windows medals. 0:01:20.880 --> 0:01:24.280 Standing there in a light mustard yellow coat and matching 0:01:24.319 --> 0:01:28.039 hat was the young British monarch Queen Elizabeth the second, 0:01:28.800 --> 0:01:33.640 as was FIFA's president, an Englishman named Stanley Rouse. After 0:01:33.680 --> 0:01:37.760 one of those dainty royal handshakes, Queen Elizabeth passed the 0:01:37.760 --> 0:01:41.400 World Cup trophy, named after FIFA's third president, Jules Romay, 0:01:41.959 --> 0:01:48.080 to England's exhausted but ecstatic captain. Before kissing FIFA's golden trophy, 0:01:48.440 --> 0:01:51.559 as was the tradition, More raised it above his head 0:01:51.960 --> 0:02:07.720 in triumph. Winning the nineteen sixty six World Cup over 0:02:07.760 --> 0:02:12.000 West Germany on its home soil remains the proudest moment 0:02:12.280 --> 0:02:17.040 in English soccer history. For mini soccer fans around the world, 0:02:17.560 --> 0:02:20.480 that nineteen sixty six tournament is the golden Age of 0:02:20.520 --> 0:02:25.160 World Cup soccer, an era before commercialism took root, when 0:02:25.160 --> 0:02:29.440 the game itself, not politics or profit, was front and center. 0:02:30.280 --> 0:02:34.400 This golden era, like most of its kind, is a myth, 0:02:35.160 --> 0:02:39.320 an incomplete and often inaccurate story old men tell themselves 0:02:39.360 --> 0:02:44.399 to avoid an honest historical accounting. Two years before More 0:02:44.520 --> 0:02:49.120 raised that precious trophy, FIFA's leadership made a series of 0:02:49.160 --> 0:02:53.800 decisions that caused the entire African continent and it's fifteen 0:02:53.840 --> 0:02:57.919 World Cup eligible nations to boycott the nineteen sixty six tournament. 0:02:58.960 --> 0:03:03.320 Think about that an entire continent skipped the World Cup. 0:03:04.400 --> 0:03:08.600 That's quite a footnote for the history books. The seeds 0:03:08.600 --> 0:03:12.880 of this boycott were planted years before, and while FIFA 0:03:13.120 --> 0:03:16.040 was not then the criminal organization that we've come to 0:03:16.120 --> 0:03:18.880 know in our previous episodes, run by the likes of 0:03:19.000 --> 0:03:23.160 Set Bladder, Chuck Blazer, and Jack Warner, it was very 0:03:23.240 --> 0:03:28.640 much a Eurocentric colonialists and straight up racist institution. In 0:03:28.800 --> 0:03:31.720 this episode and the next few, I want to tell 0:03:31.720 --> 0:03:35.680 you about FIFA's history, one that looks beyond the polished 0:03:35.680 --> 0:03:39.000 golden air packaging that you find on FIFA's website and 0:03:39.040 --> 0:03:43.360 share a reeler history that includes the bigotry and racism 0:03:43.360 --> 0:03:47.000 that robbed an entire continent of even a chance at 0:03:47.000 --> 0:03:51.520 World Cup glory, and the embrace of ruthless authoritarian regimes 0:03:51.520 --> 0:03:55.040 that put profits ahead of everything the game stands for. 0:03:56.120 --> 0:04:09.000 These are the golden years. The President's as Stanley Ross 0:04:09.080 --> 0:04:13.120 and officials are FIFA. The International Football Federation met at 0:04:13.120 --> 0:04:15.640 the London Hotel to make the draw for the World 0:04:15.640 --> 0:04:21.200 Cup competition. It was a very English affair, shiny silver 0:04:21.320 --> 0:04:25.440 trophy cups with decorative winged handles line the front of 0:04:25.480 --> 0:04:28.640 the podium in the smoke filled ballroom of London's Royal 0:04:28.640 --> 0:04:33.039 Garden Hotel. There are four trophies, one for each of 0:04:33.080 --> 0:04:35.240 the four groups that will play in the first round 0:04:35.240 --> 0:04:38.520 of the upcoming World Cup. A sea of old men 0:04:38.640 --> 0:04:43.160 with mostly white faces stared intensely at the FIFA officials 0:04:43.760 --> 0:04:48.120 sitting on the stage. A fifth trophy, also silver plated 0:04:48.520 --> 0:04:52.040 but covered with a handkerchief, is full of sixteen slips 0:04:52.040 --> 0:04:54.920 of paper. Each slip of paper has the name of 0:04:54.960 --> 0:04:58.760 a national team, and after a shake or two, piece 0:04:58.800 --> 0:05:01.520 of paper is pulled out, the name of the country 0:05:01.520 --> 0:05:03.560 has read aloud and the slip of paper has dropped 0:05:03.560 --> 0:05:06.880 into one of the four corresponding trophies. That's how the 0:05:06.920 --> 0:05:12.919 first round matches of the sixteen teams are decided. England, 0:05:15.120 --> 0:05:19.799 in the opening match on July eleventh at Wembley, one 0:05:20.200 --> 0:05:24.880 by one, FIFA's president Stanley Rouse, that was his voice 0:05:24.920 --> 0:05:28.039 there read out the names of the teams competing in 0:05:28.080 --> 0:05:31.839 the nineteen sixty six World Cup. It's a quaint scene 0:05:31.839 --> 0:05:35.160 that had been repeated in one form or another seven 0:05:35.160 --> 0:05:38.880 times previously, ever since FIFA had become the lords of 0:05:38.920 --> 0:05:42.839 Soccer and held it's inaugural championship tournament in nineteen thirty 0:05:42.960 --> 0:05:47.960 in Uruguay. Unlike today, where FIFA's big decisions have become 0:05:48.200 --> 0:05:52.120 star studded affairs, early events were more like high tea 0:05:52.640 --> 0:05:56.760 and far less flashy as British soccer historians do. Horseville 0:05:56.760 --> 0:06:01.160 told me the draw for the World Cup, for example, 0:06:01.240 --> 0:06:04.599 it's very business like. It's sort of two platforms of men, 0:06:05.120 --> 0:06:08.640 names drawn out. It's noted down on paper, it's popped 0:06:08.640 --> 0:06:14.200 on a board and not setting. Everything's finishing. So let's 0:06:14.240 --> 0:06:17.160 go back to FIFA's very start in nineteen o four. 0:06:17.560 --> 0:06:21.160 The organization was far more rudimentary than it is today. 0:06:21.680 --> 0:06:24.280 It was all about staging matches. It was the end 0:06:24.320 --> 0:06:27.400 of the nineteenth century and soccer's popularity was surging around 0:06:27.440 --> 0:06:31.920 the globe, particularly in Europe and South America. The oldest 0:06:31.960 --> 0:06:35.200 international football matches England versus Scotland. The second oldest is 0:06:35.320 --> 0:06:38.640 Argentina versus Uruguay. You know, so it was a very 0:06:38.760 --> 0:06:43.520 much two continent sport. There was a big problem. The 0:06:43.720 --> 0:06:47.239 rules of soccer vary from country to country. Even town 0:06:47.279 --> 0:06:51.280 to town matches were regularly played under one set of rules. 0:06:51.360 --> 0:06:54.000 During the first half of the game and another in 0:06:54.040 --> 0:06:58.040 the second half. Promoters have begun to stage international competitions, 0:06:58.360 --> 0:07:02.040 and for soccer to survive, i even thrive, the rules 0:07:02.080 --> 0:07:08.039 needed to be unified. So I'm May one. Four representatives 0:07:08.080 --> 0:07:14.360 from seven national federations France, Belgium, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland 0:07:14.480 --> 0:07:17.320 and the Netherlands met in the back room of a 0:07:17.360 --> 0:07:20.960 Parisian sports club to codify the rules of international soccer. 0:07:21.960 --> 0:07:26.120 You'll notice the slate doesn't include any South American countries. 0:07:26.760 --> 0:07:29.720 In nineteen o four, many of those countries were treated 0:07:29.760 --> 0:07:34.280 as more colonies aligned with Europe than as fully independent nations. 0:07:34.840 --> 0:07:44.920 Will be then the footboard associates FIFA. FIFA's own portrayal 0:07:44.920 --> 0:07:48.240 of the moment is captured in a ridiculous self produced 0:07:48.320 --> 0:07:53.240 propaganda film called United Passions, released in America at the 0:07:53.280 --> 0:07:56.280 height of FIFA's two thousand and fifteen corruption scandal. The 0:07:56.360 --> 0:07:59.640 film grows less than a thousand dollars in the US 0:07:59.680 --> 0:08:03.640 on its opening weekend. The film celebrates the signing of 0:08:03.640 --> 0:08:06.280 the FIFA Charter, treated it as something akin to the 0:08:06.280 --> 0:08:09.880 signing of the Magna Carta or the Declaration of Independence. 0:08:10.680 --> 0:08:14.360 The humorous is just well pronounced, but back to our 0:08:14.400 --> 0:08:18.040 history lesson. Within a few years of its formation, FIFA 0:08:18.080 --> 0:08:22.679 added England, Germany, South Africa, Argentina and Chile to its club. 0:08:23.720 --> 0:08:27.640 This made the soccer organization, at least on paper, global. 0:08:28.320 --> 0:08:32.880 In reality, FIFA's beating heart remained European, and its administrators 0:08:32.880 --> 0:08:36.680 did little to integrate the South Americans, who really had 0:08:36.720 --> 0:08:42.120 no role in managing world soccer. During FIFA's first seventy years, 0:08:42.160 --> 0:08:46.760 all eleven of its permanent presidents in general secretaries came 0:08:46.800 --> 0:08:51.120 from Europe. South American soccer and its issues rarely, if ever, 0:08:51.160 --> 0:08:55.840 made it onto FIFA's agenda. It was a very Eurocentric organization, 0:08:56.160 --> 0:09:02.280 so with that came this philosophy of colone realism imperialism. 0:09:02.280 --> 0:09:05.679 With the exception of Switzerland, all of FIFA's founding members 0:09:05.720 --> 0:09:11.120 were former or current colonial powers. FIFA's early administrators came 0:09:11.120 --> 0:09:15.000 from that world, grew up in that world. Nineteenth century 0:09:15.080 --> 0:09:20.520 colonialism and Christian superiority were to them given, and they 0:09:20.559 --> 0:09:24.720 often viewed non European countries, particularly they're current and former 0:09:24.760 --> 0:09:31.200 colonies with disdain. Some, like General Secretary Carl Anton Wilhelm Hirschman, 0:09:31.520 --> 0:09:35.120 even resisted FIFA's South American expansion on the grounds it 0:09:35.120 --> 0:09:40.920 would dilute the organization's European and enlightened character. Even presidents 0:09:40.920 --> 0:09:44.760 who supported FIFA's early expansion from Jewels were made to 0:09:45.000 --> 0:09:50.160 Arthur Drury to Stanley Ross still believe soccer radiated from Europe. 0:09:50.840 --> 0:09:54.360 They viewed these non European countries as less civilized and 0:09:54.559 --> 0:10:00.079 incapable of leadership and global affairs. Most shamefully, Fee of 0:10:00.120 --> 0:10:03.280 his founders believe these countries would only come into the 0:10:03.280 --> 0:10:07.320 twentieth century if they followed the steady hand and firm 0:10:07.440 --> 0:10:12.360 rules of European institutions. Nowhere was this reality more evident 0:10:12.679 --> 0:10:15.840 than in World Cup draws, where the lords of soccer 0:10:16.080 --> 0:10:20.559 often excluded non white countries. Here, again, Stu horse Field, 0:10:21.120 --> 0:10:25.520 when you have European presidents who come from nations who 0:10:25.520 --> 0:10:29.959 have colonized African states, there is always going to become flat. 0:10:30.040 --> 0:10:32.720 There is always going to be this issue of race 0:10:32.840 --> 0:10:36.120 and repression. So in the spring of nineteen sixty six, 0:10:36.640 --> 0:10:39.160 as Sir Stanley Rouse read out the names of the 0:10:39.200 --> 0:10:42.400 sixteen nations invited to compete in the World Cup, I 0:10:42.520 --> 0:10:45.400 wanted to put this sequence of matches now on the 0:10:45.440 --> 0:10:48.920 board on the lift ten were from Europe, five or 0:10:48.960 --> 0:10:53.440 from Latin America, and one was from Asia. None were 0:10:53.520 --> 0:10:56.880 from Africa. It might have been called a World Cup, 0:10:57.880 --> 0:11:00.120 but it was more like a European Championship with a 0:11:00.120 --> 0:11:03.960 few friendly nations invited to the party. Which it's just 0:11:04.040 --> 0:11:07.480 the way FIFA's European leadership liked it. Keep in mind 0:11:07.679 --> 0:11:11.199 it was now nineteen sixty six, not eighteen sixty six. 0:11:11.559 --> 0:11:14.720 The Beatles were closer to their end than their beginning. 0:11:15.080 --> 0:11:18.440 The Summer of Love was just two years away. The 0:11:18.520 --> 0:11:23.040 US Civil Rights Bill had just been passed. FIFA, in 0:11:23.280 --> 0:11:26.080 all of its humors, was continuing to expand with the 0:11:26.120 --> 0:11:29.719 idea that its vision would rule the world. But the 0:11:29.760 --> 0:11:42.760 world was starting to see things differently. Small plumes of 0:11:42.840 --> 0:11:46.880 black smoke rose into the air. It's March nine sixty 0:11:47.160 --> 0:11:52.560 and the Sharpville township of South Africa. Men, women, and children, 0:11:52.880 --> 0:11:55.120 young and old are seeing hymns as they burned their 0:11:55.160 --> 0:12:00.240 government issued identification cards. The white police ordered the black 0:12:00.280 --> 0:12:03.720 demonstrators to stop and back away from the police station's 0:12:03.760 --> 0:12:09.080 flimsy chain length defense. They protesters ignored the parking commands 0:12:09.520 --> 0:12:14.280 and continued protesting. The Aparthei regime's newest racial decree that 0:12:14.440 --> 0:12:18.000 required black South Africans to always carry their ideas or 0:12:18.240 --> 0:12:22.840 face arrest. The peaceful protests turns ugly when a squadron 0:12:22.880 --> 0:12:26.079 of US built Fight SI saber jets buzzed the crowd 0:12:26.200 --> 0:12:30.559 to scare protesters away. That's when the rocks begin to fly, 0:12:31.520 --> 0:12:33.960 raining down on the one and fifty or so white 0:12:34.040 --> 0:12:38.199 police officers. Police get the command to load their weapons, 0:12:38.679 --> 0:12:44.640 then can be ordered a fire. Gunshots ripped through the 0:12:44.720 --> 0:12:52.200 backs of unarmed protesters as they fled. The Charville massacre 0:12:52.320 --> 0:12:56.560 as the march murders are now known, left sixty nine 0:12:56.600 --> 0:13:00.319 people dead and hundreds more injured. It all so put 0:13:00.360 --> 0:13:03.760 an international spotlight on the South African government and it's 0:13:03.840 --> 0:13:08.719 horrific apartheid system. Historian Peter A. Legie wrote about the 0:13:08.760 --> 0:13:11.600 events of that day in his book African Soccer Escapes, 0:13:12.240 --> 0:13:15.240 How a Continent changed the world's game well apart It 0:13:15.440 --> 0:13:20.679 was a harsh form of government sanctioned racism and segregation, 0:13:21.000 --> 0:13:24.640 carried out by a white minority in a country where 0:13:24.679 --> 0:13:28.559 they never represented more than twent of the population. If 0:13:28.600 --> 0:13:32.199 the white Afrikaans government was embarrassed or remorseful about the 0:13:32.360 --> 0:13:36.800 vicious and racist attack, they didn't show it now they 0:13:36.880 --> 0:13:40.360 doubled down a little more than a week after the 0:13:40.440 --> 0:13:44.800 Sharpville massacre, the Interior Minister Yon the Clerk, said the 0:13:44.880 --> 0:13:49.400 segregation of South African sports would continue, especially in the 0:13:49.520 --> 0:13:53.800 increasingly popular game of soccer. Not only were mixed race 0:13:53.880 --> 0:13:57.760 teams outlawed in South Africa, but so were mixed race 0:13:57.880 --> 0:14:02.040 teams from other nations. This would be a big test 0:14:02.320 --> 0:14:14.280 for FIFA. The Agusty era was thick and oppressive when 0:14:14.360 --> 0:14:18.280 FIFA gathered for its nineteen sixty World Congress, but the 0:14:18.440 --> 0:14:22.440 scorching Mediterranean son wasn't the only thing causing delegates from 0:14:22.440 --> 0:14:25.760 FIFA's now sixty nine member nations the sweat that summer. 0:14:26.800 --> 0:14:31.640 Only three years before, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and South Africa, 0:14:32.240 --> 0:14:35.960 the only four independent nations in Africa, united to form 0:14:36.000 --> 0:14:40.840 the Confederation of African Football or CALF. CALF gave the 0:14:40.920 --> 0:14:45.400 continent a permanent say inside FIFA, and while some in 0:14:45.520 --> 0:14:49.240 FIFA's leadership saw the formation of CALF as a healthy 0:14:49.360 --> 0:14:53.240 sign of soccer's global reach, the expansion was a political 0:14:53.400 --> 0:14:59.640 conundrum for FIFA's old guard. Here Again, as historian Peter A. Legie, Egyptians, 0:14:59.640 --> 0:15:03.200 Ethio Opens and Sudanese demanded that South Africa field they 0:15:03.320 --> 0:15:08.080 racially integrated team at that inaugural African Nations Cup in Cartoum, 0:15:08.600 --> 0:15:12.720 but the White Association refused to do so, basically hiding 0:15:12.880 --> 0:15:17.280 behind an excuse that they couldn't do anything about government policy. 0:15:18.000 --> 0:15:21.360 Citing its policy of racial and tolerance. These three African 0:15:21.400 --> 0:15:24.960 countries voted to expel South Africa from CALF shortly after 0:15:25.040 --> 0:15:29.560 its formation. Now in Rome, with the Sharpville massacre still 0:15:29.640 --> 0:15:32.720 fresh in the mind of its delegates, the same three 0:15:32.760 --> 0:15:37.320 African nations demanded FIFA boot South Africa from the global 0:15:37.400 --> 0:15:42.680 soccer community. It was an inherently racist football organization that 0:15:43.160 --> 0:15:47.040 would not tolerate mixed race teams. It would not tolerate 0:15:47.680 --> 0:15:52.360 competition between black teams or white teams. FIFA was formed 0:15:52.440 --> 0:15:56.200 by Europeans for the sole purpose of governing international soccer, 0:15:57.120 --> 0:15:59.960 so the idea of FIFA expelling one of their own 0:16:00.160 --> 0:16:05.320 for political reasons was unthinkable to most of FIFA's Eurocentric members, 0:16:06.080 --> 0:16:09.120 especially since such a move would force those same nations 0:16:09.760 --> 0:16:13.240 to look directly at their own colonial pass FIFA was 0:16:13.400 --> 0:16:17.960 terribly concerned about the political ramifications of this Within the organization, 0:16:18.720 --> 0:16:22.280 Many of the non European, non white delegates felt the 0:16:22.480 --> 0:16:27.520 organization had to act. Doing nothing risk undermining FIFA's policy 0:16:27.560 --> 0:16:31.720 of non discrimination towards players of all races. Under the 0:16:31.800 --> 0:16:36.280 sweltering Roman sky, FIFA's Congress voted fifty two to ten 0:16:36.880 --> 0:16:40.600 to adopt a resolution declaring soccer matches open to all people, 0:16:41.200 --> 0:16:45.040 regardless of race or religion. They stopped short of kicking 0:16:45.120 --> 0:16:49.560 South Africa out directly. Instead, they said in the nation 0:16:49.680 --> 0:16:53.680 that continued to practice racial discrimination would be expelled from 0:16:53.760 --> 0:16:57.960 FIFA within a year. It was a courageous policy forced 0:16:58.040 --> 0:17:01.960 on the founders by FIFA's newest members, and it had 0:17:02.120 --> 0:17:07.480 real consequences, as Allegedy explains, by a late nineteen six one, 0:17:07.640 --> 0:17:10.480 time was up. South Africa turned down the opportunity to 0:17:10.800 --> 0:17:15.320 introduce racially integrated football, and FIFA suspended South African September 0:17:15.320 --> 0:17:19.480 of sixty one. The suspension meant that the apartheid regime 0:17:19.480 --> 0:17:21.840 would be banned from the World Cup and from any 0:17:21.880 --> 0:17:26.800 other international soccer competitions, a devastating blow to a sporting 0:17:26.920 --> 0:17:30.159 nation that had not yet faced international pressure for its 0:17:30.200 --> 0:17:34.040 apartheid system, and this was a symbolic victory at a 0:17:34.240 --> 0:17:39.200 very difficult time for deliberation movements in South Africa. When FIFA, 0:17:39.359 --> 0:17:43.640 this major global body, sanctioned white South Africa, it instilled 0:17:43.760 --> 0:17:47.200 hope at a very much needed time for most black 0:17:47.280 --> 0:17:52.080 South Africans. It was historic. FIFA had set itself apart 0:17:52.200 --> 0:17:56.399 from most international organizations for its willingness to tackle a 0:17:56.520 --> 0:18:00.560 difficult human rights challenge. This was really the first major 0:18:00.680 --> 0:18:05.400 incident in international football of expulsion due to racial discrimination, 0:18:06.400 --> 0:18:10.680 but the moment was fleeting. Just three days later, the 0:18:11.040 --> 0:18:14.159 very same group that booted South Africa out elected the 0:18:14.200 --> 0:18:18.680 conservative Englishman Stanley Rouse, a staunch defender of South Africa, 0:18:19.080 --> 0:18:23.040 as its president, and in so doing set up more 0:18:23.080 --> 0:18:31.800 than a decade of conflict. Stanley Rouse rarely gave an 0:18:31.840 --> 0:18:34.879 inch to anyone. At six ft three inches tall, the 0:18:34.920 --> 0:18:38.520 former English referee, school teacher and soccer official was a 0:18:38.640 --> 0:18:42.560 mountain of a man on and off the pitch. Stodgy 0:18:42.680 --> 0:18:46.000 and self righteous, he believed the rules of soccer, like 0:18:46.119 --> 0:18:50.440 the rules governing civilized society, were sacro sainct. There was right, 0:18:51.000 --> 0:18:54.600 there was wrong, there was black and there was white. 0:18:55.440 --> 0:18:59.119 Here again as Stu Horsfield, he was very intelligent without 0:18:59.160 --> 0:19:01.480 being a great Denies are in a great thinker. He 0:19:01.600 --> 0:19:06.000 was very stable, incredibly stable person. FIFA sixth president was 0:19:06.080 --> 0:19:07.800 once asked by a journalist if he had ever been 0:19:07.840 --> 0:19:10.879 offered a bribe. Rolse sneered at the question and the 0:19:10.960 --> 0:19:14.119 implication that a man of his moral grounding could be 0:19:14.320 --> 0:19:19.120 corrupted by money. He insisted that any attempt to bribe 0:19:19.160 --> 0:19:21.440 him would be a foolish endeavor, and he vowed that 0:19:21.480 --> 0:19:24.840 anyone who tried would be expelled from the sport. He 0:19:25.080 --> 0:19:28.560 was so incorruptible. He said, anyone who wanted to be 0:19:28.640 --> 0:19:31.320 on a FIFA committee should pay for their own train 0:19:31.400 --> 0:19:34.000 ticket or airfare to Zurich, now the home of FIFA, 0:19:34.480 --> 0:19:39.240 and earned their spot. The only thing more rigid more 0:19:39.760 --> 0:19:45.800 immovable than Rouse's Victorian principles were his steadfast imperialist beliefs. 0:19:46.640 --> 0:19:50.680 Rouse believed in the superiority of the British Empire. He 0:19:50.840 --> 0:19:54.960 also believed, as only someone so set in their ways can, 0:19:55.720 --> 0:20:00.480 that his views were beyond politics. They were fundamental. As such, 0:20:00.760 --> 0:20:04.960 he said sports and politics should never mix, nor should 0:20:05.040 --> 0:20:08.960 sports be used to promote a political agenda. As a 0:20:09.080 --> 0:20:12.440 very well educated young man, he was also all his 0:20:12.680 --> 0:20:16.000 time a man who believed in the amateury thoughts and 0:20:16.080 --> 0:20:21.280 the sport shouldn't be a battleground for politics. Rouse once 0:20:21.359 --> 0:20:26.280 described an African referee training program as missionary work, which 0:20:26.320 --> 0:20:29.280 I guess means Rouse wasn't against mixing sports, religion and 0:20:29.400 --> 0:20:33.399 politics if his own conservative, Christian and colonialist beliefs were 0:20:33.440 --> 0:20:38.120 being upheld. So it might not surprise you to learn 0:20:38.320 --> 0:20:42.280 that Rouse was a vocal supporter of and regularly expressed 0:20:42.280 --> 0:20:46.879 sympathy for South Africa's brutal apartheid regime and it's all 0:20:46.920 --> 0:20:51.200 white soccer association. When Rousse was elected FIFA president just 0:20:51.520 --> 0:20:55.840 three days after the organization suspended South Africa, he immediately 0:20:55.920 --> 0:20:59.520 went to work to undo the ban. He was constantly 0:20:59.600 --> 0:21:02.200 trying to find ways to get a party in South 0:21:02.200 --> 0:21:07.240 Africa readmitted, and this really angered many members of FIFA 0:21:07.359 --> 0:21:10.440 as well as, of course, the anti apartheid movement as 0:21:10.480 --> 0:21:14.800 a whole. In January of nineteen sixty three, Rouse led 0:21:14.840 --> 0:21:18.280 a delegation to South Africa too. I guess the word 0:21:18.400 --> 0:21:22.399 is investigate the situation. You'll hear the details in just 0:21:22.560 --> 0:21:24.320 a moment, but let me give you the top line. 0:21:25.200 --> 0:21:28.840 RALS met with the government sanctions all white pro apartheid 0:21:28.920 --> 0:21:32.680 Football Association of South Africa and he met with a 0:21:32.800 --> 0:21:38.200 breakaway football delegation, the racially mixed South African Soccer Federation. 0:21:39.160 --> 0:21:42.160 He took the side of the white guys here again 0:21:42.280 --> 0:21:45.560 his Stu Horse film the South African Soccer Federation, who 0:21:45.640 --> 0:21:49.120 set themselves up as an alternative governing body whose mandate 0:21:49.280 --> 0:21:53.360 was to represent all of South Africa, so white South Africans, 0:21:53.359 --> 0:21:56.480 black South Africans, mixed Ray South Africans, but Stanna Rousse 0:21:56.520 --> 0:22:00.240 refused to recognize them. FIFA's president returned home them with 0:22:00.280 --> 0:22:03.480 a glowing report of the Football Association of South Africa 0:22:04.080 --> 0:22:07.920 and recommended FIFA's Executive Council reinstate the old white group. 0:22:08.680 --> 0:22:14.560 They produced a truly astounding report that concluded that there 0:22:14.680 --> 0:22:19.880 was no racial discrimination in South Africa, and as a result, 0:22:21.359 --> 0:22:24.920 FIFA lifted temporarily this suspension on a part to in 0:22:25.000 --> 0:22:31.159 South Africa. This was rather incredible, Indeed, the reaction of 0:22:31.800 --> 0:22:37.399 many members was outreache. The African continent just saw that 0:22:37.840 --> 0:22:41.720 as another indicated that while Stanley Rouse was in charge, 0:22:42.119 --> 0:22:52.960 FIFA would be an inherently racist organization. When Stanley Rouse's 0:22:53.040 --> 0:22:57.640 playing touchdown in Egypt in January of n Cairo's once 0:22:57.760 --> 0:23:00.680 rudimentary airport was nearing the end of a six year 0:23:00.760 --> 0:23:05.520 construction project, two new runways and a spacious modern terminal, 0:23:06.080 --> 0:23:09.040 or just weeks away from opening. It was to be 0:23:09.240 --> 0:23:12.520 a symbol of just how far Egypt and Africa had 0:23:12.520 --> 0:23:16.680 advanced since independence. But if the continent was looking to 0:23:16.760 --> 0:23:20.600 the future, FIFA's president arrived carrying the baggage of its 0:23:20.680 --> 0:23:26.600 colonial past. Rouse had just finished his investigation into South Africa, 0:23:27.080 --> 0:23:31.320 and after FIFA's Executive Committee officially reinstated South Africa under 0:23:31.400 --> 0:23:35.119 Rouse's direction, he stopped in Cairo for the Confederation of 0:23:35.160 --> 0:23:39.879 African Football's General Assembly. Much like the airport, CALF was 0:23:39.920 --> 0:23:44.120 going through a remarkable transformation, growing from just four member 0:23:44.240 --> 0:23:47.320 nations in ninety seven to more than thirty a few 0:23:47.440 --> 0:23:51.160 years later. As it grew in size, Peter Leggie says, 0:23:51.440 --> 0:23:56.160 and also grew in confidence. As more African nations wonder independence. 0:23:56.240 --> 0:23:59.280 In the late fifties and especially in the sixties, this 0:23:59.520 --> 0:24:03.120 relationship ship between FIFA and Africa became more and more contentious. 0:24:03.960 --> 0:24:06.840 The meeting between Rouse and the African delegates was every 0:24:06.880 --> 0:24:11.240 bit as tense and confrontational as you would expect. During 0:24:11.280 --> 0:24:13.879 his opening speech, Rylse City had seen no evidence of 0:24:13.960 --> 0:24:18.879 discrimination in South Africa, and in a very paternalistic tone, 0:24:19.320 --> 0:24:22.159 the Englishman suggested fiefa's African members would just have to 0:24:22.440 --> 0:24:27.520 accept the Executive Committee's decision. Now, South Africa was just 0:24:27.720 --> 0:24:31.640 one point of contention in that meeting. Despite adding dozens 0:24:31.680 --> 0:24:34.560 of new nations the FIFA's membership rollins since World War Two, 0:24:35.400 --> 0:24:39.560 the World Cup remained anything but a global tournament. At 0:24:39.600 --> 0:24:42.200 the nineteen fifty eight in nineteen sixty two World Cups, 0:24:42.440 --> 0:24:45.000 the only sides that qualified for the competition were from 0:24:45.080 --> 0:24:48.720 Latin America and Europe. There were no African or Asian 0:24:48.760 --> 0:24:52.960 teams represented. This only added to the strong sense that 0:24:53.080 --> 0:24:56.240 the World Cup was essentially a European soccer festival that, 0:24:56.880 --> 0:24:59.920 as I said earlier, allowed a few Latin American friends 0:25:00.080 --> 0:25:04.240 that crash the party. Calf lobby Rouse and FIFA's Executive 0:25:04.240 --> 0:25:07.440 Committee to give at least one automatic spot to the 0:25:07.520 --> 0:25:12.000 now sizeable African delegation. When FIFA announced that the top 0:25:12.080 --> 0:25:14.520 African and the top Asian team would be forced to 0:25:14.560 --> 0:25:17.320 compete in a winner take all playoff to secure the 0:25:17.520 --> 0:25:21.439 one non European, non Latin American spot in the nineteen 0:25:21.480 --> 0:25:24.960 sixty six World Cup, Calf decided the only way to 0:25:25.080 --> 0:25:29.080 force FIFA to take their concerns seriously was the withdrawal 0:25:29.160 --> 0:25:33.160 in mass from the global tournament. In other words, stage 0:25:33.160 --> 0:25:37.560 of boycott. So Africa just boycotts in the entire World 0:25:37.560 --> 0:25:40.720 Cup qualification process and didn't end to the tournament. Some 0:25:40.960 --> 0:25:43.439 seventy nations tried to earn a spot in the nineteen 0:25:43.520 --> 0:25:46.760 sixty six World Cup, none of course, were from Africa, 0:25:47.640 --> 0:25:50.919 but the continent was represented at least in terms of talent. 0:25:51.880 --> 0:25:54.920 While England won the tournament on its home soil and 0:25:55.040 --> 0:25:58.320 Bobby Moore hoisted the Jewels were made trophy before eighty 0:25:58.400 --> 0:26:02.119 thou ecstatic English fans. The top goal scorer of the 0:26:02.200 --> 0:26:06.760 tournament played for Portugal and was born in Mozambique, then 0:26:07.040 --> 0:26:12.000 a Portuguese colony. Even though the African nations boycott of 0:26:12.040 --> 0:26:15.879 the nineteen sixty six World Cup qualifying process, kaf did 0:26:16.000 --> 0:26:19.639 achieve a big victory off the field. Seventy eight of 0:26:19.720 --> 0:26:24.040 FIFA's one hundred members voted to overturn Stanley Rouse's recommendation 0:26:24.760 --> 0:26:29.280 and once again suspend, though they didn't expel South Africa 0:26:29.400 --> 0:26:35.200 from World soccer play. Rouse had overruled FIFA's membership, and 0:26:35.280 --> 0:26:39.720 now three years later FIFA's members had overruled Rouse. It 0:26:39.880 --> 0:26:42.760 was a monumental slap in the face to South Africa's 0:26:42.760 --> 0:26:48.520 apartheid regime and to Rouse and by Africa had won 0:26:48.640 --> 0:26:52.520 a guaranteed spot in that year's World Cup and those 0:26:52.560 --> 0:26:56.119 turbulent times. The world was changing and Rouse and his 0:26:56.320 --> 0:26:59.720 ilk were stuck in the past, and he would soon 0:27:00.000 --> 0:27:03.800 ace once again the collective wrath of the African continent. 0:27:16.760 --> 0:27:20.399 It was a gray, rainy Dane Frankfurt when Stanley Rouse 0:27:20.560 --> 0:27:24.000 woke and walked to breakfast. For almost thirteen years, the 0:27:24.040 --> 0:27:27.520 aristocratic Englishman had been the most powerful man in world soccer. 0:27:28.160 --> 0:27:32.240 In his mind, his re election was a foregone conclusion. Yeah, sure, 0:27:32.280 --> 0:27:35.320 there had been some disagreements between FIFA's old guarden its 0:27:35.359 --> 0:27:38.119 newer members on his watch, but what Rouse thought were 0:27:38.200 --> 0:27:42.280 isolated disagreements over South Africa and automatic spots at the 0:27:42.320 --> 0:27:46.600 World Cup were clear evidence to his detractors of FIFA's 0:27:46.640 --> 0:27:54.520 inherent racism and ingrain colonial structure. They wanted change. Still, 0:27:55.040 --> 0:27:57.840 as Roose sat drinking his English breakfast tea on the 0:27:57.920 --> 0:28:02.400 morning of June, he saw a little reason to think 0:28:02.440 --> 0:28:05.199 there was anything to worry about other than a light 0:28:05.320 --> 0:28:08.960 rein in the day's forecast. Here's the story in John Sugden, 0:28:09.160 --> 0:28:13.240 author of the book Football, Corruption and Lies. When it 0:28:13.320 --> 0:28:15.800 came to the seventeen four election, he thought he could 0:28:15.800 --> 0:28:18.560 put his feet up and rely on the Africans and 0:28:18.600 --> 0:28:20.919 the agents. He thought he could rely on the support 0:28:21.000 --> 0:28:23.360 because he'd been so loyal to them in his own mind. 0:28:24.200 --> 0:28:28.040 As FIFA's members gathered in West Germany for its presidential election, 0:28:28.600 --> 0:28:32.000 the winds of change were blowing, and Rouse was oblivious. 0:28:32.760 --> 0:28:38.440 Here's Stue Horsfield. It was still convinced that this almost 0:28:38.800 --> 0:28:43.120 colonial attitude of we looked after you since you've come 0:28:43.160 --> 0:28:47.160 into the FIFA family. He still assumed that that was 0:28:47.400 --> 0:28:52.800 enough to secure the vote. He didn't acknowledge the mobilization 0:28:53.000 --> 0:28:56.360 of African nations, of Asian nations and the fact that 0:28:56.520 --> 0:28:59.640