1 00:00:08,840 --> 00:00:11,280 Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Savor production of I Heart Radio. 2 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: I'm Annie Reese and I'm Lauren Vocal Bomb. And today 3 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:16,480 Speaker 1: we have an episode for you about the great French 4 00:00:16,680 --> 00:00:24,759 Speaker 1: wine light. Yeah. Yes, and this is an episode we 5 00:00:24,840 --> 00:00:29,200 Speaker 1: have been talking about this topic since the very first 6 00:00:29,440 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 1: episode we ever did, oh yeah, on sparkling wine, which 7 00:00:33,280 --> 00:00:35,960 Speaker 1: you can see. Also give us forgiveness because it was 8 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:39,360 Speaker 1: our first episode, but we were still learning, still learning 9 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:41,199 Speaker 1: how to do this, but yeah, yeah, we did. We 10 00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:45,520 Speaker 1: chose sparkling wine as our kind of introductory celebratory we're 11 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:53,400 Speaker 1: in over our heads already topic. Um yeah, and and um, 12 00:00:53,440 --> 00:00:58,800 Speaker 1: but we've but we've brought it up in numerous other episodes. Yes, uh, 13 00:00:59,040 --> 00:01:01,600 Speaker 1: like we brought it up in a Rose episode, various 14 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:03,480 Speaker 1: other wine episodes. I think we brought it up in 15 00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:08,679 Speaker 1: our Absent episode. Uh, and then some beer episodes as well, 16 00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:13,640 Speaker 1: because essentially, like when the wine industry was suffering, people 17 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:17,160 Speaker 1: were turning in all of these different wait, they were 18 00:01:17,160 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: pivoting like, oh, well we could go to beer then 19 00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:23,080 Speaker 1: do Yeah, there's no wine, so therefore what else can 20 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:26,800 Speaker 1: we drink? Literally anything? Okay, let's go. Yeah. Yes, I 21 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:29,160 Speaker 1: think we might have even mentioned it in our whiskey 22 00:01:29,160 --> 00:01:33,360 Speaker 1: and bourbon episodes, certainly in our cocktail episodes. I think 23 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:37,360 Speaker 1: there's a few cocktails that were inspired by the fact that, like, 24 00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:41,279 Speaker 1: folks in New Orleans specifically couldn't get ahold of French 25 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:43,440 Speaker 1: wine at the same rates that they were used to. 26 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:49,160 Speaker 1: So yes, So basically what we're saying is this whole 27 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:54,120 Speaker 1: thing had a huge impact on the beverage industry, and 28 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:58,360 Speaker 1: we have mentioned it quite a lot because of that. Yeah, yeah, 29 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:01,840 Speaker 1: and so right, we just wanted to do a full 30 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:05,760 Speaker 1: episode on what exactly went down during all of that, 31 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 1: because it's a it's a fun is the wrong word? 32 00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:14,679 Speaker 1: It's a good story, it's Yeah, that would be very 33 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:17,519 Speaker 1: very much like struggling with the right terminology for it. 34 00:02:18,880 --> 00:02:23,639 Speaker 1: It's entertaining, But that sounds so crass because yeah, like 35 00:02:23,639 --> 00:02:27,519 Speaker 1: like a lot of people lost their livelihood, is extremely 36 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:30,760 Speaker 1: destructive for everyone involved in the wine industry at the 37 00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:34,840 Speaker 1: time in France certainly, and it was really scary for 38 00:02:34,880 --> 00:02:42,400 Speaker 1: a number of people in other places. So wou um 39 00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:45,960 Speaker 1: not not woo, but but but but an important story 40 00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:49,160 Speaker 1: to tell indeed, and I think this brings us to 41 00:02:49,240 --> 00:02:53,480 Speaker 1: our question. I would say it does, Okay, the Great 42 00:02:53,800 --> 00:03:03,560 Speaker 1: French wine Plight. What was it? Well? Uh, the French 43 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:07,440 Speaker 1: wine blight or wine plague, as it's sometimes called, is 44 00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:11,480 Speaker 1: an event that spanned the mid to late eighteen hundreds 45 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: and destroyed just a lot of France's vineyards, causing these 46 00:03:17,240 --> 00:03:21,720 Speaker 1: quakes and schisms in the local and global wine industry 47 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:25,799 Speaker 1: that have had lasting effects to today. Uh. Francis wine 48 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:28,160 Speaker 1: industry at the time was the largest in the world, 49 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:31,600 Speaker 1: and that changed over the course of a decade. Um. 50 00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:36,880 Speaker 1: Just a really confusing and wild and disruptive event. Um. 51 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:41,920 Speaker 1: It's the agricultural equivalent of like if Taiwan suddenly flipped 52 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:45,200 Speaker 1: from being the biggest producer to the biggest consumer of 53 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: microchips in a decade, or if Hollywood to shut down 54 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:52,680 Speaker 1: over the span of ten years, and like the rest 55 00:03:52,680 --> 00:03:54,320 Speaker 1: of the world had to fill in the demand for 56 00:03:54,440 --> 00:04:03,800 Speaker 1: TV and film creation. Yeah. Yeah, it was huge, was huge, yeah, um. 57 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:05,960 Speaker 1: And for as big as it was, the cause of 58 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:11,360 Speaker 1: this blight was a number of microscopic and near microscopic 59 00:04:11,640 --> 00:04:16,719 Speaker 1: organisms um. Starting with a tiny insect a relative of 60 00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:20,720 Speaker 1: aphids commonly called grape filux era um or if I 61 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:24,479 Speaker 1: la sera I've heard it pronounced, a number of different ways. 62 00:04:24,520 --> 00:04:27,320 Speaker 1: We're just going to muddle through it. Yeah, but these 63 00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:32,320 Speaker 1: pests uh eat and burrow in grape vine roots and leaves, 64 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:36,080 Speaker 1: and though especially when they attack the roots, this can 65 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:40,159 Speaker 1: lead to malnourishment in the plant. An infestation of the 66 00:04:40,160 --> 00:04:44,320 Speaker 1: insects most often kills via secondary infection. UM that the 67 00:04:44,360 --> 00:04:47,520 Speaker 1: wounds that the bugs make open the plant up too 68 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:51,520 Speaker 1: harmful bacteria and fungi um. The leaves and vines will 69 00:04:51,560 --> 00:04:54,120 Speaker 1: then wither and die, and you'll pull up a rotted 70 00:04:54,200 --> 00:04:57,400 Speaker 1: root and you might not even see any insects on 71 00:04:57,480 --> 00:04:59,719 Speaker 1: there because at that point they've moved on to a 72 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:05,240 Speaker 1: health you plant. It makes me sad, sad and kind 73 00:05:05,240 --> 00:05:12,800 Speaker 1: of itchy, like yeah yeah, h yeah, um. Okay, So 74 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:17,080 Speaker 1: that that insect um we little like like yellowish green 75 00:05:17,200 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: kind of thing. And they're pretty weird, by which I 76 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:23,000 Speaker 1: mean they have a complex life cycle that can include 77 00:05:23,040 --> 00:05:26,960 Speaker 1: life above and below ground. They can reproduce sexually and 78 00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:31,080 Speaker 1: a sexually. They can be either crawlers or flyers or 79 00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:33,600 Speaker 1: like gliders. Really they can't really like flap their wings, 80 00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:36,839 Speaker 1: they don't have the power for it. But at any rate, um, 81 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,279 Speaker 1: there's a lot going on with them and they're really adaptable, 82 00:05:39,320 --> 00:05:42,000 Speaker 1: which is part of the problem, um for us. Anyway, 83 00:05:42,040 --> 00:05:44,480 Speaker 1: it's pretty great for them. Um. Okay. So if they 84 00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,320 Speaker 1: live below ground, um, they feed and lay eggs in 85 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:50,960 Speaker 1: a vine's roots. If they live above ground, they feed 86 00:05:51,040 --> 00:05:55,359 Speaker 1: and or lay eggs not necessarily both, um in the 87 00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:59,279 Speaker 1: plant's bark and leaves. I say not necessarily both because 88 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:04,960 Speaker 1: the sexual variety of this creature doesn't have a digestive system. 89 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:09,599 Speaker 1: It's only there to mate and lay eggs. There's no 90 00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:14,599 Speaker 1: feeding at that point, like I like I said, heckn 91 00:06:14,720 --> 00:06:18,200 Speaker 1: strange anyway. Um, so okay, they kind of like nest 92 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:22,200 Speaker 1: in the tissue of the plant, which will cause the 93 00:06:22,279 --> 00:06:27,320 Speaker 1: formation of a scabby little plant node called a gall um. 94 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: And when there's too many of them infesting one plant, 95 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:32,680 Speaker 1: they can either a burrow or crawl or glide to 96 00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: a new plant. And furthermore, these changes in their life 97 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:42,479 Speaker 1: cycle uh can be prompted by prompted and determined by 98 00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:48,479 Speaker 1: stuff like population density and the season. So like it's winter, 99 00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:50,640 Speaker 1: they might go below ground. If it's summer, they might 100 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: go above ground. If there's too many of them, they 101 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:56,240 Speaker 1: might decide to have wings and go fly to a 102 00:06:56,240 --> 00:07:03,480 Speaker 1: new plant. It's very adaptable, very problematic, and European wine 103 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 1: grapes are just super susceptible to this pest um the 104 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:13,920 Speaker 1: past can feed on its large roots, which is a 105 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:19,000 Speaker 1: large problem. Um. Some American species are only a little susceptible, 106 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:22,320 Speaker 1: like the bugs will only feed on smaller root offshoots 107 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:25,200 Speaker 1: or on leaves but not really cause deadly damage. And 108 00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:29,080 Speaker 1: other American species are resistant to damage from the pests 109 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 1: as they can patch up their wounds and thus prevent 110 00:07:32,240 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: that secondary infection from happening. And the only real solution, 111 00:07:39,760 --> 00:07:43,400 Speaker 1: um if you're working with a susceptible plant is to 112 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:48,239 Speaker 1: graft your vines onto resistant root stocks and or prevent 113 00:07:48,280 --> 00:07:54,600 Speaker 1: infection with isolation and like well timed insecticides, because these 114 00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:59,880 Speaker 1: bugs grow to maturity fast and they can produce hundreds 115 00:07:59,880 --> 00:08:05,480 Speaker 1: of eggs each um, and multiple generations can happen within 116 00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:09,360 Speaker 1: a single season, So if you find an infestation in 117 00:08:09,800 --> 00:08:13,440 Speaker 1: vulnerable vines, it's too late. If you can see them, 118 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:15,960 Speaker 1: it is too late, and they will kill your vines 119 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 1: within a few years. Terrifying it is, it is, and 120 00:08:21,080 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: they don't really have any natural predators like ah, gnarly, 121 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:35,920 Speaker 1: very gnarly. Uh. Well, what about the nutrition. Um, I 122 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:40,560 Speaker 1: haven't read anything about people eating this wine blight or 123 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:45,040 Speaker 1: these insects. In fact, it led to people consuming less 124 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:49,480 Speaker 1: of a thing rather than more. So yeah, don't don't 125 00:08:49,480 --> 00:08:54,960 Speaker 1: eat blight. Again, I feel like there's some super villain 126 00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:59,880 Speaker 1: that's separate. But for yes, I would say generally as 127 00:08:59,880 --> 00:09:02,800 Speaker 1: a general rule, okay, yeah, if you're if you're not 128 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:07,640 Speaker 1: a character in Neil Gaiman's American Gods, don't don't eat, 129 00:09:08,040 --> 00:09:11,679 Speaker 1: don't eat any form of blight. Probably, I think that's 130 00:09:11,679 --> 00:09:14,360 Speaker 1: safe to say. I think that's good. All right, we've 131 00:09:14,400 --> 00:09:20,720 Speaker 1: covered grasses now, great, perfect. We do have some numbers 132 00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:25,360 Speaker 1: for you a couple yeah, okay, So to give you 133 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:29,240 Speaker 1: an understanding of this scale here, over the course of 134 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:35,520 Speaker 1: forty years from eighteen sixty to philox sira and those 135 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:41,320 Speaker 1: secondary bacterial and fungal infections destroyed two thirds of all 136 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:47,559 Speaker 1: European wine grape vineyards throughout Europe. Yeah yeah, and we're 137 00:09:47,559 --> 00:09:51,320 Speaker 1: going to get into some more numbers in the history bit. 138 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:55,480 Speaker 1: But as a bit of a teaser. Today, the French 139 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:59,959 Speaker 1: wine industry turns out about forty billion bottles of wine 140 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:03,520 Speaker 1: per year, and it's speculated that a majority of that 141 00:10:03,559 --> 00:10:09,760 Speaker 1: wine comes from American rootstocks because of the French wine light. 142 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:18,480 Speaker 1: All right, yeah, yeah, it is. It is a It 143 00:10:18,559 --> 00:10:21,480 Speaker 1: is a wild story, and we are going to get 144 00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:23,439 Speaker 1: into the history of that as soon as we get 145 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:25,520 Speaker 1: back from a quick break for a word from our sponsors, 146 00:10:35,200 --> 00:10:40,280 Speaker 1: and we're back. Thank you, sponsor, Thank you. So lately 147 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,480 Speaker 1: we have been speaking about americanized Google results that we 148 00:10:44,559 --> 00:10:50,720 Speaker 1: get topics. Well, I got a bunch of articles that 149 00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:53,760 Speaker 1: I'm sure would not go over well in France about 150 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:59,080 Speaker 1: this topic about how such and such American state saved 151 00:10:59,240 --> 00:11:03,000 Speaker 1: the wine industy tree, the French wine industry particularly, and 152 00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:06,000 Speaker 1: in this case, Missouri and Texas were the big ones, 153 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:10,240 Speaker 1: the big states in question, not that they're necessarily wrong. 154 00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:13,640 Speaker 1: More on that in a second, but I was when 155 00:11:13,640 --> 00:11:16,959 Speaker 1: I was reading news, I was like, You're like, those 156 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:27,840 Speaker 1: are those are bold statements from American publications. Okay, yes, yes, yes, uh. 157 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:31,200 Speaker 1: Extremely briefly and again, we have talked about this in 158 00:11:31,280 --> 00:11:34,560 Speaker 1: past episodes, but we'll do a little recap here. The 159 00:11:34,679 --> 00:11:38,680 Speaker 1: ancient Romans introduced wine grapes to France, and colonists in 160 00:11:38,679 --> 00:11:42,960 Speaker 1: North America tried to do the same thing here in 161 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: the fifteen and sixteen hundreds, as, and they tried to 162 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:50,480 Speaker 1: introduce these European grape vines to North America. UM. A 163 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:54,680 Speaker 1: sixteen nineteen decree out of Virginia required every male household 164 00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:58,600 Speaker 1: in the state plant ten European vines for wine making purposes. 165 00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:03,520 Speaker 1: So it was kind of a big deal. UM. Thomas Jefferson, 166 00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:07,040 Speaker 1: that guy dedicated two thousand acres of land to European 167 00:12:07,080 --> 00:12:10,839 Speaker 1: wine grape cultivation and hired an Italian bit of culturists 168 00:12:10,840 --> 00:12:15,920 Speaker 1: to run it. But the land produced no American wine 169 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:22,440 Speaker 1: while Jefferson was alive. Yeah, and it typically takes a 170 00:12:22,480 --> 00:12:27,280 Speaker 1: decade or two to really get a vineyard producing a 171 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:30,880 Speaker 1: quality or an amount even of of grapes that are 172 00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:34,520 Speaker 1: can be used to make any amount of wine. UM. 173 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:37,960 Speaker 1: Also um uh, I wanted to put in here that 174 00:12:38,080 --> 00:12:44,439 Speaker 1: like four as diverse as European wines are, and they 175 00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:46,960 Speaker 1: certainly are. We talked about it all the time and 176 00:12:47,080 --> 00:12:52,280 Speaker 1: could certainly talk about it way more. UM. The species 177 00:12:53,120 --> 00:12:58,600 Speaker 1: that they are all from UM Venus winifera is like 178 00:12:58,679 --> 00:13:04,439 Speaker 1: low Kia monoculture. UM. That has really been um specialized, 179 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:09,079 Speaker 1: which is great, but it's been specialized in a relatively 180 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:13,199 Speaker 1: narrow way that has made it as we have talked 181 00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:18,120 Speaker 1: about with other monocultures and clonal plants in the past, 182 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 1: um susceptible to disease. Um. We almost ran a classic 183 00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:25,080 Speaker 1: about bananas this week, and I was like, that's too 184 00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:34,320 Speaker 1: many clonal monocultures, too many, too many. Yeah, but yes, 185 00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:39,160 Speaker 1: so that with with that in mind, uh back to 186 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,720 Speaker 1: back to wine, yes, okay, So in North America, this 187 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:49,680 Speaker 1: difficulty of growing these European of these European vines was 188 00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,920 Speaker 1: essentially like how it went at first, UM, many of 189 00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:56,720 Speaker 1: these European grapes didn't make it in the US. They 190 00:13:56,720 --> 00:14:00,800 Speaker 1: were victim to disease or parasites. So call this started 191 00:14:00,840 --> 00:14:05,720 Speaker 1: experimenting with local grapes and from this they were able 192 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:09,520 Speaker 1: to make wine. But the consensus was it just wasn't 193 00:14:09,559 --> 00:14:13,280 Speaker 1: the same quality as the wine Europe produced, and perhaps 194 00:14:13,280 --> 00:14:19,080 Speaker 1: specifically the wine France produced. UM. So, American grape growers 195 00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:25,000 Speaker 1: grafted European grapes onto American roots in order to provide 196 00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:28,920 Speaker 1: some protection from local diseases and parasites while still making 197 00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:36,360 Speaker 1: those prized European style wines. Okay, m m m okay. 198 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:41,200 Speaker 1: But back to France. By the nineteenth century, France had 199 00:14:41,320 --> 00:14:44,240 Speaker 1: already solidified itself as one of the top dogs of 200 00:14:44,280 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 1: the wine industry. They had many of the most respected vineyards, 201 00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:50,800 Speaker 1: They had many of the most respected wines and grapes. 202 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:53,800 Speaker 1: It was a huge part of their industry and culture, 203 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,320 Speaker 1: and they had a reputation for it. They were one 204 00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:01,320 Speaker 1: of the world's largest wine producers and a into some sources. 205 00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:06,440 Speaker 1: Wine sales accounted for fifteen percent of France's federal tax 206 00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:09,680 Speaker 1: revenue at the time. That's a pretty big, pretty big. 207 00:15:10,840 --> 00:15:15,800 Speaker 1: But in the mid eighteen hundreds, the Great French Wine 208 00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:25,520 Speaker 1: Blight changed the industry forever. Okay, so here's what happened. Um. 209 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:28,480 Speaker 1: As the French wine industry and the global wine industry 210 00:15:28,520 --> 00:15:32,080 Speaker 1: at large continued to grow during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 211 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:36,320 Speaker 1: France really wanted to maintain their dominance um So to 212 00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:40,600 Speaker 1: that end, they imported American grape vines. The US had 213 00:15:40,640 --> 00:15:43,080 Speaker 1: been importing French grape vines for a while at the time, 214 00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:46,160 Speaker 1: so they were basically like, we want to be able 215 00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:48,720 Speaker 1: to offer whatever America is doing, even if we think 216 00:15:48,760 --> 00:15:50,880 Speaker 1: it's less quality. We want to be able to do 217 00:15:50,880 --> 00:15:54,720 Speaker 1: it too, So they brought in these vines. The development 218 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:58,440 Speaker 1: of steam powered engines made transportation faster than ever and 219 00:15:58,480 --> 00:16:01,320 Speaker 1: a lot of experimentation was going on in the wine worlds. 220 00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:04,080 Speaker 1: They were able to transport these vines in a way 221 00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:07,960 Speaker 1: they hadn't been able to before. So Frances bringing in 222 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:11,120 Speaker 1: these new grape vines, they have the technology to do it. 223 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:16,320 Speaker 1: They're experimenting. They didn't notice that the imported US vines 224 00:16:16,640 --> 00:16:22,160 Speaker 1: came with a parasitic insects. And by the eighteen sixties 225 00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:27,320 Speaker 1: people started documenting a quote mysterious disease that was decimating 226 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:31,200 Speaker 1: whole vineyards and killing grape vines. And it would start 227 00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:34,000 Speaker 1: with just like a vine or two turning yellow and drooping, 228 00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:38,720 Speaker 1: but then spread so quickly. Within two years of that 229 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:42,240 Speaker 1: diseased vines would have spread and died at the roots. 230 00:16:42,280 --> 00:16:44,840 Speaker 1: So it just like you said, Lauren at the top, 231 00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:46,640 Speaker 1: like by the time you realize you had a problem, 232 00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:52,359 Speaker 1: it was too late. Yeah, wine production in France plummeted. 233 00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:55,440 Speaker 1: Almost half of frances At vineyards would go on to 234 00:16:55,480 --> 00:16:59,040 Speaker 1: be destroyed. And according to Christie Campbell in her two 235 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:02,560 Speaker 1: thousand and four word file Xera, How Wine was Saved 236 00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:06,000 Speaker 1: the World quote, by eighteen eighty four, two point five 237 00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:09,240 Speaker 1: million acres of France's vineyards had been destroyed and one 238 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:15,120 Speaker 1: point five million acres were in the grip of the parasite. Yeah, 239 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:18,640 Speaker 1: it's so wild like the first the first reports were 240 00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:23,160 Speaker 1: from like eighteen sixty four to eighteen sixty six. UM 241 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:25,919 Speaker 1: kind of down in southern France in the realm, and 242 00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:31,320 Speaker 1: and it was out of control A couple of years later, Yes, 243 00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:36,280 Speaker 1: by eighteen sixty eight, scientists were sent in to investigate, 244 00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:39,840 Speaker 1: and they discovered the small insects on healthy plants that 245 00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:43,320 Speaker 1: killed off the vines by eating at the roots. Here's 246 00:17:43,359 --> 00:17:45,760 Speaker 1: an excerpt from one of the scientists at the time. 247 00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:50,000 Speaker 1: Loops were trained with care upon the roots of uprooted vines, 248 00:17:50,359 --> 00:17:54,160 Speaker 1: but there was no rot, no trace of cryptogams. But suddenly, 249 00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:57,280 Speaker 1: under the magnifying lens of the instrument appeared in insect, 250 00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:00,840 Speaker 1: a plant flouse of yellowish color, tight on the wood, 251 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:04,760 Speaker 1: sucking the sap. One looked more attentively. It is not one, 252 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:08,280 Speaker 1: it is not ten, but hundreds thousands of the lights 253 00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:12,359 Speaker 1: that one perceived, all in various stages of development. They 254 00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:18,560 Speaker 1: are everywhere, and they were um. This blight spread up 255 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:24,200 Speaker 1: from Provence through Bordeaux by eighteen sixty nine and infected 256 00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:30,879 Speaker 1: a sixty of Bordeaus grapes. Yeah. Um. And obviously people 257 00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:33,960 Speaker 1: were panicked about this UM and at first there was 258 00:18:34,040 --> 00:18:39,120 Speaker 1: a lot of finger pointing and argument. The perceived superior 259 00:18:39,359 --> 00:18:42,479 Speaker 1: wine industry of northern France claimed that it was really 260 00:18:42,520 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: the fault of the subpar in their opinion, Southern French vines. 261 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:51,880 Speaker 1: It was all on them. Oh yeah, and uh so. 262 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:55,480 Speaker 1: Part of the issue was that although this three dude 263 00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:58,679 Speaker 1: commission um that was sent out to investigate all this 264 00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:02,639 Speaker 1: was like really sure that it was this microscopic insect 265 00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:08,440 Speaker 1: that was at fault A, none of those dudes were entomologists, 266 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:14,440 Speaker 1: so the entomology community was all like, aphids, aren't that destructive? 267 00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:19,000 Speaker 1: What are you talking about? You don't know from aphids? Um, 268 00:19:19,040 --> 00:19:23,520 Speaker 1: And then be the wider scientific community at the time 269 00:19:24,119 --> 00:19:29,439 Speaker 1: was kind of like, Okay, we understand from you know, 270 00:19:29,640 --> 00:19:33,560 Speaker 1: common knowledge from the theory of humors that we all 271 00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:37,359 Speaker 1: accept um, and you know from common knowledge of the 272 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:42,119 Speaker 1: balance of humors that only when beings are imbalanced and 273 00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:45,760 Speaker 1: weak do they get sick, and therefore there must be 274 00:19:45,840 --> 00:19:49,879 Speaker 1: something weakening the vines and allowing this pest, which was 275 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:58,439 Speaker 1: clearly previously present but unharmful to do damage and and 276 00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:01,120 Speaker 1: it's not it's it's it's not that no one. I mean, 277 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:03,000 Speaker 1: you know, like like they were right on the verge. 278 00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:06,480 Speaker 1: They were right on the verge of of scientific discovery 279 00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:09,240 Speaker 1: along the lines of pasture and and other people working 280 00:20:09,280 --> 00:20:12,880 Speaker 1: in the field figuring out what microbes were and how 281 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:16,439 Speaker 1: they affect a lot of stuff, and how disease works, 282 00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:21,399 Speaker 1: and how it's not passed by harmful vapors in the air, um, 283 00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:26,720 Speaker 1: but by living beings that can you know, uh, cause 284 00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:31,800 Speaker 1: cause infection. Yeah. But but we weren't quite there yet, 285 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:35,199 Speaker 1: and so there was a whole lot. There's just a 286 00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:38,880 Speaker 1: whole lot I've I've read about it as being like 287 00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:42,760 Speaker 1: like watching the protagonists in a horror movie, like argue 288 00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:45,919 Speaker 1: about which way to run while the killers sneaking up 289 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:51,720 Speaker 1: behind them, Like are like Injurassic Barchio or you're looking 290 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:59,080 Speaker 1: at the one raptor. Yeah, but then there's seven behind yeah, 291 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:05,920 Speaker 1: exactly raptors. Exactly like raptors. However, uh, speaking of being 292 00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:10,880 Speaker 1: on the edge and entomology, the bugs were eventually identified 293 00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:17,719 Speaker 1: as Filoxera, which were an import from America. However, they 294 00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:21,200 Speaker 1: weren't really a problem in the United States because they 295 00:21:21,240 --> 00:21:24,199 Speaker 1: mostly just stuck to the leaves of grape vines in 296 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:26,960 Speaker 1: the United States, leaves that didn't exist a lot of 297 00:21:26,960 --> 00:21:30,800 Speaker 1: French vines. And this whole thing was discovered thanks to 298 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:33,879 Speaker 1: the help of an American entomologist at a Missouri in 299 00:21:34,320 --> 00:21:36,879 Speaker 1: seventy and that's part of our Missouri is like we 300 00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:42,439 Speaker 1: saved the French industry. Also, Missouri root stocks were used 301 00:21:42,920 --> 00:21:45,760 Speaker 1: in in in a lot of this. We'll get into 302 00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:49,080 Speaker 1: that more later, but this is one of their first claims. 303 00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:54,960 Speaker 1: Um After more time passed, experts surmised that these parasitic 304 00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:59,359 Speaker 1: aped like bugs preferred American grape vine leaves and French 305 00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:04,280 Speaker 1: grape vine roots, which, of course the roots that that 306 00:22:04,359 --> 00:22:06,440 Speaker 1: was much more damaging for the plant if they went 307 00:22:06,520 --> 00:22:11,080 Speaker 1: for that. Uh. French winemakers tried all kinds of things 308 00:22:11,320 --> 00:22:15,880 Speaker 1: to deal with this. They tried flooding vineyards, moving locations, 309 00:22:15,920 --> 00:22:20,840 Speaker 1: but none of their solutions were ideal. Yeah, they named 310 00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:25,920 Speaker 1: this this species of vine eating uh file extera uh 311 00:22:26,119 --> 00:22:38,880 Speaker 1: P vasterix um the Devastator's giving me chills. Yes, And 312 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:43,320 Speaker 1: by this point the French government was desperate for a solution, 313 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:46,359 Speaker 1: and they offered a roar to anyone who could come 314 00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:50,080 Speaker 1: up with a working insecticide UH, the reward being a 315 00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:53,399 Speaker 1: thirty thousand francs um. They received all kinds of suggestions, 316 00:22:53,440 --> 00:22:58,520 Speaker 1: including goat and human urine separately, and the toxic chemical 317 00:22:58,560 --> 00:23:02,199 Speaker 1: carbon disulfide that was subsidized by one rail company to 318 00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:05,880 Speaker 1: make up for the lost wine revenue UH and sometimes 319 00:23:06,160 --> 00:23:09,399 Speaker 1: was voted on by winemakers in certain places on whether 320 00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:12,439 Speaker 1: they thought they should use it or not. Yeah, there 321 00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:15,479 Speaker 1: is a little bit of a separation there between um 322 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:18,439 Speaker 1: uh this solution and other solutions. And part of the 323 00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:21,720 Speaker 1: insistence on a pesticide as a solution came from this 324 00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:26,320 Speaker 1: prior blight, a fungal blight being cured with with chemicals 325 00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:29,520 Speaker 1: in the eighteen fifties. So historians think there was a 326 00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:33,960 Speaker 1: notion that like chemistry would win again even though it 327 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:39,280 Speaker 1: was extremely expensive, and like that stuff will explode, So 328 00:23:40,080 --> 00:23:45,680 Speaker 1: it's not ideal. No, it is not ideal uh. And yeah, 329 00:23:45,720 --> 00:23:49,440 Speaker 1: when nothing came of these the solutions that the French 330 00:23:49,480 --> 00:23:54,439 Speaker 1: government solicited by the nineties, winemakers in France pivoted to 331 00:23:54,480 --> 00:23:57,960 Speaker 1: the ardrius and long process of creating hybrid vines that 332 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:02,000 Speaker 1: could resist these parasite but could still produce high quality 333 00:24:02,080 --> 00:24:06,679 Speaker 1: and delicious wine vines that were easily grown in French soil. 334 00:24:07,359 --> 00:24:10,560 Speaker 1: French winemakers pursued a couple of methods, like creating full 335 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:14,280 Speaker 1: blown hybrids and also grafting French fines onto American roots, 336 00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:19,119 Speaker 1: these roots being from places like Missouri and Texas. Though 337 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:23,360 Speaker 1: they didn't find success in this method at first, and 338 00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:31,160 Speaker 1: seven hundred thousand grafted grape vines died. Who yeah and yeah. 339 00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:37,639 Speaker 1: Effects of this were huge and multitudinous and lasting. Uh. 340 00:24:38,160 --> 00:24:41,520 Speaker 1: To this day, the acreage of vines in France is 341 00:24:41,560 --> 00:24:44,440 Speaker 1: only about a third of what it was at its peak. 342 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:47,280 Speaker 1: In the middle of all of this in eighteen seventy four, 343 00:24:48,119 --> 00:24:52,800 Speaker 1: UM like during the eighteen eighties, France flipped from being 344 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:55,639 Speaker 1: the biggest wine exporter in the world to being the 345 00:24:55,640 --> 00:25:01,520 Speaker 1: biggest importer, creating this huge market for wines produced elsewhere. 346 00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:06,320 Speaker 1: UM Like Spain's land use for vineyards increased from the 347 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:09,359 Speaker 1: eighteen sixties to the eighteen eighties. UM it created a 348 00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:12,360 Speaker 1: boom and then a bust in winemaking in French controlled 349 00:25:12,680 --> 00:25:17,480 Speaker 1: North Africa, UM and uh. Though you could argue that 350 00:25:17,520 --> 00:25:19,679 Speaker 1: some of these changes would have happened anyway due to 351 00:25:19,920 --> 00:25:24,040 Speaker 1: the pressures of machination UH and the Industrial Revolution UM. 352 00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:29,840 Speaker 1: French for idols and individual vines were separated and road 353 00:25:30,040 --> 00:25:35,600 Speaker 1: and traillisted and refined UM. Some regions drastically changed what 354 00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:39,160 Speaker 1: they grew and and pretty much everywhere changed how they 355 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:41,800 Speaker 1: grew it. UM. A number of ridles were given up forever. 356 00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:47,040 Speaker 1: Yeah yeah. And France was not the only place affected 357 00:25:47,040 --> 00:25:49,960 Speaker 1: by filoxera UM. And this was not the only time. 358 00:25:50,359 --> 00:25:54,040 Speaker 1: Every taboc at all. Oh no no. It did cause 359 00:25:54,080 --> 00:25:57,280 Speaker 1: a lot of damage to California's vineyards in eighteen seventy 360 00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,520 Speaker 1: four and then again in the nineteen eighties when it 361 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:06,200 Speaker 1: calls California's wine industry about one billion dollars in damage UM. 362 00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:09,080 Speaker 1: Other parts of Europe, as well as South Africa, New 363 00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:15,160 Speaker 1: Zealand and Australia dealt with file xerra as well. In nine, 364 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:20,600 Speaker 1: the European Union adopted France's ban on hybrid wines, which 365 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:23,880 Speaker 1: were viewed as the realm of cheap wine production outside 366 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:28,959 Speaker 1: of Europe. However, this specifically excludes American roots, because if 367 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,879 Speaker 1: it didn't, most French wines would be banned because of 368 00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:37,840 Speaker 1: this whole thing. Interestingly, though, some French grape vines survived 369 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,720 Speaker 1: this blight. Uh, and the reason is unknown, and these 370 00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:47,159 Speaker 1: wines are highly sought after, like really expensive. Yeah, we 371 00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,639 Speaker 1: still don't know how to get rid of file xerra 372 00:26:49,920 --> 00:26:53,040 Speaker 1: entirely are why some roots seem resistant to it? So 373 00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:59,120 Speaker 1: research is ongoing. H and speaking of in twenty new 374 00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,399 Speaker 1: research seek the genome of the filex eera in question, 375 00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:05,920 Speaker 1: along with other related ones, and some in the wine 376 00:27:05,960 --> 00:27:10,240 Speaker 1: business are trying to locate the exact American rootstocks used 377 00:27:10,280 --> 00:27:13,320 Speaker 1: in grafting French grape vines during the grape wine blight. 378 00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:16,119 Speaker 1: It's really interesting. Um, it's one of those things that 379 00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:21,520 Speaker 1: I personally find very enjoyable. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, but 380 00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:29,640 Speaker 1: it just had this huge impact. Oh, like I knew 381 00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:31,920 Speaker 1: it did. We've been talking about it since the very beginning, 382 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:34,360 Speaker 1: but yeah no, but when you really read about it, 383 00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:38,080 Speaker 1: it's it's so stark, and it happened so fast. I mean, 384 00:27:38,119 --> 00:27:40,760 Speaker 1: I know that like four decades isn't like so so 385 00:27:40,760 --> 00:27:44,359 Speaker 1: so fast, but um, it's pretty fast. It's pretty quick 386 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:48,119 Speaker 1: to completely change in industry that had been growing for 387 00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,160 Speaker 1: a couple of thousand years, and that we talked about 388 00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:54,479 Speaker 1: it in episodes like Absent like you had a huge 389 00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:58,679 Speaker 1: impact and the fact that we still are kind of like, 390 00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:07,879 Speaker 1: that's wild to me. Yeah, really weird, gross little bugs. 391 00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:13,600 Speaker 1: Really the descriptions of them are like, I mean, they're gnarly, 392 00:28:13,680 --> 00:28:18,320 Speaker 1: but they're pretty. I'm glad they wrote these very description. Yeah. 393 00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:22,879 Speaker 1: I'm usually pretty into insects, but like, swarming insects really 394 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:29,400 Speaker 1: bother me on like emotional levels. Yeah, like, oh man, tiny, 395 00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:34,040 Speaker 1: tiny lots of insects are not my not my friends. Yeah. 396 00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:36,160 Speaker 1: I was complaining to you recently about how I went 397 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:38,560 Speaker 1: from two fruit flies like fourt one day and that 398 00:28:38,640 --> 00:28:42,920 Speaker 1: was too much for me, right, Yeah, no, I don't 399 00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:46,640 Speaker 1: want it, don't like it if it's already too late 400 00:28:46,680 --> 00:28:53,400 Speaker 1: by the time I see a swarm. Oh well, well, 401 00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:56,400 Speaker 1: I guess that's what we have to say about this 402 00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:00,480 Speaker 1: from now. I guess it is um. We We do 403 00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:02,400 Speaker 1: have some listener mail for you, though, and we are 404 00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:03,880 Speaker 1: going to get into that as soon as we get 405 00:29:03,880 --> 00:29:05,520 Speaker 1: back from one more quick break for a word from 406 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:17,400 Speaker 1: our sponsors, and we're back thick you sponsor, Yes, thank you, 407 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:29,600 Speaker 1: and we're back with swarm. No no, no, indeed no, 408 00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:37,520 Speaker 1: it's the right reaction. Megan wrote, I wanted to share 409 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:40,240 Speaker 1: a memory of summer days at my grandmother's house, where 410 00:29:40,280 --> 00:29:42,479 Speaker 1: she often had a big pot of ham and veggies 411 00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:44,640 Speaker 1: on the stove. It never made sense to me why 412 00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:46,600 Speaker 1: she cooked this in the summer, since they didn't have 413 00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:48,840 Speaker 1: a c and she would let it cook for a while. 414 00:29:49,120 --> 00:29:51,320 Speaker 1: But I see now it was to enjoy the fresh 415 00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:55,000 Speaker 1: green beans. I also hated the smell and texture of 416 00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:57,480 Speaker 1: the mushy green beans that ruined everything else in my 417 00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:00,920 Speaker 1: opinion at the time. As an adult, I often make 418 00:30:00,960 --> 00:30:03,800 Speaker 1: this dish to remember my grandmother and it always makes 419 00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:10,440 Speaker 1: me feel so comforted. Oh yeah, I mean we say 420 00:30:10,480 --> 00:30:13,600 Speaker 1: it all the time. That's the power of dishes, where 421 00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:20,640 Speaker 1: you can connect to people over time through these memories. Um. Yeah, 422 00:30:20,680 --> 00:30:23,720 Speaker 1: it's just very sweet. And I don't know. Yeah, I 423 00:30:23,760 --> 00:30:28,920 Speaker 1: still haven't procured a hamhock. So we can help. We 424 00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:36,360 Speaker 1: can make this happen, Lauren, we can, Okay, okay do this, yes, um. 425 00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:39,480 Speaker 1: Michael wrote, I've been a long time listener, but first 426 00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:42,040 Speaker 1: time writer. I wanted to thank you for saving my 427 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:45,280 Speaker 1: butt with your own Geary episode. You spoke about having 428 00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,000 Speaker 1: Musubi and on Geary while waiting around while you were 429 00:30:48,040 --> 00:30:51,040 Speaker 1: here in Hawaii, and later you talked about Yucky on 430 00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:53,640 Speaker 1: a geary. At the time I was listening to the episode, 431 00:30:53,640 --> 00:30:57,320 Speaker 1: I was busy trying to create Spanish Asian fusion handheld 432 00:30:57,440 --> 00:31:00,480 Speaker 1: tapas type dishes for an event for a it to 433 00:31:00,560 --> 00:31:04,280 Speaker 1: raise funds for a nonprofit organization. The night was to 434 00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:07,200 Speaker 1: be a Latin dance night, starting with cocktails and our 435 00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,160 Speaker 1: Spanish Asian tapas and then going into a night of dancing. 436 00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:14,520 Speaker 1: I had several dishes already, including a Chinese white bowl 437 00:31:14,560 --> 00:31:17,480 Speaker 1: bun with crispy skin, roast pork belly done with a 438 00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:22,000 Speaker 1: dry sherry in Spanish spices instead of shao jing rice 439 00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:25,520 Speaker 1: wine and Chinese spices, cooked in the Chinese technique with 440 00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:30,560 Speaker 1: an adobo glaze and alesham pickled tomato onion garnish, as 441 00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:34,400 Speaker 1: well as a tie green curry and panada. But I 442 00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:38,080 Speaker 1: needed something from local Hawaii Asian influenced food culture that 443 00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:42,080 Speaker 1: married well with Spanish cuisine. When you mentioned yakioa garri, 444 00:31:42,480 --> 00:31:45,280 Speaker 1: the inspiration hit me. Why not make an on geary 445 00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:48,640 Speaker 1: with Paea ingredients and then use the yuckie technique to 446 00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:52,000 Speaker 1: replicate the crispy rice bottom from a paiea pan It 447 00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:55,800 Speaker 1: would be a Spanish Japanese fusion made with sticky Japanese 448 00:31:55,880 --> 00:31:59,360 Speaker 1: rice cooked in saffron, chicken bone broth, and shrimp headstock 449 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,160 Speaker 1: stuffed into the center of the on gary mold would 450 00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:07,320 Speaker 1: be chicken, carizo, shrimp muscles, peteep peas, roasted red peppers, onion, 451 00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:10,400 Speaker 1: and garlic prepared in advance and then seared on a 452 00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:14,400 Speaker 1: hot griddle just before serving Annie and Lauren. It was 453 00:32:14,440 --> 00:32:16,800 Speaker 1: an absolute hit and I owe it to you. Well 454 00:32:16,840 --> 00:32:19,120 Speaker 1: once again, thank you for inspiring me and all the 455 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:21,320 Speaker 1: people out there you have touched over the years. Our 456 00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:23,760 Speaker 1: event was a successful one and I'm looking forward to 457 00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:29,800 Speaker 1: more inspiration from you in the future. That sounds amazing. 458 00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:37,480 Speaker 1: All of that sounds so hecken delicious, Oh my goodness. 459 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:44,640 Speaker 1: And pictures were involved, listeners and the pictures like I wanted, 460 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:52,880 Speaker 1: all Yeah, that's an amazing idea. Yeah, and also, thank 461 00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:55,600 Speaker 1: you very much for showing us out. But it sounds 462 00:32:55,600 --> 00:33:03,240 Speaker 1: like you did a lot of the lifting. I mean, yeah, yeah, 463 00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:05,360 Speaker 1: we we we gave you, we gave you a little 464 00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:08,640 Speaker 1: a little seedlit and and and you're the one who 465 00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:11,600 Speaker 1: made it grow, yes, And it sounds like it grew 466 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:15,959 Speaker 1: into something that is amazing and delicious, so lovely. Yeah, 467 00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:20,800 Speaker 1: Oh my goodness, that's wonderful. I still have a lot 468 00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:24,240 Speaker 1: of I have a lot of honegary to make, so 469 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:27,320 Speaker 1: it's possible I could try to. I don't think I 470 00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:29,719 Speaker 1: could replicate it exactly, but I could try to do 471 00:33:29,880 --> 00:33:36,680 Speaker 1: something close. Yeah, you're you're like, you're like some trees 472 00:33:36,720 --> 00:33:42,440 Speaker 1: oh and shrimp broth away from making a really decent 473 00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:46,560 Speaker 1: go of it. Okay, I will accept a really decent go. Honestly, 474 00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:53,160 Speaker 1: I'm happy to accept that. Uh well, okay, thank you 475 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:56,800 Speaker 1: so much for writing to us. As always, um, if 476 00:33:56,920 --> 00:33:59,320 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us, you can our 477 00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:02,560 Speaker 1: emails how at savor pod dot com. We are also 478 00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:05,200 Speaker 1: on social media. You can find us on Twitter, Facebook, 479 00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:07,640 Speaker 1: and Instagram at savor pod, and we do hope to 480 00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:10,200 Speaker 1: hear from you. Savor is a production of I Heart Radio. 481 00:34:10,360 --> 00:34:12,640 Speaker 1: For more podcasts my heart Radio, you can visit the 482 00:34:12,680 --> 00:34:15,600 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 483 00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:18,200 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. Thanks as always to our super 484 00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:21,440 Speaker 1: producers Dylan Fagin and Andrew Howard. Thanks to you for listening, 485 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:23,239 Speaker 1: and we hope that lots more good things are coming 486 00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:31,440 Speaker 1: your way.