1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:08,680 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:14,480 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 4 00:00:14,640 --> 00:00:16,280 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 2: This is part two of our Unearthed episodes for the 6 00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 2: first few months of twenty twenty five. This is where 7 00:00:23,360 --> 00:00:26,520 Speaker 2: we talk about things that have been literally and figuratively 8 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:30,600 Speaker 2: unearthed over the last few months, as we so often do. 9 00:00:31,040 --> 00:00:33,199 Speaker 2: We're starting with things that are just kind of a 10 00:00:33,240 --> 00:00:37,360 Speaker 2: mix of topics, which I call the potpourri because I 11 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,800 Speaker 2: used to watch a lot of Jeopardy. Our Potpourrix this 12 00:00:40,880 --> 00:00:43,120 Speaker 2: time around is going to kick off with a lengthier 13 00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:46,199 Speaker 2: discussion of what seemed like one of the biggest news 14 00:00:46,240 --> 00:00:49,559 Speaker 2: stories of the quarter, at least in unearthed terms, and 15 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 2: that's the identity of Jack the Ripper. This is kind 16 00:00:54,280 --> 00:00:58,480 Speaker 2: of like the Voyage Manuscript, where it comes up every 17 00:00:58,800 --> 00:01:01,640 Speaker 2: couple of years, where someone has cracked. 18 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:02,800 Speaker 1: Nats for a long time. 19 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:07,280 Speaker 2: It felt almost annual Voyage Manuscript. Yeah, there was a 20 00:01:07,280 --> 00:01:10,120 Speaker 2: lot of chatter about Jack the Ripper on social media 21 00:01:10,280 --> 00:01:12,560 Speaker 2: and people asked if we had seen that Jack the 22 00:01:12,640 --> 00:01:16,280 Speaker 2: Ripper had been identified as Aaron Kaminski, a twenty three 23 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:20,040 Speaker 2: year old Polish man who worked in Whitechapel where those 24 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:24,479 Speaker 2: famous murders happened. Police files from the time named Kaminski 25 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:27,240 Speaker 2: as a suspect, but it's not one hundred percent clear 26 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:31,679 Speaker 2: whether Aaron Kaminski is the Kaminsky those police files were 27 00:01:31,720 --> 00:01:36,160 Speaker 2: talking about. So this conclusion of him as the perpetrator 28 00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:40,200 Speaker 2: came from DNA research on a shawl that was claimed 29 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 2: to have been found next to the body of Catherine 30 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:46,240 Speaker 2: Edo's when she was killed in eighteen eighty eight. There 31 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 2: are some question marks here too. There is not really 32 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:53,560 Speaker 2: a clear chain of custody for this shawl, and police 33 00:01:53,600 --> 00:01:57,800 Speaker 2: reports don't mention a shawl among Eto's belongings, So that's 34 00:01:57,840 --> 00:01:59,840 Speaker 2: why a lot of the times when people reference to 35 00:01:59,880 --> 00:02:03,560 Speaker 2: the shawl, they describe it as being quote claimed to 36 00:02:03,680 --> 00:02:07,360 Speaker 2: have been found near the body. Even if this really 37 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:10,640 Speaker 2: was a shawl that belonged to Catherine Edos, a lot 38 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:13,440 Speaker 2: of people would have handled it between eighteen eighty eight 39 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:18,240 Speaker 2: and now, especially in the years prior to the understanding 40 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:20,239 Speaker 2: of DNA and other things as evidence. It could be 41 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:23,640 Speaker 2: left on an object that raises a lot of questions 42 00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:28,600 Speaker 2: about who all's DNA might be on there researchers compared 43 00:02:28,639 --> 00:02:32,560 Speaker 2: mitochondrial DNA from this shawl to that of living people 44 00:02:32,639 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 2: related to both Catherine Edos and Aaron Kaminski and said 45 00:02:36,760 --> 00:02:41,080 Speaker 2: that the results do suggest a connection. It's also likely 46 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:44,000 Speaker 2: that some of the DNA came from someone with brown 47 00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:48,400 Speaker 2: hair and brown eyes that matches up with eyewitness statements 48 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:52,160 Speaker 2: from the time of the murderers. This research was published 49 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:55,359 Speaker 2: in the Journal of Forensic Sciences, which is peer reviewed, 50 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:58,119 Speaker 2: and a lot of the recent chatter about this has 51 00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:03,440 Speaker 2: made it sound as though it is one hundred percent conclusive. However, 52 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:07,560 Speaker 2: there are all of those question marks that we already mentioned, 53 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:10,360 Speaker 2: and to add to that, a number of experts have 54 00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:15,000 Speaker 2: weighed in with questions about the DNA research itself, like 55 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:18,919 Speaker 2: some have said that mitochondrial DNA can only be used 56 00:03:18,919 --> 00:03:22,880 Speaker 2: to rule someone out as a relative, not to conclusively 57 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:27,200 Speaker 2: confirm a connection. The researchers who did this work also 58 00:03:27,240 --> 00:03:31,079 Speaker 2: didn't publish their data in detail, so it is impossible 59 00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:36,200 Speaker 2: for others to independently confirm their interpretations of that data. 60 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:38,960 Speaker 2: A lot of people have brown hair and brown eyes. 61 00:03:39,840 --> 00:03:43,080 Speaker 1: I did it. I somehow have traveled through time, and 62 00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:47,119 Speaker 1: I'm a monster. To add another layer, to this. These 63 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:50,520 Speaker 1: latest headlines seem to trace back to an appearance by 64 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:54,040 Speaker 1: Russell Edwards, who acquired that shawl in two thousand and 65 00:03:54,080 --> 00:03:58,080 Speaker 1: seven and gave it to a biochemist for testing, and 66 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:02,000 Speaker 1: those tests were part of Edwards's book Naming Jack the Ripper, 67 00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:06,040 Speaker 1: which came out in twenty fourteen. One of the criticisms 68 00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:08,480 Speaker 1: of the book at that time was that there was 69 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:13,240 Speaker 1: very little detail about the actual research. The article later 70 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:17,320 Speaker 1: published in the Journal of Forensic Sciences does have more detail, 71 00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:20,720 Speaker 1: but it's still not complete, and the journal published additional 72 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:25,720 Speaker 1: letters to the editor criticizing it in the following months. Today, 73 00:04:25,960 --> 00:04:29,640 Speaker 1: the journal article is accompanied by an expression of concern 74 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,719 Speaker 1: that references the letters to the editor and the original 75 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:37,280 Speaker 1: author's responses, and says this quote. During the investigation, the 76 00:04:37,279 --> 00:04:40,480 Speaker 1: publisher and editor in chief made every effort to obtain 77 00:04:40,520 --> 00:04:46,279 Speaker 1: from the authors the original raw data from the mtDNA analysis. However, 78 00:04:46,600 --> 00:04:49,480 Speaker 1: the authors stated that the data were no longer available 79 00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:54,919 Speaker 1: due to instrument data failure and other complications. Through further investigation, 80 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:58,080 Speaker 1: it was concluded that because it was not possible to 81 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:02,320 Speaker 1: examine the original data, no determination could be made regarding 82 00:05:02,360 --> 00:05:05,960 Speaker 1: the third party complaints, so this Journal. 83 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:09,720 Speaker 2: Article came out in twenty nineteen. It does not appear 84 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:12,719 Speaker 2: that any new research has been done in the years 85 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:15,719 Speaker 2: since then, so it just seems like this latest round 86 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:19,039 Speaker 2: of headlines grew out of an interview that Russell Edwards 87 00:05:19,040 --> 00:05:22,080 Speaker 2: did with Today Australia in which he called for a 88 00:05:22,120 --> 00:05:26,600 Speaker 2: new inquest into the murders, and not from any actual 89 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:29,839 Speaker 2: new developments in the case. There was just a lot 90 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:32,919 Speaker 2: of headline action about Jack the Ripper case solved, but 91 00:05:33,080 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 2: like that, nothing new happened here that I can tell. 92 00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 1: Jack the Ripper read the Voyniche manuscript. 93 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:46,719 Speaker 2: I did done, so I had like gone and I'd 94 00:05:46,800 --> 00:05:49,359 Speaker 2: tracked down the Journal article and I just bookmarked it 95 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 2: to come back to later. 96 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:53,279 Speaker 1: And I didn't realize that the Journal. 97 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:55,840 Speaker 2: Article was from twenty nineteen until I was putting it 98 00:05:55,880 --> 00:05:58,240 Speaker 2: in the source list for the episode and went, wait, 99 00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:01,080 Speaker 2: twenty nineteen, what is happening. 100 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:06,760 Speaker 1: Next? Staff at the Barringer Crawford Museum in Kentucky were 101 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:10,040 Speaker 1: going through their collections in preparations for the museum's seventy 102 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:14,640 Speaker 1: fifth anniversary celebration, and they found an eighty year old 103 00:06:14,720 --> 00:06:18,800 Speaker 1: Japanese hand grenade. Since they weren't sure whether this was 104 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:22,000 Speaker 1: live or not. They contacted law enforcement and the bomb 105 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:26,120 Speaker 1: squad determined that it was inactive and safe. It is 106 00:06:26,160 --> 00:06:29,599 Speaker 1: a type ninety seven grenade, which when live, is filled 107 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:32,120 Speaker 1: with TNT and it weighs about a pound. 108 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:37,680 Speaker 2: Next, research published in the Journal of Archaeological Science concludes 109 00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:41,960 Speaker 2: that the ancient peoples of the Philippines and islands Southeast 110 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:46,640 Speaker 2: Asia may have developed advanced seafaring technologies as far back 111 00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:50,160 Speaker 2: as forty thousand years ago. That's actually prior to the 112 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:55,400 Speaker 2: development of Polynesian wayfinding. This is involved work at archaeological 113 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,599 Speaker 2: sites that have unearthed tools that were probably used to 114 00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:02,599 Speaker 2: make ropes, nets, and bindings. All of these would have 115 00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:06,240 Speaker 2: been used in both boat building and in making fishing nets. 116 00:07:06,279 --> 00:07:06,880 Speaker 1: But then the. 117 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 2: Natural materials used to make the boats and the nets 118 00:07:10,800 --> 00:07:14,400 Speaker 2: probably would not have survived those forty thousand years in 119 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:18,920 Speaker 2: the island's environment. There's also some archaeological evidence of deep 120 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,680 Speaker 2: sea fishing, including hooks and weights, which can only be 121 00:07:22,720 --> 00:07:25,880 Speaker 2: done with a sophisticated enough boat. This kind of up 122 00:07:26,120 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 2: ends assumptions that the peoples of the Philippines and these 123 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:35,480 Speaker 2: parts of Southeast Asia did not have like advanced boating technologies. 124 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: And our last bit of popoury. Archaeologists outside of Gloucester, 125 00:07:39,880 --> 00:07:43,000 Speaker 1: England have found what's been described as a Roman era 126 00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:48,040 Speaker 1: service station, that is, a Roman mutacio or horse changing station, 127 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:52,280 Speaker 1: where people could rest, refresh themselves, and care for or 128 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,720 Speaker 1: change out their horses. They have found horse bones, bridles, 129 00:07:56,760 --> 00:08:00,840 Speaker 1: and hippo sandals which were essentially Roman horseshoes, along with 130 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:04,960 Speaker 1: lots of coins, jewelry, and the remains of ovens. It's 131 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,560 Speaker 1: been pointed out that this find is kind of ironic 132 00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:11,560 Speaker 1: since it's a roadside resting point for travelers being unearthed 133 00:08:11,600 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: in advance of road construction. 134 00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:16,160 Speaker 2: Yes, part of me is like that is ironic, and 135 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:18,280 Speaker 2: part of me is like a lot of times roads 136 00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 2: are where people needed them to be, so having another 137 00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:24,760 Speaker 2: road later makes a lot of sense. Next, we've got 138 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:27,520 Speaker 2: a few things that were discovered through some combination of 139 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:33,280 Speaker 2: drone imaging, radar and lightar. First unmanned aerial vehicle scans 140 00:08:33,320 --> 00:08:37,240 Speaker 2: have revealed what's being described as a mega fortress in 141 00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:41,719 Speaker 2: the Caucasus Mountains. There had been previous physical work at 142 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:44,559 Speaker 2: the site, including some that was scheduled at a time 143 00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:47,040 Speaker 2: of the year when the grass died back so that 144 00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 2: it would be easier to visualize, but it seemed like 145 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:52,440 Speaker 2: it was just too big to get a sense of 146 00:08:52,440 --> 00:08:56,160 Speaker 2: it from the ground. So this drone took almost eleven 147 00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:59,520 Speaker 2: thousand pictures, which were then used to create a high 148 00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:03,439 Speaker 2: resolution map of the whole site with software that created 149 00:09:03,440 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 2: an elevation map from those different reference points in the pictures. 150 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:12,480 Speaker 2: It turns out that this site is about forty times 151 00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:15,679 Speaker 2: bigger than within was originally thought when they thought this 152 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:17,160 Speaker 2: is so big, we need to look at it from 153 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:20,920 Speaker 2: the air. These kinds of fortress settlements were built are 154 00:09:20,920 --> 00:09:24,760 Speaker 2: in the area around fifteen hundred to five hundred BCE. 155 00:09:26,360 --> 00:09:30,360 Speaker 1: Next, researchers in Mexico have used lightar scans to map 156 00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:34,520 Speaker 1: a fifteenth century city built by the indigenous Zeppotech people 157 00:09:34,760 --> 00:09:37,200 Speaker 1: at a site that was believed to be only a 158 00:09:37,280 --> 00:09:42,240 Speaker 1: soldier's garrison. This city included more than one thousand structures 159 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:46,840 Speaker 1: and two point five miles of walls. Researcher Pedro Guillermo 160 00:09:46,960 --> 00:09:51,040 Speaker 1: ramon Selie described the city as very well preserved. It's 161 00:09:51,120 --> 00:09:53,920 Speaker 1: believed that the people who were living there relocated to 162 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,520 Speaker 1: another city shortly before the Spanish arrived in the area. 163 00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:03,360 Speaker 2: Next, in Peru, searchers have used acoustic prospecting and ground 164 00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:08,680 Speaker 2: penetrating radar to find secret tunnels known as chinkana under 165 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:12,640 Speaker 2: the city of Cusco. It's not really known what purpose 166 00:10:12,679 --> 00:10:15,200 Speaker 2: these tunnel networks served, but they were built by the 167 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:19,360 Speaker 2: Inca and they likely connected two Inca monuments in the city, 168 00:10:19,840 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 2: as were a fortress and the Temple of the Sun. 169 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:27,800 Speaker 1: And lastly, researchers at Svorsa Castle in Milan, Italy have 170 00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:32,400 Speaker 1: used ground penetrating radar to find numerous passages, some of 171 00:10:32,440 --> 00:10:35,599 Speaker 1: which may have been built by the military for secret purposes. 172 00:10:36,520 --> 00:10:40,000 Speaker 1: Some of these passages are referenced in historical documents and 173 00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:43,760 Speaker 1: shown in sketches done by Leonardo da Vinci. But in 174 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:48,760 Speaker 1: addition to confirming these already documented passageways, these scans reveal 175 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:53,280 Speaker 1: additional passages that were previously unknown. Let's take a little 176 00:10:53,360 --> 00:10:55,720 Speaker 1: sponsor break and then we'll come back with some books 177 00:10:55,720 --> 00:11:07,840 Speaker 1: and letters. We are picking back up with. 178 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:11,480 Speaker 2: Some books and letters. First, a man cleaning out his 179 00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:15,840 Speaker 2: father's attic found a ton of papers related to Winnie 180 00:11:15,880 --> 00:11:19,559 Speaker 2: the Pooh. The attic belonged to Leslie Smith, who had 181 00:11:19,559 --> 00:11:23,120 Speaker 2: worked in publishing, and these papers included a lot of 182 00:11:23,160 --> 00:11:27,720 Speaker 2: correspondents about the Winnie the Pooh books, including original manuscripts 183 00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:31,400 Speaker 2: and corrected proofs of Now We Are Six and the 184 00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:35,520 Speaker 2: House at Pooh Corner. There was also some correspondence among 185 00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:40,280 Speaker 2: the papers with other British authors, including Enid Blyton and J. R. R. 186 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:40,760 Speaker 1: Tolkien. 187 00:11:41,880 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 2: These materials were ultimately split up to be sold at auction. 188 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:50,160 Speaker 2: This really overshadows the Winnie the Pooh find we had 189 00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:52,520 Speaker 2: on Unearthed a couple of years back, that was just 190 00:11:52,679 --> 00:11:54,480 Speaker 2: one sketch drapped in a tea towel. 191 00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:59,240 Speaker 1: Right. We have talked on the show about historical bookbinders 192 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:03,360 Speaker 1: recycling materials from old books when binding new ones, and 193 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,720 Speaker 1: that has led to some interesting historical finds over the years. 194 00:12:07,480 --> 00:12:10,720 Speaker 1: It can be difficult to impossible to study these earlier 195 00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:14,240 Speaker 1: materials without destroying the books that they became part of, 196 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:18,640 Speaker 1: but researchers at Leiden University have published work on one 197 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:23,000 Speaker 1: potential way to do it, with an endoscopic camera, adapting 198 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,360 Speaker 1: a technique that was originally developed to examine the insides 199 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:30,480 Speaker 1: of gun barrels. In particular, they used the camera in 200 00:12:30,559 --> 00:12:34,559 Speaker 1: the spines of sixteenth and seventeenth century books that had 201 00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:39,200 Speaker 1: been reinforced with strips of medieval manuscripts. They've also published 202 00:12:39,240 --> 00:12:42,120 Speaker 1: a brief video on YouTube of what the camera sees 203 00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:45,920 Speaker 1: as it travels down the inside of the book's spine. 204 00:12:45,960 --> 00:12:50,400 Speaker 1: They've titled their paper Fragmendoscopy An Innovative Way to discover 205 00:12:50,559 --> 00:12:54,120 Speaker 1: hidden heritage inside early modern book bindings. 206 00:12:55,400 --> 00:12:59,360 Speaker 2: Next, archaeologists in France have found a line of sixty 207 00:12:59,480 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 2: burial twenty one of which were found to contain lead 208 00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:09,440 Speaker 2: cursed tablets. All of these appear to be men's graves 209 00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:12,200 Speaker 2: dating back to the Roman era, but beyond that it 210 00:13:12,280 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 2: is not really clear who they were or why why 211 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:20,520 Speaker 2: these curse tablets were involved. These curses were written on 212 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:24,599 Speaker 2: very thin sheets of lead, and the one whose inscription 213 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:28,040 Speaker 2: has been examined so far was written in the extinct 214 00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:30,240 Speaker 2: Celtic language of Gaulish. 215 00:13:30,679 --> 00:13:32,760 Speaker 1: I really like the idea of cursed tablets. I want 216 00:13:32,760 --> 00:13:36,400 Speaker 1: to bring those back. Researchers in Iraq have found clay 217 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:41,720 Speaker 1: tablets containing Cuneiform writing at the Mesopotamian site of kurd Kaburstan. 218 00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:44,440 Speaker 1: The tablets are the first of their kind in the 219 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:47,760 Speaker 1: area and they're still being interpreted, but it's hoped that 220 00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:49,800 Speaker 1: they will shed more light on the people who were 221 00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 1: living there, as well as the city's connections to other 222 00:13:52,960 --> 00:13:57,480 Speaker 1: parts of Mesopotamia. Other finds at the site include game 223 00:13:57,520 --> 00:14:02,080 Speaker 1: boards and part of a structure. Researchers have pieced together 224 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:07,400 Speaker 1: the oldest known runestone in Norway after determining that stones 225 00:14:07,440 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 1: that were found in multiple grave sites were all fragments 226 00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:15,160 Speaker 1: that fit together, that breaking and distribution of the stone 227 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:19,200 Speaker 1: probably being something that was done intentionally. Since these were 228 00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:22,600 Speaker 1: found in burial sites, it was possible to use other 229 00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:26,240 Speaker 1: materials that was buried along with them to more conclusively 230 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:30,520 Speaker 1: date them. According to radiocarbon dating, this was made sometime 231 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:35,320 Speaker 1: between fifty BCE and two seventy five CE. While the 232 00:14:35,360 --> 00:14:40,800 Speaker 1: fragments fit together, the engravings on them aren't continuous. There 233 00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:44,440 Speaker 1: are clear sequences of runes, but also other markings that 234 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:47,720 Speaker 1: are a bit more ambiguous, so it's possible that the 235 00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: inscriptions were created by different people. Speaking of oldest, archaeologists 236 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:57,720 Speaker 1: in Spain have discovered what may be the earliest example 237 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:01,760 Speaker 1: of alphabetic writing in northern ib dating back to the 238 00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: Iron Age. This was found on a spindle whirl that 239 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:09,880 Speaker 1: was found back in twenty seventeen, but more recent analysis 240 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:14,160 Speaker 1: was what identified an inscription from the Celtiberian alphabet. This 241 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:17,800 Speaker 1: may have been a property marker and identity mark. Cel Tiberian, 242 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 1: as that name suggests, was a continental Celtic language that's 243 00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:27,040 Speaker 1: now extinct, and the inscribed letter resembles a capital letter V. 244 00:15:28,120 --> 00:15:30,840 Speaker 1: We have another message in a bottle, this time around 245 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:33,400 Speaker 1: on on Earth than This one was found at Edinburgh's 246 00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:37,760 Speaker 1: King's Theater. It was behind molding in the theatre's proscenium. 247 00:15:38,440 --> 00:15:41,120 Speaker 1: A theater patron and donor found it during a tour 248 00:15:41,160 --> 00:15:44,880 Speaker 1: of the building while renovation work is underway. He basically 249 00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:47,960 Speaker 1: just stuck his hand up there and felt around. This 250 00:15:48,080 --> 00:15:51,600 Speaker 1: bottle was sealed with wax, but conservators at Scottish Conservation 251 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:55,480 Speaker 1: Studio opened it. They found a note from October of 252 00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:58,720 Speaker 1: nineteen oh six listing people involved with the building of 253 00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:03,960 Speaker 1: the theater, including the bid architects, draftsmen, plasterers and foremen. 254 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:07,920 Speaker 1: The theater has gotten in touch with a genealogy service 255 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 1: to look for descendants of the people that are listed 256 00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:13,360 Speaker 1: on that note and are hoping that work will be 257 00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:18,720 Speaker 1: done ahead of the theater's reopening next year. A researcher 258 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:23,000 Speaker 1: from Oxford University found a manuscript copy of Shakespeare's Sonnet 259 00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 1: one sixteen in a collection of seventeenth century poetry belonging 260 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:32,160 Speaker 1: to Elias Ashmole. Sonnet one sixteen is the one that starts, 261 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:36,000 Speaker 1: let me not to the marriage of true minds, admit impediments. 262 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,960 Speaker 1: Love is not love, which alters when it alteration finds, 263 00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:44,000 Speaker 1: or bends when the remover to remove. It's one of 264 00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:47,440 Speaker 1: Shakespeare's more widely known sonnets today, but it doesn't seem 265 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:51,800 Speaker 1: to have been particularly popular closer to his lifetime. There's 266 00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:54,920 Speaker 1: only one other manuscript copy of this sonnet that has 267 00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:58,280 Speaker 1: ever been found before. It's also not. 268 00:16:58,520 --> 00:17:01,360 Speaker 2: Exactly the same as the on at one sixteen that 269 00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:05,560 Speaker 2: people would probably recognize today. It is a song adaptation 270 00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:10,399 Speaker 2: by Henry Laws that includes six additional lines. It was 271 00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:14,359 Speaker 2: included in a miscellany, that is a handwritten manuscript with 272 00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:18,520 Speaker 2: texts by different authors included, and it was included alongside 273 00:17:18,560 --> 00:17:23,280 Speaker 2: political writings, so in that context it's being interpreted as 274 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:28,120 Speaker 2: about political constancy rather than a constancy of romantic love. 275 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:32,359 Speaker 2: Ashmole was a Royalist, and this miscellany dates back to 276 00:17:32,560 --> 00:17:37,280 Speaker 2: around the time of the English Civil Wars. Research published 277 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:41,280 Speaker 2: in the journal Humanities and Social Science Communications has tried 278 00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:46,679 Speaker 2: to quantify how many medieval manuscripts were copied by female scribes. 279 00:17:47,359 --> 00:17:49,720 Speaker 2: The idea that some of the scribes who copied these 280 00:17:49,760 --> 00:17:52,679 Speaker 2: manuscripts were women is not a new one. On our 281 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:55,480 Speaker 2: last installment of on Earth, for example, we talked about 282 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:59,400 Speaker 2: illuminated manuscripts created by the poor players of Cologne, which 283 00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:02,600 Speaker 2: they were known four. But this research tries to figure 284 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 2: out just how many of these medieval texts were created 285 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:10,480 Speaker 2: by women. This research focused on the colophons, or short 286 00:18:10,560 --> 00:18:13,320 Speaker 2: statements about the author that are included in a lot 287 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:18,760 Speaker 2: of manuscripts and used as a reference a Benedictine colofon catalog. 288 00:18:19,640 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 2: That catalog includes twenty three thousand, seven hundred and seventy 289 00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:26,480 Speaker 2: four colophons, and two hundred and fifty four of them, 290 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:29,840 Speaker 2: or one point one percent, seem to have been written 291 00:18:29,880 --> 00:18:35,680 Speaker 2: by women. Extrapolated out to the total number of known 292 00:18:35,920 --> 00:18:39,360 Speaker 2: illuminated manuscripts, that means at least one hundred and ten 293 00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:44,960 Speaker 2: thousand of them were created by women, but this research 294 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:48,520 Speaker 2: suggests that this is likely a low estimate for women's 295 00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:54,280 Speaker 2: contributions to medieval illuminated manuscripts. Not all manuscripts have a 296 00:18:54,359 --> 00:18:57,080 Speaker 2: colophon and women may have been less likely to sign 297 00:18:57,119 --> 00:19:01,760 Speaker 2: their work due to social and religious expects. It's also 298 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:05,399 Speaker 2: possible that works by women were more intentionally targeted during 299 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:09,600 Speaker 2: events like the Protestant Reformation, meaning we have few of 300 00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:13,960 Speaker 2: them surviving today. Researchers also noted that the number of 301 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:18,040 Speaker 2: manuscripts by women escalated after about the year fourteen hundred, 302 00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:21,920 Speaker 2: before dropping off again with advances in printing in Europe. 303 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:25,920 Speaker 2: And the last thing we're filing under books and letters 304 00:19:26,160 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 2: is a map, possibly the world's oldest three dimensional map. 305 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:34,160 Speaker 2: This was found in a rock shelter in France, carved 306 00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:38,800 Speaker 2: into sandstone about thirteen thousand years ago, and it shows 307 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:43,320 Speaker 2: the waterways and geomorphological features of the Ekeyle River Valley. 308 00:19:44,240 --> 00:19:47,560 Speaker 2: It seems almost like an instruction manual for how to 309 00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:52,520 Speaker 2: direct rainwater along specific paths in the valley. This is 310 00:19:52,560 --> 00:19:56,720 Speaker 2: about three thousand years older than the previous oldest known 311 00:19:56,920 --> 00:19:59,480 Speaker 2: three dimensional map, and. 312 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,360 Speaker 1: Now were moving on to animal finds. According to research 313 00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:07,200 Speaker 1: published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, birds living near 314 00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:12,160 Speaker 1: medieval towns like Oxford, Winchester and Northampton relied extensively on 315 00:20:12,320 --> 00:20:16,440 Speaker 1: human food. This lines up with historical accounts that describe 316 00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:21,040 Speaker 1: some birds, including red kites, stealing food from market stalls 317 00:20:21,080 --> 00:20:25,680 Speaker 1: and even from people's hands. This research involved chemical analysis 318 00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:29,720 Speaker 1: of the bones of eleven red kites, eighteen common buzzards, 319 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:33,399 Speaker 1: and three white tailed eagles, which suggested that some of 320 00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:37,159 Speaker 1: them were living entirely on people's scraps, rather than by 321 00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:41,159 Speaker 1: hunting live prey or scavenging the carcasses of wild animals. 322 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:45,280 Speaker 1: This means that the birds adapted to coexisting with people 323 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: and that they served a role in the ecosystem of 324 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:49,080 Speaker 1: these cities. 325 00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:54,479 Speaker 2: Next, researchers have found evidence suggesting that herders on the 326 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:59,360 Speaker 2: Iberian Peninsula were strategically managing their cattle as far back 327 00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:03,960 Speaker 2: as six thousand years ago. This included seasonally moving them 328 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:07,480 Speaker 2: between pastures in the mountains and the lowlands, and also 329 00:21:07,760 --> 00:21:11,960 Speaker 2: modifying their reproductive cycles so that calves would only be 330 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:14,840 Speaker 2: born in the summer when there was plenty of fresh 331 00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:20,000 Speaker 2: pasture land available. This came from research into animal remains 332 00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:23,439 Speaker 2: in Pixerel's Cave, which has been inhabited by people and 333 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:27,800 Speaker 2: animals going back to Neolithic times. About eighty percent of 334 00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,080 Speaker 2: the animal remains there are from domestic cattle, which is 335 00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:36,920 Speaker 2: unique on the Peninsula, and lastly, across eastern Europe. There 336 00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:41,719 Speaker 2: are about seventy known mammoth bone circles that date back 337 00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:46,000 Speaker 2: about twenty five thousand years. We don't really know what 338 00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:49,400 Speaker 2: these bone circles were for, but one of the biggest 339 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:53,000 Speaker 2: ones is in Russia, about three hundred miles south of Moscow. 340 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:57,000 Speaker 2: It's called Kostenki eleven. It's about forty feet wide, and 341 00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:00,680 Speaker 2: it includes the bones of at least sixty mammoths, totaling 342 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:06,280 Speaker 2: nearly three thousand bones. Research published in the journal Quaternary 343 00:22:06,359 --> 00:22:11,000 Speaker 2: Environments and Humans has examined these bones and drawn some conclusions, 344 00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:15,280 Speaker 2: although without really clearing up why our ancient ancestors were 345 00:22:15,320 --> 00:22:19,680 Speaker 2: doing this. Obviously, these didn't all come from the same mammoth, 346 00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:23,560 Speaker 2: but this research suggests that they also came from completely 347 00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:27,159 Speaker 2: different herds that were not related to one another. They 348 00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:32,160 Speaker 2: studied bones from thirty different animals, seventeen females and thirteen males. 349 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:35,639 Speaker 2: Some of the bones were hundreds of years older than 350 00:22:35,640 --> 00:22:39,080 Speaker 2: the rest, suggesting that people may have used bones from 351 00:22:39,080 --> 00:22:42,640 Speaker 2: freshly hunted mammoths as well as bones scavenged from much 352 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:46,600 Speaker 2: older kills or from bone beds where people discarded mammoth 353 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:50,959 Speaker 2: bones after processing the carcasses. Now we're going to take 354 00:22:51,000 --> 00:23:05,840 Speaker 2: another quick sponsor break. Now moving on to edibles and potables. 355 00:23:06,320 --> 00:23:10,000 Speaker 2: Archaeologists in China have been exploring the ways people used 356 00:23:10,160 --> 00:23:15,000 Speaker 2: bone powder in cuisine roughly eight thousand years ago. This 357 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:19,480 Speaker 2: came from examination of pottery, vessels, and food crust remains 358 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:22,720 Speaker 2: from an archaeological site that was excavated in twenty seventeen 359 00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:26,480 Speaker 2: and twenty eighteen. The researchers had initially been focused on 360 00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:30,600 Speaker 2: studying alcohol making, but they wound up finding residue in 361 00:23:30,680 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 2: the crusts that aligned with the composition of bone. They 362 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:38,359 Speaker 2: eventually concluded that the bone was ground up and cooked 363 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:43,000 Speaker 2: together with wild plants like acorns. They speculated that this 364 00:23:43,119 --> 00:23:46,800 Speaker 2: was part of this society's transition from hunting and gathering 365 00:23:46,880 --> 00:23:50,440 Speaker 2: to farming to try to get more nutrients out of 366 00:23:50,680 --> 00:23:53,120 Speaker 2: kind of a limited amount of food available to them. 367 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,960 Speaker 2: It's also possible that people living in this area produced 368 00:23:57,080 --> 00:24:00,919 Speaker 2: bone grease by boiling crushed bones for several hours and 369 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:04,399 Speaker 2: then skimming the resulting grease off the top. Cooking with 370 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:07,520 Speaker 2: this grease could then help extract nutrients from hard to 371 00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:13,199 Speaker 2: digest foods. Researchers in Australia have found evidence of dried 372 00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:16,920 Speaker 2: plants under the floors of the Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney. 373 00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:20,119 Speaker 2: This was built in the nineteenth century and it served 374 00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:24,000 Speaker 2: a number of roles in colonial Australia. It started as 375 00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:26,879 Speaker 2: a barras for people who had been transported to Australia 376 00:24:27,240 --> 00:24:30,960 Speaker 2: after being convicted of a crime. Then it housed the 377 00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:35,879 Speaker 2: Female Immigration Depot for unmarried women who were immigrating to Australia, 378 00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:39,560 Speaker 2: and then the Female Destitute Asylum, which was a home 379 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:44,000 Speaker 2: for women who were elderly, ill or disabled. They found 380 00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:48,800 Speaker 2: a variety of foods under the floors, including fruits and vegetables, nuts, 381 00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:52,320 Speaker 2: and spices. Some of these plant foods were native to 382 00:24:52,440 --> 00:24:55,919 Speaker 2: Australia and others were imports, and a lot of what 383 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:58,680 Speaker 2: they found was much too big to have just fallen 384 00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:02,240 Speaker 2: through the floorboards people were eating, so that suggests that 385 00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:06,119 Speaker 2: people were placing their food under the floors intentionally. Some 386 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:10,560 Speaker 2: of the foods don't appear in inventories of the institution's 387 00:25:10,560 --> 00:25:13,760 Speaker 2: food stores or in other official records, so this suggests 388 00:25:13,760 --> 00:25:17,840 Speaker 2: that people were smuggling in food from outside, especially during 389 00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:21,720 Speaker 2: the barracks time. Housing women. Records detail a diet that 390 00:25:21,720 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 2: would have been really monotonous, so mostly bread and a 391 00:25:25,119 --> 00:25:28,960 Speaker 2: soup made of boiled meat and vegetables. So these smuggled 392 00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:31,560 Speaker 2: and hidden foods probably would have been kind of an 393 00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:36,879 Speaker 2: illicit treat. Archaeologists in China have examined a small amount 394 00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:40,639 Speaker 2: of liquid from inside a bronze vessel shaped like an owl, 395 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:44,080 Speaker 2: and they found a three thousand year old distilled spirit. 396 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,960 Speaker 1: The lid of the vessel had rusted shut, sealing it 397 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:50,879 Speaker 1: off from the air and preserving what was left inside. 398 00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:54,399 Speaker 1: The vessel had been found in twenty ten, but it 399 00:25:54,520 --> 00:25:58,080 Speaker 1: wasn't until last year that the Shundong Provincial Department of 400 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:02,399 Speaker 1: Culture and Tourism approved to conservation and protection plan for 401 00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:05,280 Speaker 1: the artifacts from this site, which is why it wasn't 402 00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:09,440 Speaker 1: opened and studied before. Now. This spirit and the owl 403 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:12,119 Speaker 1: vessel it was contained in were probably part of a 404 00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:15,679 Speaker 1: funerary offering, and this discovery fills a gap in the 405 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:19,399 Speaker 1: timeline of what was known about distilling in ancient China. 406 00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:24,760 Speaker 2: Another early alcohol was found in Brazil based on analysis 407 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:27,879 Speaker 2: of pottery dating back to between twenty three hundred and 408 00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:31,760 Speaker 2: twelve hundred years ago. That's the oldest known alcohol in 409 00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:35,600 Speaker 2: the region. These were fermented, not distilled, and were made 410 00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:40,280 Speaker 2: from vegetables such as tubers, sweet corn, and palm. Sharing 411 00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:43,800 Speaker 2: these beverages was probably a communal event for the people 412 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:47,240 Speaker 2: known as the Cerrito's mound builders, who were the ancestors 413 00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:51,920 Speaker 2: of later indigenous groups, including the Charua and Minuano. They 414 00:26:51,920 --> 00:26:55,720 Speaker 2: were probably served alongside fish dishes. Some of the pottery 415 00:26:55,720 --> 00:27:01,640 Speaker 2: fragments had residues connected to fish processing. Last year, officials 416 00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:05,359 Speaker 2: announced the discovery of a food cash at an archaeological 417 00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:10,119 Speaker 2: site at Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson in Alaska. Was about 418 00:27:10,119 --> 00:27:12,880 Speaker 2: three and a half feet deep and lined with birch bark. 419 00:27:13,359 --> 00:27:16,640 Speaker 2: That birch bark lining was intact, which is really rare 420 00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:19,840 Speaker 2: for cashes like these, especially in an area where a 421 00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:22,639 Speaker 2: lot of the landscape was torn up and destroyed while 422 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,240 Speaker 2: the base was being built. The team expected any food 423 00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:29,359 Speaker 2: remains inside the cash to be about two hundred years old, 424 00:27:29,920 --> 00:27:33,159 Speaker 2: but radiocarbon dating suggests that it's much older than that, 425 00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:37,480 Speaker 2: almost one thousand years old. Meat residues in the soil 426 00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:40,680 Speaker 2: samples seem to come from moose and caribou, but it's 427 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:43,480 Speaker 2: not yet fully clear whether that's because meat was stored 428 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:46,959 Speaker 2: in the cash or because those animals live in the area. 429 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:51,440 Speaker 2: Further study is planned to figure that part out. Researchers 430 00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:55,320 Speaker 2: collaborated with elders and knowledge holders from Denina and Otana 431 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,800 Speaker 2: tribes to contextualize this find, and they learned that a 432 00:27:58,880 --> 00:28:01,680 Speaker 2: birch tree in this area had been marked with what 433 00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:05,840 Speaker 2: looks like the letter T, possibly referencing the name of 434 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:10,720 Speaker 2: a family that later maintained a fish camp in this area. 435 00:28:10,760 --> 00:28:14,720 Speaker 1: And our last food and beverage find, Archaeologists at the 436 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:18,440 Speaker 1: ancient city of Hadrianopolis in Turkya have found a bronze 437 00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:20,879 Speaker 1: filter that probably would have been used at the end 438 00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:24,520 Speaker 1: of a plant based drinking straw. The filter is about 439 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:26,840 Speaker 1: three and a half inches long, and it's shaped like 440 00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:30,720 Speaker 1: a cone with holes all along the sides that would 441 00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,280 Speaker 1: have allowed people to drink things like beer and fruit 442 00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:36,320 Speaker 1: juice without sucking up the grains or pulp that would 443 00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:39,840 Speaker 1: have been floating in there. This filter is about sixteen 444 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:40,800 Speaker 1: hundred years old. 445 00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:46,000 Speaker 2: Moving on to shipwrecks, but really comparatively fewer shipwrecks than 446 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:48,760 Speaker 2: we have had in some of our most recent installments. 447 00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:54,800 Speaker 2: Maritime archaeologists have investigated what maybe the oldest known carvel 448 00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:57,160 Speaker 2: built vessel from the Nordic region. 449 00:28:57,880 --> 00:28:58,960 Speaker 1: These are wooden. 450 00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:01,560 Speaker 2: Boats that are constructed by fixing the planks to a 451 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:04,479 Speaker 2: frame with the edges of those planks lined up against 452 00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:08,640 Speaker 2: each other. This is sturdier and allows for larger vessels 453 00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:11,520 Speaker 2: than clinker construction, which is when the edges of the 454 00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:15,440 Speaker 2: planks overlap, but it requires more calking to keep the 455 00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:19,920 Speaker 2: vessel watertight. This wreck was found south of Stockholm, and 456 00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:23,560 Speaker 2: preliminary evidence suggests that it was built in the fourteen eighties, 457 00:29:23,720 --> 00:29:26,800 Speaker 2: although it's possible that it was built maybe twenty years 458 00:29:26,840 --> 00:29:31,520 Speaker 2: earlier but then was repaired around fourteen eighty. Either way, 459 00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:34,400 Speaker 2: that would be very early in the shift away from 460 00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:38,600 Speaker 2: clinker construction in the area. Researchers working with this vessel 461 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:42,360 Speaker 2: are hoping to get funding for a more thorough excavation 462 00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:44,440 Speaker 2: of this wreck next. 463 00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:48,800 Speaker 1: The Brazilian Navy has confirmed the location of the Vitado Olivera, 464 00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:52,400 Speaker 1: which was torpedoed by a German U boat on June nineteenth, 465 00:29:52,560 --> 00:29:56,280 Speaker 1: nineteen forty four, as it was transporting supplies along the 466 00:29:56,360 --> 00:29:59,800 Speaker 1: coast off Rio di Geneiro. About one hundred of the 467 00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:02,240 Speaker 1: two two hundred and seventy crew on board died when 468 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:05,880 Speaker 1: the ship sank. Brazil was the only country in South 469 00:30:05,920 --> 00:30:08,240 Speaker 1: America to send troops to fight on the side of 470 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:12,720 Speaker 1: the Allies, which had led Germany to retaliate against Brazilian ships. 471 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:16,360 Speaker 1: The sunken World War II ship was the only Brazilian 472 00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:20,080 Speaker 1: ship to sink due to enemy activity during the war. 473 00:30:20,680 --> 00:30:23,160 Speaker 2: And there were ships that sank for other reasons, but 474 00:30:23,240 --> 00:30:25,880 Speaker 2: this was the only one sunk by an enemy. This 475 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:29,960 Speaker 2: wreck was first reported fourteen years ago when some divers 476 00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:32,560 Speaker 2: spotted it while they were trying to free a stuck 477 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:36,680 Speaker 2: fishing net, but it wasn't conclusively identified until it was 478 00:30:36,720 --> 00:30:41,560 Speaker 2: studied with various sonar technologies and an interesting coincidence, the 479 00:30:41,680 --> 00:30:45,120 Speaker 2: research vessel used to make this identification was named the 480 00:30:45,240 --> 00:30:49,760 Speaker 2: Vital de Rivera in honor of that sunken ship. Researchers 481 00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:52,840 Speaker 2: in Lake Superior have found the wreck of the Western Reserve, 482 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:55,760 Speaker 2: which was one of the first all steel cargo ships 483 00:30:55,800 --> 00:30:58,600 Speaker 2: in the Great Lakes. The ship was believed to be 484 00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 2: very safe and it was known for its speed and 485 00:31:01,080 --> 00:31:05,160 Speaker 2: was nicknamed the Inland Greyhound by the local press. It 486 00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:08,080 Speaker 2: sank in a storm in August eighteen ninety two, when 487 00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:11,200 Speaker 2: its owner, Peter Minch had taken his family out for 488 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:15,000 Speaker 2: a ride on the ship. It wasn't carrying any cargo, 489 00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:18,040 Speaker 2: and that meant that without that weight to hold it down, 490 00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:21,840 Speaker 2: it was really thrown around in the storm. It's possible 491 00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:24,720 Speaker 2: that its steel hull had become brittle in the cold water. 492 00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,080 Speaker 2: It broke in half and only one of the twenty 493 00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:32,600 Speaker 2: eight people aboard survived. The Western Reserve was found after 494 00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:37,280 Speaker 2: a two year search and was initially spotted using side 495 00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:42,040 Speaker 2: scanning sonar, then confirmed through photography from a submersible drone. 496 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:47,080 Speaker 2: Now we've got a few sword fines. First, archaeologists studying 497 00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:51,240 Speaker 2: burial sites in southeastern England have found an intricately decorated 498 00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:54,640 Speaker 2: sword among the grave goods. It has a silver and 499 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:59,280 Speaker 2: gold plated hilt with a Runic script along its blade. 500 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:02,160 Speaker 2: These burial sites date back to the fifth and sixth 501 00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:07,200 Speaker 2: century CE, and the sword is exceptionally well preserved. Study 502 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:11,200 Speaker 2: of this sword in its ruins is still ongoing. Next, 503 00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:14,960 Speaker 2: metal detectorists in Poland who were looking for artifacts from 504 00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:18,360 Speaker 2: World War II wound up finding a three foot long 505 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:21,840 Speaker 2: Roman era sword dating back to the third or fourth 506 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:27,720 Speaker 2: century CE. It had been broken in three places, probably intentionally, 507 00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:30,640 Speaker 2: and it also seems to have been burned, meaning that 508 00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:33,520 Speaker 2: it may have been used in some kind of funeral ritual. 509 00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:37,520 Speaker 2: And this suggests some sort of cross cultural influence, since 510 00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:41,920 Speaker 2: the sword was Roman, but this funeral practice is associated 511 00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:43,360 Speaker 2: with the Sarworsk culture. 512 00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:48,440 Speaker 1: Different metal detectorists, apparently also looking for World War II 513 00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:52,400 Speaker 1: era artifacts, found a different sword in Poland, this one 514 00:32:52,520 --> 00:32:56,200 Speaker 1: dating to the Late Middle Ages. This one's also about 515 00:32:56,240 --> 00:32:59,800 Speaker 1: three feet long and its tip is broken off, probably 516 00:32:59,840 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 1: not intentionally. It was discovered alongside two axe heads from 517 00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:07,640 Speaker 1: around the same period. Those axe heads were also in 518 00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:11,600 Speaker 1: good condition. It seems like using metal detectors to look 519 00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,240 Speaker 1: for World War two era artifacts might be some kind 520 00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:17,480 Speaker 1: of a pastime in Poland. Maybe listeners from Poland can 521 00:33:18,560 --> 00:33:20,840 Speaker 1: write in and fill us in on this, because our 522 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:24,160 Speaker 1: last find is also from somebody who was doing that, 523 00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:28,120 Speaker 1: and the people involved in these three finds have been 524 00:33:28,160 --> 00:33:33,120 Speaker 1: members of three different organizations, all dedicated to this. This 525 00:33:33,280 --> 00:33:36,200 Speaker 1: last one is not a sword, though it is sort adjacent. 526 00:33:36,360 --> 00:33:40,040 Speaker 1: It is a bronze scabbard fitting dating back about one 527 00:33:40,120 --> 00:33:44,040 Speaker 1: thousand years. That scabbard fitting is called a shoe and 528 00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:46,479 Speaker 1: it goes at the tip of the scabbard to protect 529 00:33:46,520 --> 00:33:51,200 Speaker 1: it from damage. And lastly, for this installment of unearthed 530 00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:56,480 Speaker 1: one discovery of cats, specifically that domesticated cats arrived in 531 00:33:56,560 --> 00:34:00,960 Speaker 1: China about fourteen hundred years ago, probably having been carried 532 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,239 Speaker 1: along the Silk Road. Although it was long believed that 533 00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:08,720 Speaker 1: cats were first domesticated in Egypt, more recent genetic research 534 00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:12,800 Speaker 1: suggests this took place in ancient Anatolia around what's now Turkya, 535 00:34:12,960 --> 00:34:17,600 Speaker 1: roughly ten thousand years ago. Domesticated cats were widespread in 536 00:34:17,640 --> 00:34:21,160 Speaker 1: Europe by about the fourth century CE, so this suggests 537 00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:25,320 Speaker 1: that domesticated cats were introduced in China hundreds of years 538 00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:30,120 Speaker 1: after their introduction in Europe. According to archaeological evidence, the 539 00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:34,120 Speaker 1: first domestic cats in China were seen as highly prized 540 00:34:34,200 --> 00:34:38,759 Speaker 1: exotic animals, and they mostly belonged to the elite. 541 00:34:38,239 --> 00:34:42,759 Speaker 2: And the wealthy. The fourteen domesticated cats whose bones were 542 00:34:42,760 --> 00:34:46,320 Speaker 2: part of this study also all shared some commonalities in 543 00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:50,640 Speaker 2: their mitochondrial DNA that's not common in cats that are 544 00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:55,800 Speaker 2: from Europe or Western Asia. People in more rural areas 545 00:34:56,280 --> 00:35:01,640 Speaker 2: did live alongside other cats, though specific a small wildcat 546 00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:08,040 Speaker 2: called the leopard cat, which is native to China kitties. Yes, 547 00:35:08,560 --> 00:35:14,520 Speaker 2: that is how we're ending off today's Unearthed, aside from 548 00:35:14,520 --> 00:35:21,200 Speaker 2: also having some listener mail. This is from Nancy. Nancy 549 00:35:21,239 --> 00:35:23,600 Speaker 2: wrote in and said, Hi, Holly and Tracy, I just 550 00:35:23,680 --> 00:35:26,960 Speaker 2: listened to the episode in the archives on Scott Joplin 551 00:35:27,040 --> 00:35:29,040 Speaker 2: from April tenth, twenty twenty three. 552 00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 1: I'm a little. 553 00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:31,960 Speaker 2: Older than the two of you, but as you mentioned 554 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:35,320 Speaker 2: in the behind the scenes discussion, I also was introduced 555 00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:38,600 Speaker 2: to Scott Joplin's music and ragtime as a musical genre 556 00:35:39,120 --> 00:35:42,319 Speaker 2: via the movie The Sting in the nineteen seventies. I 557 00:35:42,360 --> 00:35:44,799 Speaker 2: believe I played the record album so much that I 558 00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:49,360 Speaker 2: wore out the grooves. I'm gonna pause this email for 559 00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:51,919 Speaker 2: a second and say I don't remember if I said 560 00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:56,719 Speaker 2: it in that episode, but The Sting on vinyl is 561 00:35:56,760 --> 00:36:02,160 Speaker 2: one of the two first records that I ever returning 562 00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:05,200 Speaker 2: to the email. Much to my delight today I saw 563 00:36:05,239 --> 00:36:07,440 Speaker 2: a feed in one of my social media streams that 564 00:36:07,480 --> 00:36:10,640 Speaker 2: brought a smile to my face. The Washington National Opera 565 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:16,040 Speaker 2: will be staging Scott Joplin's Forgotten opera Tremniesha next year 566 00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:20,440 Speaker 2: at the Kennedy Center on March twelfth through twenty second, 567 00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:25,239 Speaker 2: twenty twenty six. I am opening the link to this 568 00:36:25,440 --> 00:36:29,279 Speaker 2: to make sure that it's still on the Kennedy Center website, 569 00:36:29,320 --> 00:36:33,160 Speaker 2: and it is. Currently ticket purchase is only open for 570 00:36:33,320 --> 00:36:36,640 Speaker 2: series subscriptions multiple show packages, but I will be following 571 00:36:36,640 --> 00:36:39,040 Speaker 2: and will be purchasing a ticket as soon as individual 572 00:36:39,040 --> 00:36:41,799 Speaker 2: ticket sales open up. I know neither of you are 573 00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:44,520 Speaker 2: based near Washington, d C. But this looks like a 574 00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:48,840 Speaker 2: unique opportunity, especially if you like opera. I know you 575 00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:51,279 Speaker 2: both have very busy schedules and would have a ton 576 00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:53,200 Speaker 2: of things to do and see in this area if 577 00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:55,560 Speaker 2: you visit it. It's hard to say, but these March 578 00:36:55,719 --> 00:36:59,160 Speaker 2: dates next year might even be during cherry blossoms season, 579 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:03,040 Speaker 2: especially the dates later in the month. I must admit 580 00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:05,480 Speaker 2: I love when the cherry trees are blooming, and it 581 00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:08,600 Speaker 2: is spectacular on the National mall around the Tidle Basin 582 00:37:08,680 --> 00:37:10,920 Speaker 2: when all the trees are in bloom, the smell is 583 00:37:10,960 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 2: heavenly instead of pet tax I'm attaching a couple of 584 00:37:13,760 --> 00:37:16,839 Speaker 2: pictures of cherry blossoms from a previous year or two 585 00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:19,480 Speaker 2: entice you to come to DC. Love what you do. 586 00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:21,520 Speaker 2: Keep up the good work. I have learned so much 587 00:37:21,520 --> 00:37:24,640 Speaker 2: from Stuff You Missed in History Class podcast. Thanks Nancy. 588 00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:27,799 Speaker 2: Thank you so much, Nancy, and thank you for these 589 00:37:27,840 --> 00:37:31,120 Speaker 2: beautiful cherry tree pictures. I do love to look at 590 00:37:31,120 --> 00:37:34,200 Speaker 2: the cherry trees and to smell the cherry trees. Back 591 00:37:34,239 --> 00:37:40,279 Speaker 2: when we were part of Discovery, Discovery's headquarters were in 592 00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:44,879 Speaker 2: Silver Spring, Maryland, and so I was in Washington, d C. Regularly, 593 00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:50,000 Speaker 2: And yet I don't think any of my many work 594 00:37:50,040 --> 00:37:53,880 Speaker 2: trips to Washington, d C. Were during cherry blossom season. 595 00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:57,840 Speaker 2: That was probably purposeful, right, Nobody was scheduling anything then 596 00:37:58,320 --> 00:38:01,560 Speaker 2: because it's such a busy travel to its time. Yeah, 597 00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:04,719 Speaker 2: it would have been harder to get cheap reas and 598 00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:09,720 Speaker 2: flights and things, probably, So thank you so much, Nancy. 599 00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,480 Speaker 2: We'll see what happens between now and next year regarding 600 00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:17,399 Speaker 2: maybe going to see Treamnation, because that would be really cool. 601 00:38:18,040 --> 00:38:19,680 Speaker 2: If you'd like to send us a note about this 602 00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:23,280 Speaker 2: or any other podcast, we're at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio 603 00:38:23,360 --> 00:38:26,759 Speaker 2: dot com, and you can subscribe to our show on 604 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:29,680 Speaker 2: the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you like to get 605 00:38:29,719 --> 00:38:37,360 Speaker 2: your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is a 606 00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:41,799 Speaker 2: production of iHeartRadio For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the 607 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:45,319 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 608 00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:48,080 Speaker 2: favorite shows.