1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:15,040 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:18,639 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. It's time once again for 4 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:24,040 Speaker 1: our latest installment of Unearthed. If you are new to 5 00:00:24,079 --> 00:00:26,439 Speaker 1: the show, this is when a few times a year 6 00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:30,040 Speaker 1: we talk about things that have been literally and figuratively 7 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,680 Speaker 1: unearthed over the last few months. This is coming out 8 00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:36,879 Speaker 1: in January of twenty twenty five, but it is our 9 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:41,040 Speaker 1: Unearthed for the fourth quarter of twenty twenty four. We 10 00:00:41,159 --> 00:00:44,920 Speaker 1: have so many updates to prior things that we have 11 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:48,440 Speaker 1: talked about either on Unearthed or other episodes of the show. 12 00:00:48,479 --> 00:00:51,120 Speaker 1: And then a lot of shipwrecks, a lot of art. 13 00:00:51,520 --> 00:00:54,360 Speaker 1: There is Part two which will have a lot of 14 00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:56,840 Speaker 1: other things that were unearthed that that will come out 15 00:00:56,880 --> 00:01:00,760 Speaker 1: on Wednesday. So let's start with an update to the 16 00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:04,440 Speaker 1: top story in our Spring twenty twenty four installment of Unearthed, 17 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:09,560 Speaker 1: and that is Amelia Earhart's plane. Private exploration company Deep 18 00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:12,760 Speaker 1: Sea Vision made an announcement back in January that their 19 00:01:12,840 --> 00:01:17,560 Speaker 1: sonar imaging had revealed a very plane shaped blob on 20 00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:21,280 Speaker 1: the bottom of the ocean roughly between Hawaii and Papua 21 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:25,160 Speaker 1: New Guinea. The blob definitely bore a resemblance to a 22 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: Lockheed Electra, which is what Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred 23 00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:32,600 Speaker 1: Noonan were flying in. But as Deep Sea Vision CEO 24 00:01:32,720 --> 00:01:36,600 Speaker 1: Tony Romeo acknowledged at the time, it could just be rocks. 25 00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:44,440 Speaker 1: It was just rocks. Yeah, that's that whole update. It 26 00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 1: was just rocks. We also have another update on those 27 00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:51,680 Speaker 1: ruby slippers that were used in the movie The Wizard 28 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 1: of Oz, which we talked about twice on on Earthed 29 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:57,600 Speaker 1: in twenty twenty four. Our last update about them was 30 00:01:57,640 --> 00:02:00,000 Speaker 1: that they were going to be auctioned off, and they 31 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:04,120 Speaker 1: they were for twenty eight million dollars according to a 32 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:07,200 Speaker 1: statement from the auction house. That means they are the 33 00:02:07,200 --> 00:02:11,280 Speaker 1: most expensive piece of memorabilia ever to be sold at auction. 34 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:15,600 Speaker 1: When we talked about this last time, it was hoped 35 00:02:15,639 --> 00:02:19,600 Speaker 1: that the Judy Garland Museum of Grand Rapids, Minnesota would 36 00:02:19,600 --> 00:02:22,400 Speaker 1: be able to buy the slippers. It's actually where the 37 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:25,959 Speaker 1: slippers were when they were stolen. One of the things 38 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:30,280 Speaker 1: that we've been talking about on Unearthed. The auction's winner 39 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:33,520 Speaker 1: has remained anonymous, at least as of when we are 40 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:37,359 Speaker 1: recording this, but it was not the museum. That twenty 41 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:41,320 Speaker 1: eight million dollar winning bid was way beyond the amount 42 00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 1: that had been raised to help the museum buy the shoes, 43 00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:49,120 Speaker 1: also way more than the estimated auction price from before 44 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:53,240 Speaker 1: the sale actually happened. The museum announced that it was 45 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:56,320 Speaker 1: not the winner. Prior hosts to the show did an 46 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: episode on the terra Cotta Army back in two thousand 47 00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:03,959 Speaker 1: and nine. Archaeologists started excavating one part of the tomb 48 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:08,280 Speaker 1: of Chinese Emperor Chin shi Hwang in twenty fifteen, and 49 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:10,840 Speaker 1: in December it was announced that they had found a 50 00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: terracotta warrior that seems to depict a high ranking military officer. 51 00:03:16,320 --> 00:03:20,080 Speaker 1: There are thousands of life sized clay statues in the 52 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:24,000 Speaker 1: Terrakatta Army, but this is only one of ten high 53 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:28,040 Speaker 1: ranking officers that have been found so far. Based on 54 00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:30,720 Speaker 1: the figure's dress and where he was found, he may 55 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 1: have been intended to represent the highest ranking member of 56 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:38,880 Speaker 1: his unit. Moving on all the way back in twenty thirteen, 57 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:42,960 Speaker 1: just so long ago, we did a two part episode 58 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:46,000 Speaker 1: on the Lions of Tsavo, also called The Ghost and 59 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:49,600 Speaker 1: the Darkness, who killed more than thirty workers on the 60 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:54,520 Speaker 1: Uganda Railroad in eighteen ninety eight. This kind of behavior 61 00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:58,440 Speaker 1: was really not typical of lions, and in that episode 62 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:01,600 Speaker 1: we talked about how they had signs of dental disease 63 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:04,480 Speaker 1: that might have affected how they were acting and what 64 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:07,560 Speaker 1: they were eating. This also came up in a twenty 65 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:11,160 Speaker 1: seventeen installment of Unearthed, when we talked about some research 66 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:16,400 Speaker 1: into dental microwaar textures that suggested that they had only 67 00:04:16,440 --> 00:04:20,120 Speaker 1: been eating their praise meat, they had not been chewing 68 00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:22,760 Speaker 1: on or eating the bones, and that that may have 69 00:04:22,839 --> 00:04:26,400 Speaker 1: been because of their dental pain. Research published in the 70 00:04:26,480 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 1: journal Current Biology in November has looked at what kinds 71 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:33,359 Speaker 1: of animals they were eating based on the hair that 72 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:37,240 Speaker 1: was impacted in those damaged areas of their teeth, and 73 00:04:37,279 --> 00:04:41,800 Speaker 1: they found oryx, waterbuck, wildebeest, and zebra hair, as well 74 00:04:41,839 --> 00:04:45,200 Speaker 1: as hair from two different giraffe species, and of course 75 00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:48,720 Speaker 1: human hair. And there was also lion hair from the 76 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:52,760 Speaker 1: lions grooming themselves and one another. But there was almost 77 00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:56,160 Speaker 1: no cape buffalo hair, which is a staple for lions 78 00:04:56,240 --> 00:05:00,120 Speaker 1: in the Tsavo region today. That may be connected to 79 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:03,080 Speaker 1: the decline in Cape buffalo in the late nineteenth century 80 00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:06,240 Speaker 1: due to Render Pest. We have an episode on Render 81 00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:10,440 Speaker 1: Pest as well from April eighth, twenty twenty. DNA research 82 00:05:10,480 --> 00:05:12,919 Speaker 1: that was part of this work also confirmed that the 83 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:17,800 Speaker 1: Ghost and the Darkness were siblings. Next previous hosts of 84 00:05:17,839 --> 00:05:20,920 Speaker 1: the show did an episode on the Bayou Tapestry on 85 00:05:21,040 --> 00:05:26,000 Speaker 1: July twenty seventh, twenty eleven. That is the medieval embroidery 86 00:05:26,160 --> 00:05:31,160 Speaker 1: chronicling the Norman conquest of Britain. At least eight feet 87 00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:34,440 Speaker 1: of this embroidery are missing, and in October it was 88 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: announced that French artist Landol Pras has been tapped to 89 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:42,280 Speaker 1: create a depiction of the coronation of William the Conqueror 90 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:46,320 Speaker 1: to help fill in this missing portion. Del Prade gave 91 00:05:46,360 --> 00:05:49,760 Speaker 1: an interview saying that this is not a restoration or 92 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:53,279 Speaker 1: a reconstruction, but it will be something that evokes that 93 00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:58,560 Speaker 1: moment from history. Delpre works in painting, sculpture, film, and 94 00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:03,799 Speaker 1: other media. Actual panel will be made at Paris's Goblins Manufactory, 95 00:06:04,080 --> 00:06:07,919 Speaker 1: which dates back to the fifteenth century. The exact timing 96 00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:10,279 Speaker 1: is still to be worked out, but it's possible that 97 00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:12,839 Speaker 1: this will be done in time for the millennium celebration 98 00:06:13,320 --> 00:06:16,280 Speaker 1: of the Birth of William the Conqueror in twenty twenty eight. 99 00:06:17,440 --> 00:06:23,440 Speaker 1: We have two different discoveries for our latest Pompeii updates. First, 100 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:28,159 Speaker 1: archaeologists at Pompeii have found a very small house, one 101 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:32,480 Speaker 1: that headlines are pretty consistently describing as tiny, and the 102 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:37,720 Speaker 1: walls are covered in frescoes showing scenes from mythology. These 103 00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:41,440 Speaker 1: frescoes are very well preserved and the house is being 104 00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:44,839 Speaker 1: called the House of Phedra, after the mythological queen of 105 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:49,560 Speaker 1: Athens who shown in one of these frescoes. Older homes 106 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:52,839 Speaker 1: in Pompeii were often built around an atrium with a 107 00:06:52,920 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: central pool for collecting rainwater and rooms around the edges, 108 00:06:57,440 --> 00:07:01,560 Speaker 1: but eventually trends shifted towards small, wa more compact homes 109 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 1: like this one, but ones that were still luxurious in 110 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:09,440 Speaker 1: their construction and decor. The other Pompeii find is about 111 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:12,840 Speaker 1: DNA research carried out by a team from the University 112 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:16,600 Speaker 1: of Florence, Harvard University, and the Max Planck Institute for 113 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 1: Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. One of the most memorable features 114 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: of Pompeii is the casts of bodies of people who 115 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:31,880 Speaker 1: died in the eruption and were buried in the volcanic ash. 116 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:36,040 Speaker 1: This left voids where their bodies had been, and some 117 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:39,280 Speaker 1: of those were filled with plaster in the nineteenth century. 118 00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 1: These plaster casts can be really evocative, and it's basically 119 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:47,080 Speaker 1: human nature to try to fill in the backstory and 120 00:07:47,280 --> 00:07:52,200 Speaker 1: interpret who these people were based on the casts, but 121 00:07:52,280 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: of course those backstories and interpretations are influenced by the worldviews, biases, 122 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:03,080 Speaker 1: and opinions of anybody that's doing the interpreting. Recent DNA 123 00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:06,560 Speaker 1: research on skeletal material from within some of the casts 124 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:11,119 Speaker 1: has really upended some of those interpretations. Like one group 125 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:14,880 Speaker 1: of four people found together has largely been interpreted as 126 00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:18,400 Speaker 1: being members of a family, but according to their DNA 127 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: three of them were not biologically related and the tests 128 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 1: on the fourth were inconclusive. Another pair of casts was 129 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:30,040 Speaker 1: believed to be a mother wearing a gold bracelet holding 130 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:33,960 Speaker 1: her child on her lap, but these instead appear to 131 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:37,439 Speaker 1: be someone genetically male holding a child that they were 132 00:08:37,480 --> 00:08:41,640 Speaker 1: not physically related to. The team who did this work 133 00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:46,240 Speaker 1: also recognized that these kinds of DNA studies have their limits, 134 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:51,840 Speaker 1: just like visual and archaeological interpretations of the casts. In 135 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,960 Speaker 1: a press release, Harvard genetics professor David Reich said, quote, 136 00:08:56,640 --> 00:09:01,000 Speaker 1: instead of establishing new narratives that might all so misrepresent 137 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:05,960 Speaker 1: these people's experiences, the genetic results encourage reflection on the 138 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:11,000 Speaker 1: dangers of making up stories about gender and family relationships 139 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:17,080 Speaker 1: and past societies based on present day expectations. And one 140 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:21,079 Speaker 1: last thing, not about the city, but about the Vesuvius Volcano. 141 00:09:21,800 --> 00:09:25,800 Speaker 1: The Archaeological Park of Pompeii publishes data from the ongoing 142 00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:28,880 Speaker 1: archaeological work in the site in its e journal, which 143 00:09:28,960 --> 00:09:32,720 Speaker 1: launched last year. In December twenty twenty four, the journal 144 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:37,040 Speaker 1: published the date of the construction of Pompeii premises for 145 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:41,319 Speaker 1: an open debate which examines questions around when that eruption 146 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:46,120 Speaker 1: actually happened. And that paper and its title are in Italian. 147 00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:50,600 Speaker 1: This is an English translation. Yeah, I do not read Italian, 148 00:09:50,679 --> 00:09:53,199 Speaker 1: so I was not able to read this paper for myself. 149 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,679 Speaker 1: The commonly held date of the eruption is August twenty fourth. 150 00:09:57,960 --> 00:10:00,520 Speaker 1: That's the date that was mentioned by Planning the younger, 151 00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:03,640 Speaker 1: although his original writings have been lost and what we 152 00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:07,040 Speaker 1: have today are later copies and translations of that work. 153 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:11,280 Speaker 1: But in the late eighteenth century, researchers put forth a 154 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:15,560 Speaker 1: different date of October twenty fourth, and in twenty eighteen, 155 00:10:15,679 --> 00:10:19,160 Speaker 1: archaeologists at the park found an inscription that was dated 156 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:23,200 Speaker 1: October seventeenth. Then that was something that seemed like it 157 00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:26,839 Speaker 1: could back up that date. This was because the inscription 158 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:29,880 Speaker 1: was done in charcoal, which is very delicate. So the 159 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:33,440 Speaker 1: idea was that it must have been made shortly before 160 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:37,560 Speaker 1: the eruption and was buried and preserved, rather than much 161 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:40,439 Speaker 1: longer before that where it would have weathered away before 162 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:45,320 Speaker 1: the eruption happened. Archaeologists at the park conducted an experiment 163 00:10:45,559 --> 00:10:48,880 Speaker 1: using charcoal to write on the same wall in October 164 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:51,440 Speaker 1: of twenty twenty three to see if the note was 165 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:56,160 Speaker 1: still visible the following August, which it was. The paper 166 00:10:56,200 --> 00:10:59,320 Speaker 1: also offers counter arguments to some of the other evidence 167 00:10:59,400 --> 00:11:02,120 Speaker 1: that's been used to support a later date for the eruption, 168 00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: like what kinds of seasonal foods have been found at 169 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:09,880 Speaker 1: the site. Ultimately, the paper sort of cautiously supports the 170 00:11:09,960 --> 00:11:14,080 Speaker 1: idea that Pliny the Younger was correct, but without conclusively 171 00:11:14,160 --> 00:11:17,760 Speaker 1: saying that was the case. Past host of the show 172 00:11:17,840 --> 00:11:21,520 Speaker 1: talked about POMPEII on October nineteenth, two thousand and nine, 173 00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:25,040 Speaker 1: and of course that has been on seemingly every installment 174 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:29,520 Speaker 1: of on Earth. We did an episode on the Paris 175 00:11:29,559 --> 00:11:33,679 Speaker 1: Catacombs on October twenty third, twenty nineteen, following our trip 176 00:11:33,760 --> 00:11:37,200 Speaker 1: to Paris that same year. In the late eighteenth century, 177 00:11:37,360 --> 00:11:40,679 Speaker 1: cemeteries around Paris were emptied out and the remains they 178 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:44,280 Speaker 1: had held were dumped into the catacombs. Our episode goes 179 00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:46,880 Speaker 1: into the reasons why that happened and how it was 180 00:11:46,960 --> 00:11:51,200 Speaker 1: carried out. Later on, walls were built along passages in 181 00:11:51,240 --> 00:11:55,520 Speaker 1: the catacombs using the skulls and long bones. One of 182 00:11:55,559 --> 00:11:59,240 Speaker 1: these collapsed in twenty twenty two, which gave researchers an 183 00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:03,360 Speaker 1: opportunity to study the bones more closely. Yeah. The idea 184 00:12:03,559 --> 00:12:05,920 Speaker 1: was that since the wall had already collapsed, they would 185 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:10,960 Speaker 1: be able to do that work without further disturbing the remains. 186 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:15,280 Speaker 1: This is the first serious scientific study of the skeletal 187 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:22,240 Speaker 1: remains in that ostuary. This effort involves a team of archaeologists, anthropologists, biologists, 188 00:12:22,240 --> 00:12:25,480 Speaker 1: and doctors, and they're studying the bones to try to 189 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:28,280 Speaker 1: get a sense of what public health was like in 190 00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:32,120 Speaker 1: Paris over the centuries in which these people lived and died. 191 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:35,240 Speaker 1: So they're looking at physical damage to the bones, like 192 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:39,720 Speaker 1: evidence of past injuries or amputations, as well as evidence 193 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:43,800 Speaker 1: of illnesses, infections, and other conditions that can leave evidence 194 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:47,959 Speaker 1: on the bones. This will also give researchers enough information 195 00:12:48,160 --> 00:12:52,319 Speaker 1: to more accurately estimate just how many people's bones were 196 00:12:52,360 --> 00:12:56,000 Speaker 1: placed in the catacombs. We also did a two part 197 00:12:56,040 --> 00:13:00,199 Speaker 1: episode on Ernest Shackleton's expeditions to Antarctica in March of 198 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:03,640 Speaker 1: twenty twenty two, after the wreck of his ship was found. 199 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:07,040 Speaker 1: A new three D digital scan of the wreck was 200 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:10,560 Speaker 1: released in October, showing that the ship is still very 201 00:13:10,559 --> 00:13:14,319 Speaker 1: well preserved, with a number of everyday items still visible 202 00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:17,680 Speaker 1: in the wreckage. The scan was released as part of 203 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:21,440 Speaker 1: the promotion for a documentary called Endurance, which is on 204 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:25,880 Speaker 1: Disney Plus. Prior hosts of the show talked about Ada 205 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:30,839 Speaker 1: Lovelace on November eleventh, two thousand and nine. A researcher 206 00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:34,959 Speaker 1: working at the Royal Society has found four letters from 207 00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:38,400 Speaker 1: her to Sir John Herschel, which were written in eighteen 208 00:13:38,520 --> 00:13:42,600 Speaker 1: forty eight. These were letters that the Royal Society did 209 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:45,880 Speaker 1: know about, but they had been misfiled at some point 210 00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:48,680 Speaker 1: in the past, so they didn't actually know where they were. 211 00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:52,440 Speaker 1: They had been placed in a volume that was called 212 00:13:52,760 --> 00:13:57,160 Speaker 1: Miscellaneous nineteen and apparently they had been filed under the 213 00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:01,120 Speaker 1: name Augusta Ada King, which as her name, but that 214 00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:04,000 Speaker 1: left off the Countess of Lovelace that would have made 215 00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: it more obviously clear who these letters belonged to. These 216 00:14:08,080 --> 00:14:11,480 Speaker 1: letters offer an example of the steps Ada Lovelace had 217 00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: to take at a time in which women were not 218 00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:18,880 Speaker 1: considered capable of things like complex mathematics and astronomy. She 219 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:22,040 Speaker 1: ostensively writes on behalf of her husband and takes an 220 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:28,400 Speaker 1: extremely self deprecating and apologetic tone, but then asks questions 221 00:14:28,520 --> 00:14:32,320 Speaker 1: or offers insights that show that she definitely does understand 222 00:14:32,360 --> 00:14:35,400 Speaker 1: the subject at hand. Yeah, it's almost like, Hey, I'm 223 00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:37,680 Speaker 1: really sorry to bother you, but my husband wanted me 224 00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:41,640 Speaker 1: to ask you this question. Uh, and I really don't 225 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:44,040 Speaker 1: know anything about this. But then and then just lays 226 00:14:44,080 --> 00:14:49,040 Speaker 1: out an incredibly complex Uh. We're going to take a 227 00:14:49,120 --> 00:15:01,600 Speaker 1: quick sponsor break and then have a couple more updates. 228 00:15:01,920 --> 00:15:06,120 Speaker 1: Stonehenge has made a lot of appearances on Unearthed since 229 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:09,840 Speaker 1: we covered it back in twenty fourteen. That twenty fourteen 230 00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:13,920 Speaker 1: episode was because there had been research about it. This 231 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:17,120 Speaker 1: includes our most recent installment of Unearthed before this one. 232 00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: That time that most recent prior episode, we talked about 233 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: research suggesting that the central stone at the site, known 234 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:30,640 Speaker 1: as the Altar Stone, had come from northeastern Scotland. A 235 00:15:30,680 --> 00:15:33,960 Speaker 1: subsequent paper actually called that into question to an extent, 236 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:38,200 Speaker 1: suggesting that while the stone did come from a formation 237 00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:43,120 Speaker 1: in northeastern Scotland known as the Orcadian Basin, it wasn't 238 00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:47,160 Speaker 1: specifically from Orkney, which was the part of the basin 239 00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:51,520 Speaker 1: that was pinpointed in that paper. Previous installments of Unearthed 240 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:55,160 Speaker 1: have also discussed research that concluded that other stones at 241 00:15:55,160 --> 00:15:59,880 Speaker 1: the site came from Wales. Research published in Archaeology and 242 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:04,640 Speaker 1: International in late December draws on all of this, suggesting 243 00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:08,080 Speaker 1: that Stonehenge was built in an effort to unify farmers 244 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:11,320 Speaker 1: on the island of Great Britain. The stones used to 245 00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:14,640 Speaker 1: make the circle weren't local to Salisbury Plane, and in 246 00:16:14,680 --> 00:16:17,600 Speaker 1: some cases they had to be moved hundreds of miles 247 00:16:17,640 --> 00:16:21,240 Speaker 1: to get there. The paper's authors described this use of 248 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:25,600 Speaker 1: non local stone as unique among Britain's stone circles, and 249 00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:29,200 Speaker 1: they suggest that in addition to religious or spiritual meanings 250 00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:32,360 Speaker 1: surrounding the stones. There may have been a more social 251 00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:36,680 Speaker 1: and political aspect of trying to bring people together on 252 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:39,760 Speaker 1: a practical level. Moving the stones from so far away 253 00:16:39,880 --> 00:16:42,680 Speaker 1: would have required the immense effort of people in these 254 00:16:42,760 --> 00:16:46,680 Speaker 1: far flung communities, and then once the circle was built, 255 00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:51,840 Speaker 1: the stones themselves may have symbolized those distant groups. It's 256 00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:55,840 Speaker 1: not clear whether this interpretation is correct, but it is interesting. 257 00:16:56,080 --> 00:17:00,720 Speaker 1: I love that interpretation. Yeah. Lastly, for our updates, we 258 00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:04,080 Speaker 1: have some updates related to the boarding schools for Indigenous 259 00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 1: children that we've talked about in several episodes of the show, 260 00:17:07,640 --> 00:17:10,879 Speaker 1: including our two parter on the Fortshaw Indian School Girls 261 00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:15,000 Speaker 1: basketball team and our three parter on Jim Thorpe. Both 262 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:19,120 Speaker 1: of those episodes were about children who were athletes at 263 00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,200 Speaker 1: the schools and were protected from some of the worst 264 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:26,399 Speaker 1: elements of going there. These schools were part of the 265 00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:30,080 Speaker 1: United States effort to eradicate Indigenous peoples, in this case 266 00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:35,000 Speaker 1: through cultural genocide. Much of the ongoing work involving the 267 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:38,880 Speaker 1: history of these schools is connected to the Federal Indian 268 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:42,760 Speaker 1: Boarding School Initiative, which we talked about on Unearthed in 269 00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:46,280 Speaker 1: July of twenty twenty two after it released the first 270 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:51,160 Speaker 1: volume of its investigative report into the school's history. That 271 00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,639 Speaker 1: report said that at least a thousand children had died 272 00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:57,639 Speaker 1: in these schools according to federal records, but that the 273 00:17:57,840 --> 00:18:02,240 Speaker 1: actual number was likely a lot higher. In late December, 274 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:06,360 Speaker 1: the Washington Post published the results of its own investigation, 275 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:10,240 Speaker 1: which concluded that the death toll was more than three thousand. 276 00:18:11,119 --> 00:18:14,640 Speaker 1: An oral history project started in March and as planned 277 00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:17,959 Speaker 1: to continue through twenty twenty six as a joint effort 278 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 1: between the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition and 279 00:18:22,119 --> 00:18:26,160 Speaker 1: the US Department of the Interior. We cannot say, as 280 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:29,679 Speaker 1: we are recording this whether the changing presidential administration is 281 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:33,479 Speaker 1: going to affect that timeline. This project has involved a 282 00:18:33,520 --> 00:18:37,600 Speaker 1: team of historians visiting indigenous communities in multiple states to 283 00:18:37,680 --> 00:18:42,000 Speaker 1: record video interviews in a way that incorporates indigenous practices, 284 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:46,439 Speaker 1: with indigenous psychologists on hand, and the intent is to 285 00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:50,160 Speaker 1: take a holistic approach so that people's participation in these 286 00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:54,840 Speaker 1: oral histories is healing rather than traumatizing. The Department of 287 00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:58,280 Speaker 1: the Interior and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 288 00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:00,800 Speaker 1: are working on ways to share the use these histories, 289 00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:04,240 Speaker 1: but the survivors own the interviews they give, and they 290 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:07,320 Speaker 1: are the ones who decide whether their stories become public. 291 00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:11,120 Speaker 1: As we also noted in one of our other episodes 292 00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:15,840 Speaker 1: this fall, President Joe Biden also formally apologized on behalf 293 00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:19,520 Speaker 1: of the US government earlier this year, saying, in part 294 00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:23,000 Speaker 1: quote quite frankly, there's no excuse this apology took fifty 295 00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:27,760 Speaker 1: years to make. Biden also announced a new national monument 296 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:31,800 Speaker 1: being established at the site of Carlisle Indian Industrial School 297 00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:35,280 Speaker 1: in December. Because that school was on the site of 298 00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:38,960 Speaker 1: what's an active military installation. This new monument will be 299 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:41,760 Speaker 1: co maintained by the Department of the Army and the 300 00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:46,320 Speaker 1: Department of the Interior. Moving on to some shipwrecks, a 301 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:49,040 Speaker 1: team in Wisconsin started a search for the wreck of 302 00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:53,159 Speaker 1: the John Evanson earlier this year. The John Evanson was 303 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,800 Speaker 1: a wooden tugboat that sank on June fifth, eighteen ninety five, 304 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,760 Speaker 1: after crossing in front of the IW Stevenson, which was 305 00:20:00,800 --> 00:20:04,199 Speaker 1: the ship it was preparing to tow. Four of the 306 00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:07,080 Speaker 1: five crew survived the wreck, and the exact side of 307 00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:11,400 Speaker 1: the wreckage had remained a mystery since that time. Two 308 00:20:11,520 --> 00:20:15,920 Speaker 1: maritime historians studied newspaper accounts of the wreck before starting 309 00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:20,960 Speaker 1: side scan sonar surveys, and those revealed the wreck just 310 00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:24,600 Speaker 1: minutes into the first day of what was planned as 311 00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:29,119 Speaker 1: a three day search, which delights me. They followed up 312 00:20:29,160 --> 00:20:32,520 Speaker 1: with photographs that were taken with a remote operated vehicle, 313 00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:35,800 Speaker 1: and the Wisconsin Historical Society announced the find at the 314 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:38,639 Speaker 1: end of September, a little too late to wind up 315 00:20:38,680 --> 00:20:43,760 Speaker 1: in our autumn installment of Unearthed. A British submarine called 316 00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:47,840 Speaker 1: the HMS Trooper vanished after a secret mission in nineteen 317 00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:52,080 Speaker 1: forty three which involved carrying three resistance agents to an 318 00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:56,240 Speaker 1: island on the western coast of Greece. Afterward, it was 319 00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:58,920 Speaker 1: supposed to go on patrol, but when it didn't arrive 320 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:02,280 Speaker 1: in Beirut as ex affected on October seventeenth of that year, 321 00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:08,000 Speaker 1: its crew was presumed lost. Underwater recovery company Planet Blue 322 00:21:08,080 --> 00:21:12,280 Speaker 1: had gone on fourteen previous expeditions trying to find this wreck, 323 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:15,679 Speaker 1: based on the last place it had reportedly been seen 324 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:20,680 Speaker 1: just three days before it failed to arrive, But it 325 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:25,199 Speaker 1: turned out that that sighting, which had happened on October fourteenth, 326 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:28,719 Speaker 1: was a case of mistaken identity that was really a 327 00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:33,080 Speaker 1: different British submarine of the same class. Eventually, the team 328 00:21:33,119 --> 00:21:35,800 Speaker 1: decided to try looking in a different area where the 329 00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:39,000 Speaker 1: submarine probably would have been earlier on in the month. 330 00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:42,440 Speaker 1: They spotted the wreck on October third of this year 331 00:21:42,560 --> 00:21:46,439 Speaker 1: using shipboard sonar. Then they again followed up with a 332 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:51,080 Speaker 1: remote operated vehicle. This wreck is broken in two, suggesting 333 00:21:51,119 --> 00:21:53,800 Speaker 1: that it ran into a German mine, and since its 334 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:57,560 Speaker 1: conning tower was open, it was probably traveling along the 335 00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: surface of the water when it happened. Since the submarine 336 00:22:01,640 --> 00:22:06,280 Speaker 1: is a war grave, it is being left undisturbed. Researchers 337 00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:09,600 Speaker 1: working with remains of sailors aboard the mary Rose have 338 00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:14,240 Speaker 1: found a possible connection between handedness and the chemical makeup 339 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:18,600 Speaker 1: of the clavicle that's the collarbone. The mary Rose sank 340 00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:22,840 Speaker 1: in battle on July nineteenth, fifteen forty five, and the 341 00:22:22,920 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: rack is now housed at the mary Rose Museum in Portsmouth, England. 342 00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:31,200 Speaker 1: This was covered in the twenty eleven episode five Shipwrecked Stories, 343 00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:36,359 Speaker 1: and it's made several appearances on Unearthed. This research examined 344 00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:39,560 Speaker 1: the clavicles of twelve men from the ship, who were 345 00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:43,040 Speaker 1: between the ages of thirteen and forty, using a non 346 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:47,720 Speaker 1: destructive imaging technology called rhymen spectroscopy, and they found that 347 00:22:47,760 --> 00:22:52,200 Speaker 1: the chemical makeup of the clavicle varied according to people's ages. 348 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,920 Speaker 1: These age related changes were more pronounced in the right 349 00:22:57,040 --> 00:23:01,240 Speaker 1: clavicles than the left. Today, about ten percent of the 350 00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:05,840 Speaker 1: world's population is left handed, but left handedness was extremely 351 00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:09,400 Speaker 1: stigmatized during the Tudor era, so it's likely that any 352 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:13,600 Speaker 1: left handed people on the crew would have intentionally used 353 00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:17,600 Speaker 1: their right hands instead. It really makes sense that the 354 00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,639 Speaker 1: increased use of the right hand and arm would have 355 00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:24,000 Speaker 1: some kind of effect on the clavicle, and this research 356 00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:26,639 Speaker 1: suggests that effect is there all the way at the 357 00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:30,639 Speaker 1: chemical level. Divers have documented a wreck off the coast 358 00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:34,080 Speaker 1: of Sicily that was first spotted by fishers in twenty 359 00:23:34,119 --> 00:23:38,080 Speaker 1: twenty two. The wreck itself is buried in sand, and 360 00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:42,440 Speaker 1: what's visible is a collection of forty ceramic vessels, many 361 00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:45,040 Speaker 1: of them still neatly stacked as they were when the 362 00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:49,159 Speaker 1: cargo was loaded. In the photos, they're mostly purple, and 363 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:52,119 Speaker 1: some of them have become home to various kinds of 364 00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:55,399 Speaker 1: marine life. It's hard to tell from the pictures whether 365 00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:59,040 Speaker 1: they like how accurate the color is because this is 366 00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:04,479 Speaker 1: being taken underwell, but they're really cool looking color in 367 00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:08,040 Speaker 1: my opinion. A lot is still unknown about this ship 368 00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:11,840 Speaker 1: and its cargo. The vessels, the ceramic vessels. They're believed 369 00:24:11,840 --> 00:24:14,840 Speaker 1: to be a type known as Richborough five two seven, 370 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:19,159 Speaker 1: and that is named for where the vessels were first classified. 371 00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:23,800 Speaker 1: Richboro is in England, but the ceramic vessels are believed 372 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,760 Speaker 1: to have been made on the Aeolian island of Lipari 373 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:32,640 Speaker 1: approximately nineteen hundred to twenty one hundred years ago. If 374 00:24:32,640 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 1: this is really what they are, they might contain alum, 375 00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: which was commonly shipped in vessels like these. Conservators have 376 00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:44,280 Speaker 1: finished their work on two bottles that were recovered from 377 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:46,399 Speaker 1: a wreck off the coast of Florida a couple of 378 00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:50,440 Speaker 1: years ago. These are known as onion bottles or glass 379 00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:53,320 Speaker 1: onions because of their shape, which is sort of like 380 00:24:53,480 --> 00:24:56,200 Speaker 1: half an onion with the stems still attached at the top. 381 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,160 Speaker 1: This is a style of wine bottle that was first 382 00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:03,520 Speaker 1: developed in the middle seventeenth century. It is not common 383 00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:07,160 Speaker 1: for whole onion bottles to be found on shipwrecks because 384 00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:11,000 Speaker 1: they're particularly delicate, even more delicate than a lot of 385 00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:15,280 Speaker 1: other styles of glass bottle. These, in particular, were also 386 00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:19,080 Speaker 1: covered in sand and marine life, and they were peeling 387 00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:24,720 Speaker 1: apart because the glass itself was delaminating, so conservators spent 388 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:28,280 Speaker 1: just months cleaning and drying them before coating them in 389 00:25:28,359 --> 00:25:31,639 Speaker 1: a resin to try to preserve them. The fact that 390 00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:34,679 Speaker 1: they found two of them still intact with all this 391 00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:38,920 Speaker 1: in mind is really incredible. The exact ship these bottles 392 00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:41,680 Speaker 1: came from is not known, but it was part of 393 00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:46,280 Speaker 1: the Spanish plate fleet that sailed in seventeen fifteen. Eleven 394 00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:50,440 Speaker 1: ships from that fleet sank in a hurricane. Research published 395 00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:54,560 Speaker 1: in the Journal of Maritime Archaeology in November has concluded 396 00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:56,720 Speaker 1: that a shipwreck that was found off the coast of 397 00:25:56,840 --> 00:26:00,520 Speaker 1: Kenya in twenty thirteen may have been part of the 398 00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:05,240 Speaker 1: last voyage of Vasco da Gama. Twenty ships were part 399 00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:08,120 Speaker 1: of this voyage, and one of them, the Saw George, 400 00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:12,840 Speaker 1: was captured and sank in fifteen twenty four. They based 401 00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:16,840 Speaker 1: this conclusion about the ship's identity on analysis of objects 402 00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:21,080 Speaker 1: that were recovered from it during underwater archaeological work, including 403 00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:24,760 Speaker 1: some pieces of the ship's hull. A team working off 404 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:27,960 Speaker 1: the coast of Northern Ireland believes they have found the 405 00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:31,399 Speaker 1: wreck of the HMS Stephen Furness, which was sunk by 406 00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:36,120 Speaker 1: a German torpedo on December thirteenth, nineteen seventeen, while traveling 407 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:39,679 Speaker 1: to Liverpool for repairs. This effort was part of a 408 00:26:39,720 --> 00:26:43,400 Speaker 1: project to find and identify multiple wrecks in the area. 409 00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:47,640 Speaker 1: It combined multi beam sonar scans of all the places 410 00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,360 Speaker 1: where the various ships were reported to have been sighted 411 00:26:50,840 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 1: and historical records around the ships and their losses. The 412 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:57,399 Speaker 1: wreck believed to be the Stephen Furness was in an 413 00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:01,040 Speaker 1: area where a German commander had reported firing a torpedo 414 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:06,000 Speaker 1: at a ship. There's also another wreck that was connected 415 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:09,679 Speaker 1: to this discovery, which is a Swedish vessel called the Maya, 416 00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:14,240 Speaker 1: which sank in the same general area after being torpedoed 417 00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:17,840 Speaker 1: about a year later. The wreck now believed to be 418 00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:22,119 Speaker 1: the Stephen Furness was originally identified as that other ship, 419 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:24,760 Speaker 1: which that ship is now believed to be a different 420 00:27:24,840 --> 00:27:28,520 Speaker 1: wreck that's a few miles to the south. And lastly, 421 00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:32,119 Speaker 1: the deterioration of shipwrecks has come up on a couple 422 00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:34,919 Speaker 1: of installments of unearthed and this can happen to the 423 00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:40,240 Speaker 1: ships themselves and to wooden artifacts on board. Conservators' best 424 00:27:40,280 --> 00:27:43,320 Speaker 1: efforts to preserve and protect them don't always work out 425 00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:47,880 Speaker 1: after they've been water logged, sometimes for centuries. In addition 426 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,400 Speaker 1: to the effects of the water itself, the underwater conditions 427 00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:54,800 Speaker 1: can also lead to the growth of bacteria and fungi 428 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:59,320 Speaker 1: that continue to damage the wood. There are several techniques 429 00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:02,000 Speaker 1: that can serves can use to try to deal with this. 430 00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:06,960 Speaker 1: They have included freeze drying the wood, or using a 431 00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: pressurized process to force water out of the wood and 432 00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:13,800 Speaker 1: replace it with something like carbon dioxide or a polymer. 433 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:18,080 Speaker 1: Another option is to paint the wood while it's still 434 00:28:18,119 --> 00:28:22,240 Speaker 1: wet with a gel that neutralizes the compounds produced by 435 00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:26,199 Speaker 1: bacteria and fungi that can damage the wood. All of 436 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,840 Speaker 1: these different techniques have their own downsides, including how long 437 00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:32,960 Speaker 1: they take, how expensive they are, and in terms of 438 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:36,760 Speaker 1: that gel, possible damage to the wood when it's removed. 439 00:28:37,520 --> 00:28:41,480 Speaker 1: But researchers have developed a new technique that involves coating 440 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:45,840 Speaker 1: the wood in a hydrogel that first neutralizes acids and 441 00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:49,680 Speaker 1: kills bacteria, and then just dissolves over time, rather than 442 00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:53,080 Speaker 1: needing to be manually removed. This is still kind of 443 00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:56,600 Speaker 1: at the proof of concept stage, but tests on wood 444 00:28:56,680 --> 00:28:59,280 Speaker 1: from an eight hundred year old wreck that was found 445 00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:03,400 Speaker 1: off the south of China. Seem pretty promising. We are 446 00:29:03,440 --> 00:29:05,920 Speaker 1: going to take a quick sponsor break here, and then 447 00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:18,560 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about art. So much art. Whoo, 448 00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:22,040 Speaker 1: now we get to talk about a whole bunch of art. 449 00:29:22,840 --> 00:29:26,200 Speaker 1: Back in nineteen sixty two, a junk dealer in Capri, 450 00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:29,640 Speaker 1: Italy found a painting in a basement while cleaning out 451 00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:33,320 Speaker 1: a home, put that painting in an inexpensive frame, and 452 00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:35,560 Speaker 1: then hung it up on his own wall because he 453 00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:40,760 Speaker 1: liked it. In October, it was announced that the Scientific 454 00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:45,000 Speaker 1: Committee of the Arcadia Foundation has determined that this painting 455 00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:49,800 Speaker 1: is an original Picasso, although that has not yet been 456 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:54,280 Speaker 1: confirmed by official Picasso authenticators, at least not as of 457 00:29:54,320 --> 00:29:58,840 Speaker 1: when we're recording this. What's weirdly delightful about the news 458 00:29:58,920 --> 00:30:02,200 Speaker 1: reporting on this is that multiple articles make it sound 459 00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:06,000 Speaker 1: like this was a huge and unexpected surprise, but the 460 00:30:06,040 --> 00:30:10,640 Speaker 1: painting definitely looks like a Picasso. It shows a stylized 461 00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:13,840 Speaker 1: figure facing out from the canvas in a blue top, 462 00:30:13,920 --> 00:30:17,120 Speaker 1: with long brown hair and a face that is surreally 463 00:30:17,160 --> 00:30:21,600 Speaker 1: divided into two portions, with one oversized eye forming the 464 00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:24,640 Speaker 1: connection between one part where the mouth is and the 465 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:27,160 Speaker 1: other part which has an ear, the nose and the 466 00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:30,920 Speaker 1: other eye. It's believed to be a portrait of surrealist 467 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:34,000 Speaker 1: artist Dora Marr, who was in a relationship with Picasso 468 00:30:34,120 --> 00:30:37,760 Speaker 1: at the time that this was likely painted, and Capri, 469 00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:41,480 Speaker 1: where it was found, is somewhere that Picasso often visited. 470 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:44,920 Speaker 1: So aside from looking at this painting and going hey, 471 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,560 Speaker 1: that like it looks like a Picasso, the painting has 472 00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:51,360 Speaker 1: Picasso's signature on it in the top left corner, and 473 00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:55,520 Speaker 1: that signature also resembles ones on other works that were 474 00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:59,720 Speaker 1: known to be by him. So sure, this could have 475 00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:03,280 Speaker 1: been a forgery, but the idea that it might be 476 00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:07,880 Speaker 1: a Picasso didn't just come out of nowhere for people 477 00:31:07,920 --> 00:31:10,640 Speaker 1: to be totally flabbergasted when it turned out to be 478 00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:14,960 Speaker 1: a Picasso. My god, it's a Picasso. Apparently, the man 479 00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:19,080 Speaker 1: who originally found this painting, Luigi l Rosso, wasn't very 480 00:31:19,120 --> 00:31:22,440 Speaker 1: knowledgeable about art, and the painting became a source of 481 00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:25,320 Speaker 1: strife between him and his wife, who thought it was 482 00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:29,320 Speaker 1: horrible to look at. But their sons started questioning whether 483 00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:32,560 Speaker 1: it might be a Picasso after seeing similar work in 484 00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:35,360 Speaker 1: an art history book. And that is what led them 485 00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:38,040 Speaker 1: to try to have it authenticated. I just love this 486 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:41,760 Speaker 1: whole story rstly like I hate that ugly painting. Wait 487 00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:47,560 Speaker 1: a minute. Researchers working on an exhibition called Picturing Childhood 488 00:31:47,680 --> 00:31:52,080 Speaker 1: at Chatsworth House in England have identified a black child 489 00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:55,400 Speaker 1: shown in a family portrait that was painted by Jean 490 00:31:55,480 --> 00:32:00,960 Speaker 1: Baptiste Valleu in seventeen thirty nine. It was common at 491 00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:04,920 Speaker 1: this point for wealthy families in England to have either 492 00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:09,760 Speaker 1: free or enslaved black children working in their households, and 493 00:32:09,840 --> 00:32:12,880 Speaker 1: it was also fairly common for these children to appear 494 00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:16,920 Speaker 1: in portraiture of the family, typically in the background or 495 00:32:17,040 --> 00:32:20,600 Speaker 1: near the edge of the scene, often doing something related 496 00:32:20,680 --> 00:32:24,440 Speaker 1: to what was going on in the portrait. In this case, 497 00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:29,200 Speaker 1: this child is carrying paint brushes for Lady Dorothy Boyle, 498 00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:33,120 Speaker 1: who was a painter herself, and is holding an artist's 499 00:32:33,160 --> 00:32:36,360 Speaker 1: palette in her hand. There's also an easel with a 500 00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:40,560 Speaker 1: canvas on it in the background behind the family. This 501 00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:45,360 Speaker 1: child had previously been identified as James Cambridge because that's 502 00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:48,360 Speaker 1: how his name had appeared on a tailor's bill for 503 00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:53,040 Speaker 1: household servants livery in seventeen thirty nine, but his name 504 00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:57,040 Speaker 1: was really James Cumberlidge, known to the family as Gem 505 00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:01,200 Speaker 1: and he was a paid servant had been freed upon 506 00:33:01,240 --> 00:33:03,640 Speaker 1: the death of his enslaver, that was a white man 507 00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:07,920 Speaker 1: named Christopher Cumberledge, and this research also revealed that James 508 00:33:07,920 --> 00:33:13,480 Speaker 1: had a brother named Kit. The uniqueness of that last name, Cumberledge, 509 00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:16,480 Speaker 1: has made it more possible for researchers to find out 510 00:33:16,520 --> 00:33:20,040 Speaker 1: more about James Cumberlidge and his life than can be 511 00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:22,880 Speaker 1: done for a lot of other black people who were 512 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:27,520 Speaker 1: living in Britain in the eighteenth century. James and two 513 00:33:27,520 --> 00:33:30,800 Speaker 1: other black servants had lessons from a schoolmaster when they 514 00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:34,320 Speaker 1: were children, and they learned to read and write. Cumberledge 515 00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,560 Speaker 1: continued to work for the family into his adulthood, and 516 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:40,200 Speaker 1: then after the death of the Countess, he became a 517 00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:45,160 Speaker 1: trumpeter for King George the Second. He eventually owned property 518 00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:47,320 Speaker 1: and he had a wife and child of his own. 519 00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:50,760 Speaker 1: There is a whole article about his life with a 520 00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:54,760 Speaker 1: lot more detail at the Chatsworth House website. This one 521 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:59,040 Speaker 1: caught my eye because some of the headlines described this 522 00:33:59,120 --> 00:34:03,960 Speaker 1: as research that could quote rewrite black history in Britain, which, 523 00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:07,840 Speaker 1: in my opinion is kind of overstated. This is definitely 524 00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:13,480 Speaker 1: way more information that we previously had about this one person, 525 00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:17,440 Speaker 1: and that is important. But this is not the first 526 00:34:17,520 --> 00:34:21,840 Speaker 1: evidence of black Britons in the eighteenth century, including black 527 00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:25,120 Speaker 1: Britons who were literate or served in the royal household 528 00:34:25,200 --> 00:34:28,239 Speaker 1: or owned property. Like, we do know more about this 529 00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:31,560 Speaker 1: one person, which I love, but it doesn't really rewrite 530 00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:36,800 Speaker 1: black history, no. Yeah. In October, Oxford University's Boldly In 531 00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:40,799 Speaker 1: Libraries announced the discovery of what may be the earliest 532 00:34:40,920 --> 00:34:43,920 Speaker 1: engraving work by William Blake, done when he was a 533 00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:47,880 Speaker 1: fifteen year old apprentice working in the studio of James Besire. 534 00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:51,799 Speaker 1: Many of these aren't visible to the naked eye and 535 00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:56,320 Speaker 1: were discovered using a non contact, high resolution recording system 536 00:34:56,760 --> 00:35:01,280 Speaker 1: known as the Selene Photometric Stereo system. Some of these 537 00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:06,520 Speaker 1: look like practice work and some like distracted doodling, like 538 00:35:06,719 --> 00:35:09,719 Speaker 1: one is the plate maker's mark, but the O in 539 00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:14,480 Speaker 1: London is filled in with crosshatching. Another is an aarrow motif, 540 00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:18,239 Speaker 1: and one shows a simple but evocative face looking out 541 00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:22,560 Speaker 1: from the plate. It's not conclusively known that this is 542 00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:26,439 Speaker 1: William Blake's work. The plate's due date from a time 543 00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:29,160 Speaker 1: when he was known to be an apprentice there, but 544 00:35:29,239 --> 00:35:34,440 Speaker 1: none of them really contained something concretely identifying, like writing 545 00:35:34,480 --> 00:35:37,640 Speaker 1: his name over and over practicing his handwriting. There are 546 00:35:37,719 --> 00:35:43,799 Speaker 1: dudly demons everywhere. Paul Gogan's eighteen eighty eight painting The 547 00:35:43,840 --> 00:35:46,920 Speaker 1: Little Cat is on loan to the Van Goll Museum 548 00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:51,000 Speaker 1: in Amsterdam, and the museum has done a technical investigation 549 00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:55,520 Speaker 1: of it, including X ray analysis. This X ray analysis 550 00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:58,960 Speaker 1: has revealed some distortion in the canvas caused by how 551 00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:02,600 Speaker 1: it was attached to this stretcher frame, suggesting that Gogam 552 00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:04,880 Speaker 1: may have trimmed off the right side of the painting 553 00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:08,440 Speaker 1: at one point, and they also found the remains of 554 00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:11,759 Speaker 1: a beetle. It's not known exactly what kind because it 555 00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:15,319 Speaker 1: is not intact. It seems likely that the beetle got 556 00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:18,720 Speaker 1: into the paint while Gogan was working on this canvas. 557 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:23,000 Speaker 1: Poor thing, I know, and yet I love it that 558 00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:27,719 Speaker 1: there's a little beetle on there. Archaeologists in Greece have 559 00:36:27,920 --> 00:36:32,880 Speaker 1: unearthed a portrait of Constantine the eleventh Pelilagos, the last 560 00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:37,560 Speaker 1: Byzantine Emperor, which may have been painted from life the 561 00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:40,320 Speaker 1: States back to the mid fifteenth century and was found 562 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:45,080 Speaker 1: out a monastery in western Greece. If this was painted 563 00:36:45,360 --> 00:36:48,480 Speaker 1: while he was still alive, this also would be the 564 00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:52,120 Speaker 1: last known painting of a Byzantine emperor created during their reign, 565 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:57,800 Speaker 1: and only known depiction of this emperor actually created during 566 00:36:57,920 --> 00:37:02,640 Speaker 1: his lifetime. Serves at the Old North Church in Boston 567 00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:06,080 Speaker 1: are working to undo renovation work from more than a 568 00:37:06,080 --> 00:37:10,840 Speaker 1: century ago, including removing layers of paint to reveal murals 569 00:37:10,880 --> 00:37:14,560 Speaker 1: of Cherubic angels around the arches near the sanctuary ceiling. 570 00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:18,400 Speaker 1: Those angels were painted in the late seventeen twenties and 571 00:37:18,480 --> 00:37:23,400 Speaker 1: early seventeen thirties. They resemble stone carvings, and each of 572 00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:26,400 Speaker 1: the ones that has been uncovered so far has a 573 00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:31,400 Speaker 1: subtly different expression and posture. For reasons that aren't fully 574 00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:35,640 Speaker 1: clear at this point, church officials painted over the angels 575 00:37:35,760 --> 00:37:39,719 Speaker 1: in nineteen twelve. One possibility for why they did this 576 00:37:40,160 --> 00:37:42,480 Speaker 1: was that in the early twentieth century there was a 577 00:37:42,520 --> 00:37:46,480 Speaker 1: colonial revival movement going on, and that might have made 578 00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:49,440 Speaker 1: people at the church want it to have sort of 579 00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:53,520 Speaker 1: what they thought of as a more colonial work, which 580 00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:57,120 Speaker 1: I mean you do see a lot of solid color 581 00:37:57,280 --> 00:37:59,440 Speaker 1: or solid white walls, and a lot of things that 582 00:37:59,440 --> 00:38:02,920 Speaker 1: are supposed to to be colonial, but like these paintings 583 00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:06,120 Speaker 1: of angels dated back to the colonial era, they were 584 00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:09,720 Speaker 1: original to that time. When the angels were first painted, 585 00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:13,359 Speaker 1: the Old North Church was an Anglican church, so it's 586 00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:16,360 Speaker 1: really not surprising that it might have had somewhat different 587 00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:22,560 Speaker 1: interior esthetic from the area's Puritan churches. This restoration work 588 00:38:22,680 --> 00:38:25,760 Speaker 1: was motivated in part by the two hundred and fiftieth 589 00:38:25,760 --> 00:38:29,719 Speaker 1: anniversary of Paul Revere's Ride that's coming up this April. 590 00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:33,040 Speaker 1: One of the historical moments connected to the church is 591 00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:36,000 Speaker 1: the use of lanterns as signals for the invasion of 592 00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:39,000 Speaker 1: the British troops one if by land and two if 593 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:42,200 Speaker 1: by sea. And we'll wrap up today's episode with a 594 00:38:42,239 --> 00:38:46,640 Speaker 1: couple of fines that are related to rock art. First 595 00:38:46,920 --> 00:38:51,719 Speaker 1: research published in the journal Azania Archaeological Research in Africa 596 00:38:52,080 --> 00:38:56,120 Speaker 1: has looked at the depiction of musical instruments in rock 597 00:38:56,280 --> 00:39:00,520 Speaker 1: art in Zimbabwe. This has followed some earlier research into 598 00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:05,000 Speaker 1: depictions of musical instruments and rock art in South Africa. 599 00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:08,400 Speaker 1: The rock art in this region has been studied a lot, 600 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:11,839 Speaker 1: but a lot of that research has more involved documenting 601 00:39:11,960 --> 00:39:16,359 Speaker 1: the sites themselves rather than analyzing or interpreting the art there. 602 00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:20,120 Speaker 1: This research looked at artwork made by the San people 603 00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:24,839 Speaker 1: and categorized the artwork using an instrument classification system known 604 00:39:24,920 --> 00:39:29,719 Speaker 1: as the hornbustl SAX system. This system uses five categories 605 00:39:29,760 --> 00:39:33,640 Speaker 1: based on where in an instrument musical vibrations are produced, so, 606 00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:37,880 Speaker 1: for example, idiophones use the vibration of solid matter like 607 00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:41,280 Speaker 1: striking a key on a xylophone or shaking a shaker. 608 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:47,000 Speaker 1: This research used four of the five categories since the fifth, electrophones, 609 00:39:47,440 --> 00:39:51,960 Speaker 1: is for electronically amplified instruments, so a team used the 610 00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:55,080 Speaker 1: postures of the figures and the objects they appear to 611 00:39:55,080 --> 00:40:00,040 Speaker 1: be holding to identify rattles a drum, trumpets, flutes, and 612 00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:04,279 Speaker 1: the bull roar. They also found regional differences in the 613 00:40:04,360 --> 00:40:07,799 Speaker 1: types of instruments that are depicted, like rattles that could 614 00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:10,600 Speaker 1: be held in the hand or attached to a person's 615 00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:15,399 Speaker 1: arms or legs, and they found correlations between musical instruments 616 00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:19,600 Speaker 1: and trance motifs, suggesting that the instruments were used in 617 00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:24,040 Speaker 1: rituals and ceremonies, and in some cases there are correlations 618 00:40:24,080 --> 00:40:27,840 Speaker 1: between specific instruments and the genders of the people that 619 00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:32,799 Speaker 1: are playing them. And lastly, research into rock paintings in 620 00:40:32,880 --> 00:40:37,040 Speaker 1: southeastern Finland dating back to between five thousand and fifteen 621 00:40:37,120 --> 00:40:42,160 Speaker 1: hundred BCE suggests that the surrounding acoustic environment was part 622 00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:46,839 Speaker 1: of the artwork. This research involved taking audio measurements either 623 00:40:46,840 --> 00:40:49,560 Speaker 1: from boats or from the ice surface when the water 624 00:40:49,719 --> 00:40:53,080 Speaker 1: was frozen. They found that the cliffs on which the 625 00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:57,279 Speaker 1: art was painted produced single echoes, which seemed to originate 626 00:40:57,320 --> 00:41:01,560 Speaker 1: from behind the painted surface, so people could talk to 627 00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:04,359 Speaker 1: the elks painted on the cliff side and then hear 628 00:41:04,440 --> 00:41:07,480 Speaker 1: the elk responding in a voice that sounded like their own. 629 00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:11,720 Speaker 1: Other nearby cliffs had a more jagged surface and produced 630 00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:15,520 Speaker 1: much weaker echoes, and the cliffs around dwelling sites didn't 631 00:41:15,560 --> 00:41:19,360 Speaker 1: produce echoes at all. The University of Helsinki has a 632 00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:22,200 Speaker 1: video on YouTube showing what the effect is like with 633 00:41:22,239 --> 00:41:25,600 Speaker 1: a drum. A musical artist strikes a drum from a 634 00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:30,160 Speaker 1: boat and the cliff seems to answer back. This is, 635 00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:33,799 Speaker 1: in my opinion, incredibly cool. Oh, it's so cool. It's 636 00:41:33,840 --> 00:41:36,720 Speaker 1: one of those things that we don't know for sure 637 00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:39,520 Speaker 1: that the people who made this artwork put it there 638 00:41:39,520 --> 00:41:42,279 Speaker 1: on purpose for this reason, or how They might have 639 00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:45,600 Speaker 1: incorporated the echoes into the experience of the art if 640 00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:49,160 Speaker 1: they did, but they are so distinctive that it does 641 00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:52,759 Speaker 1: seem probable that this use of the echoes was intentional. 642 00:41:54,840 --> 00:41:57,200 Speaker 1: And that is it for part one of On Earth. 643 00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:00,640 Speaker 1: We will have more stuff on Wednesday. Do you have 644 00:42:00,719 --> 00:42:03,360 Speaker 1: listener mail for today? I do have listener mail. It 645 00:42:03,440 --> 00:42:06,800 Speaker 1: is also about art. It is from Deborah, who wrote, Hello, 646 00:42:06,920 --> 00:42:10,880 Speaker 1: Tracy and Holly really enjoyed the Hangover show, but a 647 00:42:10,920 --> 00:42:14,839 Speaker 1: small knit. Regarding Suzanne Valadon, I was sorry to hear 648 00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:17,960 Speaker 1: you describe her simply as a former circus performer who 649 00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,200 Speaker 1: had a relationship with the trek. This happens so often 650 00:42:21,239 --> 00:42:24,120 Speaker 1: to women being reduced to amuse when she was a 651 00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:27,359 Speaker 1: very accomplished artist in her own right. She will have 652 00:42:27,520 --> 00:42:31,240 Speaker 1: major show at the Pumpadou Center in Paris starting later 653 00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:34,440 Speaker 1: this month. Looking forward to more great episodes in twenty 654 00:42:34,480 --> 00:42:39,440 Speaker 1: twenty five, Debra, So thank you for this email. Deborah. 655 00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:47,040 Speaker 1: The description of that painting the information in it came 656 00:42:47,080 --> 00:42:49,720 Speaker 1: from the website of Harvard Art Museums, which is actually 657 00:42:49,719 --> 00:42:52,040 Speaker 1: where that painting is in the collections. I have not 658 00:42:52,120 --> 00:42:56,680 Speaker 1: personally seen it, but I should go down there, and 659 00:42:57,080 --> 00:43:01,040 Speaker 1: that description at the Harvard Art Museum website does describe 660 00:43:01,080 --> 00:43:03,720 Speaker 1: her as a well known artist later in her life, 661 00:43:03,760 --> 00:43:06,239 Speaker 1: but that was a long time after this painting was 662 00:43:06,280 --> 00:43:10,400 Speaker 1: actually done. So at the time of the painting, Suzanne 663 00:43:10,440 --> 00:43:14,520 Speaker 1: Valadon had been a circus performer. She was injured in 664 00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:17,279 Speaker 1: a fall from a trapeze and so that sort of 665 00:43:17,520 --> 00:43:20,600 Speaker 1: ended her circus career and she started supporting herself as 666 00:43:20,640 --> 00:43:23,399 Speaker 1: a model for a number of artists, including To Lose 667 00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:29,080 Speaker 1: a Trek in Renoir. Probably the thing that people will 668 00:43:29,120 --> 00:43:31,680 Speaker 1: be able to imagine the most beyond this hangover painting 669 00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:36,480 Speaker 1: is that she's the woman dancing in renoirs, the dance 670 00:43:36,520 --> 00:43:40,760 Speaker 1: at Bougeval, which I don't know. That's just, in my opinion, 671 00:43:40,840 --> 00:43:45,680 Speaker 1: like one of the most familiar Renoir paintings. Also, Bert Morisso, 672 00:43:45,840 --> 00:43:48,040 Speaker 1: who we have talked about on the show before, painted 673 00:43:48,080 --> 00:43:51,880 Speaker 1: her walking on a tightrope. But Susan Valadont was not 674 00:43:52,040 --> 00:43:55,000 Speaker 1: just modeling. She was also learning as much as she 675 00:43:55,040 --> 00:43:57,520 Speaker 1: could from these artists while she was modeling, because she 676 00:43:57,560 --> 00:44:01,560 Speaker 1: couldn't afford regular art lessons. She'd been drawing and sketching 677 00:44:01,560 --> 00:44:04,960 Speaker 1: since she was a little kid. Her first known paintings 678 00:44:05,080 --> 00:44:08,560 Speaker 1: were from around eighteen ninety two, which again is after 679 00:44:08,920 --> 00:44:12,160 Speaker 1: The Hangover was painted. She met and became friends with 680 00:44:12,320 --> 00:44:16,080 Speaker 1: Edgar Dega, who helped her with her art career. She 681 00:44:16,239 --> 00:44:20,680 Speaker 1: had five drawings at the Salon of the Society Aide 682 00:44:20,760 --> 00:44:23,799 Speaker 1: Nasciu now d Bozart in eighteen ninety four, and she 683 00:44:23,960 --> 00:44:26,680 Speaker 1: was I think the first self taught woman to have 684 00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:30,960 Speaker 1: work at the salon. But her peak as an artist 685 00:44:31,239 --> 00:44:33,520 Speaker 1: in terms of her career was really in the nineteen twenty, 686 00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:36,640 Speaker 1: so that was like way after this painting was done. 687 00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:39,400 Speaker 1: She also had a son who we have mentioned on 688 00:44:39,440 --> 00:44:42,680 Speaker 1: the show before, which is Maurice Tutrillo, who we mentioned 689 00:44:42,680 --> 00:44:46,239 Speaker 1: in our episode on the Dominico Guillome art scandal. He 690 00:44:46,360 --> 00:44:49,640 Speaker 1: was one of the people whose artwork Paul Gillome was 691 00:44:49,719 --> 00:44:52,480 Speaker 1: buying before he had really made a name for himself 692 00:44:52,480 --> 00:44:56,360 Speaker 1: as his artist. I really don't think I had ever 693 00:44:56,520 --> 00:45:01,719 Speaker 1: heard Susanne Valadon's name before. For doing this episode definitely 694 00:45:01,719 --> 00:45:05,360 Speaker 1: did not ring a bell to me, and I don't 695 00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:08,719 Speaker 1: like I didn't really know anything about her career beyond that. 696 00:45:09,480 --> 00:45:12,279 Speaker 1: The description mentioned that later on she became a well 697 00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:15,680 Speaker 1: known painter in her own life. I do want to 698 00:45:15,719 --> 00:45:18,920 Speaker 1: stress that I was not mentally framing her in any 699 00:45:18,960 --> 00:45:22,440 Speaker 1: way as a so called muse when I wrote that 700 00:45:22,520 --> 00:45:25,520 Speaker 1: couple of sentences. I like, in my head she was 701 00:45:25,560 --> 00:45:30,200 Speaker 1: a whole person who had a whole life. That was 702 00:45:30,760 --> 00:45:33,239 Speaker 1: really not the point of the episode, which to me, 703 00:45:33,440 --> 00:45:36,960 Speaker 1: was more about trying to describe what this painting was 704 00:45:37,280 --> 00:45:39,279 Speaker 1: like so that people would get a sense of the 705 00:45:39,440 --> 00:45:43,719 Speaker 1: visual element in an audio podcast. But I did want 706 00:45:43,760 --> 00:45:46,880 Speaker 1: to take the opportunity to talk more about Suzanne Baladon 707 00:45:47,000 --> 00:45:51,840 Speaker 1: as an artist since Debor brought that up in this email. 708 00:45:52,080 --> 00:45:56,560 Speaker 1: So thank you again, Deborah for your note. If you 709 00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:58,480 Speaker 1: would like to send us a note about this or 710 00:45:58,520 --> 00:46:03,320 Speaker 1: any other podcast, we are at History Podcast iHeartRadio dot com. 711 00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:07,600 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to the show in the iHeartRadio app 712 00:46:07,840 --> 00:46:12,000 Speaker 1: or anywhere else if you'd like to get your podcasts. 713 00:46:15,880 --> 00:46:19,000 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 714 00:46:19,360 --> 00:46:23,959 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 715 00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:26,120 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.