1 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:09,200 Speaker 1: From Futromidia and PRX. It's Latino Usa. I'm Mariaino hossa. 2 00:00:09,520 --> 00:00:12,520 Speaker 1: Last time we were the first episode of the Elian 3 00:00:12,560 --> 00:00:16,560 Speaker 1: Gonzalez Story about a young Cuban boy rescued at sea, 4 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,120 Speaker 1: but what followed after he was found was a diplomatic 5 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:27,800 Speaker 1: crisis between the United States and Cuba. In the last episode, 6 00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:31,840 Speaker 1: we heard all about how Elian Gonzalez was rescued alone 7 00:00:31,920 --> 00:00:35,640 Speaker 1: from the Florida Straits. His mother died while trying to 8 00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:38,800 Speaker 1: cross from Cuba, and the boy was placed with relatives 9 00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:42,640 Speaker 1: he had in Miami. The Miami relatives believed it was 10 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: his mother's dream for Elian to stay in the United States, 11 00:00:46,680 --> 00:00:50,559 Speaker 1: but his father in Cuba wanted his boy back. We 12 00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:54,200 Speaker 1: pick up the story now with episode two of Chess 13 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:58,040 Speaker 1: Peace the Elian Gonzalez Story. Here's host and Latino USA 14 00:00:58,160 --> 00:00:59,840 Speaker 1: co executive producer Benny Later. 15 00:00:59,840 --> 00:01:00,120 Speaker 2: I'm it. 16 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 3: When Elian made it to Miami. I was twelve years 17 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:09,440 Speaker 3: old living in Cuba. My younger brother, Juan Carlos, who 18 00:01:09,440 --> 00:01:14,200 Speaker 3: we called Kuankey, was eight. Kuankey, like me, remembers. Alian's 19 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:15,559 Speaker 3: face was everywhere. 20 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:19,520 Speaker 4: Yeah, of course, and they made surets and posters. 21 00:01:18,920 --> 00:01:20,040 Speaker 2: And all over the school. 22 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:21,680 Speaker 4: There was the flavor of the month. 23 00:01:21,760 --> 00:01:25,640 Speaker 3: You know, Elian's story was more than just the flavor 24 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 3: of the month. Actually, it was a national cause. Before 25 00:01:37,120 --> 00:01:41,120 Speaker 3: Elian was even rescued, his family in Cuba had contacted 26 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:45,200 Speaker 3: the Communist party in his hometown seeking help. That's how 27 00:01:45,319 --> 00:01:49,480 Speaker 3: Fidel Castro found out about Ilian. The Cuban government sent 28 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:52,800 Speaker 3: a message to the US the day after Elian was 29 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:57,200 Speaker 3: found tregression, and Mino Superba in Cuba returned the boy 30 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:00,320 Speaker 3: to his father in Cuba. In the days that followed, 31 00:02:00,800 --> 00:02:07,280 Speaker 3: Castro met with Ilian's father and became increasingly angry. 32 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:12,280 Speaker 5: In film and check. 33 00:02:14,080 --> 00:02:17,320 Speaker 3: He said, the US has kidnapped Elian Gonzalez. 34 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:27,280 Speaker 6: The opinion shut down where. 35 00:02:28,840 --> 00:02:35,720 Speaker 3: It sounded a little like a threat, But the ominous 36 00:02:35,720 --> 00:02:39,440 Speaker 3: stone in Castro's voice escaped my key brother. He was 37 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:42,960 Speaker 3: more concerned that he could not watch his regular cartoons 38 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:45,320 Speaker 3: because of the constant news about Eliang. 39 00:02:45,919 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 4: They were giving a whole spill of bring back Alan 40 00:02:49,160 --> 00:02:51,280 Speaker 4: at that time. I'm a kaid that really didn't care 41 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:51,760 Speaker 4: about it. 42 00:02:52,200 --> 00:02:55,120 Speaker 3: I did not care about cartoons. I was just a 43 00:02:55,160 --> 00:02:59,560 Speaker 3: regular nerdy preteen, dividing my time between poetry and the 44 00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:03,520 Speaker 3: spice girls. The year before, my father had fled Cuba 45 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:06,920 Speaker 3: for Miami. He was trying to escape the poverty and 46 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:10,160 Speaker 3: instability of our country. I didn't know when I will 47 00:03:10,160 --> 00:03:13,400 Speaker 3: see him again. Much of this time in my life 48 00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:20,480 Speaker 3: is blurry, but there is one sharp memory. I'm in 49 00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:23,720 Speaker 3: front of the US headquarters in Cuba at a government 50 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:28,760 Speaker 3: mandated protest that I was required to attend, screaming loudly 51 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:37,760 Speaker 3: and Elian bring back Ilian to Cuba. This memory surprises 52 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 3: me now because frankly, I don't remember what I actually 53 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 3: thought of Elia, like I don't remember actually having an opinion, 54 00:03:46,280 --> 00:03:50,040 Speaker 3: and yet here I was at this protest, screaming from 55 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:58,880 Speaker 3: the bottom of my heart. I have come to realize 56 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 3: I was not a screaming for Elian. I was screaming 57 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:06,360 Speaker 3: for my dad, screaming in frustration that, like Elean, the 58 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:10,480 Speaker 3: same strip of ocean separated me from my father. I 59 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:14,240 Speaker 3: did not understand or really care about the political forces 60 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:18,040 Speaker 3: that had caused or separation. I only knew that I 61 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:21,400 Speaker 3: missed him, that I needed him, that I was angry 62 00:04:21,440 --> 00:04:26,240 Speaker 3: that I could not be with him, and so I screamed. 63 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:32,000 Speaker 4: No family issue had to go through what we went, 64 00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:35,680 Speaker 4: just because I'm looking for a better future. 65 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:40,880 Speaker 3: My brother told me this recently. I agree, but we 66 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,680 Speaker 3: are Cuban, and to be Cuban is so often to 67 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:52,320 Speaker 3: be separated from their family. And Penny later meets and 68 00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:56,960 Speaker 3: this is chess peace. The Elian Gonzalez Story a production 69 00:04:57,080 --> 00:05:02,000 Speaker 3: of Ututa Studios in partnership with iHeart Michael Turda podcast Network. 70 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:14,440 Speaker 3: On December sixth, nineteen ninety nine, Elian Gonzalez celebrated his 71 00:05:14,600 --> 00:05:17,640 Speaker 3: sixth birthday in Miami. It was just a week and 72 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 3: a half after he had been rescued from the sea. 73 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:24,640 Speaker 3: He had been staying with distant relatives on his dad's side, 74 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 3: his great uncle Lasara Gonzalez, and Lazaro's twenty one year 75 00:05:29,040 --> 00:05:31,000 Speaker 3: old daughter, Mary Leasis. 76 00:05:31,400 --> 00:05:34,000 Speaker 7: How did he survive by himself when he's only five? 77 00:05:34,520 --> 00:05:36,400 Speaker 7: And the only thing I could probably say that it's 78 00:05:36,480 --> 00:05:37,599 Speaker 7: just a miracle. 79 00:05:38,480 --> 00:05:41,360 Speaker 3: People said. She became like a mother figure for Elian. 80 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:46,000 Speaker 3: She cared for him, making him chocolate milk, something that 81 00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:49,239 Speaker 3: was a luxury in Cuba and that Elean had quickly 82 00:05:49,279 --> 00:05:53,719 Speaker 3: come to love. One journalist reported that Mary Leasis would 83 00:05:53,760 --> 00:05:58,120 Speaker 3: say to Elian, mere Allan Sito, your grandmothers cannot make 84 00:05:58,160 --> 00:05:59,000 Speaker 3: you this in Cua. 85 00:06:00,040 --> 00:06:02,920 Speaker 8: Just want him to be wherever he wants to be comfortable. 86 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:08,040 Speaker 3: Mari Lesis quickly became the family spokesperson. Unlike her father, 87 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:11,480 Speaker 3: she spoke English well because she had been raised in 88 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:15,320 Speaker 3: the US. She was young, passionate about the lean, and 89 00:06:15,520 --> 00:06:18,960 Speaker 3: comfortable in front of the cameras. I asked him, if 90 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:20,160 Speaker 3: do you want to go back? 91 00:06:20,279 --> 00:06:22,480 Speaker 9: You mean you know you want to stay here, and 92 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:24,640 Speaker 9: he said, I don't want to go back. 93 00:06:25,520 --> 00:06:29,400 Speaker 3: She and her father, last Settle, believed Elian's mother died 94 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:33,479 Speaker 3: trying to give him safety and freedom in the US, 95 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:37,560 Speaker 3: and they were not alone. Cuban Americans would show up 96 00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:41,159 Speaker 3: at their house demand in the US government let Elean 97 00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:51,800 Speaker 3: stay in the US. Yeamanda. People would say it would 98 00:06:51,839 --> 00:06:54,400 Speaker 3: be a shame to send the boy back to communism 99 00:06:54,640 --> 00:06:58,719 Speaker 3: and hunger in Cuba. At his birthday at a local park, 100 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:02,240 Speaker 3: Elien was given men gifts and a huge birthday cake. 101 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:06,760 Speaker 3: But that was an Alien's only birthday party in Cuba. 102 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:11,400 Speaker 3: His school organized a celebration in his absence with a 103 00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:16,600 Speaker 3: special guest, Fidel Gastro himself stopped by. He wore his 104 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:22,160 Speaker 3: typical olive green military uniform. Alien's father, Juamiel spoke to 105 00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:24,760 Speaker 3: his son by phone that day to wish him a 106 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:28,040 Speaker 3: happy birthday, and they spoke as if Alien will be 107 00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:29,600 Speaker 3: back in Cuba soon. 108 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:34,200 Speaker 2: Well that went to Heidi. 109 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:45,760 Speaker 3: Really there were protests in Havana marking the week of 110 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 3: Alian's birthday. Cubans chanted down with imperialism, socialism, or death 111 00:07:55,160 --> 00:08:02,320 Speaker 3: Oh Wenday. But the protests in Cuba did not change 112 00:08:02,320 --> 00:08:06,720 Speaker 3: eleians status in the US. His future was still in limbo. 113 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:11,080 Speaker 3: His Miami relatives had begun the process to file for 114 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:15,640 Speaker 3: asylum for Elian. At the time, Cubans were guaranteed entry 115 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:18,520 Speaker 3: to the US if they made it to the US soil. 116 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:22,880 Speaker 3: But Elian didn't technically meet these requirements. 117 00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:27,440 Speaker 10: Because he was rescued at sea and never made it 118 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:28,640 Speaker 10: to the shoreline. 119 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:31,760 Speaker 2: He was a wet Cuban national. 120 00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 3: This is Bernie Permurder, professor of law at the University 121 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:40,560 Speaker 3: of Miami. He's referring to an unusual American policy at 122 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:46,400 Speaker 3: the time known as bieseco pimojus or wet foot dryfoot. 123 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:51,160 Speaker 3: It allowed any Cuban to legally stay in the US 124 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:54,120 Speaker 3: as long as they made it to the American shore 125 00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 3: after crossing the ocean from Cuba. Literally stepping on dry land, 126 00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:03,880 Speaker 3: that's the dry foot. But Cubans who were captured or 127 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:07,199 Speaker 3: rescued at sea by the cost Guard, they were not 128 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:11,360 Speaker 3: permitted entry to the United States. That's the wet foot. 129 00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:16,440 Speaker 10: The federal government had taken legal custody of elianis I 130 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 10: said he didn't reach the shore, so he did not 131 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:23,520 Speaker 10: have the benefit of dry feet landing on the beaches 132 00:09:23,559 --> 00:09:24,439 Speaker 10: of Florida. 133 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:28,840 Speaker 3: So Alien's status under immigration law was not certain, and 134 00:09:28,880 --> 00:09:32,640 Speaker 3: another immigration policy in the US at that time said 135 00:09:32,679 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 3: that only a parent could apply for asylum for their child. 136 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:41,360 Speaker 3: So to immigration officials, Alien's Miami relatives didn't have the 137 00:09:41,480 --> 00:09:43,720 Speaker 3: authority to decide the boy's fate. 138 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:51,000 Speaker 2: I'm not sure I understand what their rights are. These 139 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:52,280 Speaker 2: are distant relatives. 140 00:09:52,800 --> 00:09:56,600 Speaker 3: This is Jim Goldman, former special agent with US Immigration 141 00:09:56,720 --> 00:10:02,959 Speaker 3: and Naturalization Services or ions. We shall say in unusual circumstances, 142 00:10:03,280 --> 00:10:06,400 Speaker 3: the law does allow the government to assign a guardian 143 00:10:06,520 --> 00:10:10,960 Speaker 3: to one unaccompanied child, even if there are distant relatives 144 00:10:11,200 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 3: or not relatives. But in this case, the government was 145 00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 3: insistent that there was no need to since Alien's father 146 00:10:19,160 --> 00:10:20,079 Speaker 3: wanted him back. 147 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 2: I think the biological father has more right to make 148 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:29,320 Speaker 2: decisions for his child at the time was, you know, 149 00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:32,559 Speaker 2: five and six years old. More so than anybody. 150 00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:36,679 Speaker 3: Jim thinks this case should have been open and shopped. 151 00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:41,640 Speaker 2: But it became a hot topic because I think the 152 00:10:41,679 --> 00:10:43,880 Speaker 2: system allowed for it to become a hot topic. 153 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:45,160 Speaker 3: He's right. 154 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:49,040 Speaker 7: Tensions between the United States and Cuba get hotter every 155 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:52,200 Speaker 7: day six year old Cuban refugee Ilian Gonzales remains in 156 00:10:52,240 --> 00:10:52,800 Speaker 7: this country. 157 00:10:53,080 --> 00:10:56,400 Speaker 3: The American media system jumped on Alien's story. 158 00:10:57,800 --> 00:11:00,839 Speaker 11: Cuban men, women and children pro tested on the streets 159 00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:04,000 Speaker 11: of Havana by the thousands last night. It was the 160 00:11:04,120 --> 00:11:07,199 Speaker 11: largest turnout so far in the third night of protest, 161 00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 11: orchestrated by Fidel Castro. 162 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:13,400 Speaker 3: It became the biggest story in the country at a 163 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:17,679 Speaker 3: time when networks competed for wall to world news covers. 164 00:11:18,160 --> 00:11:21,320 Speaker 12: It happens at the same time that we have the 165 00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:25,800 Speaker 12: modern media machine being created, the twenty four hour news cycle, 166 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:29,960 Speaker 12: the dying of network news, the expansion of cable news, 167 00:11:30,320 --> 00:11:31,600 Speaker 12: the need for content. 168 00:11:32,240 --> 00:11:34,760 Speaker 3: Go back and look at some of the news archives, 169 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:37,920 Speaker 3: and it does start to feel at times like Elean 170 00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 3: was treated like content. There were cameras always stuck in 171 00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:47,760 Speaker 3: Ilian outside the Miami home, reporters trying to catch a 172 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:50,800 Speaker 3: look of him playing ball being a little boy. 173 00:11:51,760 --> 00:11:54,720 Speaker 5: Relatives of Elian Gonzalez say they saw a different side 174 00:11:54,720 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 5: of the six year old, a boy simply filled with 175 00:11:57,360 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 5: joy and happiness. 176 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:03,600 Speaker 3: Reporters tried to capture every detail of Alian's introduction to 177 00:12:03,640 --> 00:12:07,280 Speaker 3: American culture, like when he went to Disney World for 178 00:12:07,320 --> 00:12:10,960 Speaker 3: the first time, where he got a personal hug and 179 00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:17,240 Speaker 3: a baseball hat autograph Bornana Masi Alamnos came Mickey Mouse himself. 180 00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:20,520 Speaker 5: But Ellian showed some lingering signs of his Thanksgiving ordeal 181 00:12:20,559 --> 00:12:22,800 Speaker 5: and rescue at sea when he went on the It's 182 00:12:22,840 --> 00:12:24,280 Speaker 5: a Small World water. 183 00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:30,120 Speaker 3: Rod and the interview request kept coming. Diane Sawyer had 184 00:12:30,160 --> 00:12:32,240 Speaker 3: a playdate with Lean on camera. 185 00:12:35,679 --> 00:12:38,560 Speaker 2: It was probably the biggest media item in the United States, 186 00:12:38,559 --> 00:12:40,319 Speaker 2: if not the world at the time. 187 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:42,440 Speaker 9: He would go to a party, you would go to 188 00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:45,719 Speaker 9: a restaurant, you would see your family. The talk the 189 00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:49,680 Speaker 9: main subject was Elian. You know what's going to happen 190 00:12:49,760 --> 00:12:50,960 Speaker 9: to that boy. 191 00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:55,840 Speaker 3: Alina Mayo Assay is a television news bra a seasoned 192 00:12:55,920 --> 00:13:00,200 Speaker 3: news anchor who covered Miami's biggest stories for decades. She 193 00:13:00,360 --> 00:13:03,640 Speaker 3: says nothing at the time could compare to the appeal 194 00:13:03,679 --> 00:13:06,400 Speaker 3: of the the end story. It was unprecedented. 195 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:10,240 Speaker 9: It was our headline story practically every day. It was 196 00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:13,600 Speaker 9: before a Lean and after a Lian. It definitely marked 197 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:17,440 Speaker 9: a line and the story and the history of the 198 00:13:17,480 --> 00:13:20,800 Speaker 9: Cuban exile in the United States, especially in Miami. 199 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:25,160 Speaker 3: But in Cuba. The US media frenzy seemed to make 200 00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:30,319 Speaker 3: Fidel Castro even more upset. And soon Castro will send 201 00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:39,160 Speaker 3: another stern message. Returned the boy in seventy two hours. 202 00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 3: Check Fidel's message to the US was clear. Returned the 203 00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:59,440 Speaker 3: boy in three days only, not Elo Freman. So that 204 00:13:59,520 --> 00:14:03,240 Speaker 3: the page suffering on trauma Dipoi and his family does 205 00:14:03,280 --> 00:14:07,680 Speaker 3: not go a minut longer, he said, and his words 206 00:14:07,840 --> 00:14:12,480 Speaker 3: were in the only ominous move. Castro stationed several dozen 207 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:17,000 Speaker 3: Cuban soldiers outside of the US Government Intersection Office in Havana. 208 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:21,680 Speaker 3: This is the headquarters where I remember attending government sponsor 209 00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,600 Speaker 3: protests for Elian. I remember the tension in the air, 210 00:14:26,280 --> 00:14:29,600 Speaker 3: the vague sense that there was something biggest stake here, 211 00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:41,840 Speaker 3: something with a lot of biggers. To understand why lands 212 00:14:41,880 --> 00:14:44,800 Speaker 3: case became such a big deal, you had to understand 213 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:49,840 Speaker 3: the complicated relationship between Cuba and the United States. Let's 214 00:14:49,880 --> 00:14:55,040 Speaker 3: start in the early fifties. At this time, Cuba was 215 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:59,560 Speaker 3: ruled by Fulhenzioattista, who was once elected, but whose government 216 00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:02,600 Speaker 3: had been become essentially a military dictatorship. 217 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 13: Six years of surface prosperity and government corruption, of repression 218 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 13: and police brutality right explosive discontent. 219 00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:16,400 Speaker 3: Mattista was friendly to US interests, allowing American companies like 220 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:20,280 Speaker 3: Coca Cola and United Fruit to warn a giant amount 221 00:15:20,360 --> 00:15:25,120 Speaker 3: of Cuban land workers struggled to survive on low wages 222 00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 3: and oppressive conditions. This inequality ripened the country for the 223 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:34,000 Speaker 3: ideals of Fidel Castro's revolution Urbis. 224 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:37,640 Speaker 6: Fidel Castro emerged triumphant after two years a guerrilla warfare 225 00:15:37,680 --> 00:15:39,040 Speaker 6: against the Batista regime. 226 00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:40,480 Speaker 2: A revolution that. 227 00:15:40,480 --> 00:15:44,000 Speaker 9: Began with Castro a fugitive, ended with the finding dictator 228 00:15:44,040 --> 00:15:47,440 Speaker 9: for Cencio Battista and the entry into Havana of rebel 229 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:49,320 Speaker 9: forces to be acclaimed by the city. 230 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:57,120 Speaker 3: He and his fighters, including a John Argentinian doctor named 231 00:15:57,280 --> 00:16:02,080 Speaker 3: Ermeto che Evara, eventually over through Battista and his government. 232 00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:07,000 Speaker 3: Castro and his men were the underdogs. The uprising had 233 00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:10,120 Speaker 3: begun with just eighteen men in the mountains of La 234 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:14,200 Speaker 3: Sierra Maestra, and it had spread to the whole island. 235 00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:17,880 Speaker 3: At first, the US was not alarmed. 236 00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:24,560 Speaker 7: Now, when Fidel Castro's fighting to depose Battista, he's not 237 00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:27,280 Speaker 7: calling himself communists. Many of the people who were in 238 00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:30,000 Speaker 7: his movement, which was called the twenty sixth of July Movement, 239 00:16:30,240 --> 00:16:33,160 Speaker 7: were young people who were ardently anti communists. 240 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:36,920 Speaker 3: This is Ala Ferrer, the Cuban American history professor at 241 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:39,200 Speaker 3: Princeton you heard from in episode one. 242 00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:43,400 Speaker 7: But they believed in deposing Batista. They believed in acting 243 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:44,760 Speaker 7: against government corruption. 244 00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:49,600 Speaker 3: By nineteen sixty, the new government approved laws that banned 245 00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:54,320 Speaker 3: all foreign ownership of Cuban land, banishing American companies from 246 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:59,720 Speaker 3: the island and nationalizing their businesses. His government also confiscated 247 00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:03,480 Speaker 3: the law of Cubans who held more than one thousand acres. 248 00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:08,280 Speaker 3: Even Castro's own mother was apparently outraged that her son 249 00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:14,080 Speaker 3: had confiscated their family estate. Castro redistributed this line to 250 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,240 Speaker 3: workers or statecomings. 251 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:21,320 Speaker 7: They start enacting social reforms like the urban reform, cutting rents, 252 00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:25,600 Speaker 7: and with all these laws that they're passing, they're getting 253 00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:27,960 Speaker 7: enormous amounts of support. 254 00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:31,640 Speaker 3: Some of that support came from my own grandparents, who 255 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:34,760 Speaker 3: got the chance to buy for almost nothing the apartment 256 00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 3: that they were renting before the revolution. It was the 257 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:41,000 Speaker 3: same apartment where I was raised with my mother thirty 258 00:17:41,119 --> 00:17:45,000 Speaker 3: years after that. Not everyone felt like my grandparents. 259 00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:47,560 Speaker 7: Obviously, the people whose land is being taken away are 260 00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 7: not necessarily going to support. 261 00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:53,320 Speaker 3: But Castro was well liked in Cuba, not just by 262 00:17:53,359 --> 00:17:56,600 Speaker 3: my grandparents but by many other Cubans. 263 00:17:57,359 --> 00:18:00,520 Speaker 6: Save with your policies in Cuba, doctor Castro leading to 264 00:18:00,720 --> 00:18:03,199 Speaker 6: conditions of great economic difficulty? 265 00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:07,600 Speaker 8: Is this so everybody working, everybody happy? 266 00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:13,320 Speaker 3: In this nineteen sixty one BBC interview, Castro is young, smiling, 267 00:18:13,560 --> 00:18:18,119 Speaker 3: easy going. The journalist wrote that Castro charmed and impressed 268 00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:23,000 Speaker 3: many reporters. When Castro came to power, he promised democratic 269 00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:26,760 Speaker 3: elections would come as soon as the new government stabilized, 270 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:35,160 Speaker 3: But by the early sixties that hadn't happened. The Cubans 271 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:38,439 Speaker 3: who let for the United States after Castro had taken 272 00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:44,040 Speaker 3: their land. So Castro not for a revolutionary but a despot. 273 00:18:45,160 --> 00:18:48,840 Speaker 6: Some people say, some of your Cuban enemies, says yes. 274 00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:53,680 Speaker 6: People in Miami Americans say that you started a revolution 275 00:18:53,880 --> 00:18:56,919 Speaker 6: to bring in democracy, and you have not done so. 276 00:18:57,480 --> 00:19:00,320 Speaker 3: In this part of the video, when the reporter meants 277 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:05,840 Speaker 3: Cubans in Miami, Castro gives a Sondricita his marks a little. 278 00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:08,480 Speaker 8: Do you believe that there is no democracy here? And 279 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:12,439 Speaker 8: I'm ensure there is more your question than that. In 280 00:19:12,520 --> 00:19:16,919 Speaker 8: the United States, the most free main man you can't 281 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:19,439 Speaker 8: find in all America is the Cuban. 282 00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:26,560 Speaker 3: Ada says that in a survey from February of nineteen 283 00:19:26,640 --> 00:19:30,640 Speaker 3: fifty nine, about ninety one percent of the respondents said 284 00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:34,840 Speaker 3: that the new government was doing everything perfectly well, but 285 00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:38,359 Speaker 3: Washington didn't feel this way. Here is adaigen. 286 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:42,480 Speaker 7: The President and senators and congressmen were saying, what is 287 00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:45,280 Speaker 7: Cuba doing? It's turning communists. 288 00:19:45,359 --> 00:19:49,000 Speaker 3: By nineteen sixty two, the US had cut diplomatic ties 289 00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:53,440 Speaker 3: with Cuba and declared and embargo forbidding American trade with Cuba, 290 00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:57,520 Speaker 3: hoping to create shortages and hunger on the island to 291 00:19:57,560 --> 00:20:02,080 Speaker 3: destiblize Castro's new government. By this time, Castro had been 292 00:20:02,119 --> 00:20:04,959 Speaker 3: turning into the Soviet Union for help and trade. 293 00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:09,720 Speaker 8: To what the United States and self respect can endure. 294 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:12,439 Speaker 14: That level has now been reached. 295 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:18,280 Speaker 3: The CIA also secretly trained some fourteen hundred Cubans who 296 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:21,320 Speaker 3: had led for the US to invade Cuba at the 297 00:20:21,359 --> 00:20:26,159 Speaker 3: Way of Peaks Lava Yedecuccinos, believing the attack could kickstart 298 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:32,119 Speaker 3: an uprising against Castro. But the attended invasion failed miserably. 299 00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:37,919 Speaker 3: I remember learning in our history classes in Cuba about 300 00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:42,200 Speaker 3: these early days of Castro's rule, how he created news systems, 301 00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:46,480 Speaker 3: free health care, and free education, improving the quality of 302 00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:51,159 Speaker 3: life for ordinary Cubans. I remember some people in Cuba 303 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:54,959 Speaker 3: saying that yes, their life improved at the beginning, and 304 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:59,240 Speaker 3: they supported Castro, pretty convinced that great years were ahead. 305 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:04,080 Speaker 3: But what I didn't learn in school was that from 306 00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:08,719 Speaker 3: the very beginning, the censorin and self censorin started, and 307 00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:12,800 Speaker 3: Cuba quickly became a place with almost no freedom of expression. 308 00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:20,160 Speaker 3: Under this new regime, dissidents were often imprisoned, and then 309 00:21:20,560 --> 00:21:21,400 Speaker 3: thanks got worse. 310 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:26,520 Speaker 7: It's a period that follows the fall of the Soviet 311 00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:30,959 Speaker 7: Union and state socialism in Eastern Europe, and the Cuban 312 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,240 Speaker 7: economy just tanked almost from one day to the next. 313 00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:36,679 Speaker 7: There was the joke of you know, Cuba, but it 314 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:39,959 Speaker 7: wasn't really a joke. You know, Cuba just has three problems, 315 00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:43,399 Speaker 7: you know, Theresa Union and Mercilla Comedia breakfast, lunch and dinner. 316 00:21:43,880 --> 00:21:48,000 Speaker 7: And everywhere I went, the constant refrain was noise fasci 317 00:21:48,119 --> 00:21:50,719 Speaker 7: everyone had the reservation meant that and it was just 318 00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:54,680 Speaker 7: this constant struggle to live and to survive. 319 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 3: Over the decades, waves of Kuwan's left the island for 320 00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:03,800 Speaker 3: the US in flights and votes. There were the fourteen 321 00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:07,399 Speaker 3: thousand children who were put on planes to Miami in 322 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:10,240 Speaker 3: fear that they will be taken away from their families 323 00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:15,359 Speaker 3: and put in Communist inductrination camps. That never happened, by 324 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:15,720 Speaker 3: the way. 325 00:22:17,760 --> 00:22:20,000 Speaker 7: Then the next wave was nineteen eighty and the Maria 326 00:22:20,080 --> 00:22:22,800 Speaker 7: boat lived in which one hundred and twenty five thousand 327 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:26,080 Speaker 7: people came in the space of about you know, five months. 328 00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:30,320 Speaker 8: Even less, the president has literally opened the floodgates, placing 329 00:22:30,359 --> 00:22:34,080 Speaker 8: no limitations on the number of Cubans entering the United States. 330 00:22:34,560 --> 00:22:37,960 Speaker 3: A decade after Mariel, with the fall of the Soviet Union, 331 00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:41,920 Speaker 3: Cuba entered the years of severest scarcity that I remember 332 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:46,240 Speaker 3: from my childhood. The Cuban government named it the Special 333 00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:49,600 Speaker 3: Period or Elperio pessiet Then there. 334 00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:51,440 Speaker 7: Was the Raftro crisis in ninety four, which I think 335 00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:53,440 Speaker 7: was about thirty five thousand people in the space of 336 00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:56,600 Speaker 7: a few months. But in all those years there were 337 00:22:56,680 --> 00:22:58,000 Speaker 7: people leaving. 338 00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:02,119 Speaker 3: Most of the time, families could not leave Cuba together. 339 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:05,880 Speaker 3: They would decide who had a better chance to leave, save, 340 00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 3: send money, and work hard to help the rest of 341 00:23:09,119 --> 00:23:13,199 Speaker 3: the family on the island. There are many families like 342 00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:17,439 Speaker 3: mine and Aliens where a parent or a child comes 343 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:18,880 Speaker 3: without the rest of their family. 344 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:22,919 Speaker 7: Family separation is, you know, was a part of the 345 00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:25,160 Speaker 7: story of the Cuban Revolution from the very beginning. 346 00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:30,000 Speaker 3: Family separation has become such a part of the Cuban 347 00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:34,280 Speaker 3: cultural DNA that is actually pretty difficult to meet a 348 00:23:34,359 --> 00:23:38,080 Speaker 3: Cuban who has not been touched by it. And who 349 00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:41,800 Speaker 3: you blame for that separation depends on what side of 350 00:23:41,840 --> 00:23:45,520 Speaker 3: the small strip of ocean between Cuba and Florida you 351 00:23:45,640 --> 00:24:05,440 Speaker 3: are on. Alien's story flooded every corner of life in Cuba. 352 00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:09,320 Speaker 3: I remember not just attending but watching the protests in 353 00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:14,719 Speaker 3: Havana demanding Elian be brought home. So those Harold Cardinas, 354 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,920 Speaker 3: Quban journalist and political analyst. 355 00:24:18,280 --> 00:24:21,479 Speaker 13: People in Havana had to rally all the time, and 356 00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:25,000 Speaker 13: it's impressive when you look at the images of the 357 00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:29,640 Speaker 13: Malecon in Havana next to the sea full of probably 358 00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:34,000 Speaker 13: millions of Cubans. That is an impressive thing that showed 359 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:37,840 Speaker 13: the capacity that the Kivan government had back then to 360 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:40,919 Speaker 13: rally people and to bring them together for a cause. 361 00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:46,040 Speaker 13: I am sure that many of them were strongly encouraged 362 00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:50,320 Speaker 13: in their jobs to join those rallies, but others were 363 00:24:50,359 --> 00:24:52,080 Speaker 13: going because they really believe in it. 364 00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:57,960 Speaker 3: I felt this too. Sure there were people there because 365 00:24:57,960 --> 00:25:01,680 Speaker 3: the protests were mandated, but I also saw people who 366 00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:06,000 Speaker 3: were truly calling for his return, outraged that the boy 367 00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:07,879 Speaker 3: was being kept from his father. 368 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:11,480 Speaker 13: Obviously, at that age, it's hard to distinguish between the 369 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:14,159 Speaker 13: real fight of a kid that deserves to be with 370 00:25:14,240 --> 00:25:18,160 Speaker 13: his father and the propaganda and how the governments also 371 00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:23,760 Speaker 13: used people citizens for propaganda purposes, So as a child 372 00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:26,479 Speaker 13: it was hard to distinguish a propaganda. 373 00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:27,119 Speaker 15: On both sides. 374 00:25:31,119 --> 00:25:34,400 Speaker 3: In Cuba, I remember hearing a lot about how Alien's 375 00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:37,720 Speaker 3: father had never agreed that Ilan could be taken to 376 00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:41,120 Speaker 3: the United States, how the US was keeping a boy 377 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:45,040 Speaker 3: away from the rightful parent, another example of the evil 378 00:25:45,280 --> 00:25:49,080 Speaker 3: US Empire. But for Cubans in Florida. This case was 379 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:52,119 Speaker 3: about freedom and saving a boy from oppression. 380 00:25:53,119 --> 00:25:57,240 Speaker 14: Many of the people, the Quban Americans in Miami identified 381 00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,000 Speaker 14: with the mother and her motivations for doing what she did, 382 00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:02,760 Speaker 14: and the fact that she lost her life in trying 383 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:04,040 Speaker 14: to do this. 384 00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:08,560 Speaker 3: This is former Assistant Secretary of State Petrometro. But this 385 00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:12,480 Speaker 3: idea that Alien's mother had died trying to reach freedom 386 00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:16,480 Speaker 3: for her son is not as black and white. There 387 00:26:16,560 --> 00:26:19,840 Speaker 3: is some evidence that Alien's mother was going to the 388 00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:23,760 Speaker 3: United States not for freedom, but to follow her boyfriend. 389 00:26:24,440 --> 00:26:28,600 Speaker 15: They truly were the Cuban Romeo and Juliet Well. 390 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:31,919 Speaker 3: She was reputting the story. Journalist and Louis bardak So 391 00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:35,439 Speaker 3: a five page love letter between the couple, and she 392 00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:39,359 Speaker 3: and others are convinced that love was the real motive. 393 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,760 Speaker 15: The reason the mother was on the boat was because 394 00:26:44,480 --> 00:26:50,360 Speaker 15: of her great love for Rafa Muneerum. If Rafa had 395 00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,760 Speaker 15: said we're going to Iceland or we're going to Columbia, 396 00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:56,720 Speaker 15: I think she would have. 397 00:26:56,680 --> 00:27:00,399 Speaker 3: Gone with him, regardless of why she got an boat. 398 00:27:00,760 --> 00:27:04,400 Speaker 3: What you should know is people either identified with Lilian's 399 00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:08,000 Speaker 3: mom and the US or Alien's dad and Cuba. 400 00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:11,720 Speaker 14: Everybody can understand. You know, a child who's a Cuban 401 00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:14,479 Speaker 14: child taken away from you know, the bosom of the 402 00:27:14,520 --> 00:27:17,360 Speaker 14: motherland and all that stuff, and you know we want 403 00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:19,679 Speaker 14: him back, And yeah, I mean it was it was 404 00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:24,120 Speaker 14: great for propaganda. 405 00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:27,639 Speaker 3: I see how Alian was used by both sides to 406 00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:32,600 Speaker 3: boaster ideology. But mostly when I see Alian, I see 407 00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:38,720 Speaker 3: US Cubans, people who have experienced family separation over seven decades. 408 00:27:39,520 --> 00:27:43,879 Speaker 3: I see my family, my brother Juanky, who now lives 409 00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:48,120 Speaker 3: in Miami and works as a SWAT paramedic and firefighter. 410 00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:52,800 Speaker 3: Some people thought that you look like Ilian yourself. 411 00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:55,280 Speaker 4: Well, yeah, that was my nickname on Fire Academy when 412 00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:58,200 Speaker 4: I was eighteen, or my English pretty much up. But 413 00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:01,919 Speaker 4: back then it was pretty bad, and that was my 414 00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:08,000 Speaker 4: nigdim of Fire Academy, Alion Gonzales. You know, you are 415 00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:11,080 Speaker 4: the little refugees million. 416 00:28:13,560 --> 00:28:17,639 Speaker 3: It is true my brother does look like Elean. Maybe 417 00:28:17,680 --> 00:28:20,040 Speaker 3: that's why it's been easier for me to imagine Elean 418 00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:23,920 Speaker 3: not as a headline, not as a piece of geopolitics 419 00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:29,520 Speaker 3: or history, or even as propaganda. No, I see Elean 420 00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:32,400 Speaker 3: as someone who once was a boy in a new 421 00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:37,920 Speaker 3: and unknown country without his mom or his dad, and 422 00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,040 Speaker 3: I know the whole that creates in your heart to 423 00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:45,640 Speaker 3: be separated from a parent. Forces greater than you keeping 424 00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:51,920 Speaker 3: you from them, Countries and their policies, politicians and their aims, 425 00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:58,240 Speaker 3: reporters and their deadlines. That's all in the periphery. At 426 00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:02,200 Speaker 3: the center, at the art of Elian's journey is that 427 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:05,880 Speaker 3: he was a boy who longed for his parents like 428 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:06,760 Speaker 3: I once did. 429 00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:24,280 Speaker 1: That was episode two of Chess Piece, the Elian Gonzalez 430 00:29:24,320 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 1: Story And if you liked what you heard, head over 431 00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:31,000 Speaker 1: to the feed for Chess Piece, available wherever you get 432 00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:34,040 Speaker 1: your podcasts, and make sure you hit follow so you 433 00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:42,719 Speaker 1: don't miss any upcoming episodes. Chess Piece is written and 434 00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:47,320 Speaker 1: reported by Pennile Ramidez, along with Nicole Rothwell, Tasha Sandoval, 435 00:29:47,680 --> 00:29:51,960 Speaker 1: and Maria Garcia, who also edited the series. The podcast 436 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:56,760 Speaker 1: team also includes Jessica Ellis, Jacob Rossatti, Nidia a Bautista, 437 00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:03,160 Speaker 1: Eveline Farhardo Albarez, Francis bon, Elizabeth Lowenthal Torres, and Nancy Trujillo. 438 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:07,720 Speaker 1: Mixing by Stephanie Lebaud, Julia Caruso and JJ Grubin, Legal 439 00:30:07,840 --> 00:30:12,280 Speaker 1: review by Neo Rossini. End credits music from Los Aceros, 440 00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:16,120 Speaker 1: Marlon Bishop and Maria Garcia are the executive producers of 441 00:30:16,280 --> 00:30:19,280 Speaker 1: Chess Peace. This episode was recorded in part at the 442 00:30:19,360 --> 00:30:22,880 Speaker 1: Namika Studio in Mexico City. Part of this episode was 443 00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:27,080 Speaker 1: produced for Latino USA by Roxana Guire. It was edited 444 00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:31,960 Speaker 1: by Marlon Bishop. The Latino USA team also includes Victoria Strada, 445 00:30:32,120 --> 00:30:37,440 Speaker 1: Renaldo Leanos Junior, Andrea Lopez Cruzado, Luis Luna glormr Marquez 446 00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:42,400 Speaker 1: Marta Martinez Nor Saudi and co executive producer Pennile Ramirez. 447 00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:46,080 Speaker 1: I'm your host and co executive producer Mariao Rosa. Join 448 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,880 Speaker 1: us again on our next episode. In the meantime, look 449 00:30:48,920 --> 00:30:51,080 Speaker 1: for us on all of your social media. I'll see 450 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:53,520 Speaker 1: you there and remember, as always, no Teva. 451 00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:54,320 Speaker 15: Yes Chao. 452 00:30:57,120 --> 00:31:01,160 Speaker 3: Latino USA is made possible in part by W. K. 453 00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:06,240 Speaker 3: Kellogg Foundation, a partner with Communities where Children Come First, 454 00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:13,360 Speaker 3: the Heising Simons Foundation Unlocking knowledge, opportunity and possibilities more 455 00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:19,080 Speaker 3: at hsfoundation dot org, and funding for Latino USA's 456 00:31:19,160 --> 00:31:22,160 Speaker 7: Coverage of a Culture of Health is made possible in 457 00:31:22,200 --> 00:31:24,960 Speaker 7: part by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation