1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,640 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from how Stuff Works 2 00:00:04,680 --> 00:00:14,160 Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, 3 00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:17,840 Speaker 1: There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, There's Jerry. There's stuff you 4 00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:22,599 Speaker 1: should know, and it's stuff you should know about something 5 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:27,200 Speaker 1: that has nothing to do with the sun. Are you relieved? Yes? 6 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:34,600 Speaker 1: Are you uh suffering post traumatic podcast disorder a little bit? Yeah? 7 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:38,280 Speaker 1: But but overall I'm feeling good about this. Okay, about 8 00:00:38,280 --> 00:00:42,120 Speaker 1: this one coming up? Yeah, fin as strong? Yeah? What 9 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:45,920 Speaker 1: did Jerry say, always do the suck on in first? Yeah? Well, 10 00:00:46,240 --> 00:00:50,159 Speaker 1: so far, so good. Yep. It just remains to be 11 00:00:50,159 --> 00:00:52,400 Speaker 1: seen whether this one's great. But I don't see how 12 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:55,000 Speaker 1: it could be worse than the Aurora one. Well, this 13 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:59,880 Speaker 1: one about human head transplants. UM. After I picked it, 14 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:04,360 Speaker 1: I thought, gee, should we even be covering this, because well, 15 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:11,400 Speaker 1: if you read opinion pieces about this potential head transplant surgery, 16 00:01:11,440 --> 00:01:14,760 Speaker 1: which we'll get to, a lot of people are saying like, 17 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:19,360 Speaker 1: this is this is bad, this is junk science, this 18 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:22,480 Speaker 1: is dangerous medicine, and you shouldn't even be talking about 19 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:25,920 Speaker 1: this stuff, right. But then I read an article in 20 00:01:25,959 --> 00:01:30,560 Speaker 1: The Atlantic, um, and it's The Atlantic, and I was like, 21 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:33,640 Speaker 1: you know what, if they're covering this, uh, then we 22 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:35,880 Speaker 1: should cover it too. And people probably said the same 23 00:01:35,880 --> 00:01:39,640 Speaker 1: thing about kidney transplants and heart transplants and skin graphs. 24 00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:41,880 Speaker 1: You know, oh yeah, for sure. But I think the 25 00:01:42,319 --> 00:01:44,600 Speaker 1: big difference with this is and I think this is 26 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:48,560 Speaker 1: what the medical and bioethical community has a problem with. 27 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:56,000 Speaker 1: There's this one maverick possibly lunatic scientist surgeon who was 28 00:01:56,240 --> 00:02:02,880 Speaker 1: plowing ahead with this, Sir dree with the rest of 29 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:07,840 Speaker 1: the medical field worldwide basically saying stop, stop, like you 30 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:11,240 Speaker 1: can't do this. This is We're not there yet, and 31 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:15,160 Speaker 1: he's saying, nope, we're there. I've even got somebody who's 32 00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:19,839 Speaker 1: willing to do this. We're gonna give it a shot. Well, yes, yes, 33 00:02:19,880 --> 00:02:23,920 Speaker 1: and no. He's a lot of that is in this 34 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:27,399 Speaker 1: Atlantic article really kind of spells everything out. A lot 35 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:32,880 Speaker 1: of that is, um bravado out of this dude. And 36 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:35,960 Speaker 1: there is probably no way that he's going to do 37 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:38,959 Speaker 1: this in December of this year, like he said he is. Yeah, 38 00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:42,040 Speaker 1: he's said that he is going to go ahead with 39 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:44,680 Speaker 1: the surgery, at least officially, is what he's saying. In 40 00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:48,200 Speaker 1: December of two thousand and seventeen. That's not gonna happen. Specifically, 41 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:52,560 Speaker 1: he's going to do it with a Russian computer engineer 42 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:57,320 Speaker 1: named Valerie Spirit and off, and um, that may not 43 00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:01,480 Speaker 1: happen with him. He see he has a spirit enough, 44 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:04,280 Speaker 1: has something called word nig Hoffman disease, which is a 45 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:11,040 Speaker 1: spinal spinal muscular dystrophy. And um, has he backed out 46 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:14,320 Speaker 1: now because he seemed pretty gung ho and everything I saw. No, 47 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:17,160 Speaker 1: he's gung ho, but he is on record of saying like, 48 00:03:17,960 --> 00:03:20,320 Speaker 1: I don't want to be a part of an expensive 49 00:03:22,160 --> 00:03:28,840 Speaker 1: euthanasia uh whatever procedure. Yeah, well that makes sense. I mean, 50 00:03:28,880 --> 00:03:31,240 Speaker 1: the whole reason he wants to do this is to 51 00:03:31,240 --> 00:03:34,040 Speaker 1: to get better, to improve his lot. He's wheelchair bound 52 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:37,240 Speaker 1: and his his muscles are withering away. Uh, and he's 53 00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:41,480 Speaker 1: thirty and he he wants to be mobile again. But yeah, 54 00:03:41,640 --> 00:03:46,200 Speaker 1: I would imagine, Yeah, he doesn't want to do this 55 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:50,440 Speaker 1: just to die, right, So he's kind of um and 56 00:03:50,680 --> 00:03:52,480 Speaker 1: what we're talking about, I guess we should just go ahead. 57 00:03:52,520 --> 00:03:55,800 Speaker 1: And if people are severely confused, it's called the human 58 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:59,200 Speaker 1: head transplant, but what it really is is a human 59 00:03:59,240 --> 00:04:02,640 Speaker 1: body trans plant. Because what you're doing is is you're 60 00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:07,640 Speaker 1: taking a person in this case, this Russian gentleman who 61 00:04:08,240 --> 00:04:13,280 Speaker 1: has a fully functioning brain and from the neck up 62 00:04:13,480 --> 00:04:17,040 Speaker 1: is fine, but his body is wasting away. And one 63 00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:19,720 Speaker 1: they get to the point where they can do the surgery, 64 00:04:19,760 --> 00:04:22,880 Speaker 1: they're going to get a body from a recently very 65 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:27,120 Speaker 1: recently deceased person or or soon to be deceased person. Yeah. 66 00:04:27,200 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 1: They would just need to be brain dead. Yeah, yeah, yeah, exactly, 67 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:35,960 Speaker 1: Um and move the heads, which would in turn give 68 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:42,320 Speaker 1: what's his name Valerie a new body. Yes, which is 69 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:44,840 Speaker 1: is radical of a thing as you could ever imagine. 70 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: There is no more radical medical procedure as we currently 71 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:54,600 Speaker 1: stand right now, No, no chance, not even close. And 72 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:57,279 Speaker 1: it's not like they're even swapping the heads. The donor's 73 00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:02,280 Speaker 1: head just gets thrown away well in a bucket, Yeah, 74 00:05:02,279 --> 00:05:05,360 Speaker 1: I guess for for a little chuck to find. Yeah, 75 00:05:06,279 --> 00:05:08,760 Speaker 1: I didn't think about that, but um they're yeah, you 76 00:05:08,760 --> 00:05:11,800 Speaker 1: don't put it back on. No, there's no point in it. 77 00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:17,159 Speaker 1: So this this head transplant, our body transplant, depending on 78 00:05:17,240 --> 00:05:20,760 Speaker 1: your perspective the whole idea. Obviously, it's kind of an 79 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:24,680 Speaker 1: old idea, like it goes back to Frankenstein, and you 80 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:27,720 Speaker 1: can make a case that Frankenstein is based on even 81 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:31,320 Speaker 1: earlier stuff like creating a gollum from clay, that kind 82 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:37,080 Speaker 1: of stuff. Um, But the idea is not new, but 83 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:42,559 Speaker 1: the idea that it could actually be done is fairly new. Um. 84 00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:46,680 Speaker 1: The this surgeon who's planning on carrying it out, Dr 85 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:51,479 Speaker 1: Sergio uh kind of arrow. He published an article in 86 00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:56,560 Speaker 1: two thousand thirteen and said here's how I plan to 87 00:05:56,560 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: do this, and we'll get to that in a minute. 88 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,440 Speaker 1: But in the article that he wrote, the journal article 89 00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:03,960 Speaker 1: he wrote laying out how the surgery could be done. 90 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:07,119 Speaker 1: One of the first things he does a site um 91 00:06:07,320 --> 00:06:11,760 Speaker 1: similar surgeries that were carried out on animals. Yeah, which 92 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 1: we've covered these before and um, past episodes I think 93 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:19,680 Speaker 1: on like I think one of them was a top 94 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:25,040 Speaker 1: ten list like awful medical procedures or something I can't remember. 95 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:29,719 Speaker 1: But this one one case specifically that stands out. There 96 00:06:29,760 --> 00:06:35,440 Speaker 1: was a Russian doctor name of Vladimir Demikoff, and he 97 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:41,040 Speaker 1: very famously grafted the head and four legs of one 98 00:06:41,080 --> 00:06:46,479 Speaker 1: dog onto another dog. Um, And apparently the both of 99 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:50,400 Speaker 1: the heads could smell and hear and see and swallow 100 00:06:50,920 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: and scream and lived. Um. I think he did this 101 00:06:56,920 --> 00:06:59,560 Speaker 1: a few times, and the biggest success was one of 102 00:06:59,600 --> 00:07:03,920 Speaker 1: these dogs live for twenty nine days, right, which is actually, 103 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:08,480 Speaker 1: from what I'm seeing, that's a very very long time. Um. 104 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 1: And this is at a time in the what you say, Um, 105 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:17,280 Speaker 1: this is a time when the only successful transplants that 106 00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:19,960 Speaker 1: had been carried out in humans were bone blood vessels 107 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:24,200 Speaker 1: and corneas. They've never done a major organ transplantet And 108 00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:27,680 Speaker 1: this guy's getting dogs with grafted heads, two heads to 109 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:29,760 Speaker 1: live for twenty nine days. So it was a big deal. 110 00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:32,440 Speaker 1: But even still, and I'm sure at the time people 111 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:37,880 Speaker 1: were like, that's pretty tasteless, um when looking back historically, 112 00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:40,880 Speaker 1: like why it don't do that? Stop? I wish that 113 00:07:41,040 --> 00:07:45,120 Speaker 1: had never happened. What were you doing? And apparently Demikov's 114 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:50,280 Speaker 1: ultimate goal was to just basically get transplants down and 115 00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:53,800 Speaker 1: create a bank of organs, an oregan bank, to where 116 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:56,720 Speaker 1: if you need a transplant, you could get any transplant 117 00:07:56,720 --> 00:07:59,680 Speaker 1: you needed any time. Um, transplants would just be so 118 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:03,560 Speaker 1: teen And he saw this as a means to to 119 00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: an end learning techniques, because apparently grafting dogs together would 120 00:08:09,680 --> 00:08:12,800 Speaker 1: help you with that, right, which I mean, it makes 121 00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:15,600 Speaker 1: makes a case. Yeah, he wasn't a mad scientist. He 122 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,640 Speaker 1: was trying to advance medicine. Uh So in nineteen seventy 123 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:22,600 Speaker 1: that was there a notice. There's just been really big 124 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:24,559 Speaker 1: gaps and a lot of this stuff for good reason, 125 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,400 Speaker 1: I guess. Um. But in nineteen seventy and right here 126 00:08:27,400 --> 00:08:31,160 Speaker 1: in the United States, uh, there was a recus monkey 127 00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:35,880 Speaker 1: in Cleveland and one Dr Robert White performed ahead transplant 128 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:41,160 Speaker 1: and the monkey survived neurologically for thirty six hours. But 129 00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:47,920 Speaker 1: I believe he never actually connected the spinal cord. No, no, 130 00:08:48,200 --> 00:08:52,400 Speaker 1: And that's the big the biggest hurdle right now. Yeah, 131 00:08:52,400 --> 00:08:56,760 Speaker 1: it was and still is so so Dr White, I mean, still, 132 00:08:56,880 --> 00:09:00,680 Speaker 1: this is pretty significant. He transplanted ahead and from one 133 00:09:00,679 --> 00:09:05,839 Speaker 1: monkey to another and managed to um connect the the 134 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:11,640 Speaker 1: major veins and arteries um and resuscitated, managed to resuscitate 135 00:09:11,720 --> 00:09:15,520 Speaker 1: the monkey um and it lived for a few days. 136 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 1: But um, apparently it was just an awful thing, even 137 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:23,200 Speaker 1: even at the time. One of the scientists that was 138 00:09:23,240 --> 00:09:27,240 Speaker 1: there who's actually become um Dr Cannavero, the surgeon who 139 00:09:27,280 --> 00:09:30,000 Speaker 1: wants to do the human head transplant. This this other 140 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:32,599 Speaker 1: guy has become one of his greatest and most outspoken 141 00:09:32,679 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 1: public critics. Um, he was there at the time when 142 00:09:36,320 --> 00:09:39,400 Speaker 1: this this um experiment in nineteen seventy was carried out, 143 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:41,680 Speaker 1: and he said, this is this is a terrible thing 144 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:44,920 Speaker 1: to do, even to a monkey. Said, we tried to 145 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:47,240 Speaker 1: feed it. The first time we fed it, the food 146 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: spilled out of its tricky onto the floor. Um, it 147 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:54,040 Speaker 1: was just an awful thing. And this guy is really 148 00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:57,720 Speaker 1: beating the drum to like stop Dr Cannavero from from 149 00:09:57,760 --> 00:10:00,440 Speaker 1: carrying this out because he was there saying where he 150 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:04,960 Speaker 1: saw that, he saw the monkey experiments. But Canavero is saying, 151 00:10:05,640 --> 00:10:07,720 Speaker 1: you can say that all you want, all the food 152 00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,600 Speaker 1: could have spilled that on the floor, doesn't matter because 153 00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 1: it was successful. The monkey was revived for three days. 154 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:20,080 Speaker 1: But everybody agrees there was there. They didn't connect the 155 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:22,599 Speaker 1: spinal column, and that's the big hurdle. That's one of 156 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:26,440 Speaker 1: the biggest unknowns with the actual head transplant. Yeah, and 157 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 1: more recently in the past couple of years, in fact, 158 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:33,920 Speaker 1: I think just last year, there's a surgeon who's actually 159 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:40,440 Speaker 1: partnered up with the Italian doctor named um Gialping wren 160 00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:44,160 Speaker 1: Uh and he's a surgeon in Harbin, China who has 161 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:48,480 Speaker 1: successfully done this on mice. Yeah, he's also partnered with 162 00:10:48,520 --> 00:10:54,400 Speaker 1: another UM researcher at khon Kook University in Soul, Korea, Korea, 163 00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: who's also carrying these these some stuff out on mice. 164 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:03,680 Speaker 1: And Canavero's based clee using these studies to say, hey, 165 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:07,439 Speaker 1: this is possible, but apparently the scientific community is saying 166 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: this is these are not necessarily good studies. Well and 167 00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:15,280 Speaker 1: Wren Dr Wren in China, like before not gather, he 168 00:11:15,400 --> 00:11:18,760 Speaker 1: is UM. He's the one that's saying like, let's just 169 00:11:18,760 --> 00:11:22,920 Speaker 1: slow our role here, UM and do this if we 170 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:25,040 Speaker 1: ever try to do it, do it when we really 171 00:11:25,040 --> 00:11:27,840 Speaker 1: think we can. Like I've done a monkey, I've done 172 00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:32,400 Speaker 1: some mice. Um, we're not ready to do it human yet. 173 00:11:32,440 --> 00:11:36,160 Speaker 1: So let's just not talk about um. Valerie in December 174 00:11:36,200 --> 00:11:42,000 Speaker 1: of and please stop doing TED talks and going on 175 00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:45,360 Speaker 1: news programs and just shut up for a little while. 176 00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:49,319 Speaker 1: But it doesn't sound like that since Sergio Cannaverro's d 177 00:11:49,559 --> 00:11:55,479 Speaker 1: n A. No, he is very brash sort of he's 178 00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:57,720 Speaker 1: he they said in this article. He uses he says 179 00:11:57,760 --> 00:12:00,680 Speaker 1: bread instead of money, like hey, if I can't raise 180 00:12:00,679 --> 00:12:04,200 Speaker 1: the money, I'll go to uh, someone like Zuckerberg and 181 00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: get the bread to do this. It says here in 182 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:10,520 Speaker 1: the Atlantic article. He says Cannabaro tends to make blowhard 183 00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:15,440 Speaker 1: statements that denigrate his critics, like this, I'm into jiu jitsu. 184 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:18,480 Speaker 1: Jiu jitsu. He told me so, I have the martial 185 00:12:18,600 --> 00:12:20,720 Speaker 1: arts mind that you need to tackle all the morons 186 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:24,880 Speaker 1: that come with idiotic questions. He's not doing himself any favors. Yeah, 187 00:12:24,960 --> 00:12:26,760 Speaker 1: I don't think he sees it like that from what 188 00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:29,800 Speaker 1: I'm seeing, Like there's this I saw um where I 189 00:12:29,840 --> 00:12:32,160 Speaker 1: get all my news, the Daily Mail. I saw a 190 00:12:32,200 --> 00:12:36,280 Speaker 1: Daily Mail article on him and his procedure, and it 191 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:41,120 Speaker 1: has a photo shoot of him wearing scrubs with a 192 00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:46,000 Speaker 1: man's head on a platter. Like doctors don't do that. 193 00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:48,600 Speaker 1: They don't do photo shoots like that. They are not 194 00:12:48,679 --> 00:12:52,120 Speaker 1: trying to court controversy. Like, yes, if you're a surgeon 195 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:55,000 Speaker 1: like you, you have some part of your fiber is 196 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,800 Speaker 1: pretty cocky and arrogant, maybe even have a God complex. 197 00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:03,400 Speaker 1: I think it's kind of required typically with um, with 198 00:13:03,559 --> 00:13:08,240 Speaker 1: that field that profession. Right, this guy is exponentially beyond 199 00:13:08,760 --> 00:13:12,240 Speaker 1: anything that's even high end for a normal surgeon as 200 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:17,880 Speaker 1: far as egotism and um and blow hardness goes. Most 201 00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:22,120 Speaker 1: of them don't don't boast about jiu jitsu publicly. No. Uh. 202 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:26,240 Speaker 1: In fact, the most scientists and doctors, um, most don't 203 00:13:26,280 --> 00:13:28,920 Speaker 1: like him at all. They said, this is one quote. Uh. 204 00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:32,959 Speaker 1: He glibly glides past major problems with his human centipede 205 00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:37,480 Speaker 1: level medical horror show. His plan is insane, like James 206 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:41,440 Speaker 1: Bond villain, insane and will amount to an elaborate act 207 00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:47,160 Speaker 1: of slow torture and murder. So I think he's partially 208 00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:50,160 Speaker 1: obviously really like that as a dude. But they don't 209 00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:52,200 Speaker 1: have the money it takes. They don't have the bread, 210 00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:54,920 Speaker 1: like a hundred million dollars to do this, And I 211 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:58,719 Speaker 1: think he thinks all this media attention is what is 212 00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:01,360 Speaker 1: going to get him the bread to carry out this operation. 213 00:14:01,880 --> 00:14:04,760 Speaker 1: You're gonna call it bread from now on. Just through 214 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:07,160 Speaker 1: this show, did you see a hundred million dollars? And 215 00:14:07,240 --> 00:14:10,160 Speaker 1: most I saw his thirteen million. Oh, I mean, I've 216 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:12,240 Speaker 1: seen it all over the place, that's the thing I've seen. 217 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:16,240 Speaker 1: It takes anywhere from thirty doctors to a hundred doctors 218 00:14:16,280 --> 00:14:18,200 Speaker 1: to assist in this, which is one of the other 219 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:22,520 Speaker 1: big problems is getting up to a hundred legit doctors 220 00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:26,880 Speaker 1: that will do this, right, you know, this guy's like 221 00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:31,200 Speaker 1: walking clickbait. So let's take a break, man, and then 222 00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:34,600 Speaker 1: we'll come back and we'll we'll we'll tell all the 223 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:59,320 Speaker 1: grizzly details of his plan. M hm alright, Chuck. So 224 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,920 Speaker 1: back in two thousand thirteen, the Sergio Canavera hit the 225 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:09,400 Speaker 1: scene in a journal. Um, oh, what's the journal called 226 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:13,080 Speaker 1: Surgical Neurology International. It's an open source journal. Yeah, he's 227 00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:15,120 Speaker 1: no quack. We should point out he's been published a lot, 228 00:15:15,760 --> 00:15:18,480 Speaker 1: and he's a legit surgeon, right, Like, he obviously knows 229 00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:21,320 Speaker 1: what he's talking about. It's just the gamble that he's 230 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:27,040 Speaker 1: taking is so so obviously stacked against him that you 231 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:29,840 Speaker 1: that I think most people would say you would have 232 00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:33,320 Speaker 1: to be insane to actually do it, or so reckless 233 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,640 Speaker 1: and indifferent to the fate of your patient that you 234 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:39,640 Speaker 1: shouldn't be practicing medicine in the first place. Yeah, because 235 00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:44,080 Speaker 1: almost the doctors that they've talked to said this will 236 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:47,160 Speaker 1: end in this man's death. Yeah, like, like think about this. 237 00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:51,120 Speaker 1: They're working on rats. Rats have the best outcome of 238 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:56,240 Speaker 1: any animal so far, and there they have like thirty 239 00:15:56,360 --> 00:16:00,400 Speaker 1: to fifty survival rate among rats. But even that just 240 00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:04,960 Speaker 1: means that survived no more than one day after having 241 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:08,200 Speaker 1: their head transplanted. They died from the surgery one way 242 00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:11,120 Speaker 1: or another. It's just that survival rate means that they 243 00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 1: were managed to be revived after the surgery. It doesn't 244 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:17,440 Speaker 1: mean that they went on to live a healthy life 245 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:20,240 Speaker 1: and bounce their grandchildren on their knee. They died within 246 00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: a day. Yeah, there's no way that it wouldn't kill 247 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:26,320 Speaker 1: a human being. Yeah, I mean, even if the guy survived, 248 00:16:26,360 --> 00:16:29,880 Speaker 1: the likelihood of him being like, well I got my 249 00:16:29,960 --> 00:16:34,560 Speaker 1: new body now is is like zero. Watch me bench this. 250 00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:38,720 Speaker 1: Although he's uh, Cannavero said he has a nine chance 251 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:41,840 Speaker 1: of living a regular life, and Dr Wrenn in China 252 00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: saying no, he doesn't quit saying that. You know, yeah, 253 00:16:46,160 --> 00:16:49,320 Speaker 1: this guy is he's exactly the kind of surgeon for 254 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:52,960 Speaker 1: this age, isn't he He really is actually us nineties 255 00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:56,040 Speaker 1: chance to have a normal life. Where'd you get that? Well, 256 00:16:56,080 --> 00:17:02,200 Speaker 1: it just sounds good that, yeah, he fits with the times. 257 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:07,400 Speaker 1: So back in two thirteen, in that journal Surgical Neurology International, UM, 258 00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:11,840 Speaker 1: Canavero published basically a step by step outline of how 259 00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:15,680 Speaker 1: this um, this surgery would go down, and it's it's 260 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:19,800 Speaker 1: not super in depth, it's just it's basically an overview, 261 00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:24,120 Speaker 1: but it hits, you know, most of the salient points. 262 00:17:24,119 --> 00:17:30,080 Speaker 1: And he's basically gone and taking different surgeries and assemble 263 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:35,080 Speaker 1: them into this one massive surgery that would be a 264 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:38,120 Speaker 1: head transplant from one donor to the next, or one 265 00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:41,880 Speaker 1: donor to the recipient. Yeah, and I think even doctors say, 266 00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:46,240 Speaker 1: this isn't like, you know, he's not crazy, Like when 267 00:17:46,240 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 1: you look at it, it's it all kind of makes sense. 268 00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:53,080 Speaker 1: They're just saying like it's it's not gonna work, and 269 00:17:53,119 --> 00:17:55,760 Speaker 1: it makes sense. Yeah, yeah, totally. And the big stumbling 270 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:57,879 Speaker 1: block is going to be the spinal cord because basically 271 00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:00,879 Speaker 1: everything else he's he's all these other urgeri that is 272 00:18:00,920 --> 00:18:04,960 Speaker 1: cobbling together are proven surgeries, like they can be done. 273 00:18:05,600 --> 00:18:11,200 Speaker 1: It's that's that connecting the spinal cord um. That's that's 274 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:14,879 Speaker 1: the biggest obstacle during the surgery. All right, should we 275 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:17,879 Speaker 1: go through this thing? But so the first thing you 276 00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:22,680 Speaker 1: do is you need two teams, uh, two surgery teams obviously, 277 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:25,359 Speaker 1: because you have two bodies in there in the same 278 00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:28,040 Speaker 1: operating theater. Yeah, you there's got to be a very 279 00:18:28,119 --> 00:18:30,280 Speaker 1: quick I think they said the heads have to be 280 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:33,040 Speaker 1: or the head has to be reattached in like under 281 00:18:33,080 --> 00:18:36,680 Speaker 1: an hour to have any chance, right, but the spinal 282 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:40,720 Speaker 1: columns have to be reattached within less than two minutes. 283 00:18:41,359 --> 00:18:44,120 Speaker 1: But you have an hour for the whole procedure from 284 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: from the moment the heads are cut off. So the 285 00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:50,679 Speaker 1: first step, Chuck, is remember how we had UM. We 286 00:18:50,760 --> 00:18:56,680 Speaker 1: did an episode on therapeutic hypothermia. So they're they plan 287 00:18:56,800 --> 00:19:00,879 Speaker 1: to use therapeutic hypothermia where they cool the head of 288 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:05,280 Speaker 1: the recipient down to like fifty degrees, which you know 289 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:09,960 Speaker 1: normally it's point six degrees and at that temperature um 290 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:16,280 Speaker 1: metabolism slows tremendously. So since you have fewer processes going 291 00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:19,040 Speaker 1: on into the cells, you have less of a need 292 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:21,960 Speaker 1: for oxygen, which is good because you're cutting the head 293 00:19:21,960 --> 00:19:24,280 Speaker 1: off of the body and oxygen can be hard to 294 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:28,359 Speaker 1: come by. So by um cooling the head down to 295 00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:31,720 Speaker 1: fifty I think fifty four degrees ferret height, which is 296 00:19:31,720 --> 00:19:37,120 Speaker 1: I believed ten degrees celsius um, the metabolism slows down 297 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:40,119 Speaker 1: enough that you're buying yourself that hour. Remember there's that 298 00:19:40,240 --> 00:19:43,680 Speaker 1: our time limit. That's because you've cooled down the head, 299 00:19:43,920 --> 00:19:47,760 Speaker 1: slowing the metabolism, and um, that gives you that hour 300 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:50,560 Speaker 1: to carry out the surgery. So you're cooling the head 301 00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:54,640 Speaker 1: on the recipient, and then you're cooling the spinal column 302 00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:59,200 Speaker 1: to the same temperature on the donor, right, So uh, 303 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:02,879 Speaker 1: everyone's gotten cooled down to that point. The recipient is 304 00:20:02,880 --> 00:20:05,639 Speaker 1: gonna be lying down at first, and then later like 305 00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:08,560 Speaker 1: during the surgery and then during recovery and everything. Um, 306 00:20:08,560 --> 00:20:12,760 Speaker 1: he's going to be in a seated position. Um, because 307 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:15,880 Speaker 1: I guess, I guess that just makes sense. With gravity, 308 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:19,760 Speaker 1: you'd want to be seated, doesn't that make sense? I 309 00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:23,040 Speaker 1: think it makes the surgery easier for the surgeons too well, 310 00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:25,119 Speaker 1: but during recovery too, Like they're not gonna lay him 311 00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:28,000 Speaker 1: back down. I don't think I'll ever be allowed to 312 00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:31,600 Speaker 1: lay down again. Maybe not so. Uh. They make the 313 00:20:31,680 --> 00:20:36,119 Speaker 1: incisions at each neck, they expose arteries, the spine, the 314 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:41,040 Speaker 1: jugular veins. UM. Obviously they're gonna clamp everything off. Um. 315 00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:46,199 Speaker 1: They color code all the muscles um, which sounds funny, 316 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:50,040 Speaker 1: but it's actually pretty smart. I guess. Um, just like 317 00:20:50,080 --> 00:20:53,159 Speaker 1: wires in a in a circuit would be color coded. Uh, 318 00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:55,480 Speaker 1: they want everything hooked back up to the right thing, 319 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:59,320 Speaker 1: so there color coding muscles and they leave the spinal 320 00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:03,959 Speaker 1: cord for the last thing. Yeah, this is the this 321 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: this is the very very tricky part here. This is 322 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:08,840 Speaker 1: where everybody's like, Okay, you're crazy if you try this. 323 00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:15,159 Speaker 1: But Dr Cannavero says, if you cut the spines the 324 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:19,119 Speaker 1: spinal columns of each of the um the donor and 325 00:21:19,119 --> 00:21:23,199 Speaker 1: the recipient with a sharp enough blade, and you make 326 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: a surgical cut, you should be able to promote regeneration 327 00:21:29,119 --> 00:21:33,000 Speaker 1: of those nerves that you're cutting, UM when you reattach 328 00:21:33,119 --> 00:21:36,480 Speaker 1: them that if if the cut is precise enough, the 329 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:42,159 Speaker 1: damage that's normally associated with a surgical sever or not 330 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: a surgical sever, spinal sever from like some sort of 331 00:21:45,359 --> 00:21:49,320 Speaker 1: trauma injury, UM, you won't have all the attendant like 332 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:53,880 Speaker 1: scarification and inflammation that you would from that if you're 333 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:58,520 Speaker 1: doing it surgically with surgical precision. That's a big that's 334 00:21:58,520 --> 00:22:00,800 Speaker 1: a big thing that he's saying. Yeah, that's one of 335 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:04,399 Speaker 1: the biggest um stumbling blocks to getting these nerves to 336 00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:07,600 Speaker 1: reconnect is the second they're cut, they're gonna start to 337 00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:11,800 Speaker 1: form scar tissue. Which makes it much harder to reattach. 338 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:15,480 Speaker 1: So in the case of these mice and China, they 339 00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:18,560 Speaker 1: use a one thousand dollar scalpel with a diamond blade 340 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: so thin that it's transparent and so, Um, this is 341 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,520 Speaker 1: too small obviously for this procedure, but they're gonna get 342 00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:30,639 Speaker 1: a scalpel like that big enough to you know, to 343 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:34,760 Speaker 1: work on a human. Right. So here's actually will just 344 00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:37,359 Speaker 1: say a lot of the things that are that people 345 00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:40,239 Speaker 1: object to with this. But but what what kind of 346 00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:46,160 Speaker 1: arrows saying? Um, is that with this cut when you 347 00:22:46,520 --> 00:22:50,040 Speaker 1: when you take the spines, are we at the head yet? 348 00:22:50,040 --> 00:22:54,240 Speaker 1: Have we moved the head? Um? Well, yeah, we've We've 349 00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:56,560 Speaker 1: cut the head and there people should rest easy knowing 350 00:22:56,560 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 1: they're not just picking the head up. Apparently, it's gonna 351 00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:02,560 Speaker 1: be transferred on a on a specially built crane with 352 00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:06,639 Speaker 1: vel grow straps. And the crane is actually kind of 353 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:10,480 Speaker 1: clever too because it can just hold it aloft above 354 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:15,720 Speaker 1: the donor body, right, So that allows for the surgeons 355 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:19,040 Speaker 1: to connect everything again in comfort without having to get 356 00:23:19,119 --> 00:23:22,439 Speaker 1: into any weird positions or whatever. Um, with the floating 357 00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:25,800 Speaker 1: head staring at them. Yeah, the floating head hanging over 358 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:29,040 Speaker 1: the seated, headless body. Man, this is the point that 359 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: we're right now. So one of the first things they'll do, um, well, 360 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:35,359 Speaker 1: the first thing that they're doing, because remember you have 361 00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:38,120 Speaker 1: less than two minutes between when you cut the spinal 362 00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:42,680 Speaker 1: column and when you reattach it um. So the first 363 00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:46,359 Speaker 1: thing they're gonna do is attach the spinal column in 364 00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:50,879 Speaker 1: the recipient's head and the spinal column in the donor's body. 365 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:54,359 Speaker 1: And they're gonna put this stuff in that apparently is 366 00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:59,679 Speaker 1: made of magic, and it's called PEG polyethylene glycol glue, 367 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:05,639 Speaker 1: a medical surgical glue that supposedly work some some wonders 368 00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:09,480 Speaker 1: on the body. Yeah, it is like magic, and I 369 00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:11,720 Speaker 1: don't understand how it works. I'm not going to pretend 370 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 1: on this show. But um in China with these mice, uh, 371 00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:19,920 Speaker 1: before they did the transplant, they would literally just take 372 00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 1: this blade. They would sever the spinal cord of this 373 00:24:22,880 --> 00:24:26,160 Speaker 1: poor little mouse and then they would take it. That's 374 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:30,000 Speaker 1: apparently it looks like watered down scotch and they would, uh, 375 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:31,720 Speaker 1: it's like an amber fluid, and they would take a 376 00:24:31,760 --> 00:24:35,680 Speaker 1: drop of it, drop it on that little spinal column, 377 00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:40,880 Speaker 1: stitch the mouse up, and then the mouse would walk again. Yeah, 378 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:43,439 Speaker 1: that's that's something that they were reporting from those that 379 00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: these mice had their spinal columns totally severed and then 380 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:52,600 Speaker 1: reattached glued together with pilot polyethylene glycol. And yeah, within 381 00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:55,040 Speaker 1: what like three weeks I think, or a couple of weeks, 382 00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:58,040 Speaker 1: the mice were walking again. This one was two days. 383 00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:01,439 Speaker 1: It was the do that took three weeks. Yeah, and 384 00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:04,400 Speaker 1: it said the mouse did not walk perfectly. Its back 385 00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:10,600 Speaker 1: legs lurched at times. But what compared to a control mouse. Uh, yeah, 386 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:13,600 Speaker 1: the control mouse could couldn't walk. It would just pull 387 00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:18,600 Speaker 1: the back legs behind itself. So, um, this this polyethylene glycol, right, 388 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:23,080 Speaker 1: Apparently what it does is it it's hydrophilic and it 389 00:25:23,119 --> 00:25:28,000 Speaker 1: attracts fats to it, so it'll go in you you 390 00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:32,800 Speaker 1: squirt some into like the the incision or the gap 391 00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:36,640 Speaker 1: between the two spinal columns, and allegedly what it will 392 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:41,720 Speaker 1: do is attract these damaged cells and basically fuse them together. 393 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:46,680 Speaker 1: They fused together and regenerate basically into cells. That's one 394 00:25:46,680 --> 00:25:51,720 Speaker 1: thing it does. And then there's this this pig that's 395 00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:56,000 Speaker 1: um kind of enhanced. I guess that these researchers at 396 00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:58,600 Speaker 1: RICE University are coming up what they call it Texas 397 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:04,960 Speaker 1: peg um that has graphene nano spirals in it, and 398 00:26:05,040 --> 00:26:08,320 Speaker 1: those serve as basically a structure for the cells to 399 00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:11,880 Speaker 1: grow along. And the whole point of using PEG here, 400 00:26:11,880 --> 00:26:15,000 Speaker 1: aside from the fact that it can help cells repair 401 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:20,520 Speaker 1: and regenerate, is that when Cannavaro cuts the spinal column, 402 00:26:20,680 --> 00:26:25,200 Speaker 1: he will have severed these nerves and axons, the white 403 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,480 Speaker 1: matter that that transmit electricity through the body from the 404 00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:32,200 Speaker 1: brain and vice versa UM and they need to reattach 405 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:36,840 Speaker 1: and if they don't touch one another, UM, they're gonna 406 00:26:36,840 --> 00:26:40,760 Speaker 1: grow past one another and the the electrical transmission will 407 00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:42,920 Speaker 1: never be able to take place. He's saying if you 408 00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:45,520 Speaker 1: use PEG, And then these Texas researchers are saying, if 409 00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: you use Texas peg, these nano structures will provide a 410 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:53,760 Speaker 1: structure for the um neurons that or the axons to 411 00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:57,879 Speaker 1: grow along, and they will reconnect and regrow and the 412 00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:00,840 Speaker 1: person should be able to have electrical hasmission through their 413 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:04,000 Speaker 1: nerves again on the spinal column. This is the most 414 00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:07,639 Speaker 1: controversial point so far. Yeah, and they're also gonna have 415 00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:13,280 Speaker 1: um electrical paddles on hand, because apparently burst of electricity 416 00:27:13,359 --> 00:27:16,280 Speaker 1: can help re establish that communication when you've severed the 417 00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:19,280 Speaker 1: spinal cord. So do you want to take a break 418 00:27:19,440 --> 00:27:23,120 Speaker 1: right now and uh come back and finish up with 419 00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:48,520 Speaker 1: this gruesome operation right after this? M alright, So we 420 00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:55,280 Speaker 1: have now put the crazy glue Texas style in place. 421 00:27:56,880 --> 00:28:02,280 Speaker 1: Everything's reattached, all the color coded UM muscles and nerves 422 00:28:02,320 --> 00:28:05,399 Speaker 1: and arteries and veins like they've taken great care. They 423 00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:08,600 Speaker 1: finally sewed the head on, and then they're going to Um. 424 00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:11,960 Speaker 1: They're not just gonna say good luck with recovery. They're 425 00:28:11,960 --> 00:28:16,800 Speaker 1: actually gonna induce a medical coma with this gentleman, whether 426 00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:22,280 Speaker 1: it ends up being Um the Russian or somebody else. Um, 427 00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:24,640 Speaker 1: because he's got a fatal disease. He may not make 428 00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:27,040 Speaker 1: it if this keeps getting delayed. I don't think we 429 00:28:27,119 --> 00:28:29,440 Speaker 1: mentioned that he's not just like, I don't want to 430 00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:31,440 Speaker 1: live my life like this, Like he shouldn't have lived 431 00:28:31,480 --> 00:28:35,520 Speaker 1: this long. I didn't realize he was that. Yeah. I 432 00:28:35,600 --> 00:28:38,239 Speaker 1: think only ten percent of people with his condition make 433 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:41,760 Speaker 1: it into adulthood. And doctors are all like, you should 434 00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:43,560 Speaker 1: have you know, you're on barrow time as it is. 435 00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:47,640 Speaker 1: You should have gotten ahead transparent years ago exactly. So 436 00:28:47,920 --> 00:28:52,320 Speaker 1: they're actually gonna induce a medical coma. Um, I don't 437 00:28:52,360 --> 00:28:54,960 Speaker 1: know for how long did it? Say? Like three three 438 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,600 Speaker 1: weeks is what he was roughly estimating, just to keep everything, 439 00:28:58,880 --> 00:29:02,440 Speaker 1: just to get everything growing together as calm as that with, 440 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:08,000 Speaker 1: while preventing movement too. Yeah, like the possibility of movement. 441 00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:12,360 Speaker 1: He's just not moving for three weeks, which I mean, 442 00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:16,520 Speaker 1: hello bedswords, Am I right? Although I guess that's probably 443 00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:18,440 Speaker 1: the least of your warriors when you've just gotten a 444 00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:22,560 Speaker 1: head transplant. Yeah, I think so. But that's that they 445 00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:24,760 Speaker 1: I believe that's it. So they're they're going to be 446 00:29:25,120 --> 00:29:28,760 Speaker 1: inducing a medical coma, and then they'll be passing electrical 447 00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:33,160 Speaker 1: charges through the spinal column to try to induce um 448 00:29:33,320 --> 00:29:38,600 Speaker 1: axon regrowth and repair this this whole time. And then 449 00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:41,440 Speaker 1: after three weeks he'll get up, do a cart wheel 450 00:29:41,480 --> 00:29:45,520 Speaker 1: and run right out of the hospital. No, after three weeks, Uh, 451 00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:49,560 Speaker 1: maybe he'll open his eyes and move his mouth. Um, 452 00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:52,240 Speaker 1: that would be a success to a certain degree. What 453 00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:55,560 Speaker 1: they're really gonna be looking for is anything below the 454 00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:59,360 Speaker 1: neck moving. Um, if he wiggles his fingers or his toes, 455 00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:05,400 Speaker 1: that to breakthrough, like we've never had in medicine before. UM. 456 00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,600 Speaker 1: But even if that happens, that would be just the 457 00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:12,400 Speaker 1: beginning of a very very long road of uh, not 458 00:30:12,520 --> 00:30:20,200 Speaker 1: only physiological rehab, but psychological rehab. Yeah, apparently the psychological 459 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:22,800 Speaker 1: impact a lot of people are worried about. When um 460 00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:27,440 Speaker 1: Canavera wrote UH the the initial article in two thousand 461 00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:31,240 Speaker 1: thirteen in that same journal, a couple of other Italian 462 00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:34,560 Speaker 1: surgeons rode into the editors and said, there are a 463 00:30:34,680 --> 00:30:39,280 Speaker 1: lot of things wrong with this ethically, even even just 464 00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:43,160 Speaker 1: put aside all of the questions surgically ethically, you know, 465 00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:46,200 Speaker 1: this guy is not taking these things into account. One 466 00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,200 Speaker 1: of the things they pointed out was that insanity would 467 00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:55,000 Speaker 1: be a likely outcome from head or body transplant, because 468 00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:59,240 Speaker 1: we form our our sense of ourselves cognitively in large 469 00:30:59,280 --> 00:31:02,640 Speaker 1: part through our body. So if you suddenly have a 470 00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,960 Speaker 1: different body your you would and you basically wake up 471 00:31:07,560 --> 00:31:11,760 Speaker 1: to you overnight with with two a big fat body 472 00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:15,280 Speaker 1: identity crisis or identity crisis in general. Yeah, I mean 473 00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,640 Speaker 1: they've had uh, they've seen this act out in like 474 00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:22,880 Speaker 1: hand transplants, and that's really you know, you can't see 475 00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:27,400 Speaker 1: your liver or kidney or your heart uh or cornea 476 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:30,080 Speaker 1: like stuff like that. But um, but I'm sure it's 477 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:33,640 Speaker 1: still you still think about the fact that your your 478 00:31:33,760 --> 00:31:36,040 Speaker 1: kidney is from somewhere else, but you don't have to 479 00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:39,479 Speaker 1: see it all the time. Yeah, exactly. So just that 480 00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:43,239 Speaker 1: reminder of a hand, much less an entire body. Uh, 481 00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:46,800 Speaker 1: it's going to be emotionally in psychologically challenging to say 482 00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:50,960 Speaker 1: the least. Um. There's some other questions that this definitely 483 00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:58,400 Speaker 1: raises as well. Um. For example, if you wanted to 484 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:02,680 Speaker 1: change your gender, would this be acceptable and acceptable surgery? 485 00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:05,080 Speaker 1: I tend to say yes on that one. I can 486 00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:11,160 Speaker 1: change your entire body instead of just parts of your body. Yeah. Yeah, 487 00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,840 Speaker 1: just just you know that makes sense. It's like all 488 00:32:14,880 --> 00:32:18,960 Speaker 1: at once, bam done. What about someone who what if 489 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:22,920 Speaker 1: this works and someone was super rich and just wanted 490 00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:26,680 Speaker 1: a different body, like I want to be eight inches 491 00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:34,640 Speaker 1: taller and muscular, so let's do this's million dollars. Uh. 492 00:32:34,680 --> 00:32:37,760 Speaker 1: I would have an issue with that for for one reason, 493 00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:42,240 Speaker 1: and that would be that you have just taken them 494 00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:45,600 Speaker 1: the body of a potential organ donor that could have 495 00:32:45,640 --> 00:32:50,280 Speaker 1: saved multiple lives of people who needed those organs. You 496 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:52,560 Speaker 1: took them because you wanted to be eight inches taller. 497 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:57,000 Speaker 1: Other than that, if if there was a yeah, well 498 00:32:57,040 --> 00:32:58,520 Speaker 1: that's a pretty big one. I don't even I don't 499 00:32:58,560 --> 00:33:00,320 Speaker 1: even want to qualify it with saying all than that, 500 00:33:00,360 --> 00:33:02,240 Speaker 1: I have no problem with it, because that's such a 501 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:07,000 Speaker 1: huge problem. It disqualifies in my eyes. Uh. Here's the 502 00:33:07,080 --> 00:33:10,600 Speaker 1: good news, though, is that, um, he doesn't have to 503 00:33:10,640 --> 00:33:14,960 Speaker 1: get a percent of these cells to remain intact. There 504 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:18,959 Speaker 1: are studies out there, like you know, legit studies that say, uh, 505 00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:21,760 Speaker 1: your your motor function, your basic motor function can be 506 00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:27,959 Speaker 1: preserved if you just get of those cells to remain intact. So, um, 507 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:30,280 Speaker 1: the Atlantic says, if he failed a fuse every four 508 00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:35,280 Speaker 1: or five, um, he could fail on every I'm sorry, 509 00:33:35,280 --> 00:33:38,640 Speaker 1: four of every five nerve cells and it still might 510 00:33:38,680 --> 00:33:42,280 Speaker 1: succeed in there, right, and well, the thing is is 511 00:33:42,440 --> 00:33:46,680 Speaker 1: Canavero's whole thing is anytime somebody raises an objection to it, 512 00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:51,120 Speaker 1: he's like peg poly ethylene glycol will handle it. And 513 00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:55,160 Speaker 1: it does seem to work some pretty amazing miracles. But 514 00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:59,840 Speaker 1: the it's not just some cure all magic stuff that 515 00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:04,600 Speaker 1: just fixes everything. It remains to be seen and what's 516 00:34:04,640 --> 00:34:07,440 Speaker 1: kind of fishy is a lot of the um there's 517 00:34:07,480 --> 00:34:11,480 Speaker 1: some of the recent papers on PEG and what an 518 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:15,880 Speaker 1: amazing miracle compound it is are edited by Cannivero himself. 519 00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:20,719 Speaker 1: So the guy who's saying, no, it's this miracle substance 520 00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:23,480 Speaker 1: you should read about it is the one who's editing 521 00:34:23,520 --> 00:34:25,560 Speaker 1: the stuff that he's telling you to go read about. 522 00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,920 Speaker 1: I don't think we mentioned just like an organ can 523 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:34,120 Speaker 1: be rejected, that it could reject the body outright from 524 00:34:34,160 --> 00:34:40,400 Speaker 1: the beginning, which would be a catastrophic failure. Um that 525 00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:43,440 Speaker 1: that would kill you if your your body rejects your 526 00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:47,520 Speaker 1: or your head. Yeah, well, I'm just glad he's hooked 527 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:52,520 Speaker 1: up with Dr Wren at least, because before that, before 528 00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:55,439 Speaker 1: they had made contact, he was he was plowing full 529 00:34:55,480 --> 00:34:58,840 Speaker 1: steam ahead, um and still wants to. But he hadn't 530 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:04,040 Speaker 1: even he wasn't trying it on mice and monkeys, you know, 531 00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:07,200 Speaker 1: Like he hooked up with someone who was. I was like, oh, well, 532 00:35:07,239 --> 00:35:10,239 Speaker 1: you're you're doing the real work. Let's get together on this. 533 00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,080 Speaker 1: So his um, his idea was that he would have 534 00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:19,839 Speaker 1: to practice on cadavers. Yeah, he needed to practice on cadavers. 535 00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:24,560 Speaker 1: But apparently that would come after practicing on um animals, 536 00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:30,239 Speaker 1: and apparently he according to bioethesis, he would be hard 537 00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:34,400 Speaker 1: pressed to get approval even to carry out an experiment 538 00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:38,000 Speaker 1: like this on animals these days, the most medical ethics 539 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:41,440 Speaker 1: boards would be like, no, this is unnecessary, this is 540 00:35:41,480 --> 00:35:43,759 Speaker 1: not you shouldn't be doing this, so don't do that. 541 00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:46,000 Speaker 1: At least in the United States, I should say, well, 542 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:49,040 Speaker 1: he's never gonna do this here. He would almost certainly 543 00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:51,680 Speaker 1: have to do this. In China they have a lot 544 00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:55,719 Speaker 1: more latitude. I saw there's this hospital in Vietnam that's 545 00:35:55,719 --> 00:35:59,239 Speaker 1: like US, US, we'll do it because they probably can 546 00:35:59,239 --> 00:36:05,920 Speaker 1: get funding and uh press means yeah, I would imagine. 547 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:10,880 Speaker 1: I know they went to the Russians because this gentleman 548 00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:12,760 Speaker 1: is Russian and he thought he could get the government 549 00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:15,279 Speaker 1: to chip in and they said no. And so now 550 00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:18,640 Speaker 1: he is literally trying to raise money by selling things, 551 00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:22,759 Speaker 1: raise bread. He's trying to raise bread by selling like 552 00:36:23,640 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: mugs and key chains and stuff. This is not a 553 00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:31,480 Speaker 1: lie with his head on, like these these muscular bodies 554 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:35,319 Speaker 1: and stuff. Wow, So it's uh I did see. I 555 00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:38,400 Speaker 1: finally found it said between ten and a hundred million dollars, 556 00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:42,239 Speaker 1: which is pretty big. Uh latitude there, Yeah, I mean 557 00:36:42,239 --> 00:36:45,520 Speaker 1: there's like there's a it's pretty easy to point at 558 00:36:45,560 --> 00:36:48,239 Speaker 1: Canavero and be like, here, what's what's what's your deal man? 559 00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:54,600 Speaker 1: But it makes it easy to to look past um 560 00:36:54,800 --> 00:37:01,120 Speaker 1: the patient spiritanovs UM situation, you know, like I'm sure 561 00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:04,360 Speaker 1: he wants this to work so bad. Sure it's heartbreaking, 562 00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:07,359 Speaker 1: you know, yeah, I mean so much so that like 563 00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:09,480 Speaker 1: he said, he doesn't want to just be an expensive 564 00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:16,120 Speaker 1: euthan asia procedure. But he also said, you know, I'm 565 00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:21,640 Speaker 1: headed toward death here soon, Like why not? Yeah? I 566 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:24,840 Speaker 1: saw one other thing. You got anything else there? I 567 00:37:24,880 --> 00:37:28,600 Speaker 1: saw that another objection to this by the medical community 568 00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:31,840 Speaker 1: would be that it could conceivably raise the yuck factor. 569 00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:36,920 Speaker 1: That's what they call it UM among organ donation, just 570 00:37:37,040 --> 00:37:41,120 Speaker 1: around among the general public. And this yuck factor. I 571 00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:43,960 Speaker 1: checked it out because it was in scare quotes. It's 572 00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:49,200 Speaker 1: a real thing, UM and it's basically the general public's 573 00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:59,200 Speaker 1: um discussed toward bio like bioaugmentation, weird surgeries, UM, odd transplants. 574 00:37:59,239 --> 00:38:03,080 Speaker 1: This this head transplant, body or body transplant or head 575 00:38:03,080 --> 00:38:06,759 Speaker 1: transplant falls right into that weird yuck factor, almost like 576 00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:10,440 Speaker 1: the Uncanny Valley. And I read this article about it, 577 00:38:10,840 --> 00:38:14,160 Speaker 1: and apparently there's something there's a debate going on on 578 00:38:14,280 --> 00:38:18,600 Speaker 1: whether humans have an inner wisdom of what is good 579 00:38:18,719 --> 00:38:22,839 Speaker 1: or bad or acceptable, and when our yuck factor is activated, 580 00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:27,400 Speaker 1: it's actually an inner wisdom that's saying that's not okay, 581 00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:31,040 Speaker 1: don't do that. And this this author was arguing that 582 00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:35,280 Speaker 1: that's not true, that it's actually what is called folk biology, 583 00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:38,920 Speaker 1: that humans are kind of prewired to have an idea 584 00:38:39,080 --> 00:38:42,840 Speaker 1: of what's natural and what's normal, and we're just simply 585 00:38:42,920 --> 00:38:48,120 Speaker 1: grossed out when we're faced with something that challenges that normalcy. 586 00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:50,840 Speaker 1: But it doesn't mean that it's right or wrong. There's 587 00:38:50,840 --> 00:38:54,640 Speaker 1: this debate over which one is correct, folk biology or 588 00:38:55,239 --> 00:38:59,799 Speaker 1: the inner wisdom. That's interesting. It is pretty interesting. Well, 589 00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:02,759 Speaker 1: we at an entire show in two thousand and ten, 590 00:39:03,480 --> 00:39:06,719 Speaker 1: I think January or maybe it was June started the 591 00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:11,799 Speaker 1: j and it wasn't July. I wrote it down, but 592 00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:16,000 Speaker 1: I just threw it away anyway, How organ donation works. 593 00:39:17,760 --> 00:39:21,680 Speaker 1: That was a good one. And the therapeutic hypothermia want 594 00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:23,960 Speaker 1: to check that out too. Yeah, Well, if you want 595 00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:27,200 Speaker 1: to know more about this head transplant operation, you can 596 00:39:27,239 --> 00:39:29,800 Speaker 1: type those words in the search part. How stuff works 597 00:39:29,840 --> 00:39:32,000 Speaker 1: and it'll bring up a great article. And since I 598 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:37,799 Speaker 1: said that, it's time for listener mayo, I'm going to 599 00:39:37,840 --> 00:39:42,600 Speaker 1: call this, um what should I call this one? I'm 600 00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:48,160 Speaker 1: gonna call this anniversary of the podcast. Hey guys, my 601 00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:51,319 Speaker 1: name is JP and I'm a business administration major at 602 00:39:51,360 --> 00:39:56,040 Speaker 1: Christopher Newport University, currently studying at the University of Glasgow. 603 00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,320 Speaker 1: Uh going into my senior year. Writing on my twenty 604 00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:03,759 Speaker 1: first birthday, which is also the fourth anniversary that I 605 00:40:03,760 --> 00:40:06,440 Speaker 1: began following the podcast my little brother introduced me to 606 00:40:06,960 --> 00:40:10,240 Speaker 1: That's Why I sk and now immediately binged roughly three episodes. 607 00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:12,000 Speaker 1: I'm not sure how many people right and saying this, 608 00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:14,439 Speaker 1: but I can probably say listen to every single one. 609 00:40:14,440 --> 00:40:17,600 Speaker 1: And yes, I know the episode in context of Hippie 610 00:40:17,640 --> 00:40:20,960 Speaker 1: Rob's emergence. They haven't talked about him in a long time. No, 611 00:40:21,360 --> 00:40:24,080 Speaker 1: he's been long gone. He seems like he would be 612 00:40:24,120 --> 00:40:28,640 Speaker 1: like an assistant to the surgeon, you know, hippie. I 613 00:40:28,680 --> 00:40:30,960 Speaker 1: don't think that'd be a good idea. No, No, it's 614 00:40:30,960 --> 00:40:33,160 Speaker 1: a bad idea. And I don't mean a medical assistant. 615 00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:35,400 Speaker 1: I mean like a you know, he did the jiu 616 00:40:35,480 --> 00:40:39,440 Speaker 1: jitsu on the Idiot questions. Maybe but it just be 617 00:40:39,640 --> 00:40:43,759 Speaker 1: some like clumsy like BrownHouse kick that it's just like 618 00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:47,480 Speaker 1: six inches off the ground. The past four years have 619 00:40:47,560 --> 00:40:49,400 Speaker 1: been some of the most influential on my life as 620 00:40:49,440 --> 00:40:52,080 Speaker 1: a whole. Uh in your podcast has played a huge 621 00:40:52,120 --> 00:40:55,120 Speaker 1: part now I'm matured as an adult through Chuck's soft 622 00:40:55,120 --> 00:41:00,359 Speaker 1: spoken tone and Josh's optimistic demeanor. How about that? As 623 00:41:00,360 --> 00:41:04,440 Speaker 1: well as Jerry's elite producing abilities. The podcast has made 624 00:41:04,440 --> 00:41:07,480 Speaker 1: me look forward to Tuesday's something I never thought was possible. 625 00:41:08,080 --> 00:41:13,239 Speaker 1: I guess he doesn't listen to Thursdays. Optimistic. Yeah, optimistic 626 00:41:13,280 --> 00:41:15,799 Speaker 1: demeanor that's you never never would have called that one. 627 00:41:16,239 --> 00:41:19,000 Speaker 1: Aside from how much I enjoy that maybe has us confused. 628 00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:23,600 Speaker 1: Maybe because you have a soft spoken tone. Aside from 629 00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:25,960 Speaker 1: how much I enjoy the podcast, you really shaped how 630 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:28,680 Speaker 1: I think things through as well as my perspective on 631 00:41:28,680 --> 00:41:32,000 Speaker 1: many issues. People often forget that some matters have multiple 632 00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:34,200 Speaker 1: sides to them and that a full opinion should be 633 00:41:34,239 --> 00:41:37,360 Speaker 1: developed from all the facts. I figured today was the 634 00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:39,640 Speaker 1: most fitting to write in given how much the show 635 00:41:39,680 --> 00:41:43,080 Speaker 1: means to me, continue to look forward to Tuesdays and Thursdays. 636 00:41:43,120 --> 00:41:45,960 Speaker 1: Oh there you go, Uh, And I'm anxiously waiting for 637 00:41:45,960 --> 00:41:48,160 Speaker 1: the release of your next live tour schedule. Please come 638 00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:51,000 Speaker 1: to d c H. I think we are at some 639 00:41:51,040 --> 00:41:54,959 Speaker 1: point right. I've even gone as far as debating whether 640 00:41:55,080 --> 00:42:00,040 Speaker 1: to get a tattoo excuse me to two of the 641 00:42:00,160 --> 00:42:03,759 Speaker 1: iconic stuff you should know microphone, but not sure Mom 642 00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,480 Speaker 1: would approve of it. Um, John, I'm gonna say, don't 643 00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:08,839 Speaker 1: do that. I don't know, John, Maybe you do it, 644 00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:12,120 Speaker 1: don't do it. I have high hopes that you'll do 645 00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:17,080 Speaker 1: You're optimistic demeanor. Anyways, keeping keep doing what you're doing, guys. 646 00:42:17,080 --> 00:42:19,399 Speaker 1: I'll be cheering from the sideline as you continue towards 647 00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:23,280 Speaker 1: your goal of world domination. Cheers from Scotland. John Patrick, Vitty, 648 00:42:24,239 --> 00:42:26,759 Speaker 1: Oh wow, and that was nice little touch at the end. 649 00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:30,960 Speaker 1: Thank you, Uh, and everybody in Glasgow, Chuck, and I 650 00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:33,959 Speaker 1: know it's Glasgow, but we like saying Glasgow. It rolls 651 00:42:33,960 --> 00:42:38,799 Speaker 1: off the tongue. Did I say, gal m, who is that? 652 00:42:39,480 --> 00:42:44,160 Speaker 1: John Patrick? That's right? Thanks a lot, John, We appreciate it. Uh. 653 00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:47,200 Speaker 1: I say, go for the tattoo, but probably shouldn't listen 654 00:42:47,239 --> 00:42:49,799 Speaker 1: to me, I say, don't. You should probably listen to 655 00:42:49,880 --> 00:42:53,600 Speaker 1: Chuck if you want to know more about oh man, 656 00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:57,600 Speaker 1: something's wrong with me today, dude. If you want to 657 00:42:57,640 --> 00:42:59,919 Speaker 1: get in touch with me and Chuck like John did, 658 00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:01,759 Speaker 1: you can tweet to us at s Y s K 659 00:43:01,960 --> 00:43:04,360 Speaker 1: podcast or josh Im Clark. You can hang out with 660 00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:06,480 Speaker 1: us on Facebook dot com, slash stuff you Should Know 661 00:43:06,640 --> 00:43:09,920 Speaker 1: or slash Charles W. Chuck Bryant. You can send us 662 00:43:09,960 --> 00:43:12,239 Speaker 1: an email. That stuff podcast at how stuff Works dot 663 00:43:12,239 --> 00:43:14,360 Speaker 1: com and has always joined us sort of home on 664 00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:21,879 Speaker 1: the web. Stuff you Should Know dot com For more 665 00:43:21,920 --> 00:43:24,239 Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics. Is it how 666 00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:35,759 Speaker 1: stuff Works dot com