1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,400 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from house 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,240 Speaker 1: stock Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:17,480 Speaker 1: I am Tracy being Wilson, and I'm Holly fry So. 4 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:19,320 Speaker 1: Do you remember when we talked a little bit about 5 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:23,840 Speaker 1: BioShock Infinite Our Loving versus Virginia. We talked about um 6 00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:27,560 Speaker 1: race and BioShock Infinite in our listener mail section of 7 00:00:27,560 --> 00:00:30,760 Speaker 1: one of the two parts of that podcast, And by 8 00:00:30,760 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 1: the end of BioShock Infinite, the race is a little 9 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:36,600 Speaker 1: more problematic than at the beginning. Yeah, you had only 10 00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:38,879 Speaker 1: played the beginning, Yeah, I had not gotten to the end. 11 00:00:38,960 --> 00:00:41,400 Speaker 1: By the end, there are some more nuanced layers of 12 00:00:42,600 --> 00:00:46,560 Speaker 1: racial problematicness. But the reason we're talking about it today 13 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:49,640 Speaker 1: is that one of the big milestone events for the 14 00:00:49,640 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: floating City of Columbia in that game is the Boxer Rebellion. 15 00:00:54,240 --> 00:00:58,440 Speaker 1: During the Boxer Rebellion, the floating city opens fire on 16 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:01,880 Speaker 1: Chinese citizens and the city of Beijing, which was then 17 00:01:01,960 --> 00:01:05,640 Speaker 1: known as Pa King. The US orders the city to 18 00:01:05,680 --> 00:01:09,399 Speaker 1: stand down and comstock. The city's leader refuses to do it, 19 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:12,240 Speaker 1: so when the U s sanctions the city and tries 20 00:01:12,280 --> 00:01:15,800 Speaker 1: to recall it back home, the city secceeds and cuts 21 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:19,039 Speaker 1: ties with the US and vanishes into the sky. So, 22 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:22,319 Speaker 1: as I'm playing the game, I'm kind of like Boxer Rebellion, 23 00:01:22,880 --> 00:01:25,360 Speaker 1: I know, vague sense of what that was all about. 24 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:28,119 Speaker 1: I think we should look further into it, and let's 25 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:30,640 Speaker 1: just go ahead and say in advance that this episode 26 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:34,680 Speaker 1: is going to be pretty gruesome. Yeah, there were lots 27 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:40,679 Speaker 1: of very unkind things done during this particular skirment, extremely so, 28 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:43,680 Speaker 1: and it's one of those things that when we look 29 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:45,479 Speaker 1: at it, but when we look back at it in history, 30 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:50,240 Speaker 1: it's so violent and so gruesome, uh, that we kind 31 00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:53,160 Speaker 1: of need some more historical context to wrap our heads 32 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:56,440 Speaker 1: around how we got to that point. So I had 33 00:01:56,520 --> 00:01:58,240 Speaker 1: ratchet it up to the point where people were willing 34 00:01:58,240 --> 00:02:00,200 Speaker 1: to do some of the things they did to one another. Right, 35 00:02:00,800 --> 00:02:03,400 Speaker 1: So the Boxer Rebellion, which is also called the Boxer 36 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:08,160 Speaker 1: Uprising in the West, was a gruesome, violent slaughter of 37 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:13,800 Speaker 1: Chinese Christians and foreigners followed by a gruesome, violent slaughter 38 00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,440 Speaker 1: of the Boxers. So really, I was gonna make an 39 00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:20,320 Speaker 1: image gallery to go with this podcast, similar to what 40 00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:24,400 Speaker 1: we did with the the Krnimata Temple and the Hennenberg 41 00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:29,400 Speaker 1: of the images that I found were of piles of 42 00:02:29,480 --> 00:02:34,840 Speaker 1: decapitated bodies. So there's a pretty violent and horrifying event 43 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:38,840 Speaker 1: in human history. Yeah, and it's been a while since 44 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:41,799 Speaker 1: we delve deep into Chinese history. We did the recent 45 00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:45,600 Speaker 1: episode on Empress Dowager Shiji, who figures into this event, 46 00:02:45,639 --> 00:02:49,280 Speaker 1: but in terms of um just the history of China 47 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:51,119 Speaker 1: and not just one figure, we haven't done in a bit. 48 00:02:51,520 --> 00:02:55,560 Speaker 1: So here's some historical context for this little ditty. So, 49 00:02:55,639 --> 00:02:59,160 Speaker 1: China's relationship with the West had been pretty adversarial for 50 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:02,920 Speaker 1: much of the nineteenth century, and the hostility was coming 51 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:07,400 Speaker 1: from both sides. So broadly speaking, China viewed Westerners as 52 00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: barbarians or foreign devils, and the West viewed China as 53 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:14,919 Speaker 1: a backward nation and viewed Chinese people within their own 54 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:18,760 Speaker 1: borders as a problem to be dealt with or prevented. So, 55 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: for example, in the United States, there was the idea 56 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,720 Speaker 1: of the year the Yellow Peril, and there were laws 57 00:03:24,760 --> 00:03:29,240 Speaker 1: preventing Chinese people from immigrating to the United States, especially 58 00:03:29,280 --> 00:03:32,680 Speaker 1: in the Western States, as well as laws preventing marriage 59 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:36,320 Speaker 1: between white people and Chinese people. And at the same time, 60 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:40,480 Speaker 1: Western nations also saw China as an opportunity. Uh some 61 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:43,080 Speaker 1: were looking for territory, others who are looking for trade, 62 00:03:43,640 --> 00:03:46,440 Speaker 1: and so parts of China were effectively being divided up 63 00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:50,520 Speaker 1: among several Western nations, some leasing land from the Chinese, 64 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:53,040 Speaker 1: but others just went in and seized it. China was 65 00:03:53,080 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: also being pressured into trading relationships that it didn't necessarily want, 66 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:02,560 Speaker 1: and in a series of unequal treaties which is their name, 67 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:06,120 Speaker 1: in the nineteenth century, China had to give concessions to 68 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:12,280 Speaker 1: a number of Western nations, including Great Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Japan, 69 00:04:12,320 --> 00:04:16,400 Speaker 1: which isn't Western, and Russia also and as their names, 70 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:19,360 Speaker 1: as the names of the treaty suggests, the Western nations 71 00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 1: usually got a disproportionately better deal YEA. And while Japan 72 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 1: is not strictly speaking a Western nation, it was by 73 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:29,440 Speaker 1: this point in its history accepting a lot more westernization 74 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:33,800 Speaker 1: than China was. So Japan in a lot of ways 75 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:36,920 Speaker 1: had more in common with Great Britain in the United 76 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:41,160 Speaker 1: States than China did. It's kind of a bridge between 77 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:45,880 Speaker 1: those cultures. So the Opium Wars soured relationships that were 78 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:49,880 Speaker 1: already tense. The first Opium War was between Britain and China. 79 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:53,480 Speaker 1: It ended in eighteen forty two with treaties that gave 80 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:58,640 Speaker 1: the British access to five Chinese ports, along with other rights. Then, 81 00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:01,440 Speaker 1: in the Second Opium War, Britain and France spot together 82 00:05:01,480 --> 00:05:05,239 Speaker 1: against China. That war ended in eighteen sixty and China 83 00:05:05,360 --> 00:05:09,560 Speaker 1: was forced to allow a diplomatic presence from other nations 84 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:12,599 Speaker 1: in Beijing, which we're just going to call it Beijing 85 00:05:12,680 --> 00:05:16,279 Speaker 1: for the sake of simplicity in this episode, along with 86 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:20,960 Speaker 1: other allowances for travel and freedom of movement for foreigners. 87 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 1: And this really is something of an insult to injury 88 00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:27,120 Speaker 1: situation since part of what China had been fighting against 89 00:05:27,480 --> 00:05:30,560 Speaker 1: was opium trafficking. UH. You can learn more about the 90 00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:34,640 Speaker 1: Opium Wars in our previous episode How the Opium Wars worked, 91 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:37,960 Speaker 1: which will explain a little bit more about that particular 92 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:42,880 Speaker 1: conflict and why what the factors were in its um 93 00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:47,480 Speaker 1: in that little disagreement. UH. China's defeat in the Second 94 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:52,320 Speaker 1: Sino Japanese War in eighteen four and eight showed the 95 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:55,240 Speaker 1: world that the nation and its military were floundering a 96 00:05:55,279 --> 00:05:58,880 Speaker 1: little bit, that military was not strong, and afterwards several 97 00:05:58,960 --> 00:06:01,479 Speaker 1: nations and made a gram for territory and trading rights. 98 00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:04,800 Speaker 1: In addition to the concessions that it had already made 99 00:06:04,800 --> 00:06:09,039 Speaker 1: to Japan, China also made concessions to Britain, France, and Germany, 100 00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:12,400 Speaker 1: and Russia was also very eager to claim land adjacent 101 00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:15,680 Speaker 1: to its border with China. On top of the difficult 102 00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:19,120 Speaker 1: relationships that were going on at the international scale between 103 00:06:19,160 --> 00:06:22,960 Speaker 1: the countries, there were also tensions between Chinese people and 104 00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:28,320 Speaker 1: foreigners within the country's own borders. The influence of Western 105 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,880 Speaker 1: culture was threatening, and while there were clashes of cultures 106 00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:34,640 Speaker 1: and religions, that really wasn't the full extent of it. 107 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:38,159 Speaker 1: The modernizations that were being introduced at the time, like 108 00:06:38,240 --> 00:06:43,480 Speaker 1: agricultural and transportation technologies, cheap, mass produced goods, those were 109 00:06:43,520 --> 00:06:46,080 Speaker 1: all changing the way the world worked and it was 110 00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:50,159 Speaker 1: causing people to lose their jobs. So basically, westernization was 111 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:53,240 Speaker 1: bringing new ideas and technologies, and it was also wrecking 112 00:06:53,279 --> 00:06:56,239 Speaker 1: the Chinese economy and a lot of its social systems 113 00:06:56,240 --> 00:06:58,039 Speaker 1: that had been in place for a very long time. 114 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:02,760 Speaker 1: Some of this conflict was specifically between Chinese converts to 115 00:07:02,839 --> 00:07:07,760 Speaker 1: Christianity and everyone else. Missionaries were really quick to defend 116 00:07:07,839 --> 00:07:11,800 Speaker 1: Christians if they accused non Christians of discrimination and they 117 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:14,400 Speaker 1: were also pretty quick to get involved with property and 118 00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:18,320 Speaker 1: employment disputes as well. This made non Christians feel like 119 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:20,840 Speaker 1: they were being ganged up on by outsiders, and it 120 00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:24,960 Speaker 1: spread the perception of Christians as aggressive and demanding bringers 121 00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: of unwanted Western influence. Empress Dowager Shiji was quoted as 122 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:35,240 Speaker 1: calling Chinese Christians the worst people in China, and communities 123 00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:37,880 Speaker 1: that have been close knit, we're starting to crumble as 124 00:07:37,960 --> 00:07:41,520 Speaker 1: Christian converts stopped taking part in community activities that were 125 00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:45,640 Speaker 1: tied to other religions. Converts were also ostracized and they 126 00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:47,720 Speaker 1: were cut off from community support by the rest of 127 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: the population. So this was creating schisms that the whole 128 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:56,120 Speaker 1: social fabric really could not withstand. And then within the 129 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:00,440 Speaker 1: Christian communities themselves there was some conflict fracturing there was 130 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:04,360 Speaker 1: between the Protestants and the Catholics. So by the turn 131 00:08:04,400 --> 00:08:07,520 Speaker 1: of the century, this is where China was. It was 132 00:08:07,560 --> 00:08:10,040 Speaker 1: it was not an easy time in China at all 133 00:08:10,520 --> 00:08:13,720 Speaker 1: um either economically or social or socially, and it sort 134 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:16,480 Speaker 1: of seemed like China needed to make a choice to 135 00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:19,360 Speaker 1: either get rid of the Westerners and to go back 136 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:22,239 Speaker 1: to the way things used to be or to accept 137 00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:26,400 Speaker 1: westerners and western influence into their culture, and that of 138 00:08:26,480 --> 00:08:31,800 Speaker 1: course brings us to the Boxers, also called Chuan or 139 00:08:31,880 --> 00:08:34,959 Speaker 1: the righteous and Harmonious Fists, and once they got the 140 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:39,199 Speaker 1: support of the government, that name changed to u Twan. 141 00:08:39,640 --> 00:08:42,480 Speaker 1: So this the sort of c H sounds changes to 142 00:08:42,559 --> 00:08:46,040 Speaker 1: a T and then that meaning is righteous and harmonious militia. 143 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:50,080 Speaker 1: So their nickname of the Boxers came from their martial 144 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:54,360 Speaker 1: arts rituals, which believers claimed they gave them supernatural powers 145 00:08:54,400 --> 00:08:58,240 Speaker 1: stemming from possession. This possession gave them a sort of 146 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:02,120 Speaker 1: of holy armor, and the Boxers had roots in two 147 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:05,760 Speaker 1: earlier groups. One was a society of vigilantes that had 148 00:09:05,760 --> 00:09:09,160 Speaker 1: arisen after the Sino Japanese War in an attempt to 149 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:12,359 Speaker 1: defend their own property in the absence of law enforcement 150 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 1: or military personnel, and the other was a group of 151 00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:19,679 Speaker 1: just ordinary rural people who practice martial arts and spiritual 152 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:22,800 Speaker 1: rituals in groups in public, so it was part of 153 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:27,520 Speaker 1: their community culture. The Boxers were often poor and often 154 00:09:27,559 --> 00:09:30,840 Speaker 1: from northern parts of China, and the way of life 155 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:33,160 Speaker 1: in this part of the the world was really difficult. It 156 00:09:33,200 --> 00:09:38,400 Speaker 1: had been marked for years by alternating floods and droughts, 157 00:09:38,920 --> 00:09:43,800 Speaker 1: really poor harvests, famine, and poverty were widespread, and especially 158 00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:46,720 Speaker 1: so through much of the late eighteen hundreds, and like 159 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:50,480 Speaker 1: we said before, the mechanization and modernization that was being 160 00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:53,800 Speaker 1: introduced was making things worse for the average person instead 161 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:58,160 Speaker 1: of better. The Boxer movement actually started in Shantung Province, 162 00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:01,439 Speaker 1: which is south of Beijing, which at the time, as 163 00:10:01,440 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 1: we've said, was called picking Uh, and it spread like wildfire, 164 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:07,120 Speaker 1: even though it didn't really have any kind of central 165 00:10:07,200 --> 00:10:10,640 Speaker 1: leader or a power structure. But it's anti Western, anti 166 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:14,360 Speaker 1: Christian sensibilities were really appealing to people who were living 167 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:19,440 Speaker 1: in overcrowded, impoverished areas, and it was getting steadily worse 168 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:22,960 Speaker 1: in the aftermath of the Western influence coming into their world. 169 00:10:23,559 --> 00:10:27,640 Speaker 1: The Boxers also saw Chinese converts to Christianity as cultural 170 00:10:27,679 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 1: traders who had turned their backs on China in exchange 171 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:34,560 Speaker 1: for a meal. This earned the converts to Christianity the 172 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:39,960 Speaker 1: nickname Rice Christians. Aggression against Christians in China started off 173 00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:43,840 Speaker 1: with the spread of rumor and misinformation about foreigners and Christians, 174 00:10:44,320 --> 00:10:47,800 Speaker 1: similar to the vile rumors spread about Jewish people during 175 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: the Holocaust. Then it progressed to things like extortion and 176 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:56,800 Speaker 1: protection rackets, and that escalated pretty quickly into actual physical violence, 177 00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:01,640 Speaker 1: with riots, gruesome killings, and apes starting after the Second 178 00:11:01,640 --> 00:11:05,200 Speaker 1: Opium War ended in eighteen sixty. The target for this 179 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:09,520 Speaker 1: violence was both the Western missionaries and the Chinese converts 180 00:11:09,559 --> 00:11:13,760 Speaker 1: to Christianity, and after years of this kind of activity, 181 00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:17,280 Speaker 1: things really took a turn in eighteen At that point, 182 00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,839 Speaker 1: Italy wanted to take control of Salmon Bay and China 183 00:11:20,920 --> 00:11:24,720 Speaker 1: said no. Italy backed down, and during all of this 184 00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: Shiji was effectively ruling as the Empress. She was Empress 185 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:31,440 Speaker 1: dowager at this point, and this little victory made the 186 00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:34,600 Speaker 1: Chinese government start to wonder if they could in fact 187 00:11:34,640 --> 00:11:36,760 Speaker 1: just get rid of all the Westerners if they just 188 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:41,439 Speaker 1: took a stand. And the Boxers were there. They openly 189 00:11:41,760 --> 00:11:46,760 Speaker 1: disliked and distrusted Westerners and Christians, and they essentially provided 190 00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:49,360 Speaker 1: a ready resource for the government to use as an 191 00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:52,840 Speaker 1: unpaid army, both by ignoring what they were up to 192 00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:57,200 Speaker 1: and then later by actively encouraging them and directing them. 193 00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,400 Speaker 1: And Siji also knew that if she didn't handle them correctly, 194 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:04,319 Speaker 1: the Boxers could turn on her, so before they began 195 00:12:04,360 --> 00:12:06,720 Speaker 1: to focus on the Christians. Their goal had been to 196 00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:09,360 Speaker 1: overthrow the Ching dynasty, which she was a part of, 197 00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:14,000 Speaker 1: and restore the Ming dynasty. The first missionary fatality of 198 00:12:14,040 --> 00:12:16,760 Speaker 1: the boxer uprising occurred at the end of December eight 199 00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:22,240 Speaker 1: when a band of boxers ambushed British missionary Reverend Sydney Brooks. 200 00:12:22,760 --> 00:12:25,840 Speaker 1: They stripped him, naked, led him around for a while, 201 00:12:25,960 --> 00:12:28,480 Speaker 1: and then killed and beheaded him when he tried to flee. 202 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:32,720 Speaker 1: Skirmishes and attacks continued to go on throughout the rest 203 00:12:32,720 --> 00:12:36,160 Speaker 1: of the winter and into the spring. Western leaders trying 204 00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:39,200 Speaker 1: to pressure the Chinese government to stop the attacks and 205 00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,080 Speaker 1: to investigate Reverend brooks Is death, but there was no 206 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:48,199 Speaker 1: real success in those requests. On January eleven, and respond 207 00:12:48,280 --> 00:12:52,680 Speaker 1: to Western demands to reign in the boxers, she refused 208 00:12:52,760 --> 00:12:55,200 Speaker 1: to label them as a criminal organization and said that 209 00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,480 Speaker 1: they were a part of Chinese society. And at this 210 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:01,840 Speaker 1: point the religious leaders in Beijing were receiving pretty regular 211 00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:05,360 Speaker 1: reports about the violence and destruction that was happening, and 212 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:09,040 Speaker 1: was also getting closer to them. Uh In hindsight, there 213 00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:11,600 Speaker 1: was certainly plenty of notice that China was not safe 214 00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: for Christians or foreigners, and there were Westerners who left, 215 00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:19,280 Speaker 1: but missionaries were often reluctant to leave their missions because 216 00:13:19,320 --> 00:13:23,240 Speaker 1: somewhere running as hospitals and they were providing care for 217 00:13:23,320 --> 00:13:26,960 Speaker 1: desperately impoverished people. Uh So, even though things were getting 218 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:29,600 Speaker 1: really frightening, a lot of them chose to stay, or 219 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:31,800 Speaker 1: in many cases they just didn't have the means to 220 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:35,000 Speaker 1: pick up and leave. Everything came to a head in 221 00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:38,679 Speaker 1: the late spring and early summer of nineteen dred By 222 00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:41,360 Speaker 1: this point, the Chinese government had given up even the 223 00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:44,480 Speaker 1: appearance of trying to stop the violence against foreigners and 224 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,800 Speaker 1: Christians and the Chinese people who worked for them. In 225 00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:53,960 Speaker 1: the Shantung, Shansi and Chile provinces, boxers lay siege to missions. 226 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:58,679 Speaker 1: They killed missionaries and converts in really gruesome ways. Uh 227 00:13:58,760 --> 00:14:02,800 Speaker 1: Many stories of torture, maiming, and people being burned and 228 00:14:02,840 --> 00:14:08,360 Speaker 1: buried alive began to spread on Foreign ministers in Beijing 229 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:11,400 Speaker 1: asked for their governments to send troops to help protect them. 230 00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:15,440 Speaker 1: So when international contingent of troops arrived in Beijing on 231 00:14:15,559 --> 00:14:20,080 Speaker 1: May thirty one and June fourth, and throughout, these international 232 00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:23,480 Speaker 1: forces represented governments that all had their own agendas for China, 233 00:14:24,240 --> 00:14:27,640 Speaker 1: some of which contradicted one another, but they were able 234 00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:30,880 Speaker 1: to temporarily unite to try to protect and later liberate 235 00:14:30,920 --> 00:14:34,160 Speaker 1: the Westerners and Christians that were in China at the time. 236 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:39,520 Speaker 1: By early June, things in Beijing were becoming increasingly grim 237 00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:43,560 Speaker 1: and dangerous, and at that point an international relief effort 238 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:47,880 Speaker 1: left the port city of Tanjin headed for Beijing. By then, 239 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,240 Speaker 1: the bands of Boxers were roaming the area around Beijing 240 00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: and in more remote parts of China, destroying missions and 241 00:14:55,080 --> 00:14:59,360 Speaker 1: massacring foreigners and Christians. They were also distributing propaganda and 242 00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:03,080 Speaker 1: destroying of railroads and telegraph wires, which were too Western 243 00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:07,800 Speaker 1: introductions that many Chinese people believed were destructive and possibly evil. 244 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 1: On June eleven, the Japanese chancellor Sujiyama was killed. He 245 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:17,120 Speaker 1: was disemboweled and dismembered outside of the city by Kanzu troops, 246 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:20,680 Speaker 1: which were a Chinese Muslim army that was supporting Shiji 247 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:24,760 Speaker 1: in the Boxers. On June fourteenth, the German minister Clemens 248 00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:29,360 Speaker 1: von Kettler executed a Chinese man. This followed a student 249 00:15:29,480 --> 00:15:32,440 Speaker 1: shooting of a Chinese person outside of the Beijing race 250 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:36,000 Speaker 1: course five days before at this point, anti foreign and 251 00:15:36,080 --> 00:15:41,440 Speaker 1: anti Christian activity within Beijing really surged. The Boxers cut 252 00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:44,480 Speaker 1: the telegraph wires leading out of Beijing, and that put 253 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:47,160 Speaker 1: the Westerners that were in Beijing completely out of touch 254 00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:50,400 Speaker 1: with their respective governments for a period of weeks, and 255 00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:53,400 Speaker 1: this further inflamed the situation, since the governments had no 256 00:15:53,440 --> 00:15:55,720 Speaker 1: way of knowing whether their people in Beijing were alive 257 00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 1: or dead uh and the Westerners in Beijing had no 258 00:15:58,560 --> 00:16:02,000 Speaker 1: way of getting reliable information from the outside world. So 259 00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:04,680 Speaker 1: diplomatic efforts on the parts of governments did not have 260 00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:07,680 Speaker 1: good information to go on, and neither did the people 261 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 1: that were stuck in Beijing. But just before the lines 262 00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:14,480 Speaker 1: were cut, Great Britain Senior Foreign Minister Sir Claude McDonald 263 00:16:14,560 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: managed to send word that they really needed help. A 264 00:16:17,560 --> 00:16:21,480 Speaker 1: relief force was mustered of two thousand one men from 265 00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:24,240 Speaker 1: the countries that made up an eight nation alliance that 266 00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:27,920 Speaker 1: played an active role throughout the rest of this incident. 267 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:32,560 Speaker 1: Those were Great Britain, Germany, Russia, France, the United States, Japan, 268 00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:37,120 Speaker 1: Italy and Austria. The US involvement in this whole thing 269 00:16:37,200 --> 00:16:41,200 Speaker 1: was really quite historic. The troops had been stationed in Manila, 270 00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:43,640 Speaker 1: and President McKinley chose to get them involved in the 271 00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:46,160 Speaker 1: conflict on his own. He did not go through Congress, 272 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:50,040 Speaker 1: and that set a precedent for how presidents handled later conflicts. 273 00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:53,840 Speaker 1: The troops left on June tent but she g sent 274 00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:57,680 Speaker 1: imperial forces to meet them. She also sent imperial troops 275 00:16:57,720 --> 00:17:00,600 Speaker 1: to form a blockade around the port, trapping six hundred 276 00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:05,520 Speaker 1: foreigners and about four thousand Chinese Christians there. On June seventeen, 277 00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:10,320 Speaker 1: chich decreed that all foreigners must leave Beijing, but almost 278 00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:13,000 Speaker 1: no one had the means to do so. Missionaries were 279 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:15,520 Speaker 1: reluctant to leave their missions, as we mentioned before, and 280 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:17,800 Speaker 1: most foreigners were convinced that they would be killed as 281 00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:20,640 Speaker 1: soon as they left the city. And since the telegraph 282 00:17:20,720 --> 00:17:22,840 Speaker 1: lines have been cut, no one within Beijing had a 283 00:17:22,840 --> 00:17:25,080 Speaker 1: way to contact their home government to find out what 284 00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:27,920 Speaker 1: was going on or to confirm what the conditions were 285 00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:31,879 Speaker 1: like outside of Beijing. Within Beijing, boxers began burning churches 286 00:17:31,880 --> 00:17:35,480 Speaker 1: and the homes of foreigners and killing suspected Christians on site. 287 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:40,880 Speaker 1: Reports of maiming, torture, and mutilating bodies were common. Residents 288 00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:44,240 Speaker 1: of the Diplomatic Quarter started trying to reinforce things, to 289 00:17:44,320 --> 00:17:48,040 Speaker 1: fortify the quarter and barricade the entrances, and to keep 290 00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:53,439 Speaker 1: the military personnel who had been requested earlier inside with 291 00:17:53,480 --> 00:17:57,480 Speaker 1: them to help keep them safe. On June twenty, two, 292 00:17:57,560 --> 00:18:01,000 Speaker 1: days before the international relief force was ultimately turned back 293 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:05,320 Speaker 1: from Beijing, the siege of Beijing's Diplomatic Quarter began. The 294 00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,919 Speaker 1: Diplomatic Quarter was also known as the Legation Quarter. It 295 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,520 Speaker 1: was about three quarters of a square mile within the 296 00:18:11,560 --> 00:18:17,880 Speaker 1: wall of Beijing's Tarter City. Diplomats from Britain, America, France, Germany, Spain, Japan, 297 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:22,560 Speaker 1: and Russia and Italy lived inside, and the Diplomatic Quarter 298 00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 1: wasn't just home to embassies. There were also shops and 299 00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:31,959 Speaker 1: banks and other businesses. And the people living there included missionaries, researchers, journalists, 300 00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:35,199 Speaker 1: and people who were just visiting China, and they represented 301 00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:37,960 Speaker 1: eighteen different nations, so there were a range of different 302 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:41,560 Speaker 1: languages being spoken there. The people in the Diplomatic Quarter 303 00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:45,199 Speaker 1: also had their own racial and ethnic tensions among themselves. 304 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:49,160 Speaker 1: They didn't always get along even within the best of times, 305 00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:52,600 Speaker 1: and this also went for the different denominations of Christians 306 00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:56,119 Speaker 1: who were within the quarter as well. Then, thanks to 307 00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:59,159 Speaker 1: overcrowding and the lack of provisions because of the siege. 308 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:03,919 Speaker 1: Disease was really widespread, and among the group were also 309 00:19:04,119 --> 00:19:08,160 Speaker 1: about three hundred Chinese Christians, and they almost always fared 310 00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,680 Speaker 1: the worst. When people divided up food and supplies, those 311 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:15,040 Speaker 1: Chinese Christians usually got the short end of the stick. 312 00:19:15,359 --> 00:19:18,840 Speaker 1: The other people in the quarter would keep bigger shares 313 00:19:18,880 --> 00:19:21,440 Speaker 1: for themselves, and they would really get kind of the scraps. 314 00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:25,000 Speaker 1: There were also refugees from the countryside who had been 315 00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:29,560 Speaker 1: driven into Beijing by the Boxer activity, taking refuge in 316 00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:33,960 Speaker 1: the Diplomatic Quarter, and at this point most of the 317 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:36,960 Speaker 1: non Christian Chinese people that had been in the Diplomatic 318 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,159 Speaker 1: Quarter had already left. They were out of there. The 319 00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:44,000 Speaker 1: Diplomatic Quarter wasn't the only place where foreigners and Christians 320 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,919 Speaker 1: lived in the city of Beijing. There were other missions, 321 00:19:47,080 --> 00:19:50,400 Speaker 1: church related hospitals that sort of thing, scattered all around 322 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:54,000 Speaker 1: the sea. These were under constant threat during the rebellion 323 00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:56,639 Speaker 1: as well, and then once the siege began, they didn't 324 00:19:56,720 --> 00:19:59,760 Speaker 1: really have anywhere to run, and they couldn't get back 325 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,760 Speaker 1: to the where most of the official offices of their 326 00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 1: denomination were located. They were sort of cut off from 327 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:12,200 Speaker 1: one another. Another international release force of twenty thousand men 328 00:20:12,359 --> 00:20:17,080 Speaker 1: left Tiensen on August five, and that force fought two 329 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:20,120 Speaker 1: major battles with the Chinese, many of whom were armed 330 00:20:20,160 --> 00:20:23,720 Speaker 1: only with spears and swords along the way. Uh. The 331 00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:27,040 Speaker 1: force arrived to liberate the diplomatic quarter in August fourteenth, 332 00:20:27,160 --> 00:20:31,280 Speaker 1: nine dred after capturing Beijing. The siege at that point 333 00:20:31,359 --> 00:20:35,399 Speaker 1: had lasted for fifty five days. The Chinese perspective on 334 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:39,639 Speaker 1: this wasn't so much that it was an international force 335 00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:44,080 Speaker 1: had gathered to liberate its citizens. Um. The Chinese perspective 336 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:48,240 Speaker 1: was more that eight foreign governments had collectively decided to 337 00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:51,240 Speaker 1: finish the job of subjugating and parceling out China to 338 00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:54,440 Speaker 1: their own ends, and had just used the besieged city 339 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:58,080 Speaker 1: as a handy excuse to do it. So at that point, 340 00:20:58,080 --> 00:21:01,480 Speaker 1: the Empress Dowager and her court had uh. They fled 341 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:06,760 Speaker 1: to jim So at this point the siege, which was horrifying, 342 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:10,840 Speaker 1: has been liberated. Uh. The Empress Dowager and her court 343 00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: have fled. You sort of get an idea of just 344 00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:19,000 Speaker 1: how many people have been killed apart from the military fatalities, 345 00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:23,399 Speaker 1: Somewhere between two hundred and three hundred foreigners were killed 346 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:27,480 Speaker 1: during the Boxer rebellion, but tens of thousands of Chinese 347 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:31,240 Speaker 1: Christians were murdered, and in the weeks after the siege 348 00:21:31,280 --> 00:21:35,439 Speaker 1: was broken, Western forces continued to grow their numbers. They 349 00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:38,879 Speaker 1: occupied Beijing and they spread out into more remote areas 350 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,600 Speaker 1: to quell the Boxers, and this time the reports coming 351 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:45,720 Speaker 1: in from the countryside were of massacres and beheadings on 352 00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:49,760 Speaker 1: the part of the Western soldiers and suicides of Chinese 353 00:21:49,760 --> 00:21:54,439 Speaker 1: citizens who could not flee. While the international response to 354 00:21:54,480 --> 00:21:58,840 Speaker 1: this incident stopped just short of sort of subdividing China, 355 00:21:59,320 --> 00:22:03,280 Speaker 1: the Western troops were definitely vastly better armed and better 356 00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:06,760 Speaker 1: prepared than the Chinese troops, and they beheaded many of 357 00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:12,080 Speaker 1: the Boxers that they killed. The foreign forces also looted, rampaged, 358 00:22:12,119 --> 00:22:17,200 Speaker 1: and executed people at will. Following the rebellion. On February 359 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:20,280 Speaker 1: one of nineteen o one, the Chinese government agreed to 360 00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:25,280 Speaker 1: abolish the Boxer Society. The Peace Protocol of Beijing, also 361 00:22:25,359 --> 00:22:28,560 Speaker 1: known as the Boxer Protocol, was signed in September of 362 00:22:28,640 --> 00:22:32,080 Speaker 1: nineteen o one, and that officially ended the conflict and 363 00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:35,280 Speaker 1: forced China to pay a really large indemnity to the 364 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:39,840 Speaker 1: foreign governments, and the size of that dollar amount effectively 365 00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:44,159 Speaker 1: bankrupted the nation. China was also directed to execute the 366 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:48,280 Speaker 1: Boxer leaders and to permit Western nations to keep troops 367 00:22:48,359 --> 00:22:53,080 Speaker 1: stationed in China, and China was really weakened and humiliated, 368 00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:56,720 Speaker 1: obviously by the entire event. It was damaged from a 369 00:22:56,760 --> 00:23:00,440 Speaker 1: financial standpoint, and from a military standpoint, and from a 370 00:23:00,480 --> 00:23:02,840 Speaker 1: diplomatic standpoint with the rest of the world. We talked 371 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,320 Speaker 1: about that a little bit in our Shiji episode uh 372 00:23:06,320 --> 00:23:09,000 Speaker 1: and the nation wound up taking a backseat to Japan, 373 00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:12,480 Speaker 1: which really became the major Asian power at the time. 374 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:17,280 Speaker 1: The results of the rebellion also really deepened anti foreign 375 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:20,960 Speaker 1: and even then xenophobic sentiment in China and planted the 376 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:25,119 Speaker 1: seeds of revolutions to come. The Shang dynasty collapsed just 377 00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:28,480 Speaker 1: over a decade later, and in the minds of the 378 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:32,240 Speaker 1: American military, this event solidified the need to stay in 379 00:23:32,280 --> 00:23:35,080 Speaker 1: control of the Philippines and keep a force there so 380 00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:38,560 Speaker 1: that they could maintain a powerful presence in Asia. So 381 00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:42,720 Speaker 1: that's sort of an overview of the Boxer rebellion. Because 382 00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:46,199 Speaker 1: of the time period when this takes place, and how 383 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:50,720 Speaker 1: methodical many people were, and they're keeping of diaries and letters. 384 00:23:51,160 --> 00:23:54,920 Speaker 1: There are many, many, many first person accounts and many 385 00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:58,800 Speaker 1: many books on the Boxer rebellion, So there are all 386 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:03,360 Speaker 1: kinds of story that we could go into. Um, this 387 00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:06,199 Speaker 1: is sort of an overview of what happened and what 388 00:24:06,359 --> 00:24:10,679 Speaker 1: led up to it and why. And as I was 389 00:24:10,720 --> 00:24:14,840 Speaker 1: doing research for this, I found an editorial cartoon that 390 00:24:15,119 --> 00:24:17,640 Speaker 1: pretty much spelled it out that we had started with 391 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:23,680 Speaker 1: atrocities being committed by Chinese people that were then mirrored 392 00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:27,439 Speaker 1: by atrocities committed by the relief forces who came in. 393 00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:32,720 Speaker 1: So it's a horrifying event all around. Yes, for sure. 394 00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:35,720 Speaker 1: I mean nobody can walk away saying that they were 395 00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:38,480 Speaker 1: But no one took the high road, really, not at 396 00:24:38,560 --> 00:24:41,880 Speaker 1: least collectively. There were individual people who tried really hard, 397 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:44,760 Speaker 1: and there were Chinese troops who were trying to prevent 398 00:24:45,680 --> 00:24:48,200 Speaker 1: violence and trying to protect the people who were being 399 00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:50,119 Speaker 1: targeted by the boxers, and so it was not an 400 00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:53,159 Speaker 1: entirely one sided thing that was happening within China. But 401 00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:57,920 Speaker 1: the savagery was really extreme. Savagery is a pretty accurate 402 00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:01,360 Speaker 1: word for what was going on. I don't know if 403 00:25:01,359 --> 00:25:04,040 Speaker 1: we would have done this episode had I had a 404 00:25:04,080 --> 00:25:08,040 Speaker 1: clear sense of just how much brutality went on before 405 00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 1: I started research. But it is important to yeah, study 406 00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:15,560 Speaker 1: even the less than delightful parts of history. It's definitely, 407 00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:19,080 Speaker 1: it's all important. And I think you also have a 408 00:25:19,119 --> 00:25:22,600 Speaker 1: listener mail do. This is from Franklin and it is 409 00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:27,120 Speaker 1: about our episode on Sarah Emma Edmunds, who served during 410 00:25:27,119 --> 00:25:30,199 Speaker 1: the Civil War. Franklin says, I just listened to the 411 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:33,200 Speaker 1: Civil War podcast that talked about women who served under 412 00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,920 Speaker 1: the guise of men. In our culture, a woman could 413 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:40,720 Speaker 1: fight with male warriors in the open. Moving Robe woman 414 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:43,399 Speaker 1: was a Hunk Papa warrior who fought at the Battle 415 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:46,800 Speaker 1: of Little Big Horn to avenge her brother. One Hawk 416 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:50,560 Speaker 1: Buffalo calf Road Woman was a Northern Cheyenne woman who 417 00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:53,520 Speaker 1: rescued her brother at the Battle of the Rosebud. She 418 00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:56,040 Speaker 1: became the hero of the battle on the Cheyenne side 419 00:25:56,359 --> 00:25:59,680 Speaker 1: and had the battle named for her actions. Battle where 420 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,960 Speaker 1: the girl saved her brother. The Cheyenne credited her for 421 00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:06,960 Speaker 1: dismounting Custer at the Battle of the Little Pighorn. Thank 422 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:09,359 Speaker 1: you so much, Franklin. It's really cool. It makes me 423 00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:13,440 Speaker 1: want to do research on those. But well, and the 424 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:18,440 Speaker 1: um one of the other notable events in history that 425 00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:22,560 Speaker 1: keeps coming up in BioShock Infinite. We'll stop talking about 426 00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:24,440 Speaker 1: it one day. One day there will be nothing else 427 00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:29,840 Speaker 1: to mine from BioShock Infinite. But is wounded me? Yeah? Um, 428 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:36,239 Speaker 1: so there's lots of territory we could research in the 429 00:26:36,320 --> 00:26:42,680 Speaker 1: whole realm of the military history of many Native Americans. Yeah, 430 00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:44,680 Speaker 1: which is something I mean, I know, I never really 431 00:26:44,760 --> 00:26:47,040 Speaker 1: learned that much about in school, and I think probably 432 00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:49,480 Speaker 1: most other people did not. Yeah, you get a kind 433 00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:52,040 Speaker 1: of glossy quick version. Yeah. Well, and then most of 434 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:55,480 Speaker 1: the Native American history that I got in school was 435 00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:58,359 Speaker 1: like local history. It was sort of in the like 436 00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:03,920 Speaker 1: in the North Carolina history year of history class. So yes, 437 00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:06,760 Speaker 1: thank you again so much for sending us that, Franklin. 438 00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:09,199 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us on this 439 00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:11,600 Speaker 1: or any other topic, you can at History Podcasts at 440 00:27:11,640 --> 00:27:15,200 Speaker 1: Discovery dot com. We're also on Facebook, Facebook dot com, 441 00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,880 Speaker 1: slash history class Stuff, and on Twitter at mt in History. 442 00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:21,680 Speaker 1: You can find our tumbler at mt in history dot 443 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:24,920 Speaker 1: tumbler dot com, and we are on Pinterest. If you'd 444 00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:27,840 Speaker 1: like to learn more, about some of the historical contexts 445 00:27:27,880 --> 00:27:31,119 Speaker 1: that lead up to the Boxer rebellion. You can go 446 00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:33,840 Speaker 1: to our website and search for Opium Wars and you 447 00:27:33,880 --> 00:27:37,119 Speaker 1: will find the article how the East India Company Change 448 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,360 Speaker 1: the World. You can do all that and a whole 449 00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:41,320 Speaker 1: lot more at our website, which is how stuff Works 450 00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:47,720 Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics. 451 00:27:47,760 --> 00:28:00,680 Speaker 1: Because it has stuff works dot com. Double dot com 452 00:28:00,760 --> 00:28:03,720 Speaker 1: is the leading provider of downloadable digital audio books and 453 00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: spoken word entertainment. 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