1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to stuff he missed in history class from house 2 00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:13,440 Speaker 1: stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,240 --> 00:00:17,880 Speaker 1: And I'm Wilson. This is gonna start not on topic, 4 00:00:17,920 --> 00:00:20,560 Speaker 1: but I'm going to loop it around, I promise you. So, Tracy, 5 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:23,040 Speaker 1: when you think about Samuel Adams, what are the words 6 00:00:23,040 --> 00:00:26,360 Speaker 1: that come to mind? Boston Brewing, right, brewer, patriot because 7 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:28,720 Speaker 1: it's on the bottles of the beer. Yeah, And he's 8 00:00:28,760 --> 00:00:31,320 Speaker 1: one of those that people. It's almost a joke now 9 00:00:31,440 --> 00:00:34,960 Speaker 1: that it's that juxtaposition of weird things together. Today's topic 10 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:37,280 Speaker 1: is a man who is kind of similar. There are 11 00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:41,320 Speaker 1: a lot of things attributed to him. Uh. He was 12 00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:44,200 Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire, Suleiman the Magnificent, and he was ahead 13 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:46,599 Speaker 1: of state. He was a poet, he was a reformer 14 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:51,200 Speaker 1: of the military. He completely you know, reorganized their legal system. 15 00:00:51,240 --> 00:00:53,560 Speaker 1: And he was a goldsmith. He was a busy bee 16 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:56,520 Speaker 1: what I'm getting at h And his reign, as I said, 17 00:00:56,560 --> 00:01:00,040 Speaker 1: had a significant impact on the law, the literature, the 18 00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:03,160 Speaker 1: art of the Ottoman Empire. And during the time of 19 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:05,720 Speaker 1: Suleiman the First, who was the tent Sultan of the 20 00:01:05,720 --> 00:01:09,200 Speaker 1: Ottoman Empire, the terry territory of his nation stretched from 21 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: the Balkans to North Africa. It was a major political power. 22 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: He really expanded their territory and expanded their culture. Uh 23 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:19,039 Speaker 1: And Katie and Sarah actually discussed him briefly in their 24 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:21,560 Speaker 1: episode The Cinderella of the Harem, which is about a 25 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:24,639 Speaker 1: woman named rock Salana who was part of his harem 26 00:01:24,680 --> 00:01:27,760 Speaker 1: and became his consort and wife. Uh And they talked 27 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:29,479 Speaker 1: about him briefly. But we're going to talk a lot 28 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: about him, and specifically uh the Siege of Vienna, which 29 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:37,120 Speaker 1: is a military effort that he made that ended up 30 00:01:37,160 --> 00:01:43,320 Speaker 1: being pretty pivotal to um world history and culture and 31 00:01:43,600 --> 00:01:47,200 Speaker 1: many other things. So we are going to start with 32 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: his early life. Before Suleiman, there was Salim the First, 33 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:54,840 Speaker 1: who was his father. Salim was known as Salim the 34 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:58,800 Speaker 1: Grim in most Western translations, but also as Salim the 35 00:01:58,880 --> 00:02:03,040 Speaker 1: Stern or Salim the Steadfast. He actually wasn't Sultan yet 36 00:02:03,080 --> 00:02:07,360 Speaker 1: when Suleiman was born. At that point in time, Suleman's grandfather, 37 00:02:07,600 --> 00:02:10,280 Speaker 1: Sultan by A Zid the Second, was still the Sultan, 38 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:15,079 Speaker 1: and Selim the First had many many daughters, but Suleiman 39 00:02:15,240 --> 00:02:18,120 Speaker 1: was his only son and thus the heir to the empire. 40 00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:23,640 Speaker 1: Suleman was born sometime between November and April of fourteen, 41 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:26,880 Speaker 1: and a lot of sources place his birthdate at the 42 00:02:26,919 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 1: sixth of November fourteen. He was born in Trabzon, which 43 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:34,160 Speaker 1: sits on the coast of the Black Sea in modern 44 00:02:34,240 --> 00:02:38,000 Speaker 1: day Turkey, and Selim the first was really really adamant 45 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,919 Speaker 1: about education and that his son be well educated, likely 46 00:02:41,960 --> 00:02:44,800 Speaker 1: because he recognized that this was a child that was 47 00:02:44,840 --> 00:02:46,640 Speaker 1: in line to the throne and needed to be a leader, 48 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:49,240 Speaker 1: so he needed to know a great deal and so 49 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:52,320 Speaker 1: Suleiman was first when he was very small, schooled by 50 00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:55,040 Speaker 1: his grandmother, and then when he was seven, he went 51 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: to Istanbul to live with his father, Sultan by A 52 00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:01,160 Speaker 1: Zide the second, because Istanbul was the UH, the political 53 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:04,760 Speaker 1: seat of the Ottoman Empire. And while staying in Istanbul, 54 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:07,840 Speaker 1: Suleman was tutored by all of the great scholars of 55 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:12,760 Speaker 1: the day. He learned about history, theology, science, art, and literature, 56 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:17,000 Speaker 1: and he also learned about military strategy and tactics. Suleman 57 00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:20,720 Speaker 1: spent several years in Istanbul following this really rigorous course 58 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:24,639 Speaker 1: of study before he went back home and Uh. When 59 00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:27,760 Speaker 1: he was home in traps On after a few years. 60 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 1: He was about fifteen when he decided that he felt 61 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:34,560 Speaker 1: a little bit ready for some responsibility. So his grandfather 62 00:03:34,639 --> 00:03:38,920 Speaker 1: was still the sultan. His father was governing various parts 63 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:42,119 Speaker 1: of the empire, but they decided that they would give 64 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:47,000 Speaker 1: Suleiman governorship of Kafa in Crimea. When his father, Sultan 65 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:49,920 Speaker 1: Selim the First, ascended to the throne in fifteen twelve, 66 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 1: Suleman got more responsibility. He became the governor of Menissa 67 00:03:53,960 --> 00:03:58,000 Speaker 1: in Western Asia Minor. But Salim's reign was relatively short. 68 00:03:58,360 --> 00:04:00,640 Speaker 1: He died quite young, at the age of fifty five 69 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:04,760 Speaker 1: after getting suddenly ill. His exact cause of death continues 70 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:07,520 Speaker 1: to be debated. There are all kinds of theories that 71 00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:10,480 Speaker 1: include poisoning, skin cancer, and a skin infection that he 72 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:13,440 Speaker 1: got from spending too much time in the saddle on 73 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:17,400 Speaker 1: his many military campaigns. And regardless of the cause of 74 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: Salem's demise, it brought Suleiman to the throne in September 75 00:04:20,680 --> 00:04:25,200 Speaker 1: of fifteen twenty at the age of roughly To kick 76 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:28,640 Speaker 1: off his reign, Suleman launched campaigns against the Christian powers 77 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:32,359 Speaker 1: of the Mediterranean. In Central Europe, the city of Belgrade, 78 00:04:32,360 --> 00:04:35,280 Speaker 1: which is in modern day Serbia was seized by Suleiman 79 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:38,400 Speaker 1: in fifteen twenty one. The island of Rhodes spelled not 80 00:04:38,480 --> 00:04:41,719 Speaker 1: long after. That was in late fifteen or early fifteen 81 00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:44,960 Speaker 1: twenty three, that had been held by the Ninths of St. 82 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:49,040 Speaker 1: John since the early fourteenth century. Yeah, that was a huge, 83 00:04:49,480 --> 00:04:52,600 Speaker 1: huge win for him. Of the Ottoman Empire had attempted 84 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:55,680 Speaker 1: to take roads once before in fourteen eighty under the 85 00:04:55,680 --> 00:04:58,960 Speaker 1: military direction of Mimid the Second, but that had been 86 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,839 Speaker 1: an unsuccessful camp pain. So very early on, Suleiman was 87 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:06,880 Speaker 1: establishing himself as an extremely capable military leader. In August 88 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:11,000 Speaker 1: of Suleman further advanced his forces in an effort to 89 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:14,960 Speaker 1: expand Ottoman territory. The river port of Mohawks and south 90 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,800 Speaker 1: central Hungary was also taken by the Turks, and this 91 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:21,880 Speaker 1: battle resulted in the death of Hungarian King Louis the 92 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:27,320 Speaker 1: Second and it had huge reverberations throughout Hungary for decades. Uh. Yeah, 93 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:30,360 Speaker 1: this left Hungary with no king on the throne, and so, 94 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:35,440 Speaker 1: as always happens when that there's a power gap, people 95 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:38,640 Speaker 1: want to argue over who gets to sit there. The 96 00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:41,839 Speaker 1: Archduke of Austria at the time, Ferdinand the first claimed 97 00:05:41,839 --> 00:05:45,080 Speaker 1: this power, but the throne was also claimed by h 98 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:50,360 Speaker 1: JOHNO Sepolia, also called Lord John of Transylvania. And Uh, 99 00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:54,600 Speaker 1: Suleiman really really did not delight in the Habsburgs, and 100 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:59,520 Speaker 1: so he favored the Transylvanian claimant to the throne, and 101 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:02,480 Speaker 1: he grean did recognition to John as ruler of Hungary 102 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:06,200 Speaker 1: in a vassal capacity. Before we talk about what happened next, 103 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:08,880 Speaker 1: which we'll take us to Vienna, let's take a brief 104 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:12,520 Speaker 1: moment and talk about a word from a sponsor, so 105 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:16,600 Speaker 1: to get back to the story. To cement his anti 106 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:20,839 Speaker 1: Austrian stance on this whole matter, Suleiman also decided to 107 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:24,680 Speaker 1: invade Vienna in nine So at this point Vienna was 108 00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:26,560 Speaker 1: one of the largest cities in Europe and it's sat 109 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:30,800 Speaker 1: a hundred and fifty kilometers from the Ottoman border. More importantly, though, 110 00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:34,680 Speaker 1: it was at a vital trading position, So if Suliman 111 00:06:34,760 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 1: could have captured Vienna, he would have potentially gained control 112 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:41,200 Speaker 1: over a whole lot of Europe. Yes, and he definitely 113 00:06:41,279 --> 00:06:44,800 Speaker 1: was into gaining control over a whole lot of things. Uh. 114 00:06:44,839 --> 00:06:47,839 Speaker 1: And while this was really a power and economic clash 115 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:50,960 Speaker 1: in a bid for more power. The siege of Vienna 116 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:53,960 Speaker 1: was painted as a jahad in a bigger conflict between 117 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:58,599 Speaker 1: Islam and Christianity, but most historians will sort of tell 118 00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:01,080 Speaker 1: you that this was sort of a holy war only 119 00:07:01,080 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 1: on paper. Like they really the religion was not such 120 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:06,680 Speaker 1: a big issue of it. And while the Ottoman Sultan 121 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:10,200 Speaker 1: had met with great military success in many previous campaigns, 122 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 1: especially early on in his leadership, this one really really 123 00:07:15,520 --> 00:07:21,960 Speaker 1: challenged his troops and his knowledge of military action. This 124 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:24,640 Speaker 1: campaign was mounted in the spring, as a hundred and 125 00:07:24,640 --> 00:07:30,400 Speaker 1: fifty thousand Turks left Ottoman Bulgaria and started moving towards Vanna. Flooding, however, 126 00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:34,160 Speaker 1: made some of the roots impossible. The artillery became waterlogged, 127 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:37,320 Speaker 1: and the Ottoman camels, who were really not suited to 128 00:07:37,480 --> 00:07:41,160 Speaker 1: wet conditions, either got sick, they died, or they simply 129 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 1: couldn't negotiate in the mud. Courses and troops were also 130 00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:47,600 Speaker 1: swept away by heavy rains, and men are said to 131 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:50,440 Speaker 1: have survived all of this by climbing trees and spending 132 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:53,560 Speaker 1: several nights there. They were just not prepared for this 133 00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:56,880 Speaker 1: kind of weather. It was an unusually rainy spring and 134 00:07:56,960 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: so it really really uh kind of. I think even 135 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 1: if they had been prepared for that sort of weather, 136 00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:04,560 Speaker 1: they would not have been prepared for that level of 137 00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:09,480 Speaker 1: just wet, constant rainy weather. And aside from the difficulty 138 00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 1: with the military operations in these conditions, the unusually wet 139 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:18,280 Speaker 1: season had also significantly impacted crops, so grain was much 140 00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:21,120 Speaker 1: less plentiful than normal due to flooded fields, and it 141 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:25,480 Speaker 1: also became prohibitively expensive to acquire. So the Turkish Army 142 00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: was also dealing with a ration shortage sort of throughout 143 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:30,840 Speaker 1: this campaign, Like there just was not enough food to 144 00:08:30,880 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 1: go around for Austria and Hungary to begin with, but 145 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 1: then to add a hundred and fifty thou additional men 146 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:42,800 Speaker 1: tramping through not so much food available. By the time 147 00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:45,960 Speaker 1: the first horseman of the Ottoman Army finally got to Vienna, 148 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:49,200 Speaker 1: it was late September, and this first wave played on 149 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:51,880 Speaker 1: the fear and panic that had already swept through the 150 00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:56,000 Speaker 1: city as news of an impending attack had spread. So 151 00:08:56,400 --> 00:09:00,319 Speaker 1: the Ottoman Army brutally attacked the outskirts of Vienna. Women 152 00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: and children were captured as slaves, and men were decapitated. Yeah, 153 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:07,280 Speaker 1: there aren't many accounts uh, first hand accounts of what 154 00:09:07,360 --> 00:09:11,080 Speaker 1: happened during this time. But both sides, their accounts of 155 00:09:11,080 --> 00:09:14,000 Speaker 1: it are horrifying. Of course, one is like, yes, we 156 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:15,960 Speaker 1: sure showed them, and one is like, yes, these people 157 00:09:15,960 --> 00:09:19,680 Speaker 1: are savages, uh, really really awful. Uh. And the Holy 158 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:23,240 Speaker 1: Roman Emperor Charles the Fifth, for his part, was not 159 00:09:23,720 --> 00:09:26,960 Speaker 1: really quick to address the problems that were going on 160 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:29,840 Speaker 1: in Vienna with this attack. He was busy fighting with 161 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:34,000 Speaker 1: France uh because he was also trying to expand his territory. 162 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:38,000 Speaker 1: Although he did eventually managed to send somewhere between seventeen 163 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:41,839 Speaker 1: thousand and eighteen thousand soldiers for hire to Vienna uh. 164 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:45,920 Speaker 1: And to pay these mercenaries, church treasures were smelted into coins. 165 00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: On September twenty four, the Ottoman troops got to Vienna 166 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:53,040 Speaker 1: on mass and Vienna was surrounded and cut off from 167 00:09:53,040 --> 00:09:56,320 Speaker 1: the rest of the Holy Roman Empire. The idea was 168 00:09:56,400 --> 00:10:00,400 Speaker 1: to force Vienna to surrender with this huge show of manpower. Yeah, 169 00:10:00,400 --> 00:10:03,040 Speaker 1: if you've been following the numbers, even after the four 170 00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:05,640 Speaker 1: months of tromping through the horrible rain and losing a 171 00:10:05,640 --> 00:10:08,080 Speaker 1: lot of men, they started with a hundred and fifty 172 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:11,960 Speaker 1: thousand men and what what Charles the Fifth could muster 173 00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:15,600 Speaker 1: for Vienna's defense was a little over seventeen thousand, so 174 00:10:15,640 --> 00:10:18,880 Speaker 1: already that's a huge drop, and that almost doubled the 175 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:21,199 Speaker 1: number of people in Vienna at the time. So even 176 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,480 Speaker 1: so they're like at one third of what the Ottoman 177 00:10:24,480 --> 00:10:29,240 Speaker 1: Empire had. And uh, yeah, Suleiman didn't really want to fight. 178 00:10:29,240 --> 00:10:30,800 Speaker 1: He just wanted to lay down the law and have 179 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:34,640 Speaker 1: a surrender, and he offered the citizens that if they 180 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:38,240 Speaker 1: converted to Islam, they would all be spared. Surrender, suliman 181 00:10:38,360 --> 00:10:41,280 Speaker 1: slave messengers told Vienna would save the city and absolutely 182 00:10:41,360 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 1: no one would be harmed. But they were also very 183 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:46,280 Speaker 1: clearly warned that if they did not surrender, there was 184 00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:48,120 Speaker 1: a blood bath coming and it would be brutal and 185 00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:52,959 Speaker 1: it would be absolutely unforgiving. But surrender did not come. 186 00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:56,480 Speaker 1: The Turks were really known for their well organized and 187 00:10:56,520 --> 00:10:59,560 Speaker 1: efficient military, so this was a pretty bold move on 188 00:10:59,679 --> 00:11:02,720 Speaker 1: Vienna as part the people there had taken to heart 189 00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:05,360 Speaker 1: the Holy War aspect of this conflict, and they saw 190 00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:08,240 Speaker 1: defiance as the only way to stay loyal to their 191 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:12,040 Speaker 1: faith and to one another. As opponents of this very 192 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:16,880 Speaker 1: different culture from the Ottoman Empire, and so on, September, 193 00:11:17,679 --> 00:11:21,839 Speaker 1: the U Siege of Vienna, the actual battle started, and 194 00:11:21,880 --> 00:11:25,160 Speaker 1: as you'll recall, in all of the flooding, uh Suliman's 195 00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:27,600 Speaker 1: army had to leave their heavy artillery early on in 196 00:11:27,640 --> 00:11:30,640 Speaker 1: the flood as they were marching to Vienna, and so 197 00:11:30,679 --> 00:11:33,560 Speaker 1: what they had left was, uh these smaller cannons, and 198 00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:35,959 Speaker 1: so they initially attacked the city with this sort of 199 00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,239 Speaker 1: quantity over quality approach where they were just volleying cannonballs 200 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:44,640 Speaker 1: constantly at the city. Uh and these are the only 201 00:11:44,920 --> 00:11:47,760 Speaker 1: really sort of explosive weapons that they've been able to 202 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:51,280 Speaker 1: salvage on their journey. But they were actually plotting and 203 00:11:51,320 --> 00:11:56,200 Speaker 1: preparing a much bigger attack than this constant volley of 204 00:11:56,240 --> 00:12:00,640 Speaker 1: small cannon fire. Throughout the series of cannon attacks, the 205 00:12:00,679 --> 00:12:04,720 Speaker 1: Ottoman army was digging tunnels and trenches around Vienna. They 206 00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: were going to attack from below using explosive charges, and 207 00:12:08,320 --> 00:12:11,480 Speaker 1: this goal was to collapse the heavy wall that surrounded 208 00:12:11,520 --> 00:12:15,920 Speaker 1: the city. And meanwhile, the Turkish light cavalry, so these 209 00:12:15,920 --> 00:12:17,960 Speaker 1: have been the people that had gotten to Vienna first 210 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:21,120 Speaker 1: and done some very savage things which and they were 211 00:12:21,160 --> 00:12:26,079 Speaker 1: also considered extremely skilled bowman. They continue to just terrorize 212 00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:30,199 Speaker 1: the countryside around Vienna. The slaughter of farmers and peasants 213 00:12:30,559 --> 00:12:33,600 Speaker 1: was intended to terrify the citizens of the city and 214 00:12:33,679 --> 00:12:36,600 Speaker 1: show them the brutality that awaited them if they continued 215 00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:41,240 Speaker 1: to resist the Ottoman army. According to Austrian Secretary of 216 00:12:41,240 --> 00:12:45,559 Speaker 1: War Peter Stern, who recorded the siege from the Vienna perspective, 217 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:50,320 Speaker 1: the Turks were utterly ruthless in these attacks, impaled babies, 218 00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:55,720 Speaker 1: cereal rapes, and torture all described in abundance and Stern's account. Yeah, 219 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: once again, also from the Ottoman account, they are also 220 00:12:59,480 --> 00:13:02,000 Speaker 1: pretty congruent in terms of the things they were doing. 221 00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:04,680 Speaker 1: It wasn't like they were just painted as these horrible 222 00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:07,640 Speaker 1: people by the people that were victims, right, It's not 223 00:13:07,760 --> 00:13:11,920 Speaker 1: Vienna was portraying people as as being brutal. Yeah, they 224 00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:14,839 Speaker 1: were brutal, right, Although there are some historians that will 225 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:19,320 Speaker 1: point to Starn's UH depiction of the Turks as sort 226 00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:23,720 Speaker 1: of like the seeds of an ongoing UH kind of 227 00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:29,079 Speaker 1: assumption that all of the Ottomans were savage like this 228 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:31,480 Speaker 1: rather than just the army, like the whole people were 229 00:13:31,520 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 1: sort of painted in this light after this UH and 230 00:13:34,679 --> 00:13:37,880 Speaker 1: on September, So this has been going on for two days, 231 00:13:37,880 --> 00:13:41,880 Speaker 1: this sort of volley of attacks. A cold front came 232 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:46,000 Speaker 1: in and it brought this heavy, seemingly endless rain, and 233 00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:49,760 Speaker 1: knowing that this weather was gonna hinder any Turkish assault attempts, 234 00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:54,720 Speaker 1: Vienna's morale was actually quite bolstered by this steady, inclement weather. Uh. 235 00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:57,360 Speaker 1: The opposite was true for the Ottoman camp. The early 236 00:13:57,480 --> 00:14:00,319 Speaker 1: arrival of winter weather was really like a low to 237 00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:04,119 Speaker 1: their morale. It was problematic. Remember there laying the explosive 238 00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:07,839 Speaker 1: charges under the city fuses that get wet don't really 239 00:14:07,840 --> 00:14:11,079 Speaker 1: do so much good. Uh. And they were just cold 240 00:14:11,080 --> 00:14:13,959 Speaker 1: and miserable. It wasn't whether they were used to they were, 241 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:17,000 Speaker 1: you know, really struggling. The rain finally let up and 242 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:22,400 Speaker 1: the tunneling operation resumed on October one, and on October six, 243 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:26,320 Speaker 1: the Viennese sent several thousand troops out to attack the 244 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:30,360 Speaker 1: Turks tunneling enterprise. And this move was actually orchestrated with 245 00:14:30,440 --> 00:14:33,480 Speaker 1: great precision. It was you would think it would be 246 00:14:33,520 --> 00:14:35,800 Speaker 1: tricky for a couple of thousand people to sneak around, 247 00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:38,680 Speaker 1: but they really managed to do it because they took 248 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:42,120 Speaker 1: the Turks completely by surprise. And this move did shut 249 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:45,120 Speaker 1: down the Ottoman attack from under the city, but unfortunately 250 00:14:45,160 --> 00:14:47,600 Speaker 1: many of the men fighting for Vienna were also lost 251 00:14:47,640 --> 00:14:52,320 Speaker 1: in the process. So while the Ottoman army did detonate 252 00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:55,280 Speaker 1: some of its explosives, the people of Vienna were ready. 253 00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:58,600 Speaker 1: There was a battle, but the breach that the explosion 254 00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:01,320 Speaker 1: had created was just too small to really enable the 255 00:15:01,360 --> 00:15:04,480 Speaker 1: Turks to get to take over the city. Morale and 256 00:15:04,480 --> 00:15:07,240 Speaker 1: the Ottoman camp, which was at this point going hungry, 257 00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:11,560 Speaker 1: really dropped to an extreme low, and so the leaders 258 00:15:11,840 --> 00:15:16,440 Speaker 1: of the Ottoman army decided that they would plan one final, 259 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:20,160 Speaker 1: last ditch effort attack and in this attack, three groups 260 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:23,800 Speaker 1: of soldiers were going to storm the city Uh. And 261 00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:27,400 Speaker 1: this happened on October twelfth, and this battle took about 262 00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:29,960 Speaker 1: two hours, and the Turks really lost a lot of 263 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,800 Speaker 1: men Uh. The Viennese were ready for them, and as 264 00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:36,880 Speaker 1: they lost men, they also lost all hope of taking Vienna. 265 00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:41,040 Speaker 1: Accounts state that over the next two nights, the Ottoman 266 00:15:41,120 --> 00:15:43,680 Speaker 1: camp was full of screams that the Viennese could hear 267 00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:46,360 Speaker 1: because the Turks were killing all of their prisoners so 268 00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:48,400 Speaker 1: that they wouldn't have to be burdened with them any further. 269 00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:52,400 Speaker 1: The Dirks turned back for another long march home through 270 00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:54,760 Speaker 1: the cold and the rain and the mud, and once 271 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:57,160 Speaker 1: again on the way home they lost animals and men 272 00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:00,120 Speaker 1: because of the weather. Yeah, there's far less dt all 273 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:03,200 Speaker 1: accounts as to how many people they lost going back. 274 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:06,440 Speaker 1: Probably the people that were keeping records were just as 275 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:11,000 Speaker 1: demoralized as everyone else. Uh. And while Suliman's forces ultimately 276 00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: lost the effort to take Vienna, they had destroyed enough 277 00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:18,800 Speaker 1: along the way that Archduke Ferdinand could not really assemble 278 00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:22,760 Speaker 1: a counter attack, and Suliman was able to fully establish 279 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,040 Speaker 1: the vassal kingdom of John of Transylvania in Hungary. So 280 00:16:26,080 --> 00:16:29,400 Speaker 1: even though they kind of lost, they still uh got 281 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:33,600 Speaker 1: some benefit from this whole long, arduous operation. In fifteen 282 00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:38,120 Speaker 1: thirty two, Suleiman attempted a second campaign into Austrian territory. 283 00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:41,880 Speaker 1: It was similarly beset by poor weather and it was 284 00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:45,880 Speaker 1: abandoned early on. These failures combined led Suleman to the 285 00:16:45,880 --> 00:16:47,920 Speaker 1: conclusion that there just was not a quick and easy 286 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:51,280 Speaker 1: way to simply take over Austria, so he and Archduke 287 00:16:51,320 --> 00:16:53,600 Speaker 1: Ferdinand were able to come to a truce in fifteen 288 00:16:53,640 --> 00:16:57,000 Speaker 1: thirty three. Yeah, there were actually several truces that came 289 00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,080 Speaker 1: and went, so truces didn't always last forever, but that 290 00:17:00,160 --> 00:17:04,800 Speaker 1: did lead to this truth. Initially, Suliman really was an 291 00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:07,760 Speaker 1: accomplished man in many areas, not just battle, even though 292 00:17:08,119 --> 00:17:12,240 Speaker 1: he was extremely uh tactically gifted in the military sense, 293 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,040 Speaker 1: and he was certainly brutal and calculating in war. I mean, 294 00:17:16,119 --> 00:17:19,919 Speaker 1: he knew about all of the horrible beheadings and baby 295 00:17:19,960 --> 00:17:22,080 Speaker 1: impalings and rapings that were going on in the name 296 00:17:22,119 --> 00:17:24,360 Speaker 1: of the Ottoman Empire, and he was fine with it. 297 00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:28,080 Speaker 1: But he has also described as a very gracious and 298 00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:31,640 Speaker 1: a very fair ruler, and under his reign, the Ottoman 299 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:36,719 Speaker 1: Empire achieved its greatest heights of power. Its influence really 300 00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:39,520 Speaker 1: as a world power was greater than ever, and it's 301 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:42,400 Speaker 1: recognized as a time of extreme cultural growth. It's often 302 00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:44,560 Speaker 1: referred to as the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire. 303 00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,480 Speaker 1: He's called Suleiman a magnificent in Western historical accounts, but 304 00:17:48,560 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 1: in the Ottoman Empire he was called the lawgiver. Outside 305 00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,160 Speaker 1: of the religious law which didn't have which he didn't 306 00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:57,719 Speaker 1: have the power to alter, he made really great strides 307 00:17:57,720 --> 00:18:00,159 Speaker 1: in the legal system of the Turks. He did this 308 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:03,880 Speaker 1: in a really methodical and studied way. He took all 309 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:06,280 Speaker 1: of the laws that had been set by the preceding 310 00:18:06,359 --> 00:18:09,440 Speaker 1: non sultan's. He studied all of these laws at length. 311 00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:13,560 Speaker 1: He omitted duplicate legislation, and he condensed it all into 312 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:16,960 Speaker 1: a simplified legal system. Yeah, he really took the most 313 00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:19,960 Speaker 1: scholarly approach to it imaginable, where he kind of put 314 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:22,879 Speaker 1: together this database and and just figured out what was 315 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:25,280 Speaker 1: overlapping and what was problematic and what was kind of 316 00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:28,280 Speaker 1: wasted effort, and really paired things down to a much 317 00:18:28,280 --> 00:18:32,240 Speaker 1: more efficient system. One tale that comes up periodically of 318 00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:36,560 Speaker 1: his very fair nature, uh involves his discovery that attacks 319 00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:40,159 Speaker 1: on goods that had been collected of some of the 320 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:42,600 Speaker 1: people was collected at a higher rate than it should 321 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:45,800 Speaker 1: have been. And he allegedly did these calculations and checked 322 00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:48,960 Speaker 1: the math himself, and when he realized the discrepancy, he 323 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:52,280 Speaker 1: dismissed the governor responsible and replaced him and tried to 324 00:18:52,320 --> 00:18:55,399 Speaker 1: make good on this whole problem, like he really, you know, 325 00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:58,600 Speaker 1: can you imagine if people in a modern country got 326 00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:02,400 Speaker 1: taxed a little bit too much like h very rarely, 327 00:19:02,480 --> 00:19:04,600 Speaker 1: or people ousted and like the money given back or 328 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:07,560 Speaker 1: some sort of like allowance is made to fix the problem. 329 00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:12,120 Speaker 1: It's kind of like, well, taxes were high last year. Yeah. 330 00:19:12,480 --> 00:19:15,159 Speaker 1: His poetry, which he wrote under the name Mukabee, is 331 00:19:15,280 --> 00:19:18,240 Speaker 1: praised for its sincere tone, and it covers a wide 332 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: range of topics from love for divinity to erotica and 333 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:25,000 Speaker 1: there rocks a lot of episode Katie and Sarah talked 334 00:19:25,040 --> 00:19:26,960 Speaker 1: about some of the love poetry that he wrote for 335 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:31,040 Speaker 1: his consort. Yeah, his poetry is so varied in terms 336 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:34,200 Speaker 1: of topic that it mirrors sort of the many personas 337 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:37,080 Speaker 1: he seemed to inhabit in his life. Uh, you know, 338 00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,320 Speaker 1: as this lawgiver, as an artist, as a patron of 339 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:44,280 Speaker 1: the arts, as a man sattled with leadership. He really 340 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: seemed to have this sort of interesting approach where like 341 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:52,639 Speaker 1: love and sort of you know, a divine connection with 342 00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,919 Speaker 1: your fellow man was higher than any sort of political state, 343 00:19:56,720 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 1: which is interesting to think about when you also think 344 00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:00,720 Speaker 1: about the brutal things that were done in his name. 345 00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:04,919 Speaker 1: And he also used this Ottoman convention that I'm fascinated by, 346 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:09,439 Speaker 1: where the assigned numerical values of letters, so just the 347 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:12,880 Speaker 1: way we would if we wrote numbers along our alphabet, 348 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:16,359 Speaker 1: where a would be one, b would be two, etcetera. Uh. 349 00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:19,000 Speaker 1: These would be used the sort of to sort of 350 00:20:19,119 --> 00:20:23,520 Speaker 1: encode important dates in some literary works. So, for example, 351 00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:27,119 Speaker 1: when his son Mehmed died in fifteen forty three, Suleiman 352 00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 1: wrote him a poem in which the nu miracle values 353 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:33,880 Speaker 1: of the final lines letters some up to the year 354 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:36,840 Speaker 1: of his son's death, which to me seems like so 355 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:41,919 Speaker 1: wonderfully methodical. Uh. I kind of love the idea of 356 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:45,720 Speaker 1: the sort of numbers driven poetry. His most famous line 357 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:49,199 Speaker 1: of poetry translates to in this world, a spell of 358 00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:52,000 Speaker 1: good health is the best state. This is actually a 359 00:20:52,040 --> 00:20:54,679 Speaker 1: double antenra, playing on the word state to mean that 360 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:57,919 Speaker 1: well being is actually more important than politics and power, 361 00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:02,760 Speaker 1: which again is an interesting exposition to his role as 362 00:21:02,760 --> 00:21:05,080 Speaker 1: a leader, where he really was like, let's expand the 363 00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:08,600 Speaker 1: empire as far as we possibly can, but he's still 364 00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:13,080 Speaker 1: always really promoted in his poetry that that's important, but 365 00:21:13,119 --> 00:21:16,119 Speaker 1: other things are way more important. Uh. And while he 366 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,400 Speaker 1: raised grand armies for his military efforts, he paralleled them 367 00:21:19,440 --> 00:21:24,639 Speaker 1: by assembling equally impressive companies of intellectuals, so artists, philosophers, 368 00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:28,520 Speaker 1: theologians all benefited from his patronage. When he was sultan, 369 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:32,160 Speaker 1: he popularized what's known as the Saze style of art 370 00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,280 Speaker 1: by bringing it into the royal court. The word size 371 00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:39,200 Speaker 1: is a Turkish term. It's associated with enchanted forests, and 372 00:21:39,320 --> 00:21:42,639 Speaker 1: the art in this style is characterized by extremely lush 373 00:21:42,680 --> 00:21:46,320 Speaker 1: folli agent blossoms. That's a style which still echoes today. 374 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:49,000 Speaker 1: And any of our listeners who are stitchers and keep 375 00:21:49,040 --> 00:21:52,159 Speaker 1: up with fabric print trends, a lot of the designers 376 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:55,359 Speaker 1: who produce cotton prints that are using quilting and apparel 377 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:59,080 Speaker 1: are still using motifs that were popularized and during this 378 00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:01,800 Speaker 1: time so year in the no think Amy Butler and 379 00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:04,840 Speaker 1: tulip pink. Yeah, all of the sort of damascotton prints 380 00:22:04,840 --> 00:22:07,240 Speaker 1: that are very popular right now are the really or 381 00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:11,880 Speaker 1: the really overly sort of lush, really busy floral patterns. 382 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:15,520 Speaker 1: But there they have kind of an interesting repeat to them. 383 00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:18,800 Speaker 1: Those are all borrowing from the art that was popularized 384 00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:23,600 Speaker 1: during this time. And architecturally, Sinnan, who is Suleiman's Chief 385 00:22:23,880 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: of the Corps of Royal Architects, designed two Moss complexes 386 00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:32,960 Speaker 1: and innumerable public buildings throughout the Empire. At Suleiman's requests, 387 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:36,560 Speaker 1: that have become distinctive icons of Turkish design in their 388 00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:41,200 Speaker 1: design style, again still as echo today. The two mosques 389 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:44,520 Speaker 1: in particular are visually quite stunning with this combination of 390 00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:49,440 Speaker 1: perfectly curved domes that are juxtaposed with these sharply stylized spires. 391 00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:54,840 Speaker 1: When Suleiman died in battle against Habsburg enemies on September six, 392 00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:57,480 Speaker 1: fifteen sixty six, he had been in power for forty 393 00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:00,840 Speaker 1: six years. He left behind several uns, and this led 394 00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:04,679 Speaker 1: to intrigue as sympathizers to one son were murdered to 395 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:08,800 Speaker 1: reorganize the power structure to favor another. He was eventually 396 00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:13,280 Speaker 1: succeeded by Selim the Second, who only reigned for eight years. Yeah. 397 00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:15,520 Speaker 1: He I mean, there's a reason he's called magnificent, and 398 00:23:15,560 --> 00:23:19,040 Speaker 1: it's because he did some pretty impressive things. I mean, 399 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:23,159 Speaker 1: he's one that I feel like we often say this, 400 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:25,520 Speaker 1: but I feel like we could do so many episodes 401 00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:28,280 Speaker 1: on different parts of his life, for different aspects of 402 00:23:28,359 --> 00:23:31,040 Speaker 1: his influence. So if I left out your favorite part 403 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:34,600 Speaker 1: about Suleiman, I'm sorry. We can't make everything a two parter. 404 00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:36,840 Speaker 1: Some people don't like them anyway, so we try to 405 00:23:36,840 --> 00:23:41,199 Speaker 1: balance it. But I absolutely love the portraits of him. 406 00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:43,040 Speaker 1: I can't wait till we pinned them all on Pinterest 407 00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:46,719 Speaker 1: because they're really cool, exactly sort of what you conjure 408 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:49,040 Speaker 1: in your head when you think of a Sultan of 409 00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: the fifteen hundreds with the giant onion wrap headgear. It's 410 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:55,440 Speaker 1: absolutely beautiful and some of the paintings are just gorgeous. 411 00:23:56,440 --> 00:23:58,960 Speaker 1: But now for a gearshift, have listen to me, I 412 00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:02,840 Speaker 1: don't you? I do ring. So my first listener mail 413 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:06,080 Speaker 1: is from our listener Ryan, and it is in response 414 00:24:06,119 --> 00:24:09,159 Speaker 1: to our Great Conto Earthquake podcast, and he says, greetings, ladies. 415 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:11,840 Speaker 1: I've been living in Japan since nineteen four so I 416 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:15,959 Speaker 1: always find your shows on Japanese history especially interesting. At 417 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:17,479 Speaker 1: the end of the program, we were talking about how 418 00:24:17,480 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 1: hard it is to imagine what people were experiencing, and 419 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:23,760 Speaker 1: you mention the Fukushima disaster of eleven. While that was 420 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,280 Speaker 1: certainly terrible, I have always thought of the Great Hanshooon 421 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:30,119 Speaker 1: earthquake that hit Kobe, primarily in January of n and 422 00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:32,439 Speaker 1: he links us to a video about how that all 423 00:24:32,480 --> 00:24:35,920 Speaker 1: played out, which is very frightening. Though it's narrated narrated 424 00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:38,080 Speaker 1: in Japanese, you get the image of just what the 425 00:24:38,119 --> 00:24:41,359 Speaker 1: whole event was like. As with the Conto earthquake, all 426 00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:44,240 Speaker 1: transportation into and out of the city was not functioning, 427 00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:48,119 Speaker 1: leaving emergency personnel and others hoping for help to be stranded. 428 00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:50,920 Speaker 1: I was stuck a few miles away in the north 429 00:24:50,920 --> 00:24:53,640 Speaker 1: part of Osaka, and the day was a beautiful winter day. 430 00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:57,160 Speaker 1: The smoke from the fires rose high into the windless sky, 431 00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:00,520 Speaker 1: first one column, then two, then four, five, until it 432 00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:03,080 Speaker 1: all combined into one very wide black cloud of smoke. 433 00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:06,000 Speaker 1: It was horrible to be stranded and to feel so helpless. 434 00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:08,280 Speaker 1: I mean, my first trip out to the city about 435 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:11,439 Speaker 1: a week later, I walked about twenty kilometers across the 436 00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:13,880 Speaker 1: city and helped people carry water, the water to their 437 00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:17,000 Speaker 1: homes and apartments, and it's still something I remember very clearly. 438 00:25:17,520 --> 00:25:20,480 Speaker 1: Streets were sometimes blocked by fallen houses and other buildings. 439 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:23,760 Speaker 1: Office buildings and apartments leaned out into the street at 440 00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:26,840 Speaker 1: about a sixty degree angle. That is so terrifying to 441 00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:29,400 Speaker 1: think about as my aside as I read this. Uh 442 00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:32,200 Speaker 1: the second floor missing, which was quite common for buildings 443 00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:35,560 Speaker 1: between roughly about five to ten floors. Hopefully no one 444 00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:37,720 Speaker 1: was on that floor at the time, and at another 445 00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: apartment building, the bathroom was exposed about six floors up, 446 00:25:40,840 --> 00:25:43,360 Speaker 1: with the sink and the toilet leaning quite precariously out 447 00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:46,960 Speaker 1: over the sidewalk below. I went through the area shown 448 00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:50,560 Speaker 1: from about four minutes thirty seconds into the video a 449 00:25:50,640 --> 00:25:52,760 Speaker 1: month or six weeks after the earthquake, and it was 450 00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:55,520 Speaker 1: emotionally difficult. The whole area for a few miles was 451 00:25:55,640 --> 00:25:58,760 Speaker 1: leveled by the fires to roughly eye level, apart from 452 00:25:58,760 --> 00:26:01,800 Speaker 1: the odd stairwell or other cement building section that was spared. 453 00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:04,520 Speaker 1: I don't recall any violence that broke out as a 454 00:26:04,520 --> 00:26:07,000 Speaker 1: result of this difficulty, and quite the contrary, found the 455 00:26:07,040 --> 00:26:10,120 Speaker 1: Japanese to be quite resilient and even apologetic to me 456 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:12,240 Speaker 1: as a Guijing, though I had had a much better 457 00:26:12,280 --> 00:26:14,919 Speaker 1: time with the difficulty than many of them had. Some 458 00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:17,240 Speaker 1: of my elderly neighbors thanked me each time they saw 459 00:26:17,280 --> 00:26:19,399 Speaker 1: me for the better part of a year for helping 460 00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:22,200 Speaker 1: them with some minor repairs or clean up immediately following 461 00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:25,240 Speaker 1: the earthquake. If you were to visit COVID today, you'd 462 00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:27,919 Speaker 1: likely not notice that anything had happened at all, and 463 00:26:27,920 --> 00:26:29,920 Speaker 1: it sometimes shakes me up a bit. When I realized 464 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:31,919 Speaker 1: what part of the city I'm standing in and the 465 00:26:31,960 --> 00:26:34,679 Speaker 1: way that it was. Anyway, sorry that this is a 466 00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:39,000 Speaker 1: bit long, uh, and he kind of wraps up quickly. 467 00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:42,679 Speaker 1: But that's such a fascinating account because even though that 468 00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:47,920 Speaker 1: is a modern event that was what twenty years ago, 469 00:26:48,119 --> 00:26:52,200 Speaker 1: not that long, I still don't remember hearing that much 470 00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:54,399 Speaker 1: about it in detail. I'm sure it was covered on 471 00:26:54,400 --> 00:27:00,240 Speaker 1: the news. Uh. It's interesting because his modern telling sort 472 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:05,040 Speaker 1: of the fear and the just completely discombobulated nature of 473 00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:07,600 Speaker 1: the city at that time is so similar to something 474 00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:09,679 Speaker 1: like Conto, where it's just like it's not even the 475 00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:11,840 Speaker 1: world we know anymore. Yeah, I don't think we had 476 00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:15,159 Speaker 1: reached quite the twenty four hour news cycle that we 477 00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,920 Speaker 1: have now, Like it was not to today's extent where 478 00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:21,320 Speaker 1: everyone is plugged into everything all the time and you're 479 00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:24,520 Speaker 1: watching the same footage over and over for three hours straight. Yeah, 480 00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:27,000 Speaker 1: so it is. It's very cool. Thank you so much 481 00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:29,920 Speaker 1: for sharing that experience with us, Ryan, I can't imagine, 482 00:27:29,920 --> 00:27:32,639 Speaker 1: and you put many of the images so eloquently that 483 00:27:33,040 --> 00:27:36,800 Speaker 1: I think it paid a really interesting picture for people 484 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:39,159 Speaker 1: that have never lived through such an event. And then 485 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:41,280 Speaker 1: I also have one other quick one which is from 486 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:43,720 Speaker 1: a postcard that we got from I think it is 487 00:27:43,760 --> 00:27:46,960 Speaker 1: our listener, Debbie, and I apologize for not being confident, 488 00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:49,960 Speaker 1: but uh and going through the mail system, the back 489 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 1: of her postcard where she signed it got some stamping 490 00:27:52,280 --> 00:27:54,959 Speaker 1: that make it a little obscured, But she says Tracy 491 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:57,159 Speaker 1: and Holly, I already planned to visit the Field Museum 492 00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:59,800 Speaker 1: before I listened to the podcast on Ruth Harkness. We 493 00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:02,880 Speaker 1: went to see the special exhibit on the World's Fair 494 00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:05,520 Speaker 1: since you mentioned it, we made sure to see Sulan 495 00:28:05,640 --> 00:28:08,480 Speaker 1: and the Lions of Tsavo. Once he one of you 496 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:10,560 Speaker 1: mentioned wanting to go back to the visit the Field. 497 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:13,320 Speaker 1: That was probably me. I have absolute rabies love for 498 00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:17,359 Speaker 1: the Field Museum. Now through uh September seven is a 499 00:28:17,359 --> 00:28:20,280 Speaker 1: great time while the World's Fair exhibit is open. It's 500 00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:23,000 Speaker 1: really the history of the Field Museum itself. I never 501 00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:25,439 Speaker 1: knew it was originally conceived as a museum of the 502 00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:29,840 Speaker 1: fair exhibits. Many cool museums start that way as like 503 00:28:30,119 --> 00:28:33,480 Speaker 1: a way to preserve things that happened at World's fairs. 504 00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:35,840 Speaker 1: Uh and it I really wanted to read this, mostly 505 00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:38,400 Speaker 1: to thank Debbie because it gave me great ideas about 506 00:28:38,440 --> 00:28:43,280 Speaker 1: doing histories on museums that are culturally important throughout the world. 507 00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:45,360 Speaker 1: There are a lot of them that you know, people 508 00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:47,320 Speaker 1: know by name all over the world, but they maybe 509 00:28:47,360 --> 00:28:49,720 Speaker 1: don't know the origin stories of So thank you, Debbie, 510 00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:51,520 Speaker 1: and thank you for this postcard, which I quite love. 511 00:28:52,080 --> 00:28:54,320 Speaker 1: And it looks very different from the field today. The 512 00:28:54,360 --> 00:28:56,880 Speaker 1: field itself looks the same that the surrounding area does not. 513 00:28:57,760 --> 00:28:59,960 Speaker 1: There's like nothing there whereas now if you're in Chicago, 514 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:02,760 Speaker 1: go and you are anyway to the fields like you 515 00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:05,640 Speaker 1: cannot see so much open sky as that. Uh. If 516 00:29:05,680 --> 00:29:07,520 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us, you can do 517 00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:11,240 Speaker 1: so at History Podcast at house to works dot com. 518 00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:13,840 Speaker 1: You can also connect with us at Facebook dot com, 519 00:29:13,880 --> 00:29:16,880 Speaker 1: slash missed in History, on Twitter, at misst in history 520 00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:19,880 Speaker 1: and missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and at 521 00:29:19,920 --> 00:29:22,560 Speaker 1: pinterest dot com slash missed in History. Where As I said, 522 00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,000 Speaker 1: I promise there will be cool images pinned of Suama 523 00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:28,480 Speaker 1: to magnificent. If you would like to learn a little 524 00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:30,959 Speaker 1: bit more about what we talked about today, you can 525 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,240 Speaker 1: go to our parents site, how Stuff Works and type 526 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:36,000 Speaker 1: in the word Ottoman in the search bar and you 527 00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:39,040 Speaker 1: will get an incredibly interesting article called We're people vying 528 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:42,480 Speaker 1: to become slaves in the Ottoman Empire? The short answer 529 00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:46,120 Speaker 1: is actually yes, and the reason why it's really quite 530 00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:48,640 Speaker 1: uh an interesting tale as well, so I encourage you 531 00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:50,520 Speaker 1: to read it. If you would like to read that 532 00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:52,880 Speaker 1: or learn about almost anything else you can think of, 533 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:54,640 Speaker 1: you can do that at our parents site, which as 534 00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:56,680 Speaker 1: I said, is house of works dot com. And if 535 00:29:56,720 --> 00:29:58,440 Speaker 1: you would like to visit Racey and I at our 536 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:00,800 Speaker 1: home on the web that is missed in history dot com, 537 00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:04,920 Speaker 1: where we have archived episodes, show notes, all kinds of history, 538 00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:11,880 Speaker 1: fun times. We can see any for more on this 539 00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:14,560 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Is it how staff works 540 00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:27,240 Speaker 1: dot com