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Speaker 1: Also media, Hello and welcome to It could happen here.

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Speaker 2: I'm here with Mia. How are you doing?

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Speaker 3: It's it's abominably early, which not even podcast early. It's

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Speaker 3: like eight am here, So it's gonna be where we're

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Speaker 3: We've done the caffeine.

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Speaker 4: We're holding on for dear life sake.

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Speaker 2: I feel you. I feel you.

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Speaker 1: I have to ask, have you noticed that the continents

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Speaker 1: are dripping a little bit?

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Speaker 4: Continents are dripping?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, And I don't mean like blinged out.

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Speaker 1: I mean like if you take a look at the

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Speaker 1: map and you assume that north is up and southeast down,

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Speaker 1: it'll find it kind of looks like our major landmass

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Speaker 1: is melting a little bit.

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Speaker 3: Oh you know, Okay, now, no, not that you say it.

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Speaker 3: I can kind of see it.

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Speaker 2: Hmm. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: This is a concept known as continental drip. And I'm

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Speaker 1: not tripping on anything. I'm not the first person to

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Speaker 1: notice all.

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Speaker 2: You can look it up.

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Speaker 1: There's a whole Wikipedia page of what we've seen in everything,

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Speaker 1: and well, South America is alongside India. They're kind of

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Speaker 1: seen as the quintessential examples of this continential trip. And

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Speaker 1: this is a very odd way that I've decided to

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Speaker 1: segue into the next nation in our exploration of Latin

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Speaker 1: America and anarchist history. It's right to the east of

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Speaker 1: Chile and south of every other country near Temisphale. That is,

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Speaker 1: of course, the Argentine Republic, more commonly known as Argentina,

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Speaker 1: which is derived, by the way, from the Latin word

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Speaker 1: for silver. My name is Andrew Sage. You can find

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Speaker 1: me on YouTube as andrewism and thanks to the scholarship

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Speaker 1: of Chuck Moss, Jeffrey la Focad, and Ahil Capileetti, we're

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Speaker 1: going to take a journey into the history of anarchism

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Speaker 1: in Argentina.

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Speaker 3: Also got to do the shout out for Calculates Anarchism

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Speaker 3: in Latin America. Great book, also great cover, got a

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Speaker 3: big bird on it.

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Speaker 4: Good stuff.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, shout out of course, of course, So I suppose

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Speaker 1: the best place to start us in the beginning. So

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Speaker 1: there's this thing called the Big Bang, right.

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Speaker 3: Universe expanded extremely fast like Peaco second.

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Speaker 2: Large expansion of matter.

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Speaker 1: And yeah, but seriously, Argentina has been peopled since the

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Speaker 1: Paleolithic period, in particularly fine evidence of ancient people's butchering

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Speaker 1: the meat of an armadillo relative as early as twenty

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Speaker 1: one thousand years ago.

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Speaker 4: Geeze.

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Speaker 2: So you know we've been around.

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Speaker 1: We've been around from then on as far as we

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Speaker 1: can tell for now, at least, because you know, the

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Speaker 1: timelines are constantly getting updated with new information, as it

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Speaker 1: should be. The area to be known as Argentina was

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Speaker 1: pretty sparsely populated by a variety of divus cultures with

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Speaker 1: diverse social organization, including foragers and farmers. To take a

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Speaker 1: long and largely unknown history of indigenous co existence and conflicts. Short,

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Speaker 1: people continue to live and the earth continue to spin

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Speaker 1: for the next few millennia until a few ships on

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Speaker 1: the horizon spelled doom for all to see. These are,

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Speaker 1: of course, the Europeans who first arrived in the region

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Speaker 1: with the fifteen oh two voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, with

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Speaker 1: the Spanish navigators Juan Dias de Solis and Sebastian Cabo

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Speaker 1: in particular, visiting the territory in fifteen sixteen and fifteen

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Speaker 1: twenty six respectively. Then in fifteen thirty six Pedro de

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Speaker 1: Mendoza founded this small settlement of Buenos Aires, maybe avarid

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Speaker 1: of it, but it was a band that in fifteen

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Speaker 1: forty one, thanks to continuous indigenous resistance and had to

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Speaker 1: be refounded in fifteen eighty. As for the rest of

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Speaker 1: would be Argentina, the Spanish Empire that was run in

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Speaker 1: most of the continant was busy looting the silver and

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Speaker 1: gold mines in Bolivia and Peru, so Argentina was kind

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Speaker 1: of seen as a backwater. It wasn't as much of

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Speaker 1: an interest by comparison, Argentina stayed under the Viceroyalty of

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Speaker 1: Peru and to the creation of the Viceroyalty of the

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Speaker 1: Rio de la Plata in seventeen seventy six with Buenos

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Speaker 1: Aires as its capital. After two field the British invasions

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Speaker 1: in eighteen oh six and eighteen oh seven, and as

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Speaker 1: you could see, the British and Argentina have had a.

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Speaker 2: Bit of a scuffle for some time now.

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Speaker 1: The Buenos Aires capital would be the stage of revolution,

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Speaker 1: as the eighteen ten May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltassar

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Speaker 1: hidl Gorya Cesniros with the First Junta, a new government

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Speaker 1: made by and for the locals, and then there was

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Speaker 1: a royalist counter revolution, some anti colonial alliance with the

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Speaker 1: then Spanish Philippines, Divisions between centralists and federalists over the

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Speaker 1: newly formed Argentine state, proposals to crown a Sapper Inca

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Speaker 1: as a monarch of an independent Argentina and the official

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Speaker 1: declaration of independence for a republic on the ninth of

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Speaker 1: July eighteen sixteen. Just to go back a bit to

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Speaker 1: be clear, there is an alternate history scenario in which

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Speaker 1: Argentina was briefly or continuously under an Incan monarchy that

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Speaker 1: would have ripped literally I believe it was a cousin

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Speaker 1: of Tuba Kamaru. The food incredible was being considered for

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Speaker 1: the position. Incredible, incredible, incredible.

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Speaker 2: Indeed.

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Speaker 1: See, people tend to see South America as just like

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Speaker 1: you know, it's just the extra continent. I mean, I

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Speaker 1: don't think people think about how much has gone on

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Speaker 1: down there, or rather it's not really present in the

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Speaker 1: English speaking world's imagination.

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Speaker 5: You know.

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Speaker 1: We tend to focus on more of the Northern Hemisphere

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Speaker 1: side of things, which have a specific region we find

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Speaker 1: ourselves in, whether it be the Caribbean or Australia, New Zealand,

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Speaker 1: UK US Canada. We tend to think about English speaking

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Speaker 1: colonial history. But Latin America had a lot going on

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Speaker 1: in its time. I mean come on, they had an

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Speaker 1: alliance with the Spanish Philippines. Yeah, rips, Yeah, so I

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Speaker 1: mean civil war go per, as they say, between the

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Speaker 1: centralists and the Federalists, and that would continue for a

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Speaker 1: while after the Declaration of the Republic in eighteen sixteen,

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Speaker 1: and it was only resolved.

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Speaker 2: In eighteen thirty one with a Federalist victory.

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Speaker 1: Basically, it was a division over how they should organize

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Speaker 1: the state, whether it should be in a federal manner

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Speaker 1: or more centralist unitary manner, so the Federalists, one which

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Speaker 1: would lead to the War of the Confederation between eighteen

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Speaker 1: thirty six eighteen thirty nine, the establishment of the Constitution

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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty three, and a temporary secession of Buenos Aires,

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Speaker 1: which was forced back into Argentina by eighteen sixty one.

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Speaker 1: And as in much of that in America, anachism would

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Speaker 1: establish itself fairly early on thanks to the waves of

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Speaker 1: migration from Europe and particularly from France, Italy and Spain.

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Speaker 4: So many Italians, so many, just.

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Speaker 2: An absurd amount of Italians.

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Speaker 1: These folks fled political repression and poverty in their home countries,

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Speaker 1: refugees from the Paris Commune and anarchist literature from the

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Speaker 1: aforementioned lands would find themselves in the streets of Buenos

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Speaker 1: Aires City and the countrysides of Buenos Aires Province.

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Speaker 2: They circulated anarchist.

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Speaker 1: Ideas through group meetings such as the group Elmeserabel in

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Speaker 1: the port city of Rosario, and publications like The Rivolte,

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Speaker 1: which was founded by Kropotkin all the way back in Switzerland.

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Speaker 1: Kropotkin's Words of a Rebel would also make frequent appearances

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Speaker 1: throughout Argentina, and his Conquest of Bread received a translation

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Speaker 1: by Catalan carpenter Juan Villa. As with the splits internationally,

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Speaker 1: the First International's local section in Buenos Airis, which was

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Speaker 1: founded in eighteen seventy two, would split between the supporters

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Speaker 1: of Marx and the supporters of Acunan. The former were

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Speaker 1: predominantly French, the latter predominantly Spaniard an Italian. Three decades

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Speaker 1: of substantial migration started in the eighteen eighties, which sparked

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Speaker 1: significant growth in the anarchist movement, as the migrants found

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Speaker 1: Crussian economic deprivation and repressive governance where they'd hoped they'd

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Speaker 1: find prosperity and liberty. Over three million people arrived, leading

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Speaker 1: to the country having a foreign born population of thirty

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Speaker 1: three percent by nineteen fourteen. Nowadays, as in much of

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Speaker 1: the world, unfortunately that once foreign born population some percentage

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Speaker 1: of them and now unfortunately anti migration.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and violently.

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Speaker 1: So it's a cruel irony that we find ourselves with

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Speaker 1: just mere decades ago, their own ancestors were migrants.

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Speaker 4: Among the migration.

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Speaker 1: Wave came the likes of Hecto Mattae and Italian anarchists

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Speaker 1: who helped publish a Socialista, which is a weekly paper.

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Speaker 1: And of course, believe it's or not, the one and

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Speaker 1: only Ara Kamana tester who keeps making guest appearances in

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Speaker 1: these lastin American anarchisms. Yes, he's just like all over

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Speaker 1: the places, traveling everywhere. If I recall correctly, he made

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Speaker 1: an appearance in Cuba. He made an appearance in the

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Speaker 1: Egypt episode as well. Yep, she just keeps showing up.

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Speaker 3: He's really truly a globetrotterer in a mold that we

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Speaker 3: haven't really seen.

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Speaker 1: Hey, I mean move aside football, you know, he's the

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Speaker 1: real mister worldwide so at a commana tester. He actually

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Speaker 1: fled Italy in eighteen eighty five after escaping imprisonment, and

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Speaker 1: he helped establish the Circulo the Studio Socialists, where he

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Speaker 1: and others give public speeches promoting anarchism, and he worked

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Speaker 1: to organize the society Dad Cosmopolita, the Obereros Panaderos, an

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Speaker 1: anarchist Baker's Union. I didn't know he could bake, maybe

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Speaker 1: he could make, maybe he could and he was just there,

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Speaker 1: you know, helping them set up. But in my head,

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Speaker 1: I'd like to imagine that he was pretty good at bacon,

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Speaker 1: bread and making cookies.

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Speaker 2: You know, I'm pretty sure he.

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Speaker 3: Was like an ice cream salesman too. At one point,

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Speaker 3: I might be getting that confused with like some other

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Speaker 3: anarchist who was going around everywhere who was also so

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Speaker 3: like ice cream.

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Speaker 2: You know, I wouldn't be surprised.

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Speaker 3: I have vague memories of there being a story about

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Speaker 3: like him having an ice cream cart and trying to

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Speaker 3: make money and he couldn't do it because he kept

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Speaker 3: giving ice cream the children.

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Speaker 1: I think I remember that story. I think it's so biger.

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Speaker 1: I had a video on it. You know that those

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Speaker 1: ads used to show on TV A couple like about

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Speaker 1: a decade ago, the most interesting man in.

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Speaker 4: The world, yeah he was.

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Speaker 2: He was based on our kamat.

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Speaker 1: Yeah so man Testelater returned to Europe in eighteen eighty nine,

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Speaker 1: yet he left a lasting legacy in helping to organize

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Speaker 1: workers and sow the seeds for a powerful anarchist movement

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Speaker 1: in Argentina. In the early eighteen nineties, the anarchist paper

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Speaker 1: El persic Wido became one of the most popus popular

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Speaker 1: and prominent voices of anarchist communism in Argentina. Despite ongoing

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Speaker 1: repression and government censorship, the anarchist press continued to expand

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Speaker 1: during this period, with publications like Lavoris de la Mochere

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Speaker 1: and Anarchist Feminist People emerging in Rosario. The eighteen eighties

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Speaker 1: and early eighteen nineties also involved significant internal debates, particularly

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Speaker 1: around the role of workers unions and revolutionary tactics. Some

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Speaker 1: groups embraced anarchist cynicalism, while others believed smaller affinity groups

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Speaker 1: as catalysts of social revolution with a way to go.

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Speaker 1: While in the midst of a massive rapid industrial growth

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Speaker 1: and dealing with the worst than economic situation for the

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Speaker 1: working class, such a society was ripe for transformation of

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Speaker 1: the anarchist variety. Initially, the anarchists have been focused on

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Speaker 1: countercultural concerns, particularly in the field of education, but as

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Speaker 1: their ranks swelled in number, the stage was set for

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Speaker 1: the debut of a mass anarchist movement among Argentine workers.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen ninety seven, the anarchist workers were found that

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Speaker 1: protester Humana later shortened to lap Protester, which would become

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Speaker 1: an enduring anarchist paper throughout Latin America. But the anarchists

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Speaker 1: didn't just stick to papers though. In nineteen oh one,

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Speaker 1: anarchists were instrumental in the founding of the Argentine Workers

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Speaker 1: Federation or the FOA, which is Argentina's first labor federation.

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Speaker 1: Federation was founded in a congress that assembled some fifty

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Speaker 1: delegates representing thirty to thirty five workers organizations from both

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Speaker 1: capital and interior. The aim of the Federation was an

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Speaker 1: entity that included all workers without regard to their races

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Speaker 1: or beliefs, based on a solid foundation of direct action

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Speaker 1: and economic struggle, so initially including Marxists. Those would later

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Speaker 1: depart to found the General Workers Union or the UGT,

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Speaker 1: which was more meanable to party interests, of course, which

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Speaker 1: left the fo way in anarchists hands. The FOA stood

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Speaker 1: at the forefront of the struggles, advocating for higher wages

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Speaker 1: and better working conditions. At the time, typical workday was

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Speaker 1: ten hours or more, with wages barely covered essential needs.

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Speaker 1: Strikes broke out across industries with notable successes. Painters and

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Speaker 1: larder Plata secured an eight hour workday and dark workers

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Speaker 1: in minos aires one and nine hour workday, along with

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Speaker 1: a wage increase. But despite the oppression, the workers movement

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Speaker 1: continued to grow stronger. The FAA's membership surged with forty

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Speaker 1: two unions and over fifteen thousand members in nineteen o three,

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Speaker 1: rise into sixty six unions and nearly thirty three thousand

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Speaker 1: members a year later. In nineteen oh four, at its

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Speaker 1: fourth congress, the group was renamed the Regional Workers Federation

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Speaker 1: of Argentina or the FARE or FOURA. The reasoning was ideological.

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Speaker 1: By adding the adjective regional, it made plain that Argentina

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Speaker 1: was not considered a state or political unit, but a

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Speaker 1: region of the world in which workers struggled for their liberation.

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Speaker 1: This fourth Congress also approved of solidarity pass that proclaimed

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Speaker 1: the est iblish ones of a class less society with

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Speaker 1: neither state nor private property as the ultimate aim of

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Speaker 1: their struggle. The anarchist influence was clear, but it gets

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Speaker 1: even more explicit in the following year. The UGT had

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Speaker 1: been subordinated to the Marxist Socialist Party, but even their

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Speaker 1: third Congress in nineteen oh five had a syndicalist emergence.

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Speaker 1: A preferred workers associations to political parties. Basically, even the

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Speaker 1: non anarchist workers organizations would be an influenced by the

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Speaker 1: anarchist wave, so much so that the UGT wanted to

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Speaker 1: form a solidarity pact with FURA. The anarchists and four

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Speaker 1: didn't quite trust the parliamentary socialism of the UGT. Still,

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Speaker 1: they did work with them to call a general strike

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Speaker 1: in nineteen o seven in solidarity with car drivers and Rosario,

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Speaker 1: joined by some one hundred and fifty eight thousand workers

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Speaker 1: from around the republic. That strike ended in victory for

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Speaker 1: the workers. In nineteen oh five, two years before and

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Speaker 1: as fifth Congress FORA made its commitments to revolutionctionary anarchist

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Speaker 1: communism explicitly known quote the advice and recommend to all

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Speaker 1: our followers the broadest possible study and propaganda with the

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Speaker 1: aim of insterning workers the economic and philosophical principles of

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Speaker 1: anarchist communism. This education, not content with achieving the eight

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Speaker 1: of our workday, would bring total emancipation and consequently the

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Speaker 1: social evolution we pursue end Quote four. Was among the

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Speaker 1: largest federations of workers organizations, and it was officially anarchist communists.

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Speaker 1: The nineteen o six ninety over seven general and tenant

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Speaker 1: strikes gone a greater favor, and in response, Buenos Aires

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Speaker 1: police head Colonel Falcones swore to a finish ser of

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Speaker 1: the anarchists. Nineteen oh seven saw fora and ugt attempt

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Speaker 1: a merger, but since the majority sought adherence to anarchist communism,

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Speaker 1: the merger could not be achieved. For her was militant

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Speaker 1: and effective in achieving many of its schools, including wage increases,

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Speaker 1: reductions and the length of the workday, and farious rights

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Speaker 1: of association. Port workers, crown transport workers, seamen's unions, bakers, metalworkers,

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Speaker 1: construction workers and ship workers were all prominent in the

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Speaker 1: federation and were well positioned to paralyze the Argentine economy

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Speaker 1: and win their demands. In the first decade of the

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Speaker 1: twentieth century. These unions led six general strikes and many

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Speaker 1: more partial strikes, and women were more involved than in

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Speaker 1: any other radical movement of the time, taking part in

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Speaker 1: consumer boycotts and rent strikes as well. But the anarchists

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Speaker 1: knew the ruptures in the capitalist economy wouldn't be enough.

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Speaker 1: It could never be enough to merely confront the system

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Speaker 1: and refuse to corporate the system as it is. The

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Speaker 1: social revolution, or so demands consciousness, solidarity, and the prefiguration

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Speaker 1: of an enlightened progressive society in social organizations. Thus, anarchists

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Speaker 1: engaged in counter culture, multiple papers in multiple languages, theater

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Speaker 1: and poetry, may day marches, social centers, popular education centers,

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Speaker 1: popular libraries, and discussion circles. All of these efforts were

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Speaker 1: ceded throughout the cities and linked to various unions to

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Speaker 1: create a veritable and dynamic network of revolutionary causes. And

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Speaker 1: since the government understood the anarchist threat, they tried their

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Speaker 1: best to raise the cost of revolutionary activism. The actions

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Speaker 1: included petty police harassment, the humiliated and inconvenient searches, and

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Speaker 1: protuitors demands for identification, which were a familiar experience for

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Speaker 1: the anarchist militants.

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Speaker 2: There was also the out law and.

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Speaker 1: Of radical publications, the suppression of the right to public assembly,

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Speaker 1: mass arrests, martial law declared for a total of eighteen

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Speaker 1: months between nineteen o two and nineteen ten, and of course,

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Speaker 1: outright violence to the police, the army and other formal forces.

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Speaker 1: In addition to thugs acting on their behalf, the governor

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Speaker 1: also attempted to undermine the anarchists movement through legislative means.

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Speaker 1: The Resident's Law in nineteen oh two granted the government

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Speaker 1: the right to deport foreigners that are deemed undesirable without trial.

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Speaker 1: After the lord had been in effect for a few years,

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Speaker 1: Foura called a general strike against its oppressive conditions. For

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Speaker 1: as leadership condemned the law as a violation of human rights,

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Speaker 1: labor it as a tool by the state to suppress

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Speaker 1: free thoughts.

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Speaker 2: And working class movements. The government did not budge.

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Speaker 1: On May Day, nineteen oh nine, police violently attacked a

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Speaker 1: peaceful protest organized by transport workers and anarchists, killing eight

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Speaker 1: people and wounded many others.

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Speaker 2: Colonel Falcone, the recurrent villain.

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Speaker 1: Who ordered the attack, later became the target of a

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Speaker 1: retaliatory bombing by young anarchists Simon Radowitski in November nineteen

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Speaker 1: oh nine. This act of defiance shook the whole country.

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Speaker 1: In the meantime, the anarchist cause also resonated internationally. In

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Speaker 1: response to the execution of Francisco Frere, a Spanish educator

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Speaker 1: and anarchist, Fura led a series of strikes in Argentina,

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Speaker 1: joining global protests against his death. Nineteen ten marked Argentina's

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Speaker 1: preparations for the centenary celebrations of its first national government,

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Speaker 1: portray itself as a beacon of prosperity. But oh, here

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Speaker 1: come the workers with their unrest and protests to sour

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Speaker 1: the vibes and demand the release of political prisoners and

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Speaker 1: the abolition of the law of residents. Naturally, the government

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Speaker 1: responded by declaring a state of internal war, arresting hundreds

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Speaker 1: of anarchists, including foreigner leaders, and imposing extreme censorship and

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Speaker 1: restrictions on civil liberties, shutdowns of publications, and the declaration

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Speaker 1: of a state of emergency. The government also introduced the

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Speaker 1: Social Defense Law, which levied a series of penalties against

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Speaker 1: anarchist activities, specifically as a centennial celebrations unfolded Argentina had

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Speaker 1: transformed into a heavily military rise state, with more than

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Speaker 1: two thousand anarchists arrested or deported, so much for a

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Speaker 1: grand celebration of their free democracy. Despite the repression, the

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Speaker 1: workers move once continued to grow forest general strikes forced

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Speaker 1: the government to make in sessions and release jailed workers,

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Speaker 1: but divisions began to appear within the movement after deal

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Speaker 1: with so much repression for their radical ideas. A split

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Speaker 1: occurred in nineteen oh nine with the formation of the

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Speaker 1: syndicalist group CORA, which adopted much of for As structure

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Speaker 1: and retained some anarchist ideas, but leaned towards a less

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Speaker 1: radical approach, hoping to be less of a target. The

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Speaker 1: anarchist took yet another hit when in nineteen twelve the

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Speaker 1: Science Pennier Law made vote in secret and obligatory, thus

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Speaker 1: making anarchist abstentionism as a tactic illegal. The range of

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Speaker 1: possible actions was being intentionally closed. While deli were these

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Speaker 1: external pressures, anarchist also had to deal with the pressures

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Speaker 1: from within the workers' movement by even more folks wanted

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Speaker 1: to compromise the revolutionary goals. Another split between the synicalist

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Speaker 1: anarchists occurred the fors Ninth Congress in nineteen fifteen. Unions

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Speaker 1: were increasingly led by reformists, social democrats, and uncommitted anarchists,

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Speaker 1: which led to the thesis of a neutral cynicalism focused

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Speaker 1: on winning workers' rights becoming the dominant position within fur

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Speaker 1: her The cynicalists dropped their commitment to anarchist communism and

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Speaker 1: claimed the name the Fora of the Ninth Congress, while

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Speaker 1: the minority of anarchists that maintained their commitment anarchist communism

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Speaker 1: took the name the Fora of the Fifth Congress. The

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Speaker 1: timing of the split was impeccable, though you see, as

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Speaker 1: has been a recurring theme in this series, the Russian

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Speaker 1: Revolution of nineteen seventeen had a significant impact in Argentinian

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Speaker 1: anarchism in a sense it reignited the revolutionary further within

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Speaker 1: the movement and led to the reformist and cynicalist for

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Speaker 1: an nine lose an influence, but revolutionary ideas once again

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Speaker 1: gain momentum. For a brief moment, there was hope, but

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Speaker 1: the Bolsheviks will waste little time in crushing that hope.

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Speaker 1: By nineteen twenty Argentinian anarchists, like their European counterparts, began

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Speaker 1: to distance themselves from Leninism. They began to recognize the

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Speaker 1: authority in nature of the Bolsheviks, took notes of Kropotkin

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Speaker 1: and Lenin's correspondences, and soon came to reject the idea

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Speaker 1: of the dictatorship of the proletaria. On his part, alongside

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Speaker 1: his mass loads of the anarchists in Cronstad then also

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Speaker 1: ordered the confiscation of anarchist texts which he saw us

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Speaker 1: influence in the conflict within the Bolshevik ranks. Tale as

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Speaker 1: old as time. Anyway, next time we'll see if and

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Speaker 1: how the anarchist Argentina managed to navigate the tumultuous twenties,

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Speaker 1: thirties and beyond to leave a lasting mark on Argentine history.

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Speaker 1: But things on looking too good for them right now.

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Speaker 1: Until then, Well, Paula, to all the people, this has been.

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Speaker 1: It could happen here, It could happen. Here is a

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Speaker 1: production of cool Zone Media.

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Speaker 5: For more podcasts from cool Zone Media, visit our website

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00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:20,359
Speaker 5: coolzonemedia dot com, or check us out on the iHeartRadio app,

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00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:24,000
Speaker 5: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can

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00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:26,359
Speaker 5: now find sources for it could happen here, listed directly

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Speaker 5: in episode descriptions. Thanks for listening.