1 00:00:08,640 --> 00:00:11,440 Speaker 1: What if you could slip in and out of the 2 00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 1: world you're currently in. Are you talking about like opening 3 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: a door to another dimension, because you know that's just 4 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:19,600 Speaker 1: science fiction, right, is it really? Are you sure there 5 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:21,759 Speaker 1: could be more to the world than the world we 6 00:00:21,800 --> 00:00:24,159 Speaker 1: see around us? You know, like there's this three D 7 00:00:24,239 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 1: world we live in, but maybe this world that we're 8 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:31,880 Speaker 1: in actually kind of extends somewhere else. It's certainly true 9 00:00:31,920 --> 00:00:34,000 Speaker 1: that we know very little about how the universe works, 10 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:37,120 Speaker 1: So there's the possibility to sort of blow things open 11 00:00:37,159 --> 00:00:40,199 Speaker 1: and discover that the universe is rich in ways we 12 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:42,879 Speaker 1: hadn't imagined. And one of the highest candidates in my 13 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:45,560 Speaker 1: mind is this concept that there might be other dimensions 14 00:00:45,560 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: to space and time. Well, I'm excited about this podcast. 15 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:50,920 Speaker 1: I feel like it's going to add a whole new 16 00:00:51,240 --> 00:00:55,280 Speaker 1: dimension to our conversation. I feel like you worked way 17 00:00:55,320 --> 00:01:20,280 Speaker 1: too hard, but I laughed the theme the theme. So, Hi, 18 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:23,240 Speaker 1: I'm Jorge and I'm Daniel, and we're at the authors 19 00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:25,640 Speaker 1: of the book We Have No Idea and this is 20 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:29,640 Speaker 1: our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the universe today on 21 00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:39,600 Speaker 1: the podcast Extra Dimensions, Dimensions, dimensions and also non extra dimensions. 22 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:42,000 Speaker 1: The ones you know and love and shake your booty 23 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: too on Friday nights. What is a dimensions? Right? There's 24 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:48,160 Speaker 1: essential dimensions and then there's extra dimensions. I feel like 25 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:50,320 Speaker 1: there's some sort of judgment you're making their like extra 26 00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:54,320 Speaker 1: like second class dimensions or not necessary dimensions, or if 27 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:56,080 Speaker 1: you have to cut them away, you know, you could 28 00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: just prune them out of your life without King twice. 29 00:01:58,240 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 1: You don't need him to make a podcast apparently. Actually, 30 00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:03,840 Speaker 1: I think, as you'll discover when we break this down, 31 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:06,920 Speaker 1: explain what dimensions are. All the dimensions that exist are 32 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:10,480 Speaker 1: absolutely essential for physics to work, and you know, physics 33 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,600 Speaker 1: is for and fundamental. If physics doesn't work, nothing works. Yeah, 34 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:15,200 Speaker 1: And these days I feel like we kind of need 35 00:02:15,240 --> 00:02:18,480 Speaker 1: an emergency dimension too, just in case, you know, you 36 00:02:18,520 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: mean you want a trap door you can slip into 37 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:23,400 Speaker 1: some emergency dimension where nobody can hear, yeah, or you know, 38 00:02:23,639 --> 00:02:27,400 Speaker 1: just throw some extra heat from global warming or that 39 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:32,200 Speaker 1: would be awesome, just like a venting dimension. Just dimension 40 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:36,760 Speaker 1: you want to just have like a black circle on 41 00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:38,560 Speaker 1: the on the floor of your office where you can 42 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:41,120 Speaker 1: press a button and suck anything you want into into 43 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:44,760 Speaker 1: another dimension. But this is a really mind blowing topic 44 00:02:45,160 --> 00:02:48,320 Speaker 1: and really kind of challenges your what you know about 45 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:51,040 Speaker 1: the world around you. We were curious about what people 46 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:55,160 Speaker 1: out there thought about extra dimensions and how many of 47 00:02:55,200 --> 00:02:57,720 Speaker 1: them are there. Yeah, So I went around and I 48 00:02:57,800 --> 00:03:00,720 Speaker 1: asked people. I said, what is the dimension and how 49 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:02,920 Speaker 1: many do you think there are? Here's what they had 50 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,600 Speaker 1: to say. I'm not sure. If I was watching Interstellar, 51 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:09,120 Speaker 1: I heard it was five dimensions, so I was like, 52 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:13,120 Speaker 1: but realistic, realistic? I don't know. I heard of a 53 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:16,919 Speaker 1: four dimensions, faith dimension. I don't know if anything beyond that. 54 00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:20,320 Speaker 1: I don't know a lot of the fifth dimension, the 55 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:23,560 Speaker 1: sixth dimension, the movies we have seen right right, So 56 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:26,600 Speaker 1: I mean using time as a conundrum, that can be 57 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:30,280 Speaker 1: many dimensions and you can go from one dimension. No, 58 00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:33,440 Speaker 1: I don't know scientifically. I just know like fictionally, like 59 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:36,400 Speaker 1: when they say there's like different dimensions, and I think 60 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:40,520 Speaker 1: of like kind of like time traveling. But and I 61 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:44,120 Speaker 1: don't know how many dimensions there are, all right, not 62 00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:47,920 Speaker 1: a lot of deep knowledge about dimensions, yes, definitely some 63 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: deep misunderstandings about what dimensions are. Some people out there 64 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:53,640 Speaker 1: seem to have some concept, you know, that dimensions are 65 00:03:53,680 --> 00:03:56,560 Speaker 1: not universes, that they're not parallel places you can go to, 66 00:03:57,080 --> 00:03:59,600 Speaker 1: but that they're like a direction in space. So we 67 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:01,800 Speaker 1: have some knowledge but also a lot of misconceptions. So 68 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:04,960 Speaker 1: that totally motivates this podcast. We should really break this 69 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:08,440 Speaker 1: down and explain from the beginning what is a dimension? Yeah, 70 00:04:08,480 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: because in science fiction you always see them talk about 71 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:15,400 Speaker 1: dimensions that if it's like another parallel universe, you know, 72 00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:18,279 Speaker 1: like it's just like ours, but it's in another dimension, 73 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:21,480 Speaker 1: creature from the other dimension. But that's kind of hard 74 00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:24,720 Speaker 1: to use normally, right, like in doorway to another dimension 75 00:04:24,920 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: and the version of you in another dimension. That's right, 76 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,000 Speaker 1: it's really used to mean parallel universe. Yeah. Why do 77 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:33,839 Speaker 1: you think science fiction writers started using that word dimension 78 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:37,400 Speaker 1: for this concept of a parallel universe. I don't know, 79 00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:39,400 Speaker 1: And um I have a lot of things to say 80 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:41,320 Speaker 1: about that, but I don't want to because I love 81 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:43,240 Speaker 1: science fiction and I don't want to get on the 82 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:47,159 Speaker 1: on the bad side of science fiction writers. UM. I 83 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:49,719 Speaker 1: think a lot of times they don't have as deep 84 00:04:49,760 --> 00:04:52,000 Speaker 1: a grasp of the science as they think they do, 85 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:54,760 Speaker 1: and they imagine they understand it, and so they end 86 00:04:54,800 --> 00:04:57,440 Speaker 1: up misusing a word. UM Like, I read a lot 87 00:04:57,480 --> 00:04:59,360 Speaker 1: of science fiction with the higgs boson in it, and 88 00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:02,479 Speaker 1: the higgs bos one in those fictional universes has nothing 89 00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:05,799 Speaker 1: in common with the higgs boson in our universe except 90 00:05:05,800 --> 00:05:09,080 Speaker 1: for like how it's spelled on the page. So I 91 00:05:09,080 --> 00:05:12,040 Speaker 1: think they appropriate terms the here in science and this 92 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:17,760 Speaker 1: use them as for whatever plot device they need. Well, 93 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:19,840 Speaker 1: let's break it down. So in science fiction and that 94 00:05:19,920 --> 00:05:23,080 Speaker 1: other mentioned means like a parallel universe, but in physics 95 00:05:23,520 --> 00:05:26,120 Speaker 1: it means something else, doesn't mean a whole another universe 96 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:30,240 Speaker 1: means just another direction of space. Right, that's right. You 97 00:05:30,279 --> 00:05:32,120 Speaker 1: can think of the question what is a dimension as 98 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:35,200 Speaker 1: another way of saying, like, how many numbers do you 99 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:38,920 Speaker 1: need to specify where you are? Right? Imagine that you're 100 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:41,120 Speaker 1: some being that lives on a string is a one 101 00:05:41,160 --> 00:05:44,360 Speaker 1: dimensional world. What that means is that there's only one 102 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 1: direction you can move, and so you can specify exactly 103 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:49,559 Speaker 1: where you are in that world with just one number, 104 00:05:49,600 --> 00:05:52,280 Speaker 1: which is how far along you are in that string. Right. 105 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:56,000 Speaker 1: Imagine like a ruler, a single ruler, and if you say, hey, 106 00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:58,200 Speaker 1: meet me at six point five, there's no other place 107 00:05:58,240 --> 00:06:00,479 Speaker 1: at six point five, right, You just need a number 108 00:06:00,480 --> 00:06:02,320 Speaker 1: to tell you where you are. On that string. It's 109 00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:05,040 Speaker 1: kind of like your coordin and it's in a GPS map, 110 00:06:05,279 --> 00:06:07,720 Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. Like in a flat map, you only need 111 00:06:07,800 --> 00:06:10,279 Speaker 1: two numbers right up and down to know where you 112 00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:13,400 Speaker 1: are on a flat map, Yeah exactly. So in one dimension, 113 00:06:13,480 --> 00:06:16,440 Speaker 1: need one number. In two dimensions, which is like a surface, 114 00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:18,320 Speaker 1: like a flat piece of paper or the surface of 115 00:06:18,320 --> 00:06:21,120 Speaker 1: the Earth, you need two numbers, right, for two dimensions. 116 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:23,800 Speaker 1: So that's why you need like longitude and latitude. If 117 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:26,200 Speaker 1: you're on a two dimensional surface like the surface of 118 00:06:26,200 --> 00:06:28,440 Speaker 1: the Earth, and you just tell somebody your latitude, like 119 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:31,479 Speaker 1: meet me at this latitude, there's an infinite number of 120 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:34,240 Speaker 1: places that have that latitude, it's not enough to specify 121 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:37,280 Speaker 1: your location. So in two dimensions you need two numbers. 122 00:06:37,279 --> 00:06:40,720 Speaker 1: That's what dimension means, right, Being in two dimensional world 123 00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:44,560 Speaker 1: means you need two numbers to specify it, and so 124 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:47,840 Speaker 1: three D means three dimensions means you need three numbers 125 00:06:47,839 --> 00:06:50,360 Speaker 1: to specify where you are, like not just wearing the map, 126 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:53,120 Speaker 1: but also how high up you are. Yeah exactly. So 127 00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:55,599 Speaker 1: if you're flying an airplane, right, you need to know 128 00:06:55,680 --> 00:06:59,240 Speaker 1: exactly where you are longitude and latitude, but also your altitude. Right, 129 00:06:59,279 --> 00:07:01,200 Speaker 1: you need to know that would be important. Yeah, to 130 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 1: know that would be you don't crush two place together 131 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:06,880 Speaker 1: or into a mountain or something, right, because you can 132 00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:10,040 Speaker 1: be at the same longitude and latitude but different altitudes 133 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:13,520 Speaker 1: and so be quite safe. Right. So three dimensional world 134 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: needs three dimensions to specify where you are. So it's 135 00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:19,680 Speaker 1: mostly just about directions. So like instead of calling dimensions, 136 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:21,880 Speaker 1: you could just call it directions, right kind of right, 137 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:25,680 Speaker 1: like you could say, in our three D world, we 138 00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:28,920 Speaker 1: have up and down, left, right, forward backwards. Those are 139 00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:32,440 Speaker 1: the three main directions. Yeah, And and there's an important 140 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 1: concept there which is not just main directions but orthogonal directions, 141 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:40,840 Speaker 1: directions that don't overlap, right, so they're moving in one 142 00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:43,680 Speaker 1: of them doesn't change your position in another. You mean, 143 00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 1: they're like in a corner of a cube. You know, 144 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:49,320 Speaker 1: there's ninety degrees between each direction. That's right, So imagine 145 00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:51,640 Speaker 1: yourself on a chessboard or something right, and you can 146 00:07:51,720 --> 00:07:54,840 Speaker 1: hop left or right just along one road doesn't change 147 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:58,240 Speaker 1: which column you're on. That's because those two directions are 148 00:07:58,400 --> 00:08:00,680 Speaker 1: orthogonal there, they don't affect each other. You can move 149 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:04,000 Speaker 1: independently in those two right. Now, you could put a 150 00:08:04,080 --> 00:08:06,240 Speaker 1: third dimension. On a piece of paper, you put a 151 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:09,200 Speaker 1: third direction, like a diagonal direction, but then moving along 152 00:08:09,200 --> 00:08:11,440 Speaker 1: it would change your direction and the other two. So 153 00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: that's how you know on a piece of paper that 154 00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:15,560 Speaker 1: there are only two dimensions, because there's no place to 155 00:08:15,600 --> 00:08:17,840 Speaker 1: add a third one. Oh, I see, they need to 156 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: be like totally independent directions exactly, exactly, got it. So 157 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:26,640 Speaker 1: that's three dimensions, and so dimensions is kind of like directions. 158 00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: So then if we add more dimensions, that means that 159 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:32,079 Speaker 1: what does that even mean? Yes, So in order for 160 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:34,040 Speaker 1: there to be more dimensions, and they have to be 161 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:37,360 Speaker 1: more ways that you can move, right, it means that 162 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:41,679 Speaker 1: specifying your position just with three numbers isn't enough. Right, 163 00:08:41,679 --> 00:08:44,280 Speaker 1: There's like another way that you can be at those 164 00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:46,959 Speaker 1: three places but not be on top of each other. Right, 165 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:49,960 Speaker 1: it's space has this other way you can move. And 166 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,800 Speaker 1: this is really hard to think about, right, because we 167 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:54,800 Speaker 1: are used to being in a three dimensional world. We 168 00:08:54,920 --> 00:08:58,560 Speaker 1: understand depth and height and and and with and these 169 00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:01,040 Speaker 1: sort of ways to move. It's hard to imagine like 170 00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:04,520 Speaker 1: where things could go or where this dimension could be, Right, 171 00:09:05,400 --> 00:09:07,360 Speaker 1: But I think it's interesting to think about how long 172 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:10,360 Speaker 1: people have been thinking that way. You know, I think, um, 173 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:13,560 Speaker 1: thousands of years ago, people weren't thinking in terms of 174 00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:17,720 Speaker 1: three dimensions. The whole concept of dimensions is actually fairly 175 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:19,960 Speaker 1: new and scientific, what I mean, you know, it's only 176 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:22,280 Speaker 1: a few hundred years old. You know, Decartes came up 177 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:25,319 Speaker 1: with Cartesian coordinates. He was the first person to really 178 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:28,600 Speaker 1: lay this idea out that there was a space around 179 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:31,679 Speaker 1: us and that you could define it mathematically in terms 180 00:09:31,679 --> 00:09:35,559 Speaker 1: of a few independent directions. Yeah, but like ancient civilizations, 181 00:09:35,559 --> 00:09:39,600 Speaker 1: they could build pyramids and buildings and columns and blogs, right, 182 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:41,680 Speaker 1: And it's not like they thought in two D. Well, 183 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:43,800 Speaker 1: it's not clear how they thought. I mean, they lived 184 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:45,720 Speaker 1: in three D. Right, Certainly they lived in the world 185 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:47,640 Speaker 1: and they could understand it. But look at their art, 186 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:50,560 Speaker 1: you know, their art was really flat. The whole concept 187 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:53,560 Speaker 1: of like perspective and geometry and art is only a 188 00:09:53,559 --> 00:09:56,480 Speaker 1: few hundred years old, and some people even think that 189 00:09:56,720 --> 00:09:59,000 Speaker 1: art might have led the way. You know that people 190 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:02,160 Speaker 1: artists trying to figure out how to make an image 191 00:10:02,280 --> 00:10:06,360 Speaker 1: look accurate, develop this concept of perspective in order to 192 00:10:06,360 --> 00:10:09,119 Speaker 1: describe it. And it's out of that idea of perspective 193 00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:11,960 Speaker 1: and geometry change the way people thought about the space 194 00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:15,720 Speaker 1: in front of them mathematically speaking, you mean mathematically speaking, Yeah, 195 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:18,240 Speaker 1: that they gave us a more mathematical view of the 196 00:10:18,400 --> 00:10:21,320 Speaker 1: very world we live in. And this is one of 197 00:10:21,320 --> 00:10:24,360 Speaker 1: the core problems is that it's hard to pull apart 198 00:10:24,440 --> 00:10:26,760 Speaker 1: the way you think and think about the ways you 199 00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: could be thinking, right, other ways that you could imagine 200 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:31,360 Speaker 1: the world, because it's so ingrained in it's just the 201 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:34,240 Speaker 1: way you are. It's really difficult to imagine what would 202 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: you like to live in another country, or to use 203 00:10:36,080 --> 00:10:38,280 Speaker 1: another kind of toy let or whatever, right, because these 204 00:10:38,280 --> 00:10:40,200 Speaker 1: are just the way we live and we think it's 205 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:42,880 Speaker 1: basic and inherent to everything, but it might not be so. 206 00:10:42,920 --> 00:10:45,080 Speaker 1: At some point somebody said, hey, hey, guys, wait a minute. 207 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:47,439 Speaker 1: If we're going to do science, we we got to 208 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: think about these directions of space. Yeah, and the whole 209 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:52,360 Speaker 1: concept of spaces is even kind of new. I mean, 210 00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:56,240 Speaker 1: Aristotle didn't believe in space. He thought everything was filled, right, 211 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:59,160 Speaker 1: He's like, there's no void, everything is filled, there's no 212 00:10:59,440 --> 00:11:03,120 Speaker 1: gap between me and the air surrounding me. You know. 213 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:07,640 Speaker 1: He didn't believe in atoms, right. He thought air was continuous, fluid, 214 00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:11,200 Speaker 1: and everything was continuous and the cold concept of like 215 00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:15,160 Speaker 1: a huge universe out there mostly empty was an anathema 216 00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:18,040 Speaker 1: to Aristotle, and you know, Aristotle was an influential dude, 217 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:20,120 Speaker 1: So people thought that way for a long long time, 218 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:23,040 Speaker 1: and it wasn't until much later the people embraced this 219 00:11:23,160 --> 00:11:26,320 Speaker 1: concept of space. And you know, Decarte invented this this 220 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:29,560 Speaker 1: coordinate system, which now seems like totally trivial. Right. I 221 00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:32,319 Speaker 1: love these inventions in history where you're like, do dude 222 00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:34,319 Speaker 1: just wrote down X Y Z, and he's like a 223 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:37,600 Speaker 1: genius and like a staggering genius, and the history of 224 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:40,600 Speaker 1: intellectual thought, like it's so obvious, but that's a clue 225 00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:44,439 Speaker 1: that the concept was so deep and fundamental and insightful 226 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:46,880 Speaker 1: that changed the way everybody thinks so much that you 227 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:49,480 Speaker 1: can't even imagine another way. Right. It's like when you 228 00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:51,360 Speaker 1: see a joke in a movie, you wish you had 229 00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:53,000 Speaker 1: been born a few hundred years ago, so you could, 230 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:56,280 Speaker 1: you know, become more famous a little bit more easily. 231 00:11:56,679 --> 00:11:58,240 Speaker 1: I don't think I would have been a man of 232 00:11:58,320 --> 00:12:01,000 Speaker 1: leisure and had the opportunity to do any science. Plus 233 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:03,600 Speaker 1: a few years ago, like the food wasn't nearly as good. 234 00:12:03,640 --> 00:12:05,559 Speaker 1: So I'm pretty happy to be alive now, yeah, I 235 00:12:05,559 --> 00:12:09,760 Speaker 1: think the bathrooms were also less comfortable, and then the 236 00:12:09,760 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: broadband was terrible. Yeah. Um. But you know it's like 237 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:15,120 Speaker 1: when you see trope in a movie and you're like, oh, 238 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:17,920 Speaker 1: my god, what a cliche, and then you discover, oh, 239 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:20,800 Speaker 1: this is the movie that invented that cliche, and actually 240 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:23,080 Speaker 1: it's totally forward thinking. And at the time it was 241 00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:25,760 Speaker 1: it was a crazy idea, right, That's how crazy the 242 00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,480 Speaker 1: idea of dimensions was at the time. And then Newton 243 00:12:28,920 --> 00:12:31,120 Speaker 1: extended it to space. Right, he said, well, if the 244 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:33,120 Speaker 1: laws of physics are the same on the Earth as 245 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:36,439 Speaker 1: they are out in the cosmos, that these three dimensions 246 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:38,400 Speaker 1: should extend all the way out and they could go 247 00:12:38,440 --> 00:12:41,120 Speaker 1: on forever. And so this whole concept of thinking of 248 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:43,440 Speaker 1: the world around us is having three dimensions and that 249 00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:46,320 Speaker 1: we moved through it in this space is actually kind 250 00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:48,640 Speaker 1: of new. Okay, So we think that there are only 251 00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:51,559 Speaker 1: three dimensions in our world. I mean, that's why we're 252 00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:54,960 Speaker 1: used to We're used to only being able to move forward, backwards, 253 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:57,240 Speaker 1: left and right, up and down. And so now this 254 00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:00,520 Speaker 1: idea is that maybe in the same universe that we're in, 255 00:13:01,280 --> 00:13:04,880 Speaker 1: you can also move in other directions that are sort 256 00:13:04,880 --> 00:13:08,960 Speaker 1: of invisible or not apparent to us right now. Yeah, 257 00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:10,600 Speaker 1: and so let's think that through, Like what would that 258 00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:12,199 Speaker 1: be like? And we talked at the top of the 259 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:15,640 Speaker 1: program about you know, could you disappear into another dimension? Yeah, 260 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:31,040 Speaker 1: let's get into it, but first let's take a quick break. Okay, So, 261 00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:34,280 Speaker 1: how can there be more than three dimensions around me 262 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:36,640 Speaker 1: right now? How it is an even possible? Well, almost 263 00:13:36,679 --> 00:13:39,240 Speaker 1: anything is possible. I mean, we should take everything we 264 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:41,280 Speaker 1: know about physics with a huge grain of salt, right 265 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:44,400 Speaker 1: because everything we've learned is something we've learned by studying 266 00:13:44,440 --> 00:13:46,439 Speaker 1: a tiny little slice of the kinds of stuff in 267 00:13:46,480 --> 00:13:49,439 Speaker 1: the universe only around us here on Earth for the 268 00:13:49,520 --> 00:13:52,600 Speaker 1: last few decades. Basically, so a lot of things that 269 00:13:52,640 --> 00:13:54,800 Speaker 1: we think could be wrong. We should be prepared for 270 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:57,920 Speaker 1: almost anything you think is fundamentally obviously true to be 271 00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:00,800 Speaker 1: overthrown by physics in the next few decades. Okay, so 272 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:06,600 Speaker 1: you're saying physicists are salty A and B. Not even 273 00:14:06,679 --> 00:14:09,680 Speaker 1: the things we take for granted, like three dimensions we're 274 00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:12,320 Speaker 1: certain about. Is that what you're saying? That's right? In fact, 275 00:14:12,559 --> 00:14:15,280 Speaker 1: we're pretty sure there are more than three dimensions I mean, 276 00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:18,240 Speaker 1: no concrete proof, but if the world would make more 277 00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:21,560 Speaker 1: sense if there were more than three dimensions, Well, I 278 00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:24,120 Speaker 1: guess um. It's something we had in our book that 279 00:14:24,360 --> 00:14:29,320 Speaker 1: I always liked, was this idea that why only three dimensions? Yeah? 280 00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:32,520 Speaker 1: Like what is special about the number three? Right? Yeah? 281 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:35,320 Speaker 1: Three is a weird number? Like there's no argument in 282 00:14:35,360 --> 00:14:38,440 Speaker 1: physics it says there must be only three dimensions. So 283 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:41,560 Speaker 1: that's a weird thing. It's weird. And mathematicians don't like 284 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:44,680 Speaker 1: the number three either, you know, they like simple numbers zero, 285 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:48,120 Speaker 1: pie e, nobody, but the Catholic Church thinks that three 286 00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:51,800 Speaker 1: is a deep fundamental number in the universe. Right, Um, 287 00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 1: why don't we think about, like what would be like 288 00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:58,000 Speaker 1: if we saw something that was four dimensional? Okay, so 289 00:14:58,360 --> 00:15:00,960 Speaker 1: I can move forward, backwards, left, right, up and down, 290 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:04,200 Speaker 1: and I can also move in this other fourth dimension. Yeah, 291 00:15:04,280 --> 00:15:06,960 Speaker 1: let's invent a name for this fourth dimension. Okay, you're 292 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:11,640 Speaker 1: the creative one, go ahead, Yeah, sure, red blue okay, 293 00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:15,920 Speaker 1: Marshamallow unicorn, marshallow unicorn. No, I like red and blue. 294 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:18,920 Speaker 1: That's cool. So before we think about the fourth dimension, 295 00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:22,000 Speaker 1: that's practiced by thinking about three dimensions as if we 296 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,840 Speaker 1: were two dimensional beings. Right, say we lived on the 297 00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:27,920 Speaker 1: surface of a piece of paper. Okay, so we're flat 298 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: Daniels flat Jorge talking on a flat podcast somehow delivered 299 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:34,040 Speaker 1: to you. I mean like we're stuck in a comic book, yes, 300 00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: exactly right, or a TV screen. Yeah, we are comic 301 00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: characters on a comic page. Now, of course we live 302 00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:43,280 Speaker 1: in a three dimensional world. But as comic book characters, 303 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:44,840 Speaker 1: we're not aware of that. We can only see our 304 00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:48,080 Speaker 1: two dimensions. Right, We're moving around inside the page, we're 305 00:15:48,120 --> 00:15:50,800 Speaker 1: walking around each other, we're bumping into each other, but 306 00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:53,720 Speaker 1: we're still stuck on the page. Yeah. Now, imagine what 307 00:15:53,760 --> 00:15:58,000 Speaker 1: happens if a three dimensional object passes through the page, right, 308 00:15:58,440 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 1: what do we sense? What is that like? For us 309 00:16:00,720 --> 00:16:05,320 Speaker 1: to experience a higher dimensional object, it would suddenly appear, right, 310 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:06,760 Speaker 1: or if it was I guess, if it was a 311 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:09,760 Speaker 1: like a sphere, like a ball going into our page, 312 00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:11,880 Speaker 1: if we would see first the dot, and then it 313 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:13,920 Speaker 1: would get bigger and bigger and bigger, and then would 314 00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:16,040 Speaker 1: get smaller and smaller and smaller, like it would just 315 00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:20,680 Speaker 1: suddenly appear, yes, exactly, because it's moving in this dimension, 316 00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:24,440 Speaker 1: we can't understand or appreciate or measure, right, And so 317 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:26,200 Speaker 1: we just see a slice of it. We see the 318 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:29,320 Speaker 1: two dimensional slice of this three dimensional object, and that 319 00:16:29,480 --> 00:16:32,600 Speaker 1: slice is changing as it moves through this dimension that 320 00:16:32,680 --> 00:16:37,240 Speaker 1: we can't observe or notice. Right, So that's the useful strategy, right, 321 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:39,960 Speaker 1: that's how you think about going up one dimension. So 322 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: now we're in a three dimensional world, right, maybe we're 323 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,960 Speaker 1: three D people, flesh and blood, etcetera. And now imagine somebody, 324 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: a four dimensional being, passes a four dimensional sphere through 325 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:55,320 Speaker 1: our universe. The analogy tells us that it would start 326 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:58,720 Speaker 1: out looking like an object, appearing and then growing and 327 00:16:58,760 --> 00:17:02,720 Speaker 1: then shrinking, right, and um, so that's how you see 328 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:06,280 Speaker 1: a higher dimensional object. You only observe your dimensional slice 329 00:17:06,280 --> 00:17:08,760 Speaker 1: of it. So we see a three dimensional slice of 330 00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:11,480 Speaker 1: a four dimensional sphere. It would do things that three 331 00:17:11,560 --> 00:17:14,280 Speaker 1: D spheres just can't do. You only see part of it, 332 00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,760 Speaker 1: that's right. Yeah, Because the three D slice has three dimensions, right, 333 00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:20,200 Speaker 1: it looks like a physical object, but because you can 334 00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:22,800 Speaker 1: move in this fourth dimension, it can do things that 335 00:17:22,840 --> 00:17:24,679 Speaker 1: make no sense to us. Right. It can seem to 336 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:27,560 Speaker 1: disappear or change or grow or whatever. It's like. You 337 00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:29,879 Speaker 1: call it a slice but it's it could almost also 338 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,040 Speaker 1: like the shadow or the projection of that thing in 339 00:17:33,119 --> 00:17:37,479 Speaker 1: our world. Oh I like that projection. Yeah, okay, so 340 00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:39,119 Speaker 1: that's what What would it? What would it feel like 341 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:42,119 Speaker 1: for me to move in this other dimension? Like if 342 00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:44,800 Speaker 1: I'm sitting here talking to you and then suddenly I 343 00:17:44,920 --> 00:17:47,000 Speaker 1: decided to move in the other direction, what would that 344 00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:50,040 Speaker 1: be like? Well, if you are a three dimensional being 345 00:17:50,080 --> 00:17:52,439 Speaker 1: and you can only observe three dimensions, right, so you 346 00:17:52,480 --> 00:17:55,880 Speaker 1: can't tell where you are in this fourth dimension, then 347 00:17:56,080 --> 00:17:59,520 Speaker 1: you're going to be seeing different three D projections of 348 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:02,280 Speaker 1: that four D world, and so the whole world around 349 00:18:02,280 --> 00:18:05,240 Speaker 1: you would change. It would change, Yeah, the same way 350 00:18:05,520 --> 00:18:08,200 Speaker 1: a four D object passing through your three D world 351 00:18:08,520 --> 00:18:10,480 Speaker 1: would shift and change in ways that don't make sense 352 00:18:10,480 --> 00:18:13,560 Speaker 1: to you. If you, as a three D object pass 353 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:16,240 Speaker 1: through a four D world, then the whole world around 354 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:18,920 Speaker 1: you could change. Like what does your house look like 355 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:21,920 Speaker 1: in this fourth dimension? Is it the same? Does it change? 356 00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:24,159 Speaker 1: Does it disappear? Does it have a finite extent in 357 00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:26,240 Speaker 1: this fourth dimension? So that if you move through that 358 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:29,680 Speaker 1: fourth dimension, your house disappears, right, and you're not observing 359 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:33,240 Speaker 1: the whole thing. Okay, I'm getting a three D headache 360 00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:38,280 Speaker 1: you're getting exactly. Imagine a cartoon character walking through our world, right, 361 00:18:38,320 --> 00:18:41,879 Speaker 1: only perceiving in two dimensions. Things would suddenly appear to 362 00:18:41,960 --> 00:18:44,200 Speaker 1: them and disappear, and the whole world around them would 363 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,720 Speaker 1: would be changing constantly. Would be very hard to understand. Oh, 364 00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:49,600 Speaker 1: I see. So you're saying, like, if I can move 365 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:52,600 Speaker 1: in four dimensions, but maybe my house didn't have a 366 00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:56,240 Speaker 1: four dimensional aspect to it, then it would just disappear 367 00:18:56,320 --> 00:18:58,560 Speaker 1: once I moved to this other dimension. Yeah, like that 368 00:18:58,640 --> 00:19:01,760 Speaker 1: comment that two D comic book character jumping off the page, right, 369 00:19:02,119 --> 00:19:04,240 Speaker 1: if they can still only experience two D, then the 370 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:06,919 Speaker 1: world around them, the comic world they've known and loved, 371 00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:10,720 Speaker 1: disappears instantly, right Wow. Okay, so then it could it 372 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:12,600 Speaker 1: could be sort of like in science fiction where it's 373 00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,200 Speaker 1: a whole another world, right, Like not really a whole 374 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:19,200 Speaker 1: another world. It's like it's a larger it's an expansion 375 00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:21,439 Speaker 1: of our world. We there were, we are a slice 376 00:19:21,480 --> 00:19:26,520 Speaker 1: of a larger world. Okay, I could change my red 377 00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:29,000 Speaker 1: blue coordinate and what if there's a whole another world 378 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:31,520 Speaker 1: in another red Boudloe coordinate, then I would sort of 379 00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:35,960 Speaker 1: be moving to another world. Yeah. Absolutely, that could totally 380 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,639 Speaker 1: scientifically actually happen, but there wouldn't be a door, and 381 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:42,679 Speaker 1: there'd probably no marshmallows and no uniforms. But you know, 382 00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,080 Speaker 1: I can't guarantee. Like I said, we should be prepared 383 00:19:45,119 --> 00:19:47,280 Speaker 1: for everything. I think. I think all physics theories should 384 00:19:47,280 --> 00:19:55,800 Speaker 1: have the caveat. You know, not may pack your own marshmallows. 385 00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:59,640 Speaker 1: It's double footnote. Forget about the unicorns and the marshmallows. 386 00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:06,240 Speaker 1: B y o marshmallows. Okay, So it's all about kind 387 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:09,240 Speaker 1: of like slices of reality and projections a reality. That's 388 00:20:09,240 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: what would be like to move between dimensions. Yeah, and 389 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,399 Speaker 1: so if you're moving through these dimensions and things are changing, 390 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:16,800 Speaker 1: then you have to build in your mind the sort 391 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:19,840 Speaker 1: of four dimensional map of this space. You're like, Okay, 392 00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:22,240 Speaker 1: when I'm on the red end of this dimension, the 393 00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:23,919 Speaker 1: world looks like this. When I'm on the blue end, 394 00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:25,560 Speaker 1: the world looks like that, and then you can sort 395 00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:28,320 Speaker 1: of interpolate between and get an idea of how things 396 00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:32,359 Speaker 1: change as you move through this fourth red blue dimension. Right. Um, 397 00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:34,600 Speaker 1: but you have a little bit of practice with that already, 398 00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:37,320 Speaker 1: because in some sense you already know how to move 399 00:20:37,359 --> 00:20:40,640 Speaker 1: through a fourth dimension and that's time right, oh, right, 400 00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:44,160 Speaker 1: time people, something's call it the fourth dimension. Yeah, exactly. 401 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:47,520 Speaker 1: If you think about time as another dimension, like a 402 00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:50,960 Speaker 1: direction you can move, it's a good practice because moving 403 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,639 Speaker 1: through time is different from moving in like X, y 404 00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:56,560 Speaker 1: or z. Right, there's no replacing one with the other. 405 00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,520 Speaker 1: It's something like you can do it while standing still. Yes, exactly, 406 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:02,560 Speaker 1: it's into pendent right. And really to specify where you 407 00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:05,120 Speaker 1: are you need to say when. Also, you can't say, hey, 408 00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:08,639 Speaker 1: meet me at Lexington and Fourth Avenue, you know, Um, 409 00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:12,080 Speaker 1: you have to say, well tomorrow, next year, yesterday, like 410 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:15,240 Speaker 1: when are we meeting? Right, um? So you really do 411 00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:19,400 Speaker 1: need to specify time. And also it's in this time direction. 412 00:21:19,440 --> 00:21:21,320 Speaker 1: You're used to the world changing, Like the world is 413 00:21:21,320 --> 00:21:23,359 Speaker 1: different now than it was a hundred years ago, and 414 00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:25,280 Speaker 1: it will be different in a hundred years. The whole 415 00:21:25,359 --> 00:21:28,880 Speaker 1: three D world does evolve through time, and you're used 416 00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:32,119 Speaker 1: to sort of making a understanding of the world through time. 417 00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,240 Speaker 1: So it's not that much of a brain meld to 418 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:38,440 Speaker 1: think that the world is changing through this fourth dimension 419 00:21:38,520 --> 00:21:40,280 Speaker 1: because you're you're used to doing that a little bit 420 00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:43,359 Speaker 1: with time. It's kind of like a videotape of view, 421 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:45,600 Speaker 1: scrub it back and forth. If you hit rewinding for 422 00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:49,040 Speaker 1: it's backwards. It's like the world changes, but it doesn't move. 423 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:52,240 Speaker 1: That's right exactly. And you know, listen to our podcast 424 00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:55,359 Speaker 1: about time travel to know how time is different from 425 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:58,160 Speaker 1: the other dimensions. Rights like another dimension, but it's not 426 00:21:58,320 --> 00:22:01,639 Speaker 1: actually like another dimension. Right, has all sorts of special 427 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:03,679 Speaker 1: rules and we don't understand it at all. And one 428 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:05,520 Speaker 1: of these days we're gonna have time to sit down 429 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:07,679 Speaker 1: and do a whole podcast about how time is weird. 430 00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:10,840 Speaker 1: But that's not the time for today. We'll run out 431 00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:15,240 Speaker 1: of time time after time. Cool. Well, I guess the 432 00:22:15,320 --> 00:22:18,720 Speaker 1: question is why are we even entertaining these crazy ideas 433 00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:22,280 Speaker 1: about dimensions? Like what makes us think that there could 434 00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:25,840 Speaker 1: be more dimensions than the three we're in? Yeah, that's 435 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:28,600 Speaker 1: a great question. But before we get into it, let's 436 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:44,160 Speaker 1: take a quick break. What makes physicists think that there's 437 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,040 Speaker 1: more than three dimensions in our universe? Well? Number one, 438 00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:49,720 Speaker 1: physicists hope there's more dimensions because that would be like 439 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:53,240 Speaker 1: a crazy discovery and awesome and like mind blowing is 440 00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:56,120 Speaker 1: there it could be more funding in that other dimensions 441 00:22:56,160 --> 00:22:58,840 Speaker 1: like a product cats, Right, that's right, or you just 442 00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:01,000 Speaker 1: have more lab space or something. So it's just it's 443 00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:04,080 Speaker 1: like on the list of crazy ideas you would love 444 00:23:04,119 --> 00:23:06,600 Speaker 1: to discover because it reveals the universe. It's different from 445 00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: the way you always thought it was. And nobody said 446 00:23:09,119 --> 00:23:12,280 Speaker 1: there can be more dimensions, and so therefore it's tantalizing 447 00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:14,480 Speaker 1: to be the one who discovers it. That's right, But 448 00:23:14,520 --> 00:23:16,840 Speaker 1: it's more than that. We have some concrete hints that 449 00:23:16,880 --> 00:23:19,639 Speaker 1: there might be more dimensions. And hint number one is 450 00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:23,040 Speaker 1: this the unification of space and time into a concept 451 00:23:23,080 --> 00:23:26,360 Speaker 1: called space time, right, And this is Albert Einstein. More 452 00:23:26,359 --> 00:23:29,160 Speaker 1: than a years ago. He noticed that if you think 453 00:23:29,160 --> 00:23:33,880 Speaker 1: of space and time together as one four dimensional world, right, 454 00:23:33,960 --> 00:23:37,160 Speaker 1: that's a lot of things mathematically make a lot of sense. Um, 455 00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:40,720 Speaker 1: things just sort of unify. But most importantly, it helps 456 00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:43,679 Speaker 1: us understand what gravity is. Right. So we're used to 457 00:23:43,760 --> 00:23:48,160 Speaker 1: thinking of forces, and space is totally different. Right. Force 458 00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:51,000 Speaker 1: of gravity is something that pulls you through space, pushes 459 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,159 Speaker 1: you away, or whatever. Um, it helps you move through space. 460 00:23:54,359 --> 00:23:58,280 Speaker 1: But Einstein, by bringing time and space together into space time, 461 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:01,960 Speaker 1: made this argument that act truly, gravity is not a force. 462 00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:05,200 Speaker 1: It's just a bending of space. Right, You curve space 463 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:07,199 Speaker 1: in a certain way, and then it's very natural for 464 00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:09,600 Speaker 1: the Earth to go around the Sun or the Earth 465 00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:12,240 Speaker 1: makes a bending of space, and so gravity is just 466 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:15,040 Speaker 1: you sort of falling into the well that the Earth 467 00:24:15,080 --> 00:24:19,200 Speaker 1: makes in space. Right. So Si Einstein said, hey, actually 468 00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:23,240 Speaker 1: there are aren't Actually there aren't three dimensions. There's actually four, 469 00:24:23,359 --> 00:24:25,600 Speaker 1: and so that's kind of kick things off. That kicks 470 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:28,000 Speaker 1: things off. And then people thought, well, if you can 471 00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:31,000 Speaker 1: explain gravity, this force we all know and love, in 472 00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:34,000 Speaker 1: terms of other dimensions, can we explain the other forces 473 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,160 Speaker 1: in terms of other dimensions? Right? And so guys said, well, 474 00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:40,119 Speaker 1: if you make five dimensions, then you can kind of 475 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:44,680 Speaker 1: explain electromagnetism, Like maybe electromagnetism isn't the force either, it's 476 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:49,000 Speaker 1: just a way of bending in five dimensions. And then 477 00:24:49,119 --> 00:24:52,399 Speaker 1: to explain the other forces, you add another dimension. Other forces, 478 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,080 Speaker 1: you add another dimension, meaning like the reason two magnets 479 00:24:56,080 --> 00:24:58,199 Speaker 1: are attracted to each other, it's not some kind of 480 00:24:58,240 --> 00:25:01,360 Speaker 1: magical force, it's just that in this if dimension they 481 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:05,280 Speaker 1: want to be together. Yeah, Or that magnets are the 482 00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:09,840 Speaker 1: manifestation of space five dimensional space getting bent in such 483 00:25:09,840 --> 00:25:12,200 Speaker 1: a way that it's the most natural thing for these 484 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:14,639 Speaker 1: things to do slide together or to be pushed apart, 485 00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:17,119 Speaker 1: and exactly the way the gravity is a bending of 486 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:22,600 Speaker 1: four dimensional space. Maybe the idea goes that space has 487 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:25,639 Speaker 1: more dimensions eight, nine, ten, eleven. This is why you 488 00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:29,960 Speaker 1: might hear sometimes that space might have eleven dimensions, ten spatials, 489 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:33,920 Speaker 1: ten physical dimensions of motion, and one for time. Let's 490 00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:35,920 Speaker 1: just go for the Baker's dozen, you know, why not? 491 00:25:37,560 --> 00:25:40,160 Speaker 1: This is not like an auction or where we saying 492 00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:42,280 Speaker 1: let's figure out what the universe is. I hear twelve 493 00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:45,320 Speaker 1: going once, let's do anybody for thirteen. That's not how 494 00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:48,639 Speaker 1: That's not how physics conferences go. No, No, you've been 495 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:50,959 Speaker 1: out of academia a little too long, I think. For Hey, 496 00:25:51,080 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: that's not the way we figure out the way the 497 00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,479 Speaker 1: world works. Um, it's not like the prices, right, you know, 498 00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:59,639 Speaker 1: who can get the closest without going over Welcome to 499 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:04,439 Speaker 1: physics the game show. But it turns out, if you 500 00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:09,520 Speaker 1: want to explain the four fundamental forces we have, right, gravity, electromagnetism, 501 00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:12,760 Speaker 1: the weak force, and the strong force, you need ten 502 00:26:12,920 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 1: physical dimensions, ten dimensions of motion, and one dimension of time. Really, like, 503 00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:20,679 Speaker 1: that's part of the current theory of physics is that 504 00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:23,560 Speaker 1: there are eleven dimensions. That's one theory of physics. Yeah, 505 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:27,280 Speaker 1: it's um theory that involves strings. Right. So string theory 506 00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:30,000 Speaker 1: maybe you've heard of, and it says that the universe 507 00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:32,520 Speaker 1: has ten dimensions and that three of them are physical 508 00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:35,119 Speaker 1: that we can move through, and that the other ones 509 00:26:35,480 --> 00:26:38,200 Speaker 1: are ways that the universe can bend, that the space 510 00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:42,920 Speaker 1: can bend. That explains what forces are. Really I never 511 00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:45,920 Speaker 1: knew that about string theory, is that it's it uses 512 00:26:45,960 --> 00:26:49,920 Speaker 1: these dimensions to explain the other forces. Yeah. Yeah, And 513 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:52,160 Speaker 1: you know, the's a lot of questions. They're like, why 514 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:55,680 Speaker 1: are these three dimensions seem to be infinite and orthogonal 515 00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:59,200 Speaker 1: and physical and the other dimensions are like these curled 516 00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:02,439 Speaker 1: up little rink that you can't like notice or move through. Mean, 517 00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:04,960 Speaker 1: somebody out there might be saying, Okay, maybe there are 518 00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:07,560 Speaker 1: ten dimensions. How do I move through those? Why can't 519 00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,119 Speaker 1: I notice them? Um? You know what's going on with 520 00:27:10,119 --> 00:27:13,080 Speaker 1: those other dimensions? Even if they do explain the forces, 521 00:27:13,280 --> 00:27:16,800 Speaker 1: where are they? Right? And the thing is that the 522 00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:19,119 Speaker 1: dimensions that we know and love X, Y and Z 523 00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:22,399 Speaker 1: might be different from those dimensions because X, Y and Z. 524 00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:24,679 Speaker 1: We think go on forever. I mean, we don't know 525 00:27:24,720 --> 00:27:26,879 Speaker 1: how long the universe goes, meaning they don't have to 526 00:27:26,960 --> 00:27:31,919 Speaker 1: be straight, right, like another fifth dimension, sixth dimension. It 527 00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:34,240 Speaker 1: could be like a little curly loop where it could 528 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:36,879 Speaker 1: be who knows, right, that's right, we don't even know 529 00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:39,720 Speaker 1: about X, Y, Z if they eventually curl around themselves 530 00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:41,560 Speaker 1: and come back to where you started. We don't know 531 00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:44,280 Speaker 1: if you go straight forever, if you run out of 532 00:27:44,280 --> 00:27:46,320 Speaker 1: space or come back to where you started. But let's 533 00:27:46,359 --> 00:27:48,919 Speaker 1: assume for now that X, Y and Z go on forever. 534 00:27:49,080 --> 00:27:51,439 Speaker 1: The universe is infinite, and you know, and there's an 535 00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:53,480 Speaker 1: infinite number of locations in X, Y and Z, and 536 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:55,320 Speaker 1: you can go on forever and never come back to 537 00:27:55,359 --> 00:27:58,920 Speaker 1: where you started. That's probably not true for the other dimensions. 538 00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:02,920 Speaker 1: The other dimensions were pretty sure are rolled up little curls, 539 00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:06,520 Speaker 1: tiny tiny little curls like ten to the minus thirty 540 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:10,040 Speaker 1: centimeters or tend of the minus ten centimeters, meaning like 541 00:28:10,040 --> 00:28:12,680 Speaker 1: like if my coffee cup suddenly took off and went 542 00:28:12,720 --> 00:28:15,080 Speaker 1: off into this one of these other dimensions, it would 543 00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:17,080 Speaker 1: just make a little loop, like it would disappear and 544 00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:19,439 Speaker 1: then come back. Yeah, that there aren't many places to 545 00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:23,120 Speaker 1: go in these other dimensions. And also we don't even 546 00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:25,840 Speaker 1: really know what it would be like to notice those dimensions. 547 00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:29,080 Speaker 1: I mean, um, if those dimensions don't play our role 548 00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:31,040 Speaker 1: in our lives, then you know we have and we 549 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: have no senses in which to detect motion in those dimensions. 550 00:28:35,280 --> 00:28:37,280 Speaker 1: And also of motion of those dimensions is really limited 551 00:28:37,280 --> 00:28:39,800 Speaker 1: because they're really super duper tiny, then you might not 552 00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:43,280 Speaker 1: even notice, right. The takeaway is that those other dimensions, 553 00:28:43,320 --> 00:28:47,040 Speaker 1: if they exist, are really small, um and looped up 554 00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:49,040 Speaker 1: on themselves. So they're really different from the kind of 555 00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:53,120 Speaker 1: dimensions were familiar. So well, physicists suspect that there are 556 00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: dimensions of space. They're probably not the dimensions you can 557 00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:58,800 Speaker 1: move through or extend your house into, or go and 558 00:28:58,840 --> 00:29:02,880 Speaker 1: gallop on unicorns. While problem wouldn't be like the ones 559 00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:06,120 Speaker 1: that we have and know about. They'll be really weird 560 00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:10,600 Speaker 1: and different, pretty small, yeah, And so mostly they would 561 00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:13,480 Speaker 1: confirm like our understanding of the way forces work. And 562 00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:15,520 Speaker 1: maybe string theory, and you know, there's a bunch of 563 00:29:15,560 --> 00:29:18,080 Speaker 1: variants of string theory. Uh, there's one variant of string 564 00:29:18,120 --> 00:29:21,600 Speaker 1: theory called bosonic string theory that suggests twenty six dimensions 565 00:29:21,760 --> 00:29:23,280 Speaker 1: in order to get all the math to work out 566 00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:26,600 Speaker 1: really really nicely. How do they pick these numbers? Is 567 00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:29,120 Speaker 1: it just from the math or they I don't think 568 00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:31,400 Speaker 1: they're just like, you know, going out for froli and 569 00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:33,560 Speaker 1: being doing like, hey man, how many dimensions you think 570 00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:37,520 Speaker 1: there are today? Is that your model of how physics 571 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:39,520 Speaker 1: is happening? But guess what I mean? It's like twenty 572 00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: six makes the math work, but twenty seven and twenty 573 00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:45,440 Speaker 1: five do not. That's kind of exactly exactly. I think 574 00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:48,320 Speaker 1: the game is what's the minimum number of dimensions you 575 00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:50,360 Speaker 1: need to make the math work to make the theory 576 00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:52,920 Speaker 1: come together to have a universe that makes sense. So 577 00:29:52,960 --> 00:29:56,120 Speaker 1: it kind of seems like all the dimensions we have, 578 00:29:56,280 --> 00:29:59,760 Speaker 1: that's that's it. That's we can't escape to another universe 579 00:29:59,840 --> 00:30:02,640 Speaker 1: or other world, or we're kind of stuck with this reality. 580 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:04,480 Speaker 1: Hey is this reality is so bad? Or hey man, 581 00:30:04,520 --> 00:30:07,040 Speaker 1: you're impressing me. You mean like, hey, this is an 582 00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:09,880 Speaker 1: awesome reality. I'm glad we're stuck with this awesome and 583 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:12,680 Speaker 1: amazing reality. We have to spend at all day looking 584 00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:17,800 Speaker 1: at the pressing news articles. They will be good news 585 00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:21,280 Speaker 1: one day in this dimension getting and there's all sorts 586 00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:23,959 Speaker 1: of other fascinating things we get to in another episode 587 00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:26,920 Speaker 1: of the podcast, which can talk about like why these 588 00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:30,720 Speaker 1: dimensions can explain mysteries like why is gravity so weak? 589 00:30:30,960 --> 00:30:33,440 Speaker 1: It's so much weaker than the other forces, and can 590 00:30:33,520 --> 00:30:36,120 Speaker 1: we make black holes in the large Hadron Collider? All 591 00:30:36,160 --> 00:30:39,600 Speaker 1: these really fascinating things could be explained by having other 592 00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:42,040 Speaker 1: dimensions of space and time and having them be rolled 593 00:30:42,120 --> 00:30:44,280 Speaker 1: up and curled up. It can even explain why how 594 00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:47,000 Speaker 1: farts moved through the universe. Why what it could explain 595 00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:51,960 Speaker 1: how farts moved through the universe. And you're like what, 596 00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:57,280 Speaker 1: You're like, stop paying attention there, he said, from here 597 00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:01,960 Speaker 1: you know about fart physics. Of fart physics is a 598 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:08,800 Speaker 1: whole new growing field. Yeah. To put it in perspective, right, 599 00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:12,240 Speaker 1: remember that the universe that you think you understand, it's 600 00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:14,920 Speaker 1: definitely not the universe that we live in. Right. The 601 00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:17,600 Speaker 1: universe we live in is more complicated and richer and 602 00:31:17,680 --> 00:31:21,120 Speaker 1: fascinating than you can probably even imagine. And sometimes we 603 00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:24,000 Speaker 1: get these crazy glimpses of other possible theories of how 604 00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:26,440 Speaker 1: the universe could work, and they might actually work that way, 605 00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:28,560 Speaker 1: and and one day we hope physics will crack them 606 00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:31,200 Speaker 1: open and reveal to us the universe is strange and 607 00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:33,640 Speaker 1: bizarre and beautiful in ways that we can we really 608 00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:37,040 Speaker 1: have a hard time even understanding. Yeah, and you'll discover 609 00:31:37,160 --> 00:31:40,320 Speaker 1: there's more sites to it than you think. Yeah, and 610 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,360 Speaker 1: one day you will eat a four D marshmallow. That's right, 611 00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:47,280 Speaker 1: writing a unicorn. Yeah, how many sides are there on 612 00:31:47,280 --> 00:31:49,640 Speaker 1: a four D marshmallow? I mean three D marshmallows a 613 00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:52,600 Speaker 1: three D c right, so it's a four D hyper moment. Actually, 614 00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:55,520 Speaker 1: marshmallow only has two D s right, like two flat 615 00:31:55,640 --> 00:31:59,640 Speaker 1: ends in one cylinder. What are you saying marshmallows are cylinders? 616 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:01,840 Speaker 1: I think I thought marshmallows were cubes. Did I just 617 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:04,200 Speaker 1: blow your mind? You just taught me the universe is 618 00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:06,520 Speaker 1: different from what I always thought it was. Yeah, there's 619 00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:13,920 Speaker 1: always something's more to the universe. No, that was terrible 620 00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:18,040 Speaker 1: slash wonderful. The four D version of that joke really 621 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,600 Speaker 1: is hilarious. Thank you everyone for listening. This has been 622 00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:25,200 Speaker 1: a mind blowing experience in other dimensions. See you next time. 623 00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:36,160 Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all 624 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:39,400 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 625 00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:41,840 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 626 00:32:41,960 --> 00:32:45,600 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's One Word, or 627 00:32:45,720 --> 00:32:58,160 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com