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Speaker 1: Food is really really important to humans, and not just

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Speaker 1: as a way to keep these squishy machines of ours running.

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Speaker 1: Our religions have rules about the kinds of foods we

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Speaker 1: can eat and when we can eat them. We use

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Speaker 1: comfort foods to relax, and we break bread with the

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Speaker 1: people that we hold deer. But bringing food with us

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Speaker 1: when we travel far from home to explore remote environments

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Speaker 1: is really hard. Before we were sending astronauts to space,

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Speaker 1: humans were sailing the open seas and exploring Earth's frozen poles,

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Speaker 1: and initially we didn't have the whole food thing figured

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Speaker 1: out really well. During the Age of Sale, which ran

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Speaker 1: from like fifteen seventy to eighteen sixty ish, a disease

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Speaker 1: called scurvy was a huge problem. We didn't really understand

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Speaker 1: at the time that our bodies needed vitamin C and

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Speaker 1: that vitamin C came from fresh stuff like fruits and vegetables.

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Speaker 1: I've seen reports that two million sailors died of scurvy

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Speaker 1: during this time, and that number seems kind of hard

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Speaker 1: to believe, but I guess it's over three hundred years

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Speaker 1: and there were loads of people sailing at the time.

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Speaker 1: But this is a horrible way to die without vitamin C.

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Speaker 1: Your connective tissues degenerate, your gums start to bleed, Your

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Speaker 1: teeth wobble and fall out. Wounds that it healed a

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Speaker 1: long time ago, like magically reopen and start bleeding again.

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Speaker 1: You get lethargic, you get weakness, and it's a slow,

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Speaker 1: miserable death. But eventually we figured out that humans need

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Speaker 1: vitamin C, and vitamin C comes from fresh stuff. But

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Speaker 1: even when you have the right foods, it can be

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Speaker 1: hard to pack the foods right. During the Franklin Expedition,

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Speaker 1: which was a British expedition that left in eighteen forty

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Speaker 1: five to explore the Arctic, there was lead lining in

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Speaker 1: the cans that stored their food and that appears to

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Speaker 1: have given some of the crew lead poisoning. And even

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Speaker 1: when you do figure out how to pack the food

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Speaker 1: in a way that doesn't kill the crew, often the

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Speaker 1: food is not super tasty because shelf stable food is

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Speaker 1: just not always super delicious. So a common staple on

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Speaker 1: polar expeditions was called pemmican, and this super shelf stable

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Speaker 1: food was made out of animal fat mixed with dried

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Speaker 1: meat and dried berries. And yes, it's exceptionally shelf stable,

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Speaker 1: so nice to pack on long expeditions far from the

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Speaker 1: grocery store, but it is not exceptionally delicious. Complaints about

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Speaker 1: Pemmican include that it stops you up, which sounds rather unpleasant,

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Speaker 1: It tastes awful, and it generally leaves the consumer greasy.

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Speaker 1: So like that animal fat gets on your clothes, it

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Speaker 1: gets in your hair, and like in an environment where

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Speaker 1: it's really hard to take a good shower, that grease

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Speaker 1: kind of builds up over time and is a very unpleasant.

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Speaker 1: But tasty food is so important on difficult journeys on

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Speaker 1: polar expeditions, they see special foods like holidays as a

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Speaker 1: morale boost and has ways to keep people going. The

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Speaker 1: best stuff was saved for like Christmas dinners, so that

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Speaker 1: they could all look forward to that and celebrate, And

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Speaker 1: if morale was getting low, they would make up a

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Speaker 1: holiday and pull out the chocolate that they had stored

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Speaker 1: for special occasions to try to perk everybody up and

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Speaker 1: keep them going. So, as you may know, I'm really

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Speaker 1: interested in what life is going to be like as

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Speaker 1: we set out to settle Mars, and so I've thought

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Speaker 1: a fair bit about what food has been like so

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Speaker 1: far in space, and what food might be like when

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Speaker 1: we finally moved to Mars. You know, how are we

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Speaker 1: going to grow it, how are we going to make it,

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Speaker 1: How are we going to make sure we have enough

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Speaker 1: and that it's delicious. But Mars is going to have

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Speaker 1: its own challenges that are unique to human history that

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Speaker 1: we haven't really experienced yet. So, for example, on polar expeditions,

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Speaker 1: when food ran low, there was often a chance that

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Speaker 1: you could kill a polar bear or a penguin or

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Speaker 1: some fish or a turtle and you know, extend your

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Speaker 1: food supply in that way. And sadly, it was also

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Speaker 1: pretty common to kill the dogs that were pulling the

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Speaker 1: sleighs when you ran out of food, so that you

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Speaker 1: could eat them as well. But unless there are some

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Speaker 1: massive surprises on Mars, there's not going to be Martian

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Speaker 1: polar bears that we can use as back up when

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Speaker 1: we get up there. So this is the first of

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Speaker 1: a two part series on food in space. First, we're

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Speaker 1: going to explore the history of food in space and

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Speaker 1: some of the challenges that had to be overcome to

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Speaker 1: get shelf stable food to be safe and delicious for

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Speaker 1: our astronauts, and then in episode two, we're going to

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Speaker 1: take a look at the future of food in space

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Speaker 1: and what farmers might be up to when we finally

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Speaker 1: settle Mars. Welcome to Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe.

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Speaker 2: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm pretty

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Speaker 2: persnickety about what I eat.

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Speaker 1: I'm Kelly Wainer Smith. I study parasites, and I I

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Speaker 1: love food, and if you ask me ahead of time,

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Speaker 1: I will try to not talk about the parasites that

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Speaker 1: are in your food. If you take me out to dinner.

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Speaker 2: All right, Kelly, We'll have a really important question for

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Speaker 2: you that might shape the entire future of our friendship.

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Speaker 1: Oh oh, high steaks.

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Speaker 2: All right, it's high steaks. Yes. How do you feel

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Speaker 2: about dark chocolate versus white chocolate? Think carefully?

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Speaker 3: So.

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Speaker 1: When I was a kid, I hated white chocolate, but

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Speaker 1: as an adult my tastes of matured. I still prefer

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Speaker 1: dark chocolate, but I like white chocolate too. All right,

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Speaker 1: are we still good? Or is it over for our friendship?

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Speaker 2: Now? Borderline? Borderline, you threw a bone too dark chocolate there,

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Speaker 2: But I will not even admit white chocolate into the

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Speaker 2: category of chocolate. I will admit it can be tasty

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Speaker 2: in moments, but to me it doesn't belong in the

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Speaker 2: same sentence as actual chocolate.

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Speaker 1: Is it made from cocal beans or is there something

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Speaker 1: about white chocolate that I don't know?

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Speaker 2: It's only the butter. It has no actual cocoa in it.

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Speaker 1: M I mean, I don't get too worked up about

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Speaker 1: terminology and jargon. I just know what delicious and what's not.

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Speaker 1: But sure, I'll go with it, white chocolate. I'm kicking

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Speaker 1: you to the curb. It's just okay.

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Speaker 2: And Welcome to the podcast Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe,

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Speaker 2: in which we talk about everything that's tasty and amazing

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Speaker 2: and wonderful in this universe. We take a big bite

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Speaker 2: out of it and try to make it all digestible

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Speaker 2: to you. Everything from the tiniest little particles to the

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Speaker 2: biggest planets and the swirling galaxies of this incredible, extraordinary

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Speaker 2: universe delicious.

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Speaker 1: Well. On today's show, we are talking about food in space,

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Speaker 1: which I spent so much time reading about when we

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Speaker 1: were working on a city on Mars. And there are

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Speaker 1: so many fun stories about food that's gone to space

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Speaker 1: that some people love and some people hate that. I

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Speaker 1: was like, Daniel, let's start doing two part episodes because

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Speaker 1: I have so much to say about food. And you're like, fine,

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Speaker 1: I'll let you talk about food, but we like to

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Speaker 1: hear what other people have to say about food too.

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Speaker 1: So you went out to the campus of uc IRVA

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Speaker 1: and accosted people with your microphone and ask them questions

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Speaker 1: about food and space.

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Speaker 2: That's right, I asked folks, what were the big challenges

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Speaker 2: to keeping astronauts fed. If you would like to contribute

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Speaker 2: to answers for the podcast, please write to us to

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Speaker 2: questions at danieland Kelly dot org. We'd love to hear

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Speaker 2: your voice and include your answers in this segment of

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Speaker 2: the podcast.

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Speaker 1: When you send us an email, just say hey, I

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Speaker 1: want to give you my opinion on stuff, and we'll

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Speaker 1: send you the question that we're working on at the moment,

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Speaker 1: and you'll just send us an audio file with your answer.

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Speaker 2: Easy, pasy, and then you can impressed all of your

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Speaker 2: friends by having your voice on our podcast.

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Speaker 3: Whop.

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Speaker 1: All right, let's hear what we came up with this week.

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Speaker 3: Probably getting the food up there, I would imagine, I

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Speaker 3: think every pound of material that you bring up costs

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Speaker 3: an enormous amount of money. Well, I was supposed that

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Speaker 3: under different gravitational circumstances you need to take care of

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Speaker 3: your muscles and tub bones in such a way that

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Speaker 3: when you get back to Earth things might feel heavier

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Speaker 3: and you're used to them feeling likely in most pay station,

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Speaker 3: for instance. Yeah, I think we can probably engineer our

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Speaker 3: way through it, but we just need that. I mean,

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Speaker 3: you have sunlight, fiber, fiber Okay, Oh.

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Speaker 1: That's a good line.

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Speaker 2: I think I agree with fiber. Well, all right, keeping

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Speaker 2: the food from not perishing like bacteria. It's world. You

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Speaker 2: need a lot of it and it can't go bad.

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Speaker 1: Well, can you have a fridge and space? Oh?

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Speaker 3: What helps?

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Speaker 2: I mean, our society has gotten so good at processed

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Speaker 2: food that we've got tons of stuff that's like shelf

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Speaker 2: stable for decades.

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Speaker 1: So that's not the issue.

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Speaker 2: I'm sure we'll have plenty of ways to make food.

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Speaker 2: We'll have to really make sure that there's good vitamins

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Speaker 2: in there and fiber and so forth. But I guess

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Speaker 2: the real problem will be.

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Speaker 3: Just the boredom.

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Speaker 1: Like it will be hard for the astronauts to live

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Speaker 1: that way for so long, and man just what they

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Speaker 1: would do for a well Daniel, These were some good answers.

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Speaker 1: What do you think is the major challenge for keeping

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Speaker 1: astronauts fed?

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Speaker 2: I agree with the answers that are concerned about boredom,

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Speaker 2: because you know, food is important, so I look forward

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Speaker 2: to dinner. You know. Maybe that's because I only eat

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Speaker 2: one meal a day, But when I sit down to

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Speaker 2: eat that meal, I'm like, hmmm, I'm gonna enjoy this.

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Speaker 2: And so if you're working hard, you're out there in space,

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Speaker 2: and space is like not always that comfortable or forgiving,

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Speaker 2: then you got to make sure your meals are something

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Speaker 2: you can enjoy.

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Speaker 1: Well, I think our friendship's on the line again. You

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Speaker 1: eat one meal a day? Are you like my husband

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Speaker 1: who's like, oh, I forgot to have breakfast? And I'm like,

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Speaker 1: people write you and tell you how smart you are.

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Speaker 1: How did you forget to have breakfast? You only eat

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Speaker 1: at dinner?

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Speaker 2: No, I don't know if this makes me dumber or

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Speaker 2: smarter than your husband, but I only eat when the

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Speaker 2: sun goes down. I'm on the vampire diet.

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Speaker 1: Why I don't understand. I love the act of chewing

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Speaker 1: on food so much I couldn't only do it after

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Speaker 1: the sun goes down. Why only after the sun goes down.

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Speaker 2: It's not because I'm actually a Vampire's good, don't worry

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Speaker 2: about it.

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Speaker 1: Your curtain's open behind you. You'd be a guy.

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Speaker 2: But breakfast and lunch, I feel like the interfere with

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Speaker 2: the flow of the day. You know, this way, I

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Speaker 2: have a whole day. The rest of humanity has to

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Speaker 2: like pack food and take it with them. It's a hassle.

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Speaker 2: Everybody's like spending hours in the morning preparing their lunch

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Speaker 2: and bring it with them. Oh, it's spilled in my backpack,

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Speaker 2: and now I got to take a break. I just

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Speaker 2: have like a nice whole day, and then at the

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Speaker 2: end of it, I get a meal. It's wonderful. You

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Speaker 2: look totally dumbfound it over there.

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Speaker 1: I don't know how to process this, but you know,

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Speaker 1: I went through a similar thought process when I was younger,

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Speaker 1: trying to decide if I was going to learn how

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Speaker 1: to do makeup and then spend time putting it on

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Speaker 1: every day. And I was like, well, by the time

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Speaker 1: I'm like ninety, that would have taken like one and

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Speaker 1: a half years of my life, and I just don't

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Speaker 1: think it's worth it. So I'm not going to do it,

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Speaker 1: but I just can't imagine making that same decision about food.

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Speaker 2: Well, you know, eating at home is the best because

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Speaker 2: then you get to prepare the food the way you

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Speaker 2: like it, you have all of your ingredients. This is

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Speaker 2: one reason that like airplane food has always been terrible, right,

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Speaker 2: because it's got to be stored and transported. Eating lunch,

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Speaker 2: when you're bringing your food with you or you got

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Speaker 2: to find some restaurant or something, it's a big hassle

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Speaker 2: and it's never as good is something you could have

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Speaker 2: at home. So I try to save that up and

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Speaker 2: enjoy it at home. That's similar to the challenge of

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Speaker 2: today's episode, right, how do you prepare food, bring it

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Speaker 2: to space, keep it healthy, keep it fresh, keep it

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Speaker 2: good for the astronauts.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so actually, when we first started going to space,

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Speaker 1: it was moderately easy, so the missions were short. The

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Speaker 1: very first trip to space, when Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin went

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Speaker 1: up in nineteen sixty one, most of the cosmonauts were

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Speaker 1: already fighter pilots and there was already food figured out

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Speaker 1: for fighter pilots. So just like cosmonauts, they go up

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Speaker 1: there in these like pressureized suits with these awkward helmets,

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Speaker 1: and there's all this stuff they need to pay attention to.

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Speaker 1: So you can't be like opening up something complicated and

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Speaker 1: applying catch up. It needs to be something that you

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Speaker 1: get the calories in there as fast as you can.

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Speaker 1: And so for fighter pilots, they had already figured out

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Speaker 1: these like toothpaste shaped tubes.

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Speaker 2: Uh, so it was bad. You're telling me the first

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Speaker 2: space food was as bad as fighter pilot food, which

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Speaker 2: sounds terrible.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it was bad. The first foods eaten in space

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Speaker 1: were a tube of meat, maybe two tubes of meat,

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Speaker 1: followed by a tube of chocolate for dessert, So pretty gross.

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Speaker 2: Was that the first food eaten by humans? Or did

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Speaker 2: they send up any food with a monkey or with

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Speaker 2: the dog that they sent into space?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Soleika and Bilka and Stroka, those were dogs that

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Speaker 1: were sent up to space. They were sent up with food.

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Speaker 1: I think the food was in a jelly sort of

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Speaker 1: thing to kind of hold everything together so that it

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Speaker 1: wouldn't float apart. So also kibbles and gelatin.

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Speaker 2: I guarantee those dogs ate that thing up before the

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Speaker 2: thing even got off the ground.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, because dogs are gross. I don't think they had

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Speaker 1: any trouble getting them to eat their food. But yeah,

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Speaker 1: so you're right. First food that humans ate in space

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Speaker 1: Eureka Garon. He seemed like he was a pretty like chill,

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Speaker 1: easygoing guy. He was happy with the food, he was

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Speaker 1: happy with the flight. Life was great. The next guy

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Speaker 1: who went up, GERMANTITV, he threw up, and you know,

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Speaker 1: he was also great, but he puked. That is the

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Speaker 1: first case of a human getting space adaptation sickness.

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Speaker 2: Oh wait, what is space adaptation sickness? Is that just like, hey,

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Speaker 2: tube of food is not really food or is it

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Speaker 2: something to do with actually being out in space.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's something to do with actually being out in space.

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Speaker 1: So part of how we have our sense of balance

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Speaker 1: is that our ears have like some fluid in them

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Speaker 1: and some hairs. Based on what the fluids are doing

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Speaker 1: to those hairs, that kind of tells us how our

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Speaker 1: body is oriented. And you know, we just have various

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Speaker 1: ways that our body uses to figure out like where

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Speaker 1: we are and what we're doing that depend on gravity.

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Speaker 1: And so we don't actually understand space adaptation sickness super well,

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Speaker 1: but we know that when you go up in space

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Speaker 1: sometimes it turns your stomach. Some people are fine. Some

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Speaker 1: people are very much not fine, and they puke, and

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Speaker 1: some people get over it fast. Some people take a

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Speaker 1: few days. On Skylab, they didn't want to admit that

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Speaker 1: one of the guys puked, and so he puked and

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Speaker 1: then he threw it away, and they tried to pretend

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Speaker 1: it didn't happen, and then they got caught. They recorded

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Speaker 1: their conversation because everything in space is recorded. But anyway,

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Speaker 1: so it's a bit of a point of pride if

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Speaker 1: you go to space and you don't yack. But I

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Speaker 1: think a lot of people do yack that in on

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Speaker 1: the parabolic flat.

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Speaker 2: Well, I feel bad for Cosmo on Titav because he

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Speaker 2: is a first in human history. Right, he's the first

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Speaker 2: person to yack in space, but nobody knows his name.

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Speaker 1: It's hard being second. I think buzz Aldrin was really

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Speaker 1: mad that Neil Armstrong was going to go out first,

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Speaker 1: because he knew that the first person to go out,

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Speaker 1: you're gonna remember that person's name before you remember the

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Speaker 1: second person's name.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, but Titov was the first to do something, at

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Speaker 2: least right the first space. He act like that's a thing, right,

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Speaker 2: that should be in the book.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but you know, not all firsts need to go

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Speaker 1: down in history, like I'm the first wienersmith because my

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Speaker 1: paperwork got processed first, but no one cares. Not all

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Speaker 1: first needs to be celebrated. But so that things got

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Speaker 1: better pretty quick. So like those tubes, as you noted,

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Speaker 1: it's kind of gross and not like satisfying and fun

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Speaker 1: to eat pastes from a tube. And so during Gemini

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Speaker 1: and Apollo, they were going to be on there for longer,

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Speaker 1: so they were trying to figure out some options that

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Speaker 1: would be more exciting. But there's a lot of problems

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Speaker 1: to solve. So like, okay, if you're gonna send astronauts

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Speaker 1: to the Moon, they've got enough stuff to worry about

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Speaker 1: without getting like food sickness, and so you need to

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Speaker 1: make sure that the fo to sterile and it's not

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Speaker 1: going to give them food poisoning. Is they already worried about

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Speaker 1: space adaptation sickness? You don't refrigerators or freezers or stoves,

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Speaker 1: at least not on Apollo or Gemini. Iss now has

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Speaker 1: a freezer, they got one in twenty twenty, but those

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Speaker 1: things are energetically expensive and heavy. You also need to

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Speaker 1: make the food light, so on Apollo, they freeze dried

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Speaker 1: a bunch of stuff, so essentially, you like you freeze

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Speaker 1: it and then you heat it up in a vacuum

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Speaker 1: to try to get all the water out, and now

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Speaker 1: it weighs less. And the fuel cells on Apollo produced

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Speaker 1: water as sort of a byproduct of the process where

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Speaker 1: they were making power, and you'd use that water to

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Speaker 1: rehydrate your food. Apparently it had a little bit of

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Speaker 1: a funky taste, which is an ideal, but it saved

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Speaker 1: on mass.

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Speaker 2: But is it a challenge to make shelf sable food

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Speaker 2: that's going to be good for days or weeks. One

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Speaker 2: of our listener comments was noting that we are pretty

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Speaker 2: good at making processed food these days.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we're pretty good at making processed food, but a

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Speaker 1: lot of that processed food isn't lasgna that's good for

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Speaker 1: nine months, two weeks, so like the longest trip to

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Speaker 1: the Moon, it was like two or three weeks or something.

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Speaker 1: So we're pretty good. And actually they worked with Pillsbury

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Speaker 1: because Pillsbury makes shelf stable foods, and so they created

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Speaker 1: some shelf stable foods for the Apollo program. So yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's not too hard to make it for a couple

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Speaker 1: of weeks. When you get to the iss era and

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Speaker 1: when you start to think about Mars, it gets way

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Speaker 1: more complicated. But during the Apollo era it was pretty straightforward.

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Speaker 1: So they did a lot of this freeze drying, or

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Speaker 1: they do like what's called intermediate moisture foods, which are

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Speaker 1: essentially like Eminem's. They've got some moisture in them, but

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Speaker 1: there's shelf stable. So we're gonna send those man.

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Speaker 2: Food chemists have the grossest names for things, you know,

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Speaker 2: intermediate moisture foods. That does not sound like something I

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Speaker 2: want to eat at all.

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Speaker 1: No, you feel like you should match them up with

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Speaker 1: like chefs or something, and like everything should be named

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Speaker 1: something that could go on a menu. Well, and since

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Speaker 1: I'm a biologist and we managed to make it almost

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Speaker 1: fifteen minutes into the episode, it's time to talk about poop,

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Speaker 1: all right. So the Apollo and the Gemini capsules were

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Speaker 1: really small, Like imagine being in a van with like

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Speaker 1: two or three people and there's no cordoned off spaces

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Speaker 1: where you can get privacy, right, Yeah, And so when

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Speaker 1: you need toop, you need to just be like, turn around, guys,

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Speaker 1: here it comes. And I'm sure they can smell it

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Speaker 1: into small space. And so the foods they tried to

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Speaker 1: make the foods quote low residue, which essentially means not

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Speaker 1: a lot of fiber. And there were actually some astronauts

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Speaker 1: who would try to go their whole mission without pooping.

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Speaker 1: Pooping was not just embarrassing, but like unpleasant. So they

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Speaker 1: had these little baggies with an adhesive at the top

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Speaker 1: that you would use the adhesive to stick to your heinie.

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Speaker 1: Sorry about all the hand motions that you can see

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Speaker 1: that no one else can save.

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Speaker 2: Because it sounds like you're implying that gravity is an

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Speaker 2: important part of this human process. Yeah, yep, and so

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Speaker 2: that it's substantially different when you're out there floating. The

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Speaker 2: stuff doesn't just get squeezed out. You're saying like it's

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Speaker 2: got to get pulled out, Like every time I'm sitting

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Speaker 2: on the toilet. You're saying, the Earth is doing a

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Speaker 2: significant amount of work on me.

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Speaker 1: Yes, you should thank the Earth every morning or whenever,

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Speaker 1: I know, we're all very regular, whatever, you should say,

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Speaker 1: thank you Earth for assisting me in this process to partnership.

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Speaker 1: That's right, right, So, because things don't go in the direction,

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Speaker 1: it's supposed to. There's a finger cut in the bag

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Speaker 1: to help you push things in the right direction.

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Speaker 2: Okay, Oh, nobody wants to see that hand gesture of

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Speaker 2: the I'm so.

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Speaker 1: Sorry, Daniel, I can't help it. So anyway, it's gross.

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Speaker 1: So Frank Borman, he was supposed to spend two weeks

394
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Speaker 1: orbiting the Earth with Jim Level, and he made it

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Speaker 1: eight days. Maybe it was nine days. He was going

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Speaker 1: to try to not poop at all, and at one point,

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Speaker 1: I guess he turned to Jim Level and said, well,

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Speaker 1: this is it, Jim, And Jim was like, you got

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Speaker 1: five days left. But anyway, he couldn't make it.

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Speaker 2: Well, let me ask you, as a biologist, how long

401
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Speaker 2: can the human go without producing number two and still

402
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Speaker 2: be healthy? I mean, eight days does not sound healthy.

403
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Speaker 1: No, it does not sound healthy. I don't know. There

404
00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:48,000
Speaker 1: aren't consequences like I've heard of people passing out. I've

405
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Speaker 1: visited the Motor Museum in Philadelphia and got my picture

406
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Speaker 1: taken next to the mega colon, which was the colon

407
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Speaker 1: from someone who just was not regular enough. But anyway,

408
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Speaker 1: I don't know the answer exactly, but you should not

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Speaker 1: eat too many low residue foods.

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Speaker 2: Well, according to my rapid googling, the record is forty

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Speaker 2: five days, but you don't get a trophy.

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Speaker 1: They now that's another first that history is not going

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Speaker 1: to remember apparently. H So we've talked a bit about

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Speaker 1: the kinds of foods that they came up with, so

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Speaker 1: you'd freeze dry. For the Gemini missions, all they had

416
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Speaker 1: to rehydrate the food was cold water, and it was

417
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Speaker 1: considered this like huge upgrade in the Apollo mission when

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Speaker 1: you could rehydrate your food and it was a little

419
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Speaker 1: bit warm, and so like imagine eating rehydrated sort of

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Speaker 1: lukewarm food for two weeks. Not fun.

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Speaker 2: And so we're back in the sixties still, right, What

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Speaker 2: kind of technology do we have now that they didn't

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Speaker 2: have then, Like they had microwaves in the sixties.

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Speaker 1: I don't know if they had microwaves in the sixties,

425
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Speaker 1: but I don't think they have microwaves on the ISS

426
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Speaker 1: now even I think they use like a little convection

427
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Speaker 1: oven that heats things up, but not even that much.

428
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Speaker 1: And then they also have another hot water nozzle to

429
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Speaker 1: rehydrate their food. Because these freeze dried foods are still

430
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Speaker 1: going to space.

431
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Speaker 2: Well, I guess that makes sense. If you're pulling most

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Speaker 2: of the water out of this, then a microwave is

433
00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:09,359
Speaker 2: not going to work on it, because a microwave mostly

434
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Speaker 2: heats the water in the food because the resonance of

435
00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:15,199
Speaker 2: those electromagnetic waves excites the water molecules. So if you

436
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:17,280
Speaker 2: put something dry into a microwave, it doesn't really get

437
00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,600
Speaker 2: heated up very effectively. Microwaves were invented in the sixties.

438
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:22,920
Speaker 2: I think they were commercially available in the mid sixties.

439
00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:25,000
Speaker 2: But then it doesn't make sense to include them in

440
00:20:25,040 --> 00:20:26,240
Speaker 2: space anyway.

441
00:20:26,119 --> 00:20:29,679
Speaker 1: Good time for humanity. I like microwaves. One of the

442
00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:32,560
Speaker 1: other things that they had were these cubes that were

443
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:34,520
Speaker 1: like covered in like an oil. So you don't want

444
00:20:34,520 --> 00:20:37,679
Speaker 1: crumbs in space. You know, everything floats when you're in space,

445
00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:39,760
Speaker 1: and so if you've got crumbs, they can like get

446
00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:43,080
Speaker 1: into the electrical equipment and they can cause shorts. And

447
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:45,679
Speaker 1: John Young got into a ton of trouble because he

448
00:20:45,840 --> 00:20:49,000
Speaker 1: snuck a corn beef sandwich onto one of his flights.

449
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,040
Speaker 2: How do you sneak a corn beef sandwich? Like, do

450
00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:53,679
Speaker 2: I want to ask where he was hiding it.

451
00:20:53,960 --> 00:20:56,399
Speaker 1: I don't know where he snuck his in particular, but

452
00:20:56,480 --> 00:20:59,359
Speaker 1: I do know that a board mirror. The cosmouts have

453
00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:02,639
Speaker 1: a tradition where when they're on their way out for launch,

454
00:21:03,040 --> 00:21:05,240
Speaker 1: they get out of the van that's bringing them to

455
00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:07,080
Speaker 1: bike a ore where the rockets are going to take off,

456
00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:09,520
Speaker 1: and they pee on the tire. Because that's what ury

457
00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:11,760
Speaker 1: Gagaron did because it was like his last chance to

458
00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:15,720
Speaker 1: like take off the spacesuit. And so that is supposed

459
00:21:15,760 --> 00:21:17,880
Speaker 1: to be a time when people sort of squirrel away

460
00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:20,080
Speaker 1: items that they're maybe not supposed to have, but they

461
00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:22,840
Speaker 1: want to take on anyway. So little bottles of liquor

462
00:21:22,880 --> 00:21:25,960
Speaker 1: have been brought on to the International Space Station by

463
00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:27,960
Speaker 1: storing them in your spacesuit when you like go out

464
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:28,800
Speaker 1: to take your pee.

465
00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:33,440
Speaker 2: Somebody slip to a corny I don't understand how this works.

466
00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:35,800
Speaker 1: I don't know either. He got in a lot of trouble,

467
00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:39,040
Speaker 1: Like literally there was a congressional hearing because if the

468
00:21:39,080 --> 00:21:41,880
Speaker 1: crumbs from his sandwich had messed up that mission. Can

469
00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:45,199
Speaker 1: you imagine how much taxpayer money would have been flushed

470
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:46,280
Speaker 1: down the toilet.

471
00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:47,960
Speaker 2: The most expensive corn beef sandwich in.

472
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,879
Speaker 1: History exactly, yes, right right, And this was part of

473
00:21:50,880 --> 00:21:52,600
Speaker 1: the Cold War. Can you imagine if we had lost

474
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:56,040
Speaker 1: the Cold War over a corn beef sandwich. Anyway, Steaks

475
00:21:56,040 --> 00:21:57,520
Speaker 1: were high.

476
00:21:58,080 --> 00:21:58,880
Speaker 2: Steaks were high.

477
00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:01,119
Speaker 1: Now, Oh, I did all that was so great and

478
00:22:01,119 --> 00:22:02,280
Speaker 1: I didn't even know I was doing it.

479
00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:05,800
Speaker 2: Literally, corn beef sandwich in space is stas or high.

480
00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:07,399
Speaker 2: That pun works in so many levels.

481
00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:09,600
Speaker 1: I'm so clever and I don't even know it. All right,

482
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:12,280
Speaker 1: But you know what, So I think we should leave

483
00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:16,080
Speaker 1: the audience on tender hooks for a second. We are

484
00:22:16,119 --> 00:22:18,200
Speaker 1: going to do a little bit of myth busting about

485
00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:21,240
Speaker 1: food and space when we get back from the commercials.

486
00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:24,119
Speaker 2: So finish that corn beef sandwich, everybody. You are going

487
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:26,439
Speaker 2: to launch into a new era of understanding.

488
00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:46,720
Speaker 1: Amazing, all right, So, Daniel, how many times do you

489
00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:50,159
Speaker 1: think that freeze dried astronaut ice cream that gets sold

490
00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:52,920
Speaker 1: at all of the air and space museums. How many

491
00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:54,080
Speaker 1: times has that gone to space?

492
00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:56,720
Speaker 2: Oh? Man? I mean, I imagine you want to send

493
00:22:56,720 --> 00:22:59,400
Speaker 2: something yummy with the astronauts, and you want to send

494
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:01,520
Speaker 2: something light. I don't know why you wouldn't send it

495
00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:03,760
Speaker 2: every single time. I'm gonna guess every single time they

496
00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:06,080
Speaker 2: go to space they get ice cream. They deserve it.

497
00:23:06,240 --> 00:23:09,080
Speaker 1: I think you're probably playing along with me. But that's great.

498
00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:12,480
Speaker 1: I love it. It's never gone to space. No, I'm

499
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:16,440
Speaker 1: in one. It's awful, like only not smart children, but

500
00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:20,000
Speaker 1: it Have you ever opened up those bags? Like it's

501
00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:23,520
Speaker 1: all little particles that sort of go floating out and

502
00:23:23,560 --> 00:23:25,920
Speaker 1: make a giant mess. I mean, like even in gravity,

503
00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:27,520
Speaker 1: those things make a gigantic mess.

504
00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:30,400
Speaker 2: I loved astronaut ice cream. I can't believe you're down

505
00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:32,520
Speaker 2: on it. Every time we went to the planetarium or whatever,

506
00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:35,240
Speaker 2: I got astronaut ice cream. It was such a treat

507
00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:37,880
Speaker 2: and like, okay, it's not as good as real ice cream,

508
00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:40,159
Speaker 2: but it made me feel like an astronaut.

509
00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:43,160
Speaker 1: I did not realize how much conflicts this food episode

510
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:46,000
Speaker 1: was going to cause between the two of us. I

511
00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:50,399
Speaker 1: hate that stuff, but fine, good for you. A dairy

512
00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:55,679
Speaker 1: based food cube has flown. Oh but not this freeze

513
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:56,680
Speaker 1: dried ice cream.

514
00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:59,320
Speaker 2: So what's the origin of it? Is it just all marketing?

515
00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:00,560
Speaker 1: Yeah? Worked on you.

516
00:24:01,280 --> 00:24:02,840
Speaker 2: It actually did work. I mean not only did I

517
00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:05,520
Speaker 2: buy it, but I enjoyed it more because I believed

518
00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:08,440
Speaker 2: it had been in space. So yeah, it absolutely worked.

519
00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:12,040
Speaker 1: All right, Well, great, there's a market for everything, all right?

520
00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:13,640
Speaker 2: All right, Well, what about tang. Are you gonna tell

521
00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:16,040
Speaker 2: me the tang was never enjoyed by astronauts?

522
00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:18,080
Speaker 1: Well, I mean maybe it was enjoyed by astronauts, but

523
00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,720
Speaker 1: it wasn't made for astronauts. Often when I'm giving talks

524
00:24:21,720 --> 00:24:23,960
Speaker 1: about space and I go into my like negative Nelly

525
00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:25,840
Speaker 1: speech about you know, people say we should go to

526
00:24:25,840 --> 00:24:28,320
Speaker 1: space for this reason, but that's a bad reason. People

527
00:24:28,359 --> 00:24:29,959
Speaker 1: will always say, but like, oh, but what about all

528
00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:33,040
Speaker 1: the spinoff technologies, like we wouldn't have tang if it

529
00:24:33,080 --> 00:24:35,240
Speaker 1: wasn't for space. I can't tell you how many times

530
00:24:35,280 --> 00:24:35,840
Speaker 1: I've heard this.

531
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,880
Speaker 2: That's their go to, not like velcro, tephlin, no minaturization

532
00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:41,320
Speaker 2: or anything teflon.

533
00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:44,040
Speaker 1: He I think, has you know, captured the popular.

534
00:24:43,680 --> 00:24:45,760
Speaker 2: Consciousness the power of marketing?

535
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,360
Speaker 1: Yes? Amen. So Tang was made by a food scientist

536
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:52,600
Speaker 1: named William Mitchell. Everybody should know this guy's name if

537
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,000
Speaker 1: you grew up in the nineties. So he also came

538
00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:58,399
Speaker 1: up with cool whip, which was like a staple in

539
00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:03,080
Speaker 1: my house in the nineties, which like instant nostalgia there

540
00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:05,520
Speaker 1: they still exist somehow, and instant jello.

541
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:08,400
Speaker 2: Wow, this guy should get the Nobel Prize.

542
00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:10,639
Speaker 1: For Food Science, or he should get punished in some

543
00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:13,639
Speaker 1: way because like adult Kelly dislikes all of those food items.

544
00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:15,800
Speaker 1: But anyway, I mentioned that they get their water from

545
00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:18,040
Speaker 1: those fuel cells and they have a kind of like, uh,

546
00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:21,840
Speaker 1: not great taste. So tang was a like easy way

547
00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:23,920
Speaker 1: you could get the packets and sort of hook them

548
00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:26,159
Speaker 1: up to the waterline or whatever and then mix it

549
00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:27,960
Speaker 1: up and then it would kind of cover up the

550
00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:31,280
Speaker 1: taste from the fuel cells. And some of the astronauts

551
00:25:31,280 --> 00:25:34,840
Speaker 1: loved it, some of them hated it. In fact, buzz Aldron,

552
00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:39,200
Speaker 1: in a nineteen eighty eight interview on NPR said tang sucks.

553
00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:42,879
Speaker 1: If you go to some bars, you can get a

554
00:25:42,920 --> 00:25:45,560
Speaker 1: drink called the buzz Aldron that has tang in it.

555
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:47,159
Speaker 1: And I don't know if that was meant as like

556
00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:48,359
Speaker 1: an insult to buzz or what.

557
00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:51,119
Speaker 2: So you're saying tang was popular among astronauts because it

558
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:53,440
Speaker 2: tasted better than like machine water.

559
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,520
Speaker 1: Yes, and even then not all of them liked it.

560
00:25:57,040 --> 00:25:58,920
Speaker 1: But again, I loved tang when I was a kid too.

561
00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:01,679
Speaker 2: All right, but this is not really food for space, right,

562
00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:05,160
Speaker 2: this is food connected to space through the genius of marketing.

563
00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:07,920
Speaker 2: Let's get back to talking about how we actually feed

564
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:10,840
Speaker 2: astronauts in space. You took us through the sixties and

565
00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,840
Speaker 2: seventies when it was basically like an extended version of

566
00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:17,240
Speaker 2: fighter pilot goo. What about like in the seventies and eighties,

567
00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:19,680
Speaker 2: when we started spending more time in space, what did

568
00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:22,520
Speaker 2: the food industry wizards whip up for those astronauts.

569
00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:24,399
Speaker 1: Well, so the seventies and the eighties is when we

570
00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:27,560
Speaker 1: started sending up space stations and people were staying up

571
00:26:27,560 --> 00:26:29,800
Speaker 1: there for weeks and then months, and now we're up

572
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:32,199
Speaker 1: to years or I think the longest day was four

573
00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:35,080
Speaker 1: hundred and thirty seven days. They don't have to bring

574
00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:38,000
Speaker 1: all of the food with them at once. There's resupply

575
00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:40,399
Speaker 1: ships that can come, and when those resupply ships come,

576
00:26:40,440 --> 00:26:43,720
Speaker 1: they bring fresh food, and it's like hugely popular. But

577
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:47,080
Speaker 1: we're still doing freeze dried foods. We're still doing intermediate

578
00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:50,040
Speaker 1: moisture foods. But there's just like a lot more options now.

579
00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:52,359
Speaker 1: So on the International Space Station, and this is jumping

580
00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:55,000
Speaker 1: ahead in time a bit. There's over two hundred options

581
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:57,479
Speaker 1: now and so a lot of them, Like on the

582
00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:01,760
Speaker 1: cosmonaut side, it's like cans of jelly fish. On the

583
00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:04,919
Speaker 1: US side, Oh, there's a shrimp cocktail I think is

584
00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:08,040
Speaker 1: very popular. I'm not personally a shrimp person myself. Any

585
00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:10,440
Speaker 1: animal that you need to deepoop before you eat it

586
00:27:10,520 --> 00:27:12,320
Speaker 1: is not on my plate personally.

587
00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:14,200
Speaker 2: Also, I try it to eat shrimp and others shell

588
00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:16,520
Speaker 2: foods if some very far from the shore. And I

589
00:27:16,560 --> 00:27:20,240
Speaker 2: feel like up in space definitely qualifies as like really

590
00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:20,720
Speaker 2: not near.

591
00:27:20,960 --> 00:27:24,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, not near it at all. Agreed. Agreed. So when

592
00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:27,840
Speaker 1: the US sent up Skylub in nineteen seventy three, that

593
00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:31,160
Speaker 1: was like maybe the height of dining in space. So

594
00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:36,000
Speaker 1: they sent up a freezer and a fridge, and I

595
00:27:36,040 --> 00:27:39,160
Speaker 1: think that we have a fridge, but not a freezer

596
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:40,960
Speaker 1: on the ISS, although maybe we have a fridge for

597
00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:43,480
Speaker 1: like scientific supplies. And I've heard that every once in

598
00:27:43,520 --> 00:27:45,600
Speaker 1: a while food ends up in the science freezers on

599
00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:48,560
Speaker 1: the ISS, which is a big no no on Earth.

600
00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:50,560
Speaker 1: But you know, you do what you got to do

601
00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:51,000
Speaker 1: in space.

602
00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:53,280
Speaker 2: You know. In my house, like at home, my wife

603
00:27:53,359 --> 00:27:56,439
Speaker 2: is a biologist, so of course we have science stuff

604
00:27:56,440 --> 00:28:00,639
Speaker 2: in our freezer, including unmentionables from various members to the family.

605
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:03,359
Speaker 2: So she's like, don't open those brown paper bags unless

606
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:05,640
Speaker 2: you really want to see something you don't want to see.

607
00:28:05,960 --> 00:28:07,840
Speaker 1: Oh, man, I know I.

608
00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:10,200
Speaker 2: Keep objecting to that. I'm like, look at in your lab.

609
00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:12,680
Speaker 2: You have a food freezer and a science freezer. Why

610
00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:14,520
Speaker 2: can't we just make this a food freezer.

611
00:28:14,640 --> 00:28:17,080
Speaker 1: Oh I cannot wait to tell that to my husband

612
00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:20,359
Speaker 1: because he's always like, you have infected fish brains in

613
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:23,119
Speaker 1: our freezer? Or what is this dead bird doing in

614
00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:26,240
Speaker 1: the freezer? But we've never had bags of feces in

615
00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,280
Speaker 1: our freezer. And I feel like Zach doesn't appreciate me

616
00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:32,919
Speaker 1: as much as he should. But you know what I

617
00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:35,440
Speaker 1: thought was fun on the cosmonauts of boards Salute one,

618
00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:37,320
Speaker 1: which was the first base station to ever go up.

619
00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:43,920
Speaker 1: Apparently they had first breakfast, second breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

620
00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:48,160
Speaker 1: So you would say, they're wasting three meals worth of time, guys,

621
00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:52,360
Speaker 1: Whereas I like them even more knowing this, Although it

622
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:54,760
Speaker 1: didn't the Lord of the Rings. Didn't the Hobbits have

623
00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:57,160
Speaker 1: first breakfast and second breakfast anyway?

624
00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,280
Speaker 2: Yeah, very likely, And Hommits are not famous Lord of

625
00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:03,720
Speaker 2: the Rings for being like very effective or getting stuff done.

626
00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:06,400
Speaker 2: You know, they spent most of their time cooking meals

627
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:08,640
Speaker 2: and cleaning up after meals. It was a whole day,

628
00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:12,600
Speaker 2: you know, first breakfast, second breakfast eleven z's like two z's.

629
00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:14,720
Speaker 1: I mean, that was kind of the point they save

630
00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:19,200
Speaker 1: the world, you monster, Ah, a lot.

631
00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:20,800
Speaker 2: Of people died before they saved the world. If they

632
00:29:20,920 --> 00:29:22,920
Speaker 2: just skipped breakfast, you know, they could have saved a

633
00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:24,920
Speaker 2: whole lot of people from the agony.

634
00:29:24,960 --> 00:29:28,240
Speaker 1: Maybe they wouldn't have had enough energy, Daniel, I'm getting

635
00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:31,000
Speaker 1: choked up just thinking about it. My voice caught. So

636
00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:33,040
Speaker 1: I was reading, you know a lot of stories about

637
00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:36,280
Speaker 1: what cosmonauts in space have been eating over the years,

638
00:29:36,320 --> 00:29:38,640
Speaker 1: and one of the things they really love for fresh

639
00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:42,080
Speaker 1: food that I read over and over again is onions.

640
00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:45,200
Speaker 1: And in fact, the first birthday in space, it was

641
00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:49,320
Speaker 1: Victor Pitsev's thirty eighth birthday aboard Salute one. They celebrated

642
00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:51,760
Speaker 1: with an onion and a lemon that had been smuggled

643
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:54,400
Speaker 1: on board for that particular occasion, and they all like

644
00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:57,360
Speaker 1: bit into it and we're particularly excited about it, like.

645
00:29:57,280 --> 00:29:58,640
Speaker 2: A raw, fresh onion.

646
00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:01,000
Speaker 1: As far as I can tell, that's what happened.

647
00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:03,520
Speaker 2: Man, Your standards must really plummet if you spend a

648
00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:05,160
Speaker 2: little bit of time in space, if you're like an

649
00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:06,040
Speaker 2: onion is a.

650
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,480
Speaker 1: Delicacy, or if you live in the Soviet Union, and

651
00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:12,400
Speaker 1: things were I think it was even worse in the nineties.

652
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:14,360
Speaker 1: But I don't think things were great then, but I

653
00:30:14,360 --> 00:30:15,360
Speaker 1: guess then it was Russia.

654
00:30:15,400 --> 00:30:16,960
Speaker 2: But it sounds like there's a big step up from

655
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:19,560
Speaker 2: the sixties to the seventies when we have like space

656
00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:22,480
Speaker 2: stations and now we have options and different kinds of

657
00:30:22,520 --> 00:30:25,280
Speaker 2: food and all sorts of stuff. What exactly was it

658
00:30:25,320 --> 00:30:27,880
Speaker 2: that enabled that? Was it the freezers and the heaters

659
00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:30,200
Speaker 2: on board, or is just having more time and space

660
00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:33,200
Speaker 2: meant people had to devote more energy to making the

661
00:30:33,240 --> 00:30:34,760
Speaker 2: food actually good for the astronauts.

662
00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:36,240
Speaker 1: Yeah. I think if you're going to have a program

663
00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:37,840
Speaker 1: where people are going to be up there for months,

664
00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:40,840
Speaker 1: then you're just kind of forced to do better and

665
00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:43,160
Speaker 1: you're forced to make sure that your foods last longer.

666
00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:46,400
Speaker 1: And they experimented with refrigerators and the trade offs between

667
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:49,280
Speaker 1: how much energy and space they take, and so yeah,

668
00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:51,040
Speaker 1: I think it was just the need to make things

669
00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:53,840
Speaker 1: last longer. So, like we start using the Space Shuttle

670
00:30:53,880 --> 00:30:56,920
Speaker 1: in nineteen eighty one, it sticks around for like twenty

671
00:30:57,040 --> 00:31:01,240
Speaker 1: thirty something years, but those missions like two to three weeks,

672
00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:04,840
Speaker 1: and so they sometimes used military meals that were called

673
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:08,040
Speaker 1: MREs or meals ready to eat, and so it's like, well,

674
00:31:08,040 --> 00:31:11,160
Speaker 1: why reinvent the wheel if we've got something that can

675
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:12,640
Speaker 1: already work. So if you're only going up for a

676
00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:15,080
Speaker 1: couple weeks, you don't have to be fancy. Although those

677
00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:18,600
Speaker 1: MRIs were apparently awful. I talked to someone who said

678
00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:24,680
Speaker 1: that they're known as meals rarely edible or meals requiring

679
00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:28,640
Speaker 1: enemas because of their low fiber content. So here we

680
00:31:28,680 --> 00:31:29,160
Speaker 1: are again.

681
00:31:29,960 --> 00:31:31,440
Speaker 2: But if you're going to be up there in space

682
00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:34,160
Speaker 2: for a long time, can't you grow some food? I mean,

683
00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:36,840
Speaker 2: if we have like a basically a permanent space colony,

684
00:31:36,920 --> 00:31:38,959
Speaker 2: we have a space station, it's up there all the time,

685
00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:41,640
Speaker 2: is it feasible to have a little bit of a

686
00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:43,280
Speaker 2: garden and grow some fresh food?

687
00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:45,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, And there have been some experiments. I think there's

688
00:31:45,280 --> 00:31:47,560
Speaker 1: an experiment called veggie, and I can't remember if that's

689
00:31:47,560 --> 00:31:49,920
Speaker 1: like a tortured acronym of some sort or they just

690
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:51,960
Speaker 1: decided to call it veggie. But so, like, one of

691
00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:54,440
Speaker 1: the problems with growing food in space is that, like

692
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:58,080
Speaker 1: water tends to form like bubbles, and because of surface tension,

693
00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:00,600
Speaker 1: it kind of sticks together, and so when you're trying

694
00:32:00,640 --> 00:32:04,520
Speaker 1: to get roots that grow out to like have a

695
00:32:04,520 --> 00:32:06,880
Speaker 1: lot of surface area connections between the waters and the

696
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:10,560
Speaker 1: nutrients and stuff, it can be hard because the water

697
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:12,920
Speaker 1: tends to sort of like ball up in one spot

698
00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:15,880
Speaker 1: and it's not necessarily interacting with the roots the way

699
00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:18,280
Speaker 1: you want it to. And so they've had to figure

700
00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:20,600
Speaker 1: out some various ways to like you know, get the lighting,

701
00:32:20,720 --> 00:32:22,959
Speaker 1: get the water, get the nutrients. But they have been

702
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:25,480
Speaker 1: able to grow food in space. To go back to

703
00:32:25,520 --> 00:32:27,840
Speaker 1: the onions on Solute six, there was an experiment with

704
00:32:27,920 --> 00:32:30,600
Speaker 1: onions that they were supposed to do, and the cosmonauts

705
00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:32,760
Speaker 1: pretended the onions got lost so that they could eat

706
00:32:32,760 --> 00:32:36,880
Speaker 1: them themselves, so they ate them. But we've grown I think,

707
00:32:37,320 --> 00:32:42,520
Speaker 1: like mustard greens, maybe kale mazuka. There have been greens

708
00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:45,160
Speaker 1: that have been grown in space and consumed in space,

709
00:32:45,440 --> 00:32:47,920
Speaker 1: and apparently the act of growing these plants is like

710
00:32:48,240 --> 00:32:52,200
Speaker 1: a huge mental health improvement for the people who tend them,

711
00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:55,000
Speaker 1: like I guess they you know, being near living things.

712
00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:57,520
Speaker 1: As a biologist, this isn't surprising to me, but being

713
00:32:57,560 --> 00:33:00,320
Speaker 1: near living things is just like really great for mental health.

714
00:33:00,360 --> 00:33:02,960
Speaker 1: But the shuttle is when we got some pretty cool

715
00:33:03,080 --> 00:33:06,120
Speaker 1: food advances. So the Shuttle is the first time. So,

716
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:09,720
Speaker 1: like I love carbs, you probably don't even eat carbs

717
00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:10,240
Speaker 1: for whatever.

718
00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:13,200
Speaker 2: No, No, I love carbs. I'm pro carb, one hundred

719
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:13,600
Speaker 2: percent pro.

720
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:15,520
Speaker 1: Cos I'm glad we're finding some common ground we can

721
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:18,920
Speaker 1: agree on. Bread has a bunch of crumbs, and crumbs

722
00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:19,520
Speaker 1: are a problem.

723
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:20,720
Speaker 2: Crumbs are not a problem for me.

724
00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:23,760
Speaker 1: I love crumbs, but you wouldn't want them in your equipment.

725
00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:27,000
Speaker 2: No. This is one reason why I'm not a fighter

726
00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:29,280
Speaker 2: pilot or an astronaut, because I'm pro crumb.

727
00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:31,640
Speaker 1: Okay, So there was a shuttle flight where we had

728
00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:36,560
Speaker 1: the first Mexican astronaut. This was payload specialist Rudolpha Vella,

729
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:39,160
Speaker 1: and he was up there with astronaut Mary Cleeve, and

730
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:43,080
Speaker 1: they had suggested, what if you bring tortillas up because

731
00:33:43,080 --> 00:33:47,920
Speaker 1: tortillas are like edible plates that don't have a lot

732
00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:52,200
Speaker 1: of crumbs. And after that point, tortillas are like a

733
00:33:52,240 --> 00:33:54,800
Speaker 1: staple in space now like almost everything is eaten on

734
00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:56,920
Speaker 1: top of a tortilla in space. And for a while

735
00:33:57,480 --> 00:34:02,320
Speaker 1: they were using Taco Bell tortillas because Tago Bell makes

736
00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:06,600
Speaker 1: tortillas that are shelf stable for nine months knowing it's

737
00:34:06,640 --> 00:34:08,600
Speaker 1: shelf stable that long, you're like, oh, it's not food,

738
00:34:08,719 --> 00:34:10,200
Speaker 1: is it? What is that? Actually?

739
00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:12,279
Speaker 2: No, the food science is probably a name for it.

740
00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:15,319
Speaker 2: You know, it's like a flattened circular food product or whatever.

741
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:19,760
Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, But the Russians they're not so into tortillas. Instead,

742
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,680
Speaker 1: they've made these tiny, little bite sized breads that don't

743
00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:24,920
Speaker 1: shed a lot of crumbs. And I guess they're so

744
00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:28,240
Speaker 1: tiny that they're called Barbie breads because you can imagine

745
00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:31,400
Speaker 1: like a little Barbie using one in her little dream house.

746
00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:33,960
Speaker 1: But you know, one of the interesting things about space

747
00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:35,520
Speaker 1: is that, like, okay, so we've talked about all these

748
00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:38,319
Speaker 1: freeze dried foods and foods in cans that frankly don't

749
00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,560
Speaker 1: sound particularly delicious to me. But it seems, for reasons

750
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:45,480
Speaker 1: we don't totally understand, to be hard to actually taste

751
00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:49,319
Speaker 1: things in space. And there's a couple different explanations for this,

752
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:53,120
Speaker 1: but astronauts regularly complain that like food is way less flavorful.

753
00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:55,640
Speaker 1: One of the ideas is that you're up in space,

754
00:34:55,920 --> 00:34:58,840
Speaker 1: you're in free fall, your fluids are sort of moving

755
00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:03,200
Speaker 1: up towards your head, and if you've ever been congested

756
00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:05,799
Speaker 1: or had like a sinus infection, and that it's all congested,

757
00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:09,600
Speaker 1: maybe you notice that food tastes less flavorful at that point. So,

758
00:35:09,719 --> 00:35:12,720
Speaker 1: like a lot of flavor isn't just about our taste buds.

759
00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:15,000
Speaker 1: It's about the act of like smelling the food that

760
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:17,879
Speaker 1: we're eating also, So if you're all like congested, you're

761
00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:20,719
Speaker 1: losing the smell parts that brings us such joy when

762
00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:22,640
Speaker 1: we eat. But then another idea is that like a

763
00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:24,080
Speaker 1: lot of that food is like in a bag that

764
00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:27,400
Speaker 1: you added water to, so you can't really smell it anyway, right,

765
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:29,960
Speaker 1: because you're just like drinking it through a straw at

766
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:33,279
Speaker 1: the beginning. So they don't really know why food tastes

767
00:35:33,360 --> 00:35:36,000
Speaker 1: less flavorful, but many astronauts report.

768
00:35:35,719 --> 00:35:38,319
Speaker 2: This seems like they should invent something where there's like

769
00:35:38,360 --> 00:35:40,440
Speaker 2: a tube that goes to your mouth and another one

770
00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:42,440
Speaker 2: that goes to your nose so you can like simultaneously

771
00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:44,040
Speaker 2: smell it and eat. It seems like the kind of

772
00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:46,480
Speaker 2: thing NASA would come up with, right, come on, engineers,

773
00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:47,200
Speaker 2: get with the programs.

774
00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:50,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're not working on the important questions, are they. No.

775
00:35:50,520 --> 00:35:52,320
Speaker 1: I was at a restaurant once and I was watching

776
00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:54,759
Speaker 1: a woman she was like talking to someone, and she

777
00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:57,879
Speaker 1: went to bring her cup with a straw in it

778
00:35:58,280 --> 00:36:00,160
Speaker 1: up to her mouth, but she wasn't paying attention to

779
00:36:00,200 --> 00:36:02,239
Speaker 1: the straw went up her nose and like shoved her

780
00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:04,480
Speaker 1: head back, and then she looked around to see if

781
00:36:04,480 --> 00:36:06,799
Speaker 1: anyone had seen, and then she saw I was kind

782
00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:08,040
Speaker 1: of chuckling, and I was like.

783
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,000
Speaker 2: Maybe it's okay, You're like, don't worry. I'm a biologist.

784
00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:12,000
Speaker 2: I'm just observing you.

785
00:36:12,080 --> 00:36:14,200
Speaker 1: That's right, that's right. So I'm not sure that I

786
00:36:14,239 --> 00:36:16,120
Speaker 1: would want a straw in my nose, I guess, is

787
00:36:16,120 --> 00:36:19,280
Speaker 1: what I'm saying. It's a weird, awkward, embarrassing situation.

788
00:36:20,080 --> 00:36:22,640
Speaker 2: Well, I wouldn't want to eat cardboard for every single meal.

789
00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:25,320
Speaker 2: I mean, I think if you're not tasting your food,

790
00:36:25,440 --> 00:36:26,880
Speaker 2: then like why are you even eating it?

791
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:28,759
Speaker 1: So they try to get around this, like they've had

792
00:36:28,840 --> 00:36:33,200
Speaker 1: celebrity chefs create extra flavorful meals, and then things like

793
00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:37,439
Speaker 1: taco sauce packets are so popular that on one flight

794
00:36:37,480 --> 00:36:40,480
Speaker 1: they were actually like used as currency. So you'd be like,

795
00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:43,120
Speaker 1: all right, I don't want to clean the toilets today,

796
00:36:43,400 --> 00:36:46,080
Speaker 1: so I will pay you three taco sauce packets if

797
00:36:46,080 --> 00:36:47,000
Speaker 1: you clean the toilet.

798
00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:49,880
Speaker 2: This like a prison economy. Just see what life is

799
00:36:49,960 --> 00:36:52,120
Speaker 2: like up there. You know, it's like I'm trading like

800
00:36:52,280 --> 00:36:54,600
Speaker 2: two packets of cigarettes and a minute on the fatone.

801
00:36:54,680 --> 00:36:55,920
Speaker 2: You know this is crazy.

802
00:36:56,120 --> 00:36:58,240
Speaker 1: Well, and the bar is so low. Like Shannon Lucid,

803
00:36:58,320 --> 00:37:00,640
Speaker 1: so she was on Mirror, which was a Soviet Russian

804
00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:03,040
Speaker 1: space station. She lost a shoe once and she couldn't

805
00:37:03,080 --> 00:37:05,520
Speaker 1: find it, like space stations are notoriously cluttered and hard

806
00:37:05,520 --> 00:37:08,080
Speaker 1: to find things, So she offered the guy on the

807
00:37:08,120 --> 00:37:10,440
Speaker 1: mission that she was on. There were two guys, and

808
00:37:10,480 --> 00:37:13,160
Speaker 1: she said, all right, whoever finds my shoe, you get

809
00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:18,880
Speaker 1: your own bag of green jello. And immediately both of

810
00:37:18,880 --> 00:37:21,080
Speaker 1: the guys were like, we gotta find it. One of

811
00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:23,120
Speaker 1: them found it. He got his own bag of green jello,

812
00:37:23,280 --> 00:37:25,480
Speaker 1: and they had a fridge on Mirror so that he

813
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:27,960
Speaker 1: was able to like have it for himself. But apparently,

814
00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:31,200
Speaker 1: like the jello was a big bonding experience and so

815
00:37:31,440 --> 00:37:34,200
Speaker 1: like they would make jello, like every Friday, they'd all

816
00:37:34,239 --> 00:37:36,600
Speaker 1: get spoons. They'd share it together. So Jello's like a

817
00:37:36,600 --> 00:37:38,879
Speaker 1: good space food because it sticks and stays in the bag,

818
00:37:39,040 --> 00:37:41,239
Speaker 1: so you can just like spoon it out, and a

819
00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:45,520
Speaker 1: lot of astronauts will report that actually having meals together

820
00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:48,120
Speaker 1: and sharing food is like one of the most impactful

821
00:37:48,280 --> 00:37:51,719
Speaker 1: experiences they had. Like Leland Melvin has a book about

822
00:37:51,719 --> 00:37:54,560
Speaker 1: being an astronaut, and he talks about how, you know,

823
00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:56,600
Speaker 1: all these people from all these different countries were like

824
00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:59,080
Speaker 1: sitting around a table. Some were floating above it, some

825
00:37:59,120 --> 00:38:01,680
Speaker 1: were floating below, but they were all sharing a meal

826
00:38:01,719 --> 00:38:03,360
Speaker 1: together looking down at Earth, and it was just like

827
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:06,239
Speaker 1: profound experience. So, yeah, food is so much more than

828
00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:09,279
Speaker 1: just a way to keep these wishy meat bags moving on.

829
00:38:09,480 --> 00:38:13,040
Speaker 2: It must really be an ancient thing sharing food, because frankly,

830
00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:16,200
Speaker 2: I find it biologically weird that we sit around and

831
00:38:16,280 --> 00:38:18,880
Speaker 2: have conversation at the same time as we're using our

832
00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:21,880
Speaker 2: mouths for something else. Right, It's awkward. I'm sitting there,

833
00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:24,239
Speaker 2: I'm eating, I'm also supposed to be talking, you know,

834
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:26,360
Speaker 2: Like the whole thing is kind of weird. It's some

835
00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:30,240
Speaker 2: like bizarre ancient primal memory of like, you know, sharing

836
00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:31,520
Speaker 2: food on the savannah or something.

837
00:38:31,520 --> 00:38:33,840
Speaker 1: I think, you know, someone, I don't understand any of

838
00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:36,279
Speaker 1: these opinions. You're sharing anal if.

839
00:38:36,239 --> 00:38:38,160
Speaker 2: We're talking about eating and poop and wouldn't it make

840
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:41,319
Speaker 2: more biological sense for people to eat in private and

841
00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:43,719
Speaker 2: then poop together, because then you're using your mouth for

842
00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:46,600
Speaker 2: just one thing. You give me the weirdest look.

843
00:38:47,160 --> 00:38:50,040
Speaker 1: You are supposed to come visit me in March, and

844
00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:53,480
Speaker 1: I am thinking of rescinding the invitation.

845
00:38:55,040 --> 00:38:57,759
Speaker 2: When a biologist thinks your poop comments are weird, then

846
00:38:57,800 --> 00:38:58,759
Speaker 2: I guess you're over the line.

847
00:38:58,840 --> 00:39:02,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, you've gone too far this. Let's back things up.

848
00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:05,720
Speaker 2: Tell me more about this taco sauce in space, because

849
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:07,759
Speaker 2: are you telling me they used taco sauce so much

850
00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:09,800
Speaker 2: it became like a condiment you could put on anything.

851
00:39:09,920 --> 00:39:12,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, and mayonnaise is also very popular, although I don't

852
00:39:12,480 --> 00:39:15,120
Speaker 1: think of mayonnaise as being super flavorful, but like, condiments

853
00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:17,880
Speaker 1: are big in space for whatever reason. So we were

854
00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:20,520
Speaker 1: talking about, you know, the cultural aspects of food. So

855
00:39:20,560 --> 00:39:24,279
Speaker 1: throughout the different space eras, there have been different programs

856
00:39:24,320 --> 00:39:26,719
Speaker 1: where folks from different cultures have come up and a

857
00:39:26,719 --> 00:39:28,279
Speaker 1: lot of them try to bring some of their own

858
00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:31,920
Speaker 1: food from home with them, and this is really exciting

859
00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:33,560
Speaker 1: for the astronauts because they get a chance to try

860
00:39:33,560 --> 00:39:36,320
Speaker 1: something new. And you know, things get pretty monotonous in space.

861
00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:39,080
Speaker 1: But there is also like some cofflic so for example,

862
00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:41,680
Speaker 1: they're supposed to send up fifty percent Russian food and

863
00:39:41,719 --> 00:39:45,680
Speaker 1: fifty percent American food. And there was this experiment where

864
00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:48,560
Speaker 1: diaries were taken from astronauts like every day that have

865
00:39:48,640 --> 00:39:50,600
Speaker 1: to write this is what my day was like, this

866
00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:52,680
Speaker 1: is how I felt, blah blah blah. And one of

867
00:39:52,719 --> 00:39:55,960
Speaker 1: the people their diary entry was I have had many

868
00:39:56,000 --> 00:40:00,000
Speaker 1: programmatic flights with the Russians about the inequality of Russians

869
00:40:00,040 --> 00:40:03,040
Speaker 1: slash US foods supposed to be fifty to fifty. They

870
00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:06,360
Speaker 1: have always had more Russian on board, using the rationale

871
00:40:06,360 --> 00:40:09,840
Speaker 1: that people like Russian food better. That is bull.

872
00:40:13,840 --> 00:40:16,480
Speaker 2: Cold war in space, Cold war in space.

873
00:40:16,520 --> 00:40:18,880
Speaker 1: Oh all right, we're about to stop for a break,

874
00:40:19,719 --> 00:40:23,239
Speaker 1: but folks should wonder while during the break, what was

875
00:40:23,280 --> 00:40:28,560
Speaker 1: Swedish issa astronaut Christopher Fugla sang. Don't send me emails

876
00:40:28,560 --> 00:40:31,640
Speaker 1: about that, sorry, guys, discouraged from bringing with him in

877
00:40:31,760 --> 00:40:34,440
Speaker 1: space in two thousand and six that he really wanted

878
00:40:34,440 --> 00:40:37,240
Speaker 1: to bring with him. We'll get back to it after

879
00:40:37,239 --> 00:40:37,640
Speaker 1: the break.

880
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:43,840
Speaker 2: I'm guessing some stinky fish thing.

881
00:40:56,760 --> 00:41:01,239
Speaker 1: So the question is Swedish astronaut he was coming to

882
00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:03,160
Speaker 1: space in two thousand and six. What did he want

883
00:41:03,160 --> 00:41:05,120
Speaker 1: to bring with him that he was discouraged from bringing

884
00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:08,720
Speaker 1: Daniel guest stinky fish thing. So I think all fish stink.

885
00:41:09,360 --> 00:41:11,440
Speaker 1: I hate the smaller fish, which is why that job

886
00:41:11,480 --> 00:41:12,960
Speaker 1: where I had to jump into a dump truck full

887
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:15,400
Speaker 1: of dead fish for my master's degree was just so miserable.

888
00:41:15,560 --> 00:41:19,279
Speaker 1: But actually, when the Japanese bring fish, the Russians bring fish,

889
00:41:19,320 --> 00:41:21,960
Speaker 1: these are very popular meals. Maybe because they're more flavorful,

890
00:41:22,040 --> 00:41:24,920
Speaker 1: Maybe it comes back to that. But no, this Swedish

891
00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:29,320
Speaker 1: astronaut wanted to bring reindeer jerky, and there was concern

892
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:34,120
Speaker 1: that this would upset American children because.

893
00:41:34,360 --> 00:41:35,960
Speaker 2: He's eating Rudolph.

894
00:41:35,640 --> 00:41:40,319
Speaker 1: Exactly, He's eating Santa's reindeer. I'm not going to get

895
00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:46,160
Speaker 1: Christmas presents for sure, And so instead he brought moose jerky. Anyway,

896
00:41:46,360 --> 00:41:50,200
Speaker 1: international disaster averted. So what South Korean food do you

897
00:41:50,239 --> 00:41:51,040
Speaker 1: think they had to bring?

898
00:41:51,239 --> 00:41:51,520
Speaker 2: Kimchi?

899
00:41:51,680 --> 00:41:54,319
Speaker 1: Of course, kim g of course, I can't say that

900
00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,759
Speaker 1: I'm a kimchi fan personally. And your face says you

901
00:41:57,840 --> 00:41:58,839
Speaker 1: like kimchi? Is that right?

902
00:42:00,360 --> 00:42:02,359
Speaker 2: Is great? On everything? Oh my gosh, we're a big

903
00:42:02,360 --> 00:42:03,240
Speaker 2: fan of pickle foods.

904
00:42:03,280 --> 00:42:03,720
Speaker 3: In my life.

905
00:42:04,080 --> 00:42:06,440
Speaker 1: You know, Zach really likes pickled food. So you two

906
00:42:06,520 --> 00:42:08,560
Speaker 1: will have a great time when you visit. I'll stay

907
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:12,280
Speaker 1: somewhere else. But so, the South Koreans wanted to bring kimchi,

908
00:42:12,560 --> 00:42:15,320
Speaker 1: and one of the food scientists in Korea who was

909
00:42:15,360 --> 00:42:20,520
Speaker 1: working on the kimchi said, without kimchi, Koreans feel flabby.

910
00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:22,240
Speaker 1: Not wanting a flabby astronaut.

911
00:42:22,320 --> 00:42:24,719
Speaker 2: I think it's a big part of being Korean having kimchi. Yeah,

912
00:42:24,719 --> 00:42:26,320
Speaker 2: you got to have it or you're not really eating.

913
00:42:26,480 --> 00:42:28,680
Speaker 1: But I don't think I would have connected it with flabbiness.

914
00:42:28,920 --> 00:42:29,960
Speaker 2: Yeah, that's interesting.

915
00:42:30,160 --> 00:42:32,080
Speaker 1: I wonder if that was like a lost in translation

916
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:33,680
Speaker 1: sort of thing. But so, one of the problems with

917
00:42:33,760 --> 00:42:37,880
Speaker 1: kimchi is that kimchi uses bacteria in the fermentation process,

918
00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:41,439
Speaker 1: and when NASA sends stuff up to space, they don't

919
00:42:41,440 --> 00:42:45,319
Speaker 1: want any bacteria in there because food poisoning, comput tape

920
00:42:45,320 --> 00:42:47,000
Speaker 1: blah blah blah, and so they had to try to

921
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:48,920
Speaker 1: find a way to like get kimchi part way through

922
00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:52,680
Speaker 1: the fermentation process and then kill all the bacteria and

923
00:42:52,760 --> 00:42:57,040
Speaker 1: still try to make it flavorful, and apparently it didn't

924
00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:03,000
Speaker 1: really work. The Korean astronauts soyyan Yi said after radiation,

925
00:43:03,080 --> 00:43:05,239
Speaker 1: because they had to radiate it to kill the bacteria.

926
00:43:05,640 --> 00:43:10,040
Speaker 1: After radiation, the kimchi became so saggy it looked like

927
00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:13,960
Speaker 1: it was one hundred years old. I cannot say it's

928
00:43:14,040 --> 00:43:17,400
Speaker 1: really tasteful kimchi, but still I like it because I

929
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:19,040
Speaker 1: can feel my home, so you know.

930
00:43:19,400 --> 00:43:21,319
Speaker 2: But they're not really making it sterile, right, I mean,

931
00:43:21,360 --> 00:43:24,000
Speaker 2: if you were radiate foods, my microbiologist's wife would just

932
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:27,160
Speaker 2: tell me that you're enhancing the extremophiles, right, she.

933
00:43:27,120 --> 00:43:29,680
Speaker 1: Should be a food scientist. Yeah, no, I don't know

934
00:43:29,719 --> 00:43:32,120
Speaker 1: the answer. Yeah, maybe they killed it some other way. Also,

935
00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:35,239
Speaker 1: maybe they irradiated it and then like ultra heat processed it.

936
00:43:35,360 --> 00:43:36,960
Speaker 2: But is the concern that you're going to bring up

937
00:43:36,960 --> 00:43:39,120
Speaker 2: some bacteria that's going to get people sick, that's the idea?

938
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:42,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think so. Well, we've pretty much gone over

939
00:43:42,560 --> 00:43:44,719
Speaker 1: the history of food and space, Like, we figured a

940
00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:46,840
Speaker 1: lot of stuff out. We've got ways to make food

941
00:43:47,120 --> 00:43:50,600
Speaker 1: shelf stable, we've got some ways to make it not

942
00:43:50,680 --> 00:43:53,880
Speaker 1: taste so bad. But everybody still definitely super excited when

943
00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:57,160
Speaker 1: the fresh stuff comes up. But what party would be

944
00:43:57,200 --> 00:44:02,600
Speaker 1: complete in space or otherwise without alcohol? So, first of all,

945
00:44:02,640 --> 00:44:05,400
Speaker 1: I want to pitch this great book called Alcohol in

946
00:44:05,440 --> 00:44:09,160
Speaker 1: Space by Chris Carberry. It's a super fun read about

947
00:44:09,520 --> 00:44:13,200
Speaker 1: the past and future of alcohol in space. So, Daniels,

948
00:44:13,239 --> 00:44:15,319
Speaker 1: when the first American drank in space? Do you know

949
00:44:15,360 --> 00:44:16,560
Speaker 1: who or when it was?

950
00:44:17,040 --> 00:44:20,040
Speaker 2: I have no idea who had the first drink in space.

951
00:44:20,560 --> 00:44:22,279
Speaker 2: Was it connected to the person who first the acted

952
00:44:22,280 --> 00:44:22,680
Speaker 2: in space?

953
00:44:22,880 --> 00:44:26,319
Speaker 1: No? No, So actually I don't know if any of

954
00:44:26,320 --> 00:44:30,960
Speaker 1: the Russians had drinks in space, quick tangent Here, In general,

955
00:44:31,040 --> 00:44:33,560
Speaker 1: the Soviet space program is like way more okay with

956
00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:36,080
Speaker 1: alcohol in space. In the US program, I think they

957
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:38,439
Speaker 1: like totally accept that the end of a stressful day

958
00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:41,720
Speaker 1: is not a problem to have like a shot of something. Yeah,

959
00:44:41,760 --> 00:44:43,160
Speaker 1: as far as I could tell, there have been no

960
00:44:43,320 --> 00:44:45,960
Speaker 1: instances of drinking getting out of control, where like at

961
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:47,920
Speaker 1: the end of the day somebody had like the bottle

962
00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:50,000
Speaker 1: instead of a shot. And in fact, there was an

963
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:53,600
Speaker 1: incident on Mirror where one of the oxygen canisters caught fire,

964
00:44:53,760 --> 00:44:55,799
Speaker 1: and so there was like a fire in space that

965
00:44:55,840 --> 00:44:57,440
Speaker 1: they were trying to put out. There was some concern

966
00:44:57,480 --> 00:45:00,560
Speaker 1: that they were going to have to abandon the space station. Afterwards,

967
00:45:00,560 --> 00:45:03,560
Speaker 1: the psychologists for the crew called up and they were like,

968
00:45:03,920 --> 00:45:07,120
Speaker 1: we think you should all drink a little and so

969
00:45:07,320 --> 00:45:11,480
Speaker 1: like relax. So like the Russians and the Soviets have

970
00:45:11,520 --> 00:45:13,880
Speaker 1: always been way more comfortable. And I was talking to

971
00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:16,480
Speaker 1: someone who works on life support systems for the ISS,

972
00:45:17,040 --> 00:45:19,839
Speaker 1: and even though NASA is like, no, no alcohol, You're

973
00:45:19,840 --> 00:45:22,520
Speaker 1: not supposed to have alcohol in space. The air quality

974
00:45:22,560 --> 00:45:25,160
Speaker 1: is monitored to an incredible degree on the International Space

975
00:45:25,160 --> 00:45:27,080
Speaker 1: Station because you know, like carbon dioxide needs to get

976
00:45:27,080 --> 00:45:29,040
Speaker 1: removed by the system. And I guess every once in

977
00:45:29,080 --> 00:45:31,600
Speaker 1: a while they pick up ethanol from the Russian side

978
00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:35,160
Speaker 1: of the space station that they're not expecting, and so

979
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:37,440
Speaker 1: they think that's instances where like alcohol has been kind

980
00:45:37,440 --> 00:45:39,640
Speaker 1: of snuck up into space even though NASA doesn't want it,

981
00:45:39,760 --> 00:45:41,759
Speaker 1: because the Russians just don't care about it as much.

982
00:45:42,320 --> 00:45:46,719
Speaker 1: First astronaut to have a drink in space, though, was

983
00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:47,440
Speaker 1: buzz Aldrin.

984
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:49,800
Speaker 2: Of course, should have guessed good old Buzz.

985
00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:54,239
Speaker 1: I am always hesitant to joke about buzz Aldrin and

986
00:45:54,320 --> 00:45:56,560
Speaker 1: drinking because he admitted in one of his books that

987
00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:59,879
Speaker 1: he has a problem with alcoholism. But he is also

988
00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:04,000
Speaker 1: Catholic and he wanted to take communion when he landed

989
00:46:04,040 --> 00:46:05,839
Speaker 1: on the moon, and so they landed on the moon,

990
00:46:05,880 --> 00:46:08,560
Speaker 1: and before they got out of the lander, he had

991
00:46:08,680 --> 00:46:11,320
Speaker 1: a little sip of wine. So wine was the first

992
00:46:11,680 --> 00:46:14,080
Speaker 1: and I think only alcoholic beverage consumed on the moon.

993
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,279
Speaker 1: And then he had when I was a Catholic kid

994
00:46:16,320 --> 00:46:18,560
Speaker 1: growing up, I called them christ crackers, but like the

995
00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:21,040
Speaker 1: communion wafers. He took communion on the moon, and that

996
00:46:21,080 --> 00:46:23,920
Speaker 1: was the first time anyone had alcohol on.

997
00:46:23,920 --> 00:46:26,719
Speaker 2: The wh And was that the first communion off the

998
00:46:26,719 --> 00:46:27,439
Speaker 2: surface of the earth.

999
00:46:27,480 --> 00:46:29,600
Speaker 1: Well, that's a good question. That's the first communion that

1000
00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:32,920
Speaker 1: I read about. There was a passage from the Bible

1001
00:46:32,960 --> 00:46:36,480
Speaker 1: that was read during Apollo eight, which happened over Christmas.

1002
00:46:37,040 --> 00:46:39,960
Speaker 1: But for a long time buzz Aldrin didn't talk about

1003
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,719
Speaker 1: taking communion because there was like a bit of a

1004
00:46:42,760 --> 00:46:46,000
Speaker 1: brew haha about like whether religious things should be happening

1005
00:46:46,040 --> 00:46:48,640
Speaker 1: in space when its taxpayer dollars in our country as

1006
00:46:48,680 --> 00:46:50,799
Speaker 1: separation of church and state, and so I think a

1007
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:53,120
Speaker 1: lot of that stuff was hushed up and then not

1008
00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:56,360
Speaker 1: mentioned until later. So maybe something happened but it wasn't reported.

1009
00:46:56,880 --> 00:46:59,719
Speaker 1: But buzz Aldrin is the first instance that I know about. Wow,

1010
00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:03,440
Speaker 1: So here's another important question. This conversation has been kind

1011
00:47:03,480 --> 00:47:04,759
Speaker 1: of all over the place, but I'm having a lot

1012
00:47:04,760 --> 00:47:08,319
Speaker 1: of fun. Would you drink beer in space? And if so,

1013
00:47:09,440 --> 00:47:11,080
Speaker 1: why are why not? Do you drink beer at all?

1014
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:14,000
Speaker 2: I'm a fan of beer, absolutely, I think beer is delicious,

1015
00:47:14,040 --> 00:47:15,960
Speaker 2: and in our house again, we're big fans of all

1016
00:47:16,040 --> 00:47:18,960
Speaker 2: kinds of fermented foods where ilied with the microbes and

1017
00:47:18,960 --> 00:47:20,759
Speaker 2: make our bread and our beer and our pickles and

1018
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,000
Speaker 2: all sorts of stuff. I think I would like to

1019
00:47:23,080 --> 00:47:24,799
Speaker 2: enjoy beer in space, but I'd be worried a little

1020
00:47:24,840 --> 00:47:27,920
Speaker 2: bit about the burping. Do you burp in space? The

1021
00:47:27,960 --> 00:47:30,640
Speaker 2: same way? Now? I'm thinking about how the Earth plays

1022
00:47:30,640 --> 00:47:33,360
Speaker 2: a role in all of my biological functions, moving stuff

1023
00:47:33,480 --> 00:47:37,080
Speaker 2: up and down and all the round, And so I'd

1024
00:47:37,120 --> 00:47:39,880
Speaker 2: be worried about like a large gas bubble forming inside

1025
00:47:39,880 --> 00:47:40,040
Speaker 2: of me.

1026
00:47:40,360 --> 00:47:44,000
Speaker 1: Exactly. Yeah, so burping in space is apparently very unpleasant.

1027
00:47:44,320 --> 00:47:47,840
Speaker 1: Those air bubbles often like bring food up with them also,

1028
00:47:49,160 --> 00:47:53,240
Speaker 1: So like Pepsi and Coke during the Cola Wars or whatever,

1029
00:47:53,280 --> 00:47:55,320
Speaker 1: they both sent their beverages up to space and space

1030
00:47:55,360 --> 00:47:57,920
Speaker 1: particular containers. I can't remember if they sent them up

1031
00:47:57,960 --> 00:48:00,480
Speaker 1: flat because they knew this was a proud or if

1032
00:48:00,520 --> 00:48:03,120
Speaker 1: it was really unpleasant for people, because but anyway, carbonated

1033
00:48:03,160 --> 00:48:07,000
Speaker 1: beverages not appreciated in space because burping in space is

1034
00:48:07,040 --> 00:48:08,719
Speaker 1: a very unpleasant experience.

1035
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:10,840
Speaker 2: Well that's too bad, because burping on the surface of

1036
00:48:10,840 --> 00:48:13,120
Speaker 2: the Earth is really pretty great. And I'm a big

1037
00:48:13,160 --> 00:48:15,880
Speaker 2: fan of sparkling water and all sorts of other carbonated beverages.

1038
00:48:16,239 --> 00:48:18,600
Speaker 2: So what a big bum about going at I know.

1039
00:48:18,680 --> 00:48:21,560
Speaker 1: I totally agree. Like Zach is not in your camp

1040
00:48:21,560 --> 00:48:24,359
Speaker 1: at all. He thinks all bodily sounds should be kept

1041
00:48:24,400 --> 00:48:27,000
Speaker 1: to oneself. I don't know why he married a biologist.

1042
00:48:27,120 --> 00:48:29,799
Speaker 1: We all make mistakes, but like one of the nice

1043
00:48:29,840 --> 00:48:33,120
Speaker 1: things about Mars might be that if you did beer

1044
00:48:33,280 --> 00:48:37,960
Speaker 1: on Mars, that gravity might be enough to sort of

1045
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:41,719
Speaker 1: make the problem of belching go away or at least

1046
00:48:41,719 --> 00:48:44,880
Speaker 1: be less unpleasant. So yeah, or rotating space stations, you know,

1047
00:48:44,960 --> 00:48:47,120
Speaker 1: So we have to solve these problems quickly so that

1048
00:48:47,120 --> 00:48:48,480
Speaker 1: we can start bringing beer to space.

1049
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:52,080
Speaker 2: Yes, absolutely, because if humans are going to live in

1050
00:48:52,120 --> 00:48:53,960
Speaker 2: space or on other planets, we've got to figure out

1051
00:48:54,000 --> 00:48:57,480
Speaker 2: how to keep people happy. It's not just about survival,

1052
00:48:57,600 --> 00:49:00,520
Speaker 2: it's about living life and quality of life. We don't

1053
00:49:00,640 --> 00:49:03,520
Speaker 2: just want to eke out some primitive like existence where

1054
00:49:03,520 --> 00:49:06,440
Speaker 2: we're squeezing food tubes into each other's mouths. We want

1055
00:49:06,520 --> 00:49:09,960
Speaker 2: to actually have joy and fun out in space or

1056
00:49:09,960 --> 00:49:10,840
Speaker 2: on other planets.

1057
00:49:10,960 --> 00:49:13,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, right, so biosphere. We're going to talk about Biosphere

1058
00:49:13,920 --> 00:49:17,200
Speaker 1: two in the next episode. But to sort of cut

1059
00:49:17,200 --> 00:49:19,799
Speaker 1: to the chase on that story, they lost a bunch

1060
00:49:19,880 --> 00:49:23,000
Speaker 1: of weight because they couldn't produce enough food in this

1061
00:49:23,160 --> 00:49:25,920
Speaker 1: facility where they were trying to like close every same thing,

1062
00:49:25,960 --> 00:49:28,040
Speaker 1: so the plants would make the oxygen and they would

1063
00:49:28,080 --> 00:49:30,200
Speaker 1: remove the carbon dioxide and that would also be what

1064
00:49:30,239 --> 00:49:33,040
Speaker 1: they ate. And the men lost eighteen percent of their

1065
00:49:33,080 --> 00:49:35,840
Speaker 1: body weight and the women lost ten percent. Oh but

1066
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,759
Speaker 1: even though they were having trouble getting enough calories for

1067
00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:41,440
Speaker 1: dinner and they were like literally like licking their bowls

1068
00:49:41,480 --> 00:49:44,439
Speaker 1: to try to get the last of everything, they took

1069
00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:48,840
Speaker 1: some of their precious bananas to make banana wine, because,

1070
00:49:48,880 --> 00:49:52,080
Speaker 1: like you said, it's not just about eking out in existence. Like,

1071
00:49:52,160 --> 00:49:56,239
Speaker 1: plenty of people have great lives without alcohol, but some

1072
00:49:56,320 --> 00:49:59,040
Speaker 1: of us really like to have a glass of wine

1073
00:49:59,080 --> 00:50:00,440
Speaker 1: at the end of the day or something. And they

1074
00:50:00,440 --> 00:50:02,520
Speaker 1: were willing to give up some of their calories, so

1075
00:50:02,560 --> 00:50:04,920
Speaker 1: that they could make this wine to bring them a

1076
00:50:04,920 --> 00:50:06,640
Speaker 1: little bit of joy at the end of a hard day.

1077
00:50:06,680 --> 00:50:08,920
Speaker 1: I think they were doing like eight to ten hours

1078
00:50:08,920 --> 00:50:11,399
Speaker 1: of labor tending their crops five and a half days

1079
00:50:11,440 --> 00:50:13,920
Speaker 1: a week, so it was like intense. And Andy Weir,

1080
00:50:14,520 --> 00:50:17,040
Speaker 1: so he's the guy who wrote The Martian, and in

1081
00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:20,360
Speaker 1: The Martian his main character Mark Wattney. I think the

1082
00:50:20,360 --> 00:50:23,520
Speaker 1: guy's name is he eats a bunch of potatoes, and

1083
00:50:23,520 --> 00:50:27,400
Speaker 1: those potatoes the fertilizer is like human poo. And people

1084
00:50:27,440 --> 00:50:31,600
Speaker 1: have asked Andy Weir a lot, why didn't he use

1085
00:50:31,680 --> 00:50:35,720
Speaker 1: any of those potatoes to make liquor, And Andy Weer

1086
00:50:36,239 --> 00:50:39,759
Speaker 1: answered that, like, it would have taken so many potatoes

1087
00:50:39,920 --> 00:50:42,640
Speaker 1: to make the liquor that he just he probably would

1088
00:50:42,640 --> 00:50:44,719
Speaker 1: have died, he wouldn't have gotten enough calories. And I

1089
00:50:44,719 --> 00:50:47,759
Speaker 1: think that's a totally reasonable conclusion to come to. But

1090
00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:51,839
Speaker 1: when you actually have humans who are starving, we will

1091
00:50:51,880 --> 00:50:55,440
Speaker 1: make banana wine because we need to be happy too.

1092
00:50:55,480 --> 00:50:57,480
Speaker 1: So yeah, I think the trick for space. Like so,

1093
00:50:57,520 --> 00:50:59,319
Speaker 1: as we mentioned, a lot of these missions are short.

1094
00:50:59,360 --> 00:51:02,000
Speaker 1: They're like weeks, months, maybe a year or something, so

1095
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:06,080
Speaker 1: you can handle eating food that's not super flavorful. But

1096
00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:09,239
Speaker 1: when we're finally settling somewhere and staying there for years

1097
00:51:09,239 --> 00:51:11,480
Speaker 1: at a time, there's a lot that we need to

1098
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:13,640
Speaker 1: learn so that we can get better about this kind

1099
00:51:13,680 --> 00:51:17,600
Speaker 1: of stuff, because like rehydrated potatoes are not going to

1100
00:51:17,640 --> 00:51:21,239
Speaker 1: cut it for a lifetime. So in the next episode,

1101
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:23,720
Speaker 1: we'll talk more about the future of food and space.

1102
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:27,480
Speaker 2: I mean, even on airplane flights. The first approach, which

1103
00:51:27,560 --> 00:51:30,000
Speaker 2: is just like, get some food up there which is

1104
00:51:30,160 --> 00:51:32,680
Speaker 2: edible and not going to kill people. People are not

1105
00:51:32,719 --> 00:51:34,640
Speaker 2: cool with it, right, And this is why we now

1106
00:51:34,680 --> 00:51:38,400
Speaker 2: have pretty good food on airplanes because companies realize, like

1107
00:51:38,520 --> 00:51:41,360
Speaker 2: humans will always want good food, they will pay a

1108
00:51:41,400 --> 00:51:43,680
Speaker 2: little bit more to have good food. Even if you're

1109
00:51:43,719 --> 00:51:46,320
Speaker 2: just any air for a few hours. It's not okay

1110
00:51:46,560 --> 00:51:49,920
Speaker 2: to just squeeze something into your mouth to survive. It's

1111
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:53,400
Speaker 2: part of living and it's part of enjoying this extraordinary universe.

1112
00:51:53,640 --> 00:51:58,200
Speaker 1: Humans also want more leg room. Airlines take note, work

1113
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:02,200
Speaker 1: on that two planes. Even I'm that tall, all.

1114
00:52:02,160 --> 00:52:05,000
Speaker 2: Right, Airplane engineers work on more legroom. In the meantime,

1115
00:52:05,320 --> 00:52:08,960
Speaker 2: stay tuned for our next episode about food in space.

1116
00:52:15,880 --> 00:52:19,719
Speaker 1: Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe is produced by iHeartRadio. We

1117
00:52:19,760 --> 00:52:22,160
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1118
00:52:22,360 --> 00:52:25,080
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1119
00:52:25,280 --> 00:52:26,960
Speaker 2: extraordinary universe.

1120
00:52:27,080 --> 00:52:30,040
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1121
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1123
00:52:33,719 --> 00:52:37,200
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1124
00:52:37,280 --> 00:52:40,400
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1125
00:52:39,520 --> 00:52:41,600
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1126
00:52:41,680 --> 00:52:45,480
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1129
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