WEBVTT - Legs! Legs! Legs! (The Periodic Table) 0:00:01.120 --> 0:00:03.960 Here we are friends. The last episode of our Doing 0:00:04.080 --> 0:00:07.600 Science Playlist. It's been quite a ride, hasn't it. If 0:00:07.640 --> 0:00:10.200 you're super bummed about it ending, you can just start 0:00:10.240 --> 0:00:13.640 all over again. This episode on the Periodic Table, that 0:00:13.680 --> 0:00:16.239 we released just a couple of years ago, became one 0:00:16.239 --> 0:00:18.479 of my favorites because I had to give myself a 0:00:18.560 --> 0:00:21.200 crash course in chemistry, and I learned a ton of 0:00:21.200 --> 0:00:23.400 stuff that I never knew and probably never would have 0:00:23.480 --> 0:00:26.360 learned if we hadn't taken this one on. As you 0:00:26.360 --> 0:00:29.560 will hear, I got pretty jazzed about it. I hope 0:00:29.560 --> 0:00:32.560 this episode gets you jazzed about it too, And thanks 0:00:32.560 --> 0:00:34.680 a lot for spending some of your time with us 0:00:34.960 --> 0:00:37.839 listening to our Doing Science Playlist. We'll be back in 0:00:37.880 --> 0:00:43.120 September with another one. Until then, keep testing your predictions. 0:00:45.240 --> 0:00:51.520 Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio. 0:00:54.960 --> 0:00:57.600 Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's 0:00:57.720 --> 0:01:00.680 Chuck and Jerry's here too, And this is the We'll 0:01:00.720 --> 0:01:04.960 get through It edition of Stuff you Should Know about. 0:01:04.680 --> 0:01:05.600 The Periodic Team. 0:01:06.720 --> 0:01:09.039 Uh huh. I have other names for it. 0:01:10.160 --> 0:01:13.000 I'll bet you do. Can you say any of them? 0:01:13.200 --> 0:01:17.199 This is the only time I hate my job. Edition. Well, 0:01:17.640 --> 0:01:20.840 this is the now we can stop talking about the 0:01:20.840 --> 0:01:28.559 sun episode maybe edition and this is the my god, 0:01:28.640 --> 0:01:32.280 why do we ever do episodes on chemistry? Edition? I 0:01:32.319 --> 0:01:34.760 failed chemistry. It's the only thing I've ever failed was chemistry. 0:01:34.920 --> 0:01:37.480 I don't think I even ever took chemistry. To tell 0:01:37.480 --> 0:01:38.400 you the truth. 0:01:38.200 --> 0:01:40.959 Hey, he didn't fail it, right, I fail if you 0:01:40.959 --> 0:01:41.480 don't try. 0:01:41.920 --> 0:01:43.520 Yeah, that's my motto. 0:01:45.600 --> 0:01:48.280 Here's what I figured out about this, like driving myself 0:01:48.320 --> 0:01:52.760 mad trying to learn this stuff and understand it. There 0:01:52.840 --> 0:01:56.560 is a lot of people out there who have written 0:01:56.640 --> 0:02:00.600 articles and explainers on the stary that we're going to 0:02:00.640 --> 0:02:04.360 talk about, who literally don't know what they're talking about, 0:02:04.560 --> 0:02:07.320 and yet they're presenting their information like they do, and 0:02:07.360 --> 0:02:12.080 it's wrong and you can't understand it, or in cases 0:02:12.080 --> 0:02:14.799 where you can't understand it, it still doesn't fully answer 0:02:14.800 --> 0:02:18.000 the question. There's a lot of stuff out there like 0:02:18.080 --> 0:02:20.639 that on this especially as it gets more and more 0:02:20.800 --> 0:02:21.799 like ourcane. 0:02:22.040 --> 0:02:22.200 Right. 0:02:23.360 --> 0:02:26.560 There's a whole group of people out there, chemists, molecular chemists, 0:02:26.600 --> 0:02:30.320 physicists who understand this, but you can put them all 0:02:30.360 --> 0:02:34.120 together and they can't coherently explain any of it. To 0:02:34.200 --> 0:02:36.600 anybody else, they can just talk to one another like 0:02:36.639 --> 0:02:39.919 this where we are where us and everybody listening to 0:02:40.000 --> 0:02:42.760 this episode right now is stuck in the middle. We 0:02:42.880 --> 0:02:47.280 know enough that we can notice when somebody is wrong 0:02:47.520 --> 0:02:50.440 or not correct or doesn't know what they're talking about, 0:02:50.639 --> 0:02:54.000 but we don't know enough to understand what the actual 0:02:54.040 --> 0:02:56.760 scientists are saying and then come back and explain it. So, 0:02:57.919 --> 0:03:01.200 first of all, Breton cap off to Olivia for helping 0:03:01.240 --> 0:03:01.960 us with this one. 0:03:02.960 --> 0:03:05.200 Boy, Olivia should get a bonus for this one, quite 0:03:05.200 --> 0:03:05.959 frank for sure. 0:03:06.120 --> 0:03:08.600 And then second we might have to edit that out 0:03:08.639 --> 0:03:13.560 to right the secondly we can we're smart enough to 0:03:13.880 --> 0:03:19.400 get all this across we are, but we're also transparent 0:03:19.520 --> 0:03:21.880 enough to admit when we're like, we don't understand this part. 0:03:22.400 --> 0:03:25.440 Yeah, I mean there's a few parts I still don't get. Uh. 0:03:26.240 --> 0:03:30.799 I imagine. The good news is I imagine that maybe about 0:03:31.040 --> 0:03:33.919 twenty percent of our listenership is even hearing this right now. 0:03:34.600 --> 0:03:37.360 I hope more than that, because it's really interesting stuff. 0:03:38.000 --> 0:03:41.160 Would you click on something called how the periodic table works? 0:03:41.200 --> 0:03:42.920 Well, we're gonna have to come up with something else. 0:03:43.120 --> 0:03:45.840 I think we'll call this one legs legs, legs. 0:03:48.600 --> 0:03:54.800 Colon, tiny lettering, periodic table exactly the sex episode. 0:03:55.480 --> 0:03:58.760 Right, we'll see, we'll trick them into listening to it. 0:03:59.560 --> 0:04:02.200 All right, I know I can get some of this 0:04:02.240 --> 0:04:04.360 at the beginning, So if you'll allow me to talk 0:04:04.360 --> 0:04:08.119 about one of the only parts I understand, sure, all right, great, 0:04:08.160 --> 0:04:09.880 I'll kick it off because we have to set the 0:04:09.920 --> 0:04:14.760 stage sort of for pre periodic table construction, which is 0:04:14.800 --> 0:04:18.560 to say that early I'm sorry, late in the eighteenth century, 0:04:18.680 --> 0:04:27.159 we were working from sciences, working from the Aristotolian Aristotelian. Yeah, 0:04:27.560 --> 0:04:33.320 that's to say aristotle system, which we've talked about some recently, 0:04:33.360 --> 0:04:36.200 which is, hey, we got four elements fire, earth, water, 0:04:36.279 --> 0:04:39.360 and air. And then after that science became a little 0:04:39.360 --> 0:04:41.920 more nuanced, and they're like, hey, actually we think there 0:04:41.920 --> 0:04:46.320 are more things out there, more building blocks, and maybe 0:04:46.320 --> 0:04:49.479 we can distinguish them from one another and categorize them, 0:04:49.960 --> 0:04:52.960 maybe based on their mass. And this was sort of 0:04:53.000 --> 0:04:57.240 the scene when in eighteen oh four, oddly an English 0:04:57.279 --> 0:05:01.480 school teacher who was also a researcher named John Dall said, 0:05:01.800 --> 0:05:06.560 all right, things are made up of smaller things, maybe 0:05:06.640 --> 0:05:10.120 these which is not new like for you know, ancient cultures. 0:05:10.200 --> 0:05:12.599 We're even talking about things being up of smaller things. 0:05:12.760 --> 0:05:15.600 Yeah, we talked about democritis in that episode, about things 0:05:15.640 --> 0:05:17.359 we believe before the scientific method. 0:05:17.760 --> 0:05:20.680 Totally, that's exactly where it was. He said things are 0:05:20.680 --> 0:05:24.680 made up maybe of like these little, tiny, indestructible, indivisible atoms. 0:05:25.560 --> 0:05:27.600 He got a lot of that wrong, but one thing 0:05:27.640 --> 0:05:33.400 he got right was the idea that no, two elements 0:05:33.440 --> 0:05:35.400 that we know about so far, which were not very 0:05:35.400 --> 0:05:38.680 many at all at that point, can have an identical 0:05:38.760 --> 0:05:41.760 mass and all the atoms of that element have the 0:05:41.800 --> 0:05:44.800 same mass, which also wasn't quite right, but at the 0:05:44.880 --> 0:05:46.000 time it was right. 0:05:46.560 --> 0:05:48.360 Yeah, because you got to give it up to these guys. 0:05:48.360 --> 0:05:51.559 When we're like I analyzing elements and atoms and stuff 0:05:51.600 --> 0:05:56.800 today we're using like spectrometry and particle accelerators and doing 0:05:56.839 --> 0:05:58.000 all sorts of amazing stuff. 0:05:58.120 --> 0:05:58.920 These guys are. 0:05:58.800 --> 0:06:03.679 Like burning things this is eighteen four, boiling them in acid. Yeah, 0:06:03.720 --> 0:06:06.160 Like they were doing all the stuff that a high 0:06:06.200 --> 0:06:10.040 school chemistry teacher does to demonstrate chemistry. That's what they 0:06:10.040 --> 0:06:13.760 were doing to actually isolate elements and like weigh them. 0:06:14.040 --> 0:06:16.880 They were weighing things like oxygen, Like they figured out 0:06:16.880 --> 0:06:21.159 that if you take a leader of oxygen, you will 0:06:21.160 --> 0:06:23.599 find that it weighs one point five grams. No matter 0:06:24.080 --> 0:06:26.000 where in the world you weigh it, it's going to 0:06:26.000 --> 0:06:28.320 weigh one point five grams. Like that's what these people 0:06:28.360 --> 0:06:30.719 were doing. Can you capture a leader of oxygen? 0:06:30.920 --> 0:06:32.080 I can't so. 0:06:32.240 --> 0:06:34.840 I mean, like what they were doing was the hardcore 0:06:35.120 --> 0:06:40.039 like bloody up, like roll up your sleeves kind of chemistry. 0:06:40.839 --> 0:06:44.280 Like apparently it was like one of the biggest scientific 0:06:44.320 --> 0:06:48.400 pushes of the nineteenth century was identifying elements, and John 0:06:48.480 --> 0:06:52.360 Dalton was the first to say, Hey, some of these 0:06:52.440 --> 0:06:55.000 I think we can kind of like try to organize 0:06:55.000 --> 0:06:58.679 them a little bit. And Dalton didn't discover any elements, 0:06:58.680 --> 0:07:00.800 from what I understand, he was the first one to 0:07:00.839 --> 0:07:03.760 come up with atomic theory in the modern age and 0:07:03.880 --> 0:07:07.880 try to start ordering them based on atomic weight. 0:07:08.520 --> 0:07:12.040 Yeah, exactly. It wasn't quite the periodic table yet, but 0:07:12.160 --> 0:07:15.760 it was a precursor foresure. And his very first version 0:07:15.760 --> 0:07:18.480 in eighteen oh three only had the five elements that 0:07:18.480 --> 0:07:23.120 we knew about at the time hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, 0:07:23.200 --> 0:07:26.480 and sulfur. Nitrogen was known as I think we said 0:07:26.480 --> 0:07:30.160 this in another episode the Azote or is it azote? 0:07:30.320 --> 0:07:35.400 I guess okay azote. His second list just five years 0:07:35.480 --> 0:07:37.640 later was up to twenty elements, and then twenty four 0:07:37.680 --> 0:07:40.440 years later, by eighteen twenty seven that list was up 0:07:40.480 --> 0:07:46.440 to thirty six. And as science was progressing, they started 0:07:46.440 --> 0:07:51.520 noticing patterns, and they started noticing sort of intervals where 0:07:51.840 --> 0:07:55.440 things would repeat themselves, such that all of a sudden, 0:07:55.480 --> 0:07:59.400 A German chemist named Johann Wolfgong in eighteen twenty nine said, well, 0:07:59.440 --> 0:08:02.720 wait a minute, we're noticing these patterns, and some of 0:08:02.760 --> 0:08:07.040 these things are the same, Like if you look at lithium, sodium, potassium, 0:08:07.880 --> 0:08:10.600 they have very similar properties and we might can group 0:08:10.640 --> 0:08:14.119 those together, and those three in the modern periodic table 0:08:14.480 --> 0:08:17.640 are grouped together in the same column. So he was 0:08:17.720 --> 0:08:19.560 right on the money as far as that idea. 0:08:20.200 --> 0:08:23.080 Yeah, And I mean, we as humans are obsessed with 0:08:23.200 --> 0:08:27.480 finding patterns and things, and like discovering a latent pattern 0:08:27.560 --> 0:08:30.080 in nature. I mean, there's few things more exciting than that. 0:08:30.400 --> 0:08:32.520 So these guys were looking for patterns even in places 0:08:32.520 --> 0:08:37.320 where they didn't necessarily exist, maybe maneuvering things where they 0:08:37.360 --> 0:08:38.320 should or shouldn't be. 0:08:39.320 --> 0:08:40.240 Some people took some. 0:08:40.160 --> 0:08:43.080 Cracks at it to try to to try to kind 0:08:43.080 --> 0:08:46.280 of organize these elements by pattern, but they ran into 0:08:46.280 --> 0:08:49.360 some problems. One was the chemistry wasn't as exact as 0:08:49.400 --> 0:08:53.160 it needed to be to really organize stuff. There were 0:08:53.800 --> 0:08:56.000 elements that hadn't been discovered yet, so there are big 0:08:56.040 --> 0:08:58.600 missing chunks, but they didn't necessarily know they are big 0:08:58.600 --> 0:09:01.160 missing chunks, but they were We're on the right track. 0:09:01.480 --> 0:09:04.440 That you could order these things one way or another, 0:09:04.520 --> 0:09:08.640 and when you did, they would start showing patterns periodicity. 0:09:09.040 --> 0:09:13.520 Periodic table means that there are periods or patterns that 0:09:13.600 --> 0:09:17.439 repeat themselves depending on how you organize these elements. 0:09:17.840 --> 0:09:25.480 Yeah, and the modern periodic table that we know and loathe. Sorry, 0:09:26.720 --> 0:09:31.400 I loath that thing that they pull down in science class, 0:09:31.520 --> 0:09:35.200 that you know, teenagers just blankly stare at, not knowing 0:09:35.240 --> 0:09:38.080 what the heck they're looking at. But it's pretty sure 0:09:38.400 --> 0:09:43.320 if you say so. We owe that to a Russian 0:09:43.360 --> 0:09:48.720 chemist named Dimitri Mendelev, and Mendelev in eighteen sixty nine 0:09:48.800 --> 0:09:52.760 was working on the very first Russian language organic chemistry 0:09:52.880 --> 0:09:55.960 textbook in eighteen sixty nine and said, you know what, 0:09:56.040 --> 0:09:58.920 we have sixty three elements. At this point, I think 0:09:58.960 --> 0:10:04.120 we can or organize these and he did so he 0:10:04.240 --> 0:10:09.320 arranged things in columns. He had to reorder some things 0:10:09.400 --> 0:10:13.040 from the previous order. So he's like, maybe we shouldn't 0:10:13.120 --> 0:10:15.640 organize just by atomic mass, maybe we should order them 0:10:15.679 --> 0:10:19.520 into these similarities and how they behave. And the big, 0:10:19.559 --> 0:10:24.960 big thing that Mendelev landed on was leaving gaps where 0:10:25.160 --> 0:10:27.959 he saw gaps and instead of just you know, buttoning 0:10:27.960 --> 0:10:30.400 it up and making it look a certain way, he said, 0:10:30.440 --> 0:10:32.480 I'm going to leave a gap here. And this is 0:10:32.520 --> 0:10:35.720 actually what kind of proved his worth in the fact 0:10:35.760 --> 0:10:37.480 that he was really on the right track, because in 0:10:37.520 --> 0:10:42.320 the fifteen years following him leaving those gaps, three elements 0:10:42.360 --> 0:10:45.000 were discovered that fit those very gaps that he had 0:10:45.080 --> 0:10:47.400 left perfectly, like a little puzzle piece. 0:10:47.600 --> 0:10:51.000 It's like the molecular chemistry version of Babe Ruth calling 0:10:51.000 --> 0:10:54.800 a shot. Yeah, basically essentially, So like when it turned 0:10:54.800 --> 0:10:57.079 out in the next fifteen years, they found those elements 0:10:57.320 --> 0:11:00.480 that did not only fill those spots, but they had 0:11:00.520 --> 0:11:05.200 properties that Mendeleev predicted they would like. He was like, 0:11:05.240 --> 0:11:08.520 they were like, you did, really, good guy. He also 0:11:08.559 --> 0:11:11.160 predicted some other ones that didn't come true, but everybody 0:11:11.280 --> 0:11:14.520 was just like, whatever, it's fine. So that was like 0:11:14.640 --> 0:11:17.200 the model that everybody used from that point on, and 0:11:17.240 --> 0:11:20.000 it's the classic model that we see today, where it's 0:11:20.120 --> 0:11:22.880 kind of like a castle with turrets on either side, 0:11:22.920 --> 0:11:25.480 and you know, the the brick in the middle, and 0:11:25.520 --> 0:11:27.760 then there's like a couple of rows below that are 0:11:27.760 --> 0:11:31.680 a mote if you squint hard enough. Yeah, that's Mendeleev 0:11:31.720 --> 0:11:33.960 who came up with that whole thing. And the way 0:11:34.000 --> 0:11:36.480 that they're arranged is not by atomic mass but by 0:11:36.559 --> 0:11:40.679 atomic number. That's why if you look, and we should 0:11:40.679 --> 0:11:42.520 probably say, the way you read the periodic table is 0:11:42.520 --> 0:11:45.560 from left to right and to bottom right. So the 0:11:45.559 --> 0:11:48.920 whole thing starts in the top left with number one hydrogen. 0:11:49.120 --> 0:11:51.520 And the reason it's number one is because it has 0:11:51.679 --> 0:11:55.600 one best that's right, it has one proton, chuck, and 0:11:55.640 --> 0:11:58.360 because there's one proton in its stable format, has one 0:11:58.400 --> 0:12:01.080 electron and all that's going to be important in a minute. 0:12:01.480 --> 0:12:04.200 That's right. I mean, sure, we go ahead and take 0:12:04.240 --> 0:12:05.600 a break. I feel like that was kind of good 0:12:05.640 --> 0:12:08.720 setup material. Sure, all right, we'll take a break and 0:12:08.800 --> 0:12:11.880 we'll be right back with more things to enlighten you 0:12:11.960 --> 0:12:40.240 and numb you. All right, So the modern periodic table. 0:12:41.000 --> 0:12:44.160 I think where was Mendelev He had sixty three on 0:12:44.280 --> 0:12:47.600 his first Yeah, sixty three known elements at the time 0:12:47.960 --> 0:12:52.000 on his first stab. The modern periodic table right now 0:12:52.000 --> 0:12:54.880 stands at one hundred and eighteen, and I think they've 0:12:54.880 --> 0:12:58.480 already said they think possibly maybe one day it may 0:12:58.760 --> 0:13:03.080 top out at one seventy. We'll see, we'll see. But 0:13:03.160 --> 0:13:06.520 that's sort of you know, the thinking, the logic. But 0:13:06.600 --> 0:13:08.720 right now we're at one hundred and eighteen elements that 0:13:08.760 --> 0:13:14.320 we know about. It includes on the chart the name 0:13:14.400 --> 0:13:18.679 of the element. They're usually a one or two letter symbol, 0:13:19.000 --> 0:13:22.360 which is almost always short for the name. But in 0:13:22.400 --> 0:13:24.560 a case of gold, like when you see AU for 0:13:24.640 --> 0:13:26.640 gold and you're like, what the heck is that all about? 0:13:26.920 --> 0:13:29.280 That just means it's based on the original Latin for 0:13:29.400 --> 0:13:33.880 gold rum. And they are placed, like you said before 0:13:33.920 --> 0:13:37.640 the break, in order of their atomic number, which represents 0:13:37.679 --> 0:13:41.480 the protons in each atom, and that is what makes 0:13:41.520 --> 0:13:47.079 that each element unique. Over those seven rows aka periods 0:13:47.120 --> 0:13:49.800 and eighteen numbered columns aka groups. 0:13:50.640 --> 0:13:54.719 Yeah, so the rows across horizontally, those are the periods. 0:13:54.760 --> 0:13:57.400 And like you said, it's really important to remember if 0:13:57.400 --> 0:14:00.000 you take a proton and add it to an element. 0:14:00.520 --> 0:14:03.080 You don't have like a variation on the element. You 0:14:03.120 --> 0:14:06.360 have an entirely new element. Everything else you can mess 0:14:06.400 --> 0:14:09.640 around with fudge, mess with the neutrons, mess with the electrons. 0:14:09.720 --> 0:14:11.640 If you add a proton or take away a proton, 0:14:11.720 --> 0:14:13.920 you got a totally different element, which is why you 0:14:13.960 --> 0:14:16.400 can order them by their atomic number number one with 0:14:16.480 --> 0:14:21.840 hydrogen number two, helium which has two protons, and so 0:14:21.920 --> 0:14:23.960 on and so forth. When you see that little number 0:14:23.960 --> 0:14:26.760 in the top left of the square for that element, 0:14:26.960 --> 0:14:31.520 that's how many protons it has. But again, as we'll see, 0:14:31.880 --> 0:14:36.680 if we're talking about on the periodic table, stable atoms, 0:14:37.320 --> 0:14:40.120 that means that they don't have an electric charge. They're neutral, 0:14:40.520 --> 0:14:43.120 and that means that they have an even number of 0:14:43.160 --> 0:14:48.640 protons and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, 0:14:48.760 --> 0:14:50.920 and if you have one in one, they cancel each 0:14:50.920 --> 0:14:53.040 other off, two and two they cancel each other off, 0:14:53.160 --> 0:14:56.240 or at the very least they make the electric charge neutral. 0:14:57.280 --> 0:15:01.280 All right, So if you're looking, if you've brought up 0:15:01.280 --> 0:15:03.800 a picture by now of the periodic table because you 0:15:03.840 --> 0:15:05.800 really want to follow along, Yeah, that's a good evolve. 0:15:06.360 --> 0:15:09.560 God bless you. For doing such a thing. And secondly 0:15:09.640 --> 0:15:11.600 you might say, well, wait a minute, chuck, what are 0:15:11.640 --> 0:15:15.680 those what's that thing underneath everything? We will get to 0:15:15.760 --> 0:15:18.360 this in a minute, But those fourteen short columns underneath 0:15:18.440 --> 0:15:21.800 is called the F block, and those are the seventh 0:15:21.880 --> 0:15:25.960 and eighth periods aka rows that are detached and those 0:15:25.960 --> 0:15:29.840 are unnumbered rows, whereas the other rows are numbered through eighteen. 0:15:30.160 --> 0:15:33.880 So put a pin in the F block all elements 0:15:33.920 --> 0:15:36.480 within a period, and again that is the row. If 0:15:36.520 --> 0:15:39.480 you're looking horizontal, all the elements on each row have 0:15:39.600 --> 0:15:43.680 the same number of electron shells. And when you think 0:15:43.720 --> 0:15:46.560 about that in your mind's eye, you're probably picturing how 0:15:46.600 --> 0:15:49.000 we think of that in our mind's eye because of 0:15:49.120 --> 0:15:52.440 chemistry class and science class, which is, you know, a 0:15:52.440 --> 0:15:57.440 circle around in atom's nucleus that holds electrons. 0:15:56.920 --> 0:15:57.920 Right like in orbit. 0:15:58.240 --> 0:16:02.280 That's Neil's Boor's contribution, although he made plenty of contributions, 0:16:02.280 --> 0:16:04.440 but the whole idea that we have of the atom 0:16:05.080 --> 0:16:09.560 being consisting of like a nucleus that's kind of like 0:16:09.600 --> 0:16:12.840 the sun and electrons orbit orbiting around it like planets, 0:16:13.320 --> 0:16:18.480 that's thanks to Neil's bore and the actual orbit. Let's 0:16:18.480 --> 0:16:21.160 say you have just one circle around the nucleus. 0:16:21.520 --> 0:16:22.200 That's a shell. 0:16:22.400 --> 0:16:25.440 It's one shell, at another one that's the second shell, 0:16:25.480 --> 0:16:28.120 at another one that's the third shell, and they actually 0:16:28.160 --> 0:16:32.080 fill up in order. So when you follow along across 0:16:32.160 --> 0:16:37.120 the rows, the horizontal rows called periods on the periodic table, 0:16:37.680 --> 0:16:40.440 all of those in that row have the same number 0:16:40.480 --> 0:16:43.280 of shells one shell, and the second shell, and the 0:16:43.320 --> 0:16:45.360 third shell and the fourth shell. And as you go down, 0:16:45.880 --> 0:16:51.200 each row has the all the shells that the ones 0:16:51.240 --> 0:16:53.720 above it had, and now they've added another shell because 0:16:53.760 --> 0:16:55.800 their other shells are full of electrons. 0:16:56.440 --> 0:16:58.520 Right, So if you look at periodic table, get out 0:16:58.520 --> 0:17:01.840 your little picture and you look at that first row 0:17:02.000 --> 0:17:06.640 or period, that means it just has one shell capable 0:17:06.720 --> 0:17:10.280 of holding up to two electrons, and so that's why 0:17:10.280 --> 0:17:13.880 there are only two elements there. Hydrogen usually has one 0:17:13.880 --> 0:17:17.880 electron and helium, which normally has two. And then you 0:17:17.920 --> 0:17:20.680 go down from there, the second and third shells can 0:17:20.720 --> 0:17:23.720 hold up to eight electrons. So those second and third 0:17:23.800 --> 0:17:26.800 rows are each going to have eight elements, and so on. 0:17:26.880 --> 0:17:29.239 For the fourth and fifth it's eighteen. The sixth and 0:17:29.280 --> 0:17:33.480 seventh hold thirty two, and so there are thirty two 0:17:33.520 --> 0:17:35.920 elements on the six and seventh rows. 0:17:36.560 --> 0:17:39.880 Just to demonstrate a little further. So helium has two 0:17:39.960 --> 0:17:44.320 electrons in that one shell. Helium's full. The first element 0:17:44.400 --> 0:17:47.879 on the next row that has a second shell, that's lithium. 0:17:48.160 --> 0:17:51.879 Lithium has two electrons in its first shell that's full, 0:17:52.040 --> 0:17:54.080 but it has an extra electron. So now it's added 0:17:54.119 --> 0:17:57.320 another shell, the second shell to how's that first electron. 0:17:57.480 --> 0:17:59.040 And you go all the way down to the very 0:17:59.200 --> 0:18:02.439 end of that row that lithium starts, and you find neon. 0:18:02.880 --> 0:18:06.360 Neon has ten Its first shell of two is full 0:18:06.359 --> 0:18:08.439 of electrons. It's second shell they can hold up to 0:18:08.440 --> 0:18:11.840 eight is full, so it has ten total electrons. This 0:18:11.960 --> 0:18:15.000 is what the periods are showing us the number of shells, 0:18:15.280 --> 0:18:17.960 and then eventually in a second will know the number 0:18:17.960 --> 0:18:19.760 of electrons that can fill those shells. 0:18:20.480 --> 0:18:22.400 That's right, And the periods of the rows. We're gonna 0:18:22.400 --> 0:18:25.840 say that a thousand times. Groups are columns, periods are rows, 0:18:25.920 --> 0:18:28.640 because if if there's one takeaway from this whole thing, 0:18:29.480 --> 0:18:31.680 you can at least look smart. And when you walk 0:18:31.720 --> 0:18:34.000 into a room with a periodic table chart and say 0:18:34.400 --> 0:18:36.199 and someone says, what are those rows and columns, and 0:18:36.240 --> 0:18:38.760 you can say, do you mean groups and periods? 0:18:39.040 --> 0:18:40.959 Yeah, And then really quickly after that, look at you're 0:18:40.960 --> 0:18:42.600 watching and be like, look at the time, I'm late, 0:18:42.760 --> 0:18:44.560 and run out of the room so that there's no 0:18:44.640 --> 0:18:45.640 follow up questions. 0:18:45.760 --> 0:18:47.800 Yeah, and make a U shaped hole in the wall, 0:18:48.640 --> 0:18:52.080 not the letter you, but a YOU shaped Yeah. Nice, 0:18:52.119 --> 0:18:52.840 did that come through? 0:18:53.040 --> 0:18:54.719 Sure it did once you spell it. 0:18:56.320 --> 0:18:58.120 The groups are what we're going to talk about next, 0:18:58.119 --> 0:19:01.240 and those are the columns. And this is where Mendelev 0:19:02.200 --> 0:19:07.159 realized these patterns were coming into play. And once you know, 0:19:07.280 --> 0:19:10.720 sub atomic theory came about and we started being able 0:19:10.760 --> 0:19:13.240 to drill down further and further, we started to be 0:19:13.280 --> 0:19:16.919 able to get way more Specificah. So these patterns in 0:19:16.960 --> 0:19:19.880 these rhythms on the columns are based on the number 0:19:19.920 --> 0:19:23.960 of valence electrons for each element, which means how many 0:19:24.040 --> 0:19:27.359 electrons you would normally find in that outermost shell. 0:19:28.080 --> 0:19:28.280 Yeah. 0:19:28.320 --> 0:19:30.800 And the outermost shell is important, Chuck, because that's where 0:19:30.800 --> 0:19:35.159 all the action happens. That's when atoms bond together to 0:19:35.160 --> 0:19:39.520 make new molecules. That's where the attraction or repulsion happens. 0:19:39.560 --> 0:19:43.800 Like that is the that's the active shell. All the 0:19:43.840 --> 0:19:46.240 other shells are full. And when a shell is full, 0:19:46.400 --> 0:19:48.639 it's basically content. It just wants to sit there. It 0:19:48.640 --> 0:19:51.800 wants to be left alone. But if that outermost shell 0:19:51.920 --> 0:19:54.840 isn't full, then it's ready for some action. It's got 0:19:54.880 --> 0:19:57.439 its leather jacket on, it's got its dice in its pocket, 0:19:57.440 --> 0:20:01.720 maybe a switchblade, and it's looking for trump. Yeah, so 0:20:01.960 --> 0:20:04.600 more than more than I think even rows, like all 0:20:04.640 --> 0:20:07.800 of the elements that are in a row, remember horizontal 0:20:07.840 --> 0:20:11.280 across a period. They're related because they all have the 0:20:11.320 --> 0:20:13.719 same shell, the same number of shells one, two, three, four, 0:20:13.800 --> 0:20:17.439 and so on the groups up and down the columns. 0:20:17.960 --> 0:20:21.479 They're more related really because they have the same number 0:20:21.840 --> 0:20:24.720 of electrons in the outermost shell. They can have a 0:20:24.720 --> 0:20:27.560 bunch of different numbers of shells, like for example, I 0:20:27.560 --> 0:20:32.919 think floorine can have five shells but only one electron 0:20:33.240 --> 0:20:36.199 in that that outermost shell, and or it could have 0:20:36.240 --> 0:20:39.560 one shell and just have one electron in that outermost shell, 0:20:39.640 --> 0:20:43.639 like a hydrogen. And they're more related because they'll they'll 0:20:43.720 --> 0:20:48.000 react to other things more than they would if they 0:20:48.000 --> 0:20:49.600 had different numbers of electrons. 0:20:50.760 --> 0:20:53.760 Yeah, we can add something to something. You should remember 0:20:53.760 --> 0:20:55.840 because this will make you look even one step smarter 0:20:55.960 --> 0:20:57.520 before you run out of the room through the wall, 0:20:58.480 --> 0:21:02.600 just say, oh, yeah, you know, it's organized into periods 0:21:02.600 --> 0:21:04.399 and groups, and the periods of the rows and the 0:21:04.400 --> 0:21:07.320 groups of the columns in if you ask me the 0:21:07.520 --> 0:21:12.520 columns aka groups, that's really where it's at. They're more related, 0:21:13.000 --> 0:21:15.280 they're more related. And then you run through the wall. 0:21:16.040 --> 0:21:17.880 Right, So let me give you an example here. 0:21:17.880 --> 0:21:19.879 Okay, all right, this is if you want to really, 0:21:19.920 --> 0:21:22.119 really really be smart, you remember. 0:21:21.800 --> 0:21:25.080 This, right, If you have your periodic table out, really honestly, 0:21:25.320 --> 0:21:27.919 it will make this whole thing so much easier. But 0:21:28.000 --> 0:21:29.840 if you look all the way down to the second 0:21:30.680 --> 0:21:34.439 group from the right that starts with fluorine. If you 0:21:34.560 --> 0:21:39.199 look at florine that has I think nine electrons and 0:21:39.240 --> 0:21:41.359 it's in period two, so we know that it has 0:21:41.760 --> 0:21:44.800 two shells. So we know that it has two electrons 0:21:44.800 --> 0:21:47.919 in its first shell, so it must have seven electrons 0:21:47.920 --> 0:21:51.359 in its extra shell or a second shell. And since 0:21:51.400 --> 0:21:53.720 we know that the second shell can hold eight a, 0:21:53.920 --> 0:21:58.280 there's one little irritating gap and it wants to fill it. 0:21:58.800 --> 0:22:02.119 So fluorine is super due reactive. On the other hand, 0:22:02.359 --> 0:22:05.840 you've got things like potassium, it has only one electron 0:22:05.880 --> 0:22:09.040 and it's our most shell, and it wants to actually 0:22:09.119 --> 0:22:12.440 get rid of that electron because I think I said earlier, 0:22:12.760 --> 0:22:16.320 when a shell is full, the atom is content and happy. 0:22:16.400 --> 0:22:18.280 It doesn't want to do anything with anybody. 0:22:18.760 --> 0:22:19.640 If it just has. 0:22:19.520 --> 0:22:22.439 One left over, like one hole or one electron, it 0:22:22.480 --> 0:22:24.679 either wants to get rid of that one electron so 0:22:24.720 --> 0:22:26.919 that it can lose that shell and go down to 0:22:26.960 --> 0:22:29.400 the next shell which is full, or it can fill 0:22:29.400 --> 0:22:32.240 its shell like fluorine wants to with an extra electron. 0:22:32.440 --> 0:22:35.520 Either way, they're super reactive, and it all happens in 0:22:35.560 --> 0:22:39.280