1
00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:03,960
Speaker 1: Here we are friends. The last episode of our Doing

2
00:00:04,080 --> 00:00:07,600
Speaker 1: Science Playlist. It's been quite a ride, hasn't it. If

3
00:00:07,640 --> 00:00:10,200
Speaker 1: you're super bummed about it ending, you can just start

4
00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:13,640
Speaker 1: all over again. This episode on the Periodic Table, that

5
00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,239
Speaker 1: we released just a couple of years ago, became one

6
00:00:16,239 --> 00:00:18,479
Speaker 1: of my favorites because I had to give myself a

7
00:00:18,560 --> 00:00:21,200
Speaker 1: crash course in chemistry, and I learned a ton of

8
00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:23,400
Speaker 1: stuff that I never knew and probably never would have

9
00:00:23,480 --> 00:00:26,360
Speaker 1: learned if we hadn't taken this one on. As you

10
00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:29,560
Speaker 1: will hear, I got pretty jazzed about it. I hope

11
00:00:29,560 --> 00:00:32,560
Speaker 1: this episode gets you jazzed about it too, And thanks

12
00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:34,680
Speaker 1: a lot for spending some of your time with us

13
00:00:34,960 --> 00:00:37,839
Speaker 1: listening to our Doing Science Playlist. We'll be back in

14
00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:43,120
Speaker 1: September with another one. Until then, keep testing your predictions.

15
00:00:45,240 --> 00:00:51,520
Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.

16
00:00:54,960 --> 00:00:57,600
Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's

17
00:00:57,720 --> 00:01:00,680
Speaker 1: Chuck and Jerry's here too, And this is the We'll

18
00:01:00,720 --> 00:01:04,960
Speaker 1: get through It edition of Stuff you Should Know about.

19
00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:05,600
Speaker 3: The Periodic Team.

20
00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:09,039
Speaker 2: Uh huh. I have other names for it.

21
00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:13,000
Speaker 3: I'll bet you do. Can you say any of them?

22
00:01:13,200 --> 00:01:17,199
Speaker 2: This is the only time I hate my job. Edition. Well,

23
00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:20,840
Speaker 2: this is the now we can stop talking about the

24
00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:28,559
Speaker 2: sun episode maybe edition and this is the my god,

25
00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:32,280
Speaker 2: why do we ever do episodes on chemistry? Edition? I

26
00:01:32,319 --> 00:01:34,760
Speaker 2: failed chemistry. It's the only thing I've ever failed was chemistry.

27
00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:37,480
Speaker 1: I don't think I even ever took chemistry. To tell

28
00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:38,400
Speaker 1: you the truth.

29
00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:40,959
Speaker 2: Hey, he didn't fail it, right, I fail if you

30
00:01:40,959 --> 00:01:41,480
Speaker 2: don't try.

31
00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:43,520
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's my motto.

32
00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:48,280
Speaker 1: Here's what I figured out about this, like driving myself

33
00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:52,760
Speaker 1: mad trying to learn this stuff and understand it. There

34
00:01:52,840 --> 00:01:56,560
Speaker 1: is a lot of people out there who have written

35
00:01:56,640 --> 00:02:00,600
Speaker 1: articles and explainers on the stary that we're going to

36
00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:04,360
Speaker 1: talk about, who literally don't know what they're talking about,

37
00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:07,320
Speaker 1: and yet they're presenting their information like they do, and

38
00:02:07,360 --> 00:02:12,080
Speaker 1: it's wrong and you can't understand it, or in cases

39
00:02:12,080 --> 00:02:14,799
Speaker 1: where you can't understand it, it still doesn't fully answer

40
00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:18,000
Speaker 1: the question. There's a lot of stuff out there like

41
00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:20,639
Speaker 1: that on this especially as it gets more and more

42
00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:21,799
Speaker 1: like ourcane.

43
00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:22,200
Speaker 3: Right.

44
00:02:23,360 --> 00:02:26,560
Speaker 1: There's a whole group of people out there, chemists, molecular chemists,

45
00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:30,320
Speaker 1: physicists who understand this, but you can put them all

46
00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:34,120
Speaker 1: together and they can't coherently explain any of it. To

47
00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:36,600
Speaker 1: anybody else, they can just talk to one another like

48
00:02:36,639 --> 00:02:39,919
Speaker 1: this where we are where us and everybody listening to

49
00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:42,760
Speaker 1: this episode right now is stuck in the middle. We

50
00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:47,280
Speaker 1: know enough that we can notice when somebody is wrong

51
00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:50,440
Speaker 1: or not correct or doesn't know what they're talking about,

52
00:02:50,639 --> 00:02:54,000
Speaker 1: but we don't know enough to understand what the actual

53
00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:56,760
Speaker 1: scientists are saying and then come back and explain it. So,

54
00:02:57,919 --> 00:03:01,200
Speaker 1: first of all, Breton cap off to Olivia for helping

55
00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:01,960
Speaker 1: us with this one.

56
00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:05,200
Speaker 2: Boy, Olivia should get a bonus for this one, quite

57
00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:05,959
Speaker 2: frank for sure.

58
00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:08,600
Speaker 1: And then second we might have to edit that out

59
00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:13,560
Speaker 1: to right the secondly we can we're smart enough to

60
00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:19,400
Speaker 1: get all this across we are, but we're also transparent

61
00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:21,880
Speaker 1: enough to admit when we're like, we don't understand this part.

62
00:03:22,400 --> 00:03:25,440
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean there's a few parts I still don't get. Uh.

63
00:03:26,240 --> 00:03:30,799
Speaker 2: I imagine. The good news is I imagine that maybe about

64
00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:33,919
Speaker 2: twenty percent of our listenership is even hearing this right now.

65
00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:37,360
Speaker 1: I hope more than that, because it's really interesting stuff.

66
00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:41,160
Speaker 2: Would you click on something called how the periodic table works?

67
00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:42,920
Speaker 1: Well, we're gonna have to come up with something else.

68
00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:45,840
Speaker 1: I think we'll call this one legs legs, legs.

69
00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:54,800
Speaker 2: Colon, tiny lettering, periodic table exactly the sex episode.

70
00:03:55,480 --> 00:03:58,760
Speaker 1: Right, we'll see, we'll trick them into listening to it.

71
00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:02,200
Speaker 2: All right, I know I can get some of this

72
00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:04,360
Speaker 2: at the beginning, So if you'll allow me to talk

73
00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:08,119
Speaker 2: about one of the only parts I understand, sure, all right, great,

74
00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:09,880
Speaker 2: I'll kick it off because we have to set the

75
00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:14,760
Speaker 2: stage sort of for pre periodic table construction, which is

76
00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:18,560
Speaker 2: to say that early I'm sorry, late in the eighteenth century,

77
00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:27,159
Speaker 2: we were working from sciences, working from the Aristotolian Aristotelian. Yeah,

78
00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:33,320
Speaker 2: that's to say aristotle system, which we've talked about some recently,

79
00:04:33,360 --> 00:04:36,200
Speaker 2: which is, hey, we got four elements fire, earth, water,

80
00:04:36,279 --> 00:04:39,360
Speaker 2: and air. And then after that science became a little

81
00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:41,920
Speaker 2: more nuanced, and they're like, hey, actually we think there

82
00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:46,320
Speaker 2: are more things out there, more building blocks, and maybe

83
00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:49,479
Speaker 2: we can distinguish them from one another and categorize them,

84
00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:52,960
Speaker 2: maybe based on their mass. And this was sort of

85
00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:57,240
Speaker 2: the scene when in eighteen oh four, oddly an English

86
00:04:57,279 --> 00:05:01,480
Speaker 2: school teacher who was also a researcher named John Dall said,

87
00:05:01,800 --> 00:05:06,560
Speaker 2: all right, things are made up of smaller things, maybe

88
00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:10,120
Speaker 2: these which is not new like for you know, ancient cultures.

89
00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:12,599
Speaker 2: We're even talking about things being up of smaller things.

90
00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:15,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, we talked about democritis in that episode, about things

91
00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:17,359
Speaker 1: we believe before the scientific method.

92
00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:20,680
Speaker 2: Totally, that's exactly where it was. He said things are

93
00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,680
Speaker 2: made up maybe of like these little, tiny, indestructible, indivisible atoms.

94
00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:27,600
Speaker 2: He got a lot of that wrong, but one thing

95
00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:33,400
Speaker 2: he got right was the idea that no, two elements

96
00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:35,400
Speaker 2: that we know about so far, which were not very

97
00:05:35,400 --> 00:05:38,680
Speaker 2: many at all at that point, can have an identical

98
00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:41,760
Speaker 2: mass and all the atoms of that element have the

99
00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:44,800
Speaker 2: same mass, which also wasn't quite right, but at the

100
00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:46,000
Speaker 2: time it was right.

101
00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:48,360
Speaker 3: Yeah, because you got to give it up to these guys.

102
00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:51,559
Speaker 1: When we're like I analyzing elements and atoms and stuff

103
00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:56,800
Speaker 1: today we're using like spectrometry and particle accelerators and doing

104
00:05:56,839 --> 00:05:58,000
Speaker 1: all sorts of amazing stuff.

105
00:05:58,120 --> 00:05:58,920
Speaker 3: These guys are.

106
00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:03,679
Speaker 1: Like burning things this is eighteen four, boiling them in acid. Yeah,

107
00:06:03,720 --> 00:06:06,160
Speaker 1: Like they were doing all the stuff that a high

108
00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:10,040
Speaker 1: school chemistry teacher does to demonstrate chemistry. That's what they

109
00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:13,760
Speaker 1: were doing to actually isolate elements and like weigh them.

110
00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:16,880
Speaker 1: They were weighing things like oxygen, Like they figured out

111
00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:21,159
Speaker 1: that if you take a leader of oxygen, you will

112
00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:23,599
Speaker 1: find that it weighs one point five grams. No matter

113
00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:26,000
Speaker 1: where in the world you weigh it, it's going to

114
00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:28,320
Speaker 1: weigh one point five grams. Like that's what these people

115
00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:30,719
Speaker 1: were doing. Can you capture a leader of oxygen?

116
00:06:30,920 --> 00:06:32,080
Speaker 3: I can't so.

117
00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:34,840
Speaker 1: I mean, like what they were doing was the hardcore

118
00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:40,039
Speaker 1: like bloody up, like roll up your sleeves kind of chemistry.

119
00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:44,280
Speaker 1: Like apparently it was like one of the biggest scientific

120
00:06:44,320 --> 00:06:48,400
Speaker 1: pushes of the nineteenth century was identifying elements, and John

121
00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:52,360
Speaker 1: Dalton was the first to say, Hey, some of these

122
00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:55,000
Speaker 1: I think we can kind of like try to organize

123
00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:58,679
Speaker 1: them a little bit. And Dalton didn't discover any elements,

124
00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:00,800
Speaker 1: from what I understand, he was the first one to

125
00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:03,760
Speaker 1: come up with atomic theory in the modern age and

126
00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:07,880
Speaker 1: try to start ordering them based on atomic weight.

127
00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:12,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, exactly. It wasn't quite the periodic table yet, but

128
00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:15,760
Speaker 2: it was a precursor foresure. And his very first version

129
00:07:15,760 --> 00:07:18,480
Speaker 2: in eighteen oh three only had the five elements that

130
00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:23,120
Speaker 2: we knew about at the time hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,

131
00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:26,480
Speaker 2: and sulfur. Nitrogen was known as I think we said

132
00:07:26,480 --> 00:07:30,160
Speaker 2: this in another episode the Azote or is it azote?

133
00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:35,400
Speaker 2: I guess okay azote. His second list just five years

134
00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:37,640
Speaker 2: later was up to twenty elements, and then twenty four

135
00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:40,440
Speaker 2: years later, by eighteen twenty seven that list was up

136
00:07:40,480 --> 00:07:46,440
Speaker 2: to thirty six. And as science was progressing, they started

137
00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:51,520
Speaker 2: noticing patterns, and they started noticing sort of intervals where

138
00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:55,440
Speaker 2: things would repeat themselves, such that all of a sudden,

139
00:07:55,480 --> 00:07:59,400
Speaker 2: A German chemist named Johann Wolfgong in eighteen twenty nine said, well,

140
00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:02,720
Speaker 2: wait a minute, we're noticing these patterns, and some of

141
00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:07,040
Speaker 2: these things are the same, Like if you look at lithium, sodium, potassium,

142
00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:10,600
Speaker 2: they have very similar properties and we might can group

143
00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:14,119
Speaker 2: those together, and those three in the modern periodic table

144
00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:17,640
Speaker 2: are grouped together in the same column. So he was

145
00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:19,560
Speaker 2: right on the money as far as that idea.

146
00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:23,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, And I mean, we as humans are obsessed with

147
00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:27,480
Speaker 1: finding patterns and things, and like discovering a latent pattern

148
00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:30,080
Speaker 1: in nature. I mean, there's few things more exciting than that.

149
00:08:30,400 --> 00:08:32,520
Speaker 1: So these guys were looking for patterns even in places

150
00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:37,320
Speaker 1: where they didn't necessarily exist, maybe maneuvering things where they

151
00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:38,320
Speaker 1: should or shouldn't be.

152
00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:40,240
Speaker 3: Some people took some.

153
00:08:40,160 --> 00:08:43,080
Speaker 1: Cracks at it to try to to try to kind

154
00:08:43,080 --> 00:08:46,280
Speaker 1: of organize these elements by pattern, but they ran into

155
00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:49,360
Speaker 1: some problems. One was the chemistry wasn't as exact as

156
00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:53,160
Speaker 1: it needed to be to really organize stuff. There were

157
00:08:53,800 --> 00:08:56,000
Speaker 1: elements that hadn't been discovered yet, so there are big

158
00:08:56,040 --> 00:08:58,600
Speaker 1: missing chunks, but they didn't necessarily know they are big

159
00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:01,160
Speaker 1: missing chunks, but they were We're on the right track.

160
00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,440
Speaker 1: That you could order these things one way or another,

161
00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:08,640
Speaker 1: and when you did, they would start showing patterns periodicity.

162
00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:13,520
Speaker 1: Periodic table means that there are periods or patterns that

163
00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:17,439
Speaker 1: repeat themselves depending on how you organize these elements.

164
00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:25,480
Speaker 2: Yeah, and the modern periodic table that we know and loathe. Sorry,

165
00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:31,400
Speaker 2: I loath that thing that they pull down in science class,

166
00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:35,200
Speaker 2: that you know, teenagers just blankly stare at, not knowing

167
00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:38,080
Speaker 2: what the heck they're looking at. But it's pretty sure

168
00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:43,320
Speaker 2: if you say so. We owe that to a Russian

169
00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:48,720
Speaker 2: chemist named Dimitri Mendelev, and Mendelev in eighteen sixty nine

170
00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:52,760
Speaker 2: was working on the very first Russian language organic chemistry

171
00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:55,960
Speaker 2: textbook in eighteen sixty nine and said, you know what,

172
00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:58,920
Speaker 2: we have sixty three elements. At this point, I think

173
00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:04,120
Speaker 2: we can or organize these and he did so he

174
00:10:04,240 --> 00:10:09,320
Speaker 2: arranged things in columns. He had to reorder some things

175
00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:13,040
Speaker 2: from the previous order. So he's like, maybe we shouldn't

176
00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:15,640
Speaker 2: organize just by atomic mass, maybe we should order them

177
00:10:15,679 --> 00:10:19,520
Speaker 2: into these similarities and how they behave. And the big,

178
00:10:19,559 --> 00:10:24,960
Speaker 2: big thing that Mendelev landed on was leaving gaps where

179
00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,959
Speaker 2: he saw gaps and instead of just you know, buttoning

180
00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:30,400
Speaker 2: it up and making it look a certain way, he said,

181
00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:32,480
Speaker 2: I'm going to leave a gap here. And this is

182
00:10:32,520 --> 00:10:35,720
Speaker 2: actually what kind of proved his worth in the fact

183
00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:37,480
Speaker 2: that he was really on the right track, because in

184
00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:42,320
Speaker 2: the fifteen years following him leaving those gaps, three elements

185
00:10:42,360 --> 00:10:45,000
Speaker 2: were discovered that fit those very gaps that he had

186
00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:47,400
Speaker 2: left perfectly, like a little puzzle piece.

187
00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:51,000
Speaker 1: It's like the molecular chemistry version of Babe Ruth calling

188
00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:54,800
Speaker 1: a shot. Yeah, basically essentially, So like when it turned

189
00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:57,079
Speaker 1: out in the next fifteen years, they found those elements

190
00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:00,480
Speaker 1: that did not only fill those spots, but they had

191
00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:05,200
Speaker 1: properties that Mendeleev predicted they would like. He was like,

192
00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:08,520
Speaker 1: they were like, you did, really, good guy. He also

193
00:11:08,559 --> 00:11:11,160
Speaker 1: predicted some other ones that didn't come true, but everybody

194
00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:14,520
Speaker 1: was just like, whatever, it's fine. So that was like

195
00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:17,200
Speaker 1: the model that everybody used from that point on, and

196
00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:20,000
Speaker 1: it's the classic model that we see today, where it's

197
00:11:20,120 --> 00:11:22,880
Speaker 1: kind of like a castle with turrets on either side,

198
00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:25,480
Speaker 1: and you know, the the brick in the middle, and

199
00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:27,760
Speaker 1: then there's like a couple of rows below that are

200
00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:31,680
Speaker 1: a mote if you squint hard enough. Yeah, that's Mendeleev

201
00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:33,960
Speaker 1: who came up with that whole thing. And the way

202
00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,480
Speaker 1: that they're arranged is not by atomic mass but by

203
00:11:36,559 --> 00:11:40,679
Speaker 1: atomic number. That's why if you look, and we should

204
00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:42,520
Speaker 1: probably say, the way you read the periodic table is

205
00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:45,560
Speaker 1: from left to right and to bottom right. So the

206
00:11:45,559 --> 00:11:48,920
Speaker 1: whole thing starts in the top left with number one hydrogen.

207
00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,520
Speaker 1: And the reason it's number one is because it has

208
00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:55,600
Speaker 1: one best that's right, it has one proton, chuck, and

209
00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:58,360
Speaker 1: because there's one proton in its stable format, has one

210
00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:01,080
Speaker 1: electron and all that's going to be important in a minute.

211
00:12:01,480 --> 00:12:04,200
Speaker 2: That's right. I mean, sure, we go ahead and take

212
00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:05,600
Speaker 2: a break. I feel like that was kind of good

213
00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:08,720
Speaker 2: setup material. Sure, all right, we'll take a break and

214
00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:11,880
Speaker 2: we'll be right back with more things to enlighten you

215
00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:40,240
Speaker 2: and numb you. All right, So the modern periodic table.

216
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:44,160
Speaker 2: I think where was Mendelev He had sixty three on

217
00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:47,600
Speaker 2: his first Yeah, sixty three known elements at the time

218
00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:52,000
Speaker 2: on his first stab. The modern periodic table right now

219
00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,880
Speaker 2: stands at one hundred and eighteen, and I think they've

220
00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:58,480
Speaker 2: already said they think possibly maybe one day it may

221
00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:03,080
Speaker 2: top out at one seventy. We'll see, we'll see. But

222
00:13:03,160 --> 00:13:06,520
Speaker 2: that's sort of you know, the thinking, the logic. But

223
00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:08,720
Speaker 2: right now we're at one hundred and eighteen elements that

224
00:13:08,760 --> 00:13:14,320
Speaker 2: we know about. It includes on the chart the name

225
00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:18,679
Speaker 2: of the element. They're usually a one or two letter symbol,

226
00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:22,360
Speaker 2: which is almost always short for the name. But in

227
00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:24,560
Speaker 2: a case of gold, like when you see AU for

228
00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:26,640
Speaker 2: gold and you're like, what the heck is that all about?

229
00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:29,280
Speaker 2: That just means it's based on the original Latin for

230
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:33,880
Speaker 2: gold rum. And they are placed, like you said before

231
00:13:33,920 --> 00:13:37,640
Speaker 2: the break, in order of their atomic number, which represents

232
00:13:37,679 --> 00:13:41,480
Speaker 2: the protons in each atom, and that is what makes

233
00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:47,079
Speaker 2: that each element unique. Over those seven rows aka periods

234
00:13:47,120 --> 00:13:49,800
Speaker 2: and eighteen numbered columns aka groups.

235
00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:54,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, so the rows across horizontally, those are the periods.

236
00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:57,400
Speaker 1: And like you said, it's really important to remember if

237
00:13:57,400 --> 00:14:00,000
Speaker 1: you take a proton and add it to an element.

238
00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:03,080
Speaker 1: You don't have like a variation on the element. You

239
00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:06,360
Speaker 1: have an entirely new element. Everything else you can mess

240
00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:09,640
Speaker 1: around with fudge, mess with the neutrons, mess with the electrons.

241
00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:11,640
Speaker 1: If you add a proton or take away a proton,

242
00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:13,920
Speaker 1: you got a totally different element, which is why you

243
00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:16,400
Speaker 1: can order them by their atomic number number one with

244
00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:21,840
Speaker 1: hydrogen number two, helium which has two protons, and so

245
00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:23,960
Speaker 1: on and so forth. When you see that little number

246
00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:26,760
Speaker 1: in the top left of the square for that element,

247
00:14:26,960 --> 00:14:31,520
Speaker 1: that's how many protons it has. But again, as we'll see,

248
00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:36,680
Speaker 1: if we're talking about on the periodic table, stable atoms,

249
00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:40,120
Speaker 1: that means that they don't have an electric charge. They're neutral,

250
00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:43,120
Speaker 1: and that means that they have an even number of

251
00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:48,640
Speaker 1: protons and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged,

252
00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:50,920
Speaker 1: and if you have one in one, they cancel each

253
00:14:50,920 --> 00:14:53,040
Speaker 1: other off, two and two they cancel each other off,

254
00:14:53,160 --> 00:14:56,240
Speaker 1: or at the very least they make the electric charge neutral.

255
00:14:57,280 --> 00:15:01,280
Speaker 2: All right, So if you're looking, if you've brought up

256
00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,800
Speaker 2: a picture by now of the periodic table because you

257
00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:05,800
Speaker 2: really want to follow along, Yeah, that's a good evolve.

258
00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:09,560
Speaker 2: God bless you. For doing such a thing. And secondly

259
00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:11,600
Speaker 2: you might say, well, wait a minute, chuck, what are

260
00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:15,680
Speaker 2: those what's that thing underneath everything? We will get to

261
00:15:15,760 --> 00:15:18,360
Speaker 2: this in a minute, But those fourteen short columns underneath

262
00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:21,800
Speaker 2: is called the F block, and those are the seventh

263
00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:25,960
Speaker 2: and eighth periods aka rows that are detached and those

264
00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:29,840
Speaker 2: are unnumbered rows, whereas the other rows are numbered through eighteen.

265
00:15:30,160 --> 00:15:33,880
Speaker 2: So put a pin in the F block all elements

266
00:15:33,920 --> 00:15:36,480
Speaker 2: within a period, and again that is the row. If

267
00:15:36,520 --> 00:15:39,480
Speaker 2: you're looking horizontal, all the elements on each row have

268
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:43,680
Speaker 2: the same number of electron shells. And when you think

269
00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:46,560
Speaker 2: about that in your mind's eye, you're probably picturing how

270
00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:49,000
Speaker 2: we think of that in our mind's eye because of

271
00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:52,440
Speaker 2: chemistry class and science class, which is, you know, a

272
00:15:52,440 --> 00:15:57,440
Speaker 2: circle around in atom's nucleus that holds electrons.

273
00:15:56,920 --> 00:15:57,920
Speaker 3: Right like in orbit.

274
00:15:58,240 --> 00:16:02,280
Speaker 1: That's Neil's Boor's contribution, although he made plenty of contributions,

275
00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:04,440
Speaker 1: but the whole idea that we have of the atom

276
00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:09,560
Speaker 1: being consisting of like a nucleus that's kind of like

277
00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,840
Speaker 1: the sun and electrons orbit orbiting around it like planets,

278
00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:18,480
Speaker 1: that's thanks to Neil's bore and the actual orbit. Let's

279
00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:21,160
Speaker 1: say you have just one circle around the nucleus.

280
00:16:21,520 --> 00:16:22,200
Speaker 3: That's a shell.

281
00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:25,440
Speaker 1: It's one shell, at another one that's the second shell,

282
00:16:25,480 --> 00:16:28,120
Speaker 1: at another one that's the third shell, and they actually

283
00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,080
Speaker 1: fill up in order. So when you follow along across

284
00:16:32,160 --> 00:16:37,120
Speaker 1: the rows, the horizontal rows called periods on the periodic table,

285
00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:40,440
Speaker 1: all of those in that row have the same number

286
00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:43,280
Speaker 1: of shells one shell, and the second shell, and the

287
00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,360
Speaker 1: third shell and the fourth shell. And as you go down,

288
00:16:45,880 --> 00:16:51,200
Speaker 1: each row has the all the shells that the ones

289
00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,720
Speaker 1: above it had, and now they've added another shell because

290
00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:55,800
Speaker 1: their other shells are full of electrons.

291
00:16:56,440 --> 00:16:58,520
Speaker 2: Right, So if you look at periodic table, get out

292
00:16:58,520 --> 00:17:01,840
Speaker 2: your little picture and you look at that first row

293
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:06,640
Speaker 2: or period, that means it just has one shell capable

294
00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:10,280
Speaker 2: of holding up to two electrons, and so that's why

295
00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:13,880
Speaker 2: there are only two elements there. Hydrogen usually has one

296
00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:17,880
Speaker 2: electron and helium, which normally has two. And then you

297
00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:20,680
Speaker 2: go down from there, the second and third shells can

298
00:17:20,720 --> 00:17:23,720
Speaker 2: hold up to eight electrons. So those second and third

299
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:26,800
Speaker 2: rows are each going to have eight elements, and so on.

300
00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:29,239
Speaker 2: For the fourth and fifth it's eighteen. The sixth and

301
00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:33,480
Speaker 2: seventh hold thirty two, and so there are thirty two

302
00:17:33,520 --> 00:17:35,920
Speaker 2: elements on the six and seventh rows.

303
00:17:36,560 --> 00:17:39,880
Speaker 1: Just to demonstrate a little further. So helium has two

304
00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:44,320
Speaker 1: electrons in that one shell. Helium's full. The first element

305
00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:47,879
Speaker 1: on the next row that has a second shell, that's lithium.

306
00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:51,879
Speaker 1: Lithium has two electrons in its first shell that's full,

307
00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:54,080
Speaker 1: but it has an extra electron. So now it's added

308
00:17:54,119 --> 00:17:57,320
Speaker 1: another shell, the second shell to how's that first electron.

309
00:17:57,480 --> 00:17:59,040
Speaker 1: And you go all the way down to the very

310
00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:02,439
Speaker 1: end of that row that lithium starts, and you find neon.

311
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:06,360
Speaker 1: Neon has ten Its first shell of two is full

312
00:18:06,359 --> 00:18:08,439
Speaker 1: of electrons. It's second shell they can hold up to

313
00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:11,840
Speaker 1: eight is full, so it has ten total electrons. This

314
00:18:11,960 --> 00:18:15,000
Speaker 1: is what the periods are showing us the number of shells,

315
00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:17,960
Speaker 1: and then eventually in a second will know the number

316
00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:19,760
Speaker 1: of electrons that can fill those shells.

317
00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:22,400
Speaker 2: That's right, And the periods of the rows. We're gonna

318
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:25,840
Speaker 2: say that a thousand times. Groups are columns, periods are rows,

319
00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:28,640
Speaker 2: because if if there's one takeaway from this whole thing,

320
00:18:29,480 --> 00:18:31,680
Speaker 2: you can at least look smart. And when you walk

321
00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:34,000
Speaker 2: into a room with a periodic table chart and say

322
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:36,199
Speaker 2: and someone says, what are those rows and columns, and

323
00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:38,760
Speaker 2: you can say, do you mean groups and periods?

324
00:18:39,040 --> 00:18:40,959
Speaker 1: Yeah, And then really quickly after that, look at you're

325
00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:42,600
Speaker 1: watching and be like, look at the time, I'm late,

326
00:18:42,760 --> 00:18:44,560
Speaker 1: and run out of the room so that there's no

327
00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:45,640
Speaker 1: follow up questions.

328
00:18:45,760 --> 00:18:47,800
Speaker 2: Yeah, and make a U shaped hole in the wall,

329
00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:52,080
Speaker 2: not the letter you, but a YOU shaped Yeah. Nice,

330
00:18:52,119 --> 00:18:52,840
Speaker 2: did that come through?

331
00:18:53,040 --> 00:18:54,719
Speaker 3: Sure it did once you spell it.

332
00:18:56,320 --> 00:18:58,120
Speaker 2: The groups are what we're going to talk about next,

333
00:18:58,119 --> 00:19:01,240
Speaker 2: and those are the columns. And this is where Mendelev

334
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:07,159
Speaker 2: realized these patterns were coming into play. And once you know,

335
00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:10,720
Speaker 2: sub atomic theory came about and we started being able

336
00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:13,240
Speaker 2: to drill down further and further, we started to be

337
00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:16,919
Speaker 2: able to get way more Specificah. So these patterns in

338
00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:19,880
Speaker 2: these rhythms on the columns are based on the number

339
00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:23,960
Speaker 2: of valence electrons for each element, which means how many

340
00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:27,359
Speaker 2: electrons you would normally find in that outermost shell.

341
00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:28,280
Speaker 3: Yeah.

342
00:19:28,320 --> 00:19:30,800
Speaker 1: And the outermost shell is important, Chuck, because that's where

343
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:35,159
Speaker 1: all the action happens. That's when atoms bond together to

344
00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:39,520
Speaker 1: make new molecules. That's where the attraction or repulsion happens.

345
00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:43,800
Speaker 1: Like that is the that's the active shell. All the

346
00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:46,240
Speaker 1: other shells are full. And when a shell is full,

347
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:48,639
Speaker 1: it's basically content. It just wants to sit there. It

348
00:19:48,640 --> 00:19:51,800
Speaker 1: wants to be left alone. But if that outermost shell

349
00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:54,840
Speaker 1: isn't full, then it's ready for some action. It's got

350
00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:57,439
Speaker 1: its leather jacket on, it's got its dice in its pocket,

351
00:19:57,440 --> 00:20:01,720
Speaker 1: maybe a switchblade, and it's looking for trump. Yeah, so

352
00:20:01,960 --> 00:20:04,600
Speaker 1: more than more than I think even rows, like all

353
00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:07,800
Speaker 1: of the elements that are in a row, remember horizontal

354
00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:11,280
Speaker 1: across a period. They're related because they all have the

355
00:20:11,320 --> 00:20:13,719
Speaker 1: same shell, the same number of shells one, two, three, four,

356
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:17,439
Speaker 1: and so on the groups up and down the columns.

357
00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:21,479
Speaker 1: They're more related really because they have the same number

358
00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:24,720
Speaker 1: of electrons in the outermost shell. They can have a

359
00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:27,560
Speaker 1: bunch of different numbers of shells, like for example, I

360
00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:32,919
Speaker 1: think floorine can have five shells but only one electron

361
00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:36,199
Speaker 1: in that that outermost shell, and or it could have

362
00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:39,560
Speaker 1: one shell and just have one electron in that outermost shell,

363
00:20:39,640 --> 00:20:43,639
Speaker 1: like a hydrogen. And they're more related because they'll they'll

364
00:20:43,720 --> 00:20:48,000
Speaker 1: react to other things more than they would if they

365
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:49,600
Speaker 1: had different numbers of electrons.

366
00:20:50,760 --> 00:20:53,760
Speaker 2: Yeah, we can add something to something. You should remember

367
00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:55,840
Speaker 2: because this will make you look even one step smarter

368
00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:57,520
Speaker 2: before you run out of the room through the wall,

369
00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:02,600
Speaker 2: just say, oh, yeah, you know, it's organized into periods

370
00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:04,399
Speaker 2: and groups, and the periods of the rows and the

371
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:07,320
Speaker 2: groups of the columns in if you ask me the

372
00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:12,520
Speaker 2: columns aka groups, that's really where it's at. They're more related,

373
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,280
Speaker 2: they're more related. And then you run through the wall.

374
00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:17,880
Speaker 3: Right, So let me give you an example here.

375
00:21:17,880 --> 00:21:19,879
Speaker 2: Okay, all right, this is if you want to really,

376
00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:22,119
Speaker 2: really really be smart, you remember.

377
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:25,080
Speaker 1: This, right, If you have your periodic table out, really honestly,

378
00:21:25,320 --> 00:21:27,919
Speaker 1: it will make this whole thing so much easier. But

379
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:29,840
Speaker 1: if you look all the way down to the second

380
00:21:30,680 --> 00:21:34,439
Speaker 1: group from the right that starts with fluorine. If you

381
00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:39,199
Speaker 1: look at florine that has I think nine electrons and

382
00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:41,359
Speaker 1: it's in period two, so we know that it has

383
00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:44,800
Speaker 1: two shells. So we know that it has two electrons

384
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,919
Speaker 1: in its first shell, so it must have seven electrons

385
00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:51,359
Speaker 1: in its extra shell or a second shell. And since

386
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:53,720
Speaker 1: we know that the second shell can hold eight a,

387
00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:58,280
Speaker 1: there's one little irritating gap and it wants to fill it.

388
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:02,119
Speaker 1: So fluorine is super due reactive. On the other hand,

389
00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:05,840
Speaker 1: you've got things like potassium, it has only one electron

390
00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:09,040
Speaker 1: and it's our most shell, and it wants to actually

391
00:22:09,119 --> 00:22:12,440
Speaker 1: get rid of that electron because I think I said earlier,

392
00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:16,320
Speaker 1: when a shell is full, the atom is content and happy.

393
00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:18,280
Speaker 1: It doesn't want to do anything with anybody.

394
00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:19,640
Speaker 3: If it just has.

395
00:22:19,520 --> 00:22:22,439
Speaker 1: One left over, like one hole or one electron, it

396
00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:24,679
Speaker 1: either wants to get rid of that one electron so

397
00:22:24,720 --> 00:22:26,919
Speaker 1: that it can lose that shell and go down to

398
00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:29,400
Speaker 1: the next shell which is full, or it can fill

399
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:32,240
Speaker 1: its shell like fluorine wants to with an extra electron.

400
00:22:32,440 --> 00:22:35,520
Speaker 1: Either way, they're super reactive, and it all happens in

401
00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:39,280
Speaker 1: the outermost shell, the valance shell, and that's why that's

402
00:22:39,320 --> 00:22:40,760
Speaker 1: where all that action happens.

403
00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:43,760
Speaker 2: Yeah, and you know what something we haven't even said

404
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:46,280
Speaker 2: that I think is important that dawned on me. What

405
00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:51,719
Speaker 2: is the periodic table. Isn't just a like, let's just

406
00:22:51,840 --> 00:22:54,439
Speaker 2: do this thing so we can group them together a

407
00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:57,560
Speaker 2: periodic table. The periodic table is made, and it's organized

408
00:22:57,560 --> 00:23:00,359
Speaker 2: this way so chemist and people that really know what

409
00:23:00,359 --> 00:23:04,240
Speaker 2: they're doing can look at a poster on a wall

410
00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:08,440
Speaker 2: at any of those squares and know because of where

411
00:23:08,440 --> 00:23:11,800
Speaker 2: it is on the row, where it is on the column,

412
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:14,320
Speaker 2: what color it is, and what block it is, and

413
00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:16,280
Speaker 2: we'll get to those things in a minute. And they

414
00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:19,840
Speaker 2: can know a lot of very specific things just because

415
00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:22,359
Speaker 2: of where it sits and what it looks like and

416
00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:23,080
Speaker 2: what color it is.

417
00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:25,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, they can tell you whether it's going to blow

418
00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:30,159
Speaker 1: up in water, like exactly like I guess apparently sodium

419
00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:32,960
Speaker 1: pure sodium does. They can tell you if it's shiny.

420
00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:37,520
Speaker 1: There's all of this has to do just almost entirely

421
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,640
Speaker 1: with the number of electrons it has in its outermost shell.

422
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:41,640
Speaker 3: All that stuff.

423
00:23:42,040 --> 00:23:46,119
Speaker 1: That's the evolution of the periodic table. People notice properties,

424
00:23:46,119 --> 00:23:49,600
Speaker 1: physical properties, they notice appearance, stuff like that, and then

425
00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:52,320
Speaker 1: as they learned more and more about the atom, they

426
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:56,800
Speaker 1: figured out why in the atom those properties existed, and

427
00:23:56,840 --> 00:23:59,240
Speaker 1: they were able to classify those things together in the

428
00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:01,919
Speaker 1: periodic table. So, like you said, a chemist today can

429
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:03,560
Speaker 1: look at that and be like, oh, that's going to

430
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:06,080
Speaker 1: be a shiny metal that'll explode in your hand if

431
00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:08,439
Speaker 1: you look at it wrong, because it's in this group

432
00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:11,639
Speaker 1: of elements, right, And I saw it described by a

433
00:24:11,720 --> 00:24:15,359
Speaker 1: chemist really well, if you like, to a chemist, a

434
00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:19,520
Speaker 1: periodic table looks like a map to us, like if

435
00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:21,600
Speaker 1: you look at a map of the United States, you

436
00:24:22,119 --> 00:24:24,960
Speaker 1: know that if you are looking at someplace in the north,

437
00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:28,280
Speaker 1: it's going to be colder there than somewhere in the south.

438
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:31,119
Speaker 1: You don't know exactly what the temperature is or anything

439
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,119
Speaker 1: like that necessarily, but you know generally based on this map,

440
00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:36,080
Speaker 1: it's a map to the elements.

441
00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:39,400
Speaker 2: Yeah, and it also might you know, you might think

442
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:42,359
Speaker 2: if you're looking at a map of the south, like

443
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:45,520
Speaker 2: that's where people are more like this and in the

444
00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:48,000
Speaker 2: Midwest people maybe, you know, it tells you. A map

445
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:49,480
Speaker 2: tells you a lot more than just like what the

446
00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:52,399
Speaker 2: weather's like. Yeah, just like a periodic table. So if

447
00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:57,440
Speaker 2: a scientist, if a chemist looks at silicon, I look

448
00:24:57,480 --> 00:25:00,160
Speaker 2: at it and I see a capital S lowercase I,

449
00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:03,520
Speaker 2: the word silicon, the number fourteen in the left hand corner,

450
00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:07,720
Speaker 2: and that it's yellow. A chemist looks at it and says, well,

451
00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:12,200
Speaker 2: I see it's in between on the row aluminum and phosphorus,

452
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:17,120
Speaker 2: and in the column it's below carbon and above germanium.

453
00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:19,920
Speaker 2: And I see it's numbers fourteen and it's yellow, which

454
00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:22,359
Speaker 2: means it's a metaloid. So I can tell you like

455
00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:26,680
Speaker 2: these twelve things about silicon just because of where it

456
00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:29,959
Speaker 2: sits on that map. Yes, it's pretty amazing. I just

457
00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:32,040
Speaker 2: I don't get it, but it's amazing, right.

458
00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:34,560
Speaker 1: I was just gonna say, we're not going to explain

459
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:36,639
Speaker 1: what those fourteen things are because now there are the

460
00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:39,600
Speaker 1: kind of things you have to go to graduate school

461
00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:42,960
Speaker 1: in chemistry that truly understand. It's okay that we don't

462
00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:45,040
Speaker 1: understand it. All you have to take away from this,

463
00:25:45,080 --> 00:25:47,439
Speaker 1: and all we're trying to get across, is that trained

464
00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:50,439
Speaker 1: chemists can look at the periodic table and realize a

465
00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:53,920
Speaker 1: lot about whatever element they're looking at and figure out

466
00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:57,359
Speaker 1: how to mix it with other elements to do amazing things.

467
00:25:57,400 --> 00:25:59,840
Speaker 1: Or if you put together these two things, this is

468
00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:02,160
Speaker 1: probably the reaction that you're going to have.

469
00:26:03,240 --> 00:26:05,479
Speaker 2: Yeah, and it's also for someone like us, it can

470
00:26:05,520 --> 00:26:09,399
Speaker 2: get really confusing because when you look at different periodic tables,

471
00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:12,639
Speaker 2: one thing you'll notice is that the colors may be different.

472
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:16,720
Speaker 2: Like that there is no unless I'm wrong, there isn't

473
00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:19,399
Speaker 2: one completely settled. This is the only way to do

474
00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:22,840
Speaker 2: it periodic table. Oh no, as far as a lot

475
00:26:22,880 --> 00:26:25,720
Speaker 2: of it goes. But like you know, depending on who

476
00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:27,800
Speaker 2: you are and how you want to organize a periodic

477
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:31,080
Speaker 2: table that you use, those colors may mean different things,

478
00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:34,280
Speaker 2: so it can get really really confusing. Oh yeah when

479
00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:35,600
Speaker 2: it comes to that stuff.

480
00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:35,680
Speaker 3: For sure.

481
00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:39,080
Speaker 1: And usually there is like a key or a legend

482
00:26:39,560 --> 00:26:42,120
Speaker 1: on the periodic table that says, this is what these

483
00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:44,919
Speaker 1: colors mean. But if you take away the colors, the

484
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,520
Speaker 1: layout of them across and down, if you look at

485
00:26:48,560 --> 00:26:51,040
Speaker 1: a periodic table, that's generally going to be the same

486
00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:54,439
Speaker 1: for any periodic table that looks even roughly like what

487
00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:56,760
Speaker 1: you're looking at. It's the colors that really kind of

488
00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,800
Speaker 1: change things up. But more and more, as we've learned

489
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:04,160
Speaker 1: more about the atom, starting in the early twentieth century onward,

490
00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:07,680
Speaker 1: and quantum mechanics kind of became a thing that got

491
00:27:07,680 --> 00:27:11,399
Speaker 1: incorporated into the periodic table as well. And that is

492
00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:14,840
Speaker 1: where we get to essentially the third way that the

493
00:27:14,880 --> 00:27:20,639
Speaker 1: whole thing's organized, which is by blocks, subshells, S, P, D,

494
00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:29,960
Speaker 1: and F, and so the number the number of shells

495
00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:34,800
Speaker 1: that an element has that's its period across the number

496
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:37,080
Speaker 1: of electrons in its outermost shell.

497
00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:37,840
Speaker 3: That's its group.

498
00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:45,280
Speaker 1: The blocks describe where the outer most electron is. And

499
00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:47,040
Speaker 1: if you'll allow me for a second to just kind

500
00:27:47,080 --> 00:27:50,840
Speaker 1: of take a little divergence here, it helps under it

501
00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:51,840
Speaker 1: helps you understand it.

502
00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:54,040
Speaker 2: I think, please, can we talk about baseball?

503
00:27:54,640 --> 00:27:58,000
Speaker 1: No, not that kind of divergence, like deeper into chemistry

504
00:27:58,080 --> 00:27:59,080
Speaker 1: kind of divergence.

505
00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:01,600
Speaker 2: Okay, to go out and think about baseball.

506
00:28:01,720 --> 00:28:02,040
Speaker 3: Okay.

507
00:28:02,160 --> 00:28:08,360
Speaker 1: So, so that whole model that Nils Bor gave us of,

508
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:12,359
Speaker 1: like the planetoid nucleus and the sun like nucleus and

509
00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:17,520
Speaker 1: the planetoid electron orbiting it, that is really off. That's

510
00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,200
Speaker 1: not at all what they're like. It's good for people

511
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:22,280
Speaker 1: who don't really care about this kind of thing to

512
00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:25,200
Speaker 1: walk around thinking, but when you actually start to try

513
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:28,440
Speaker 1: to understand the periodic table, it really gets in the way.

514
00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:30,600
Speaker 1: So if you can kind of throw that out and

515
00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:36,080
Speaker 1: instead think of electrons as not particles like planetoids, they're

516
00:28:36,080 --> 00:28:41,240
Speaker 1: actually waves of energy, right, and they like to orbit

517
00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:45,640
Speaker 1: atoms because their negative electrical charge is attracted to the

518
00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:49,640
Speaker 1: positive electrical charge of the protons. That's why they're orbiting

519
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,479
Speaker 1: or flying around that nucleus. But they don't do it

520
00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:56,360
Speaker 1: in like these tight little orbits like a planet does

521
00:28:56,360 --> 00:29:02,240
Speaker 1: around like the Sun. Instead, they inhabit three dimensional areas

522
00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:07,440
Speaker 1: that follow predictable shapes depending on the energy level of

523
00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:11,320
Speaker 1: that electron. You can say what shape it's going to

524
00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:15,360
Speaker 1: follow around that nucleus, but you can't say where it

525
00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:17,880
Speaker 1: is at any given point in time, thanks to our

526
00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:23,120
Speaker 1: friend Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Heisenberg said, you can know the

527
00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:27,720
Speaker 1: velocity of an object, or you can know the location

528
00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:29,160
Speaker 1: of a quantum object.

529
00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:30,360
Speaker 3: You can't know both.

530
00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:34,160
Speaker 1: And because we know the energy of an object, we

531
00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:37,840
Speaker 1: can figure out its velocity at speed like an electron,

532
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:40,680
Speaker 1: which means we can't know where it is. So these

533
00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:45,360
Speaker 1: orbits actually are where they may be ninety percent of

534
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:49,360
Speaker 1: the time. That's what an actual electron orbit is. And

535
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:53,480
Speaker 1: again it follows weird cool looking little three dimensional four

536
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:57,400
Speaker 1: leaf clover shapes, just really neat and depending on the

537
00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:00,000
Speaker 1: energy of the electron, it's going to inhabit a specif

538
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:05,680
Speaker 1: pacific place ninety percent of the time around the nucleus

539
00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:08,760
Speaker 1: of that atom, either close to the atom, further out

540
00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:11,320
Speaker 1: further out, depending on the shell that it's associated with.

541
00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:16,600
Speaker 1: And the block is where the highest energy the outermost

542
00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:21,080
Speaker 1: electron is in that position. And again it's denoted by

543
00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:25,480
Speaker 1: SPD and F and it gets way more arcane than that.

544
00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:28,400
Speaker 1: But all you have to remember is that when you're

545
00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:32,600
Speaker 1: looking at blocks, they're talking about the specific location of

546
00:30:32,680 --> 00:30:37,280
Speaker 1: the most energetic electron. And again, since the outermost electrons

547
00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:40,440
Speaker 1: are where all the action happens, the most energetic of

548
00:30:40,520 --> 00:30:44,720
Speaker 1: the outermost electrons are really where the action happens. And

549
00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:50,160
Speaker 1: that's why it's become a little more sophisticated, a little

550
00:30:50,160 --> 00:30:53,240
Speaker 1: more refined over time, thanks to the addition of quantum

551
00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:58,040
Speaker 1: mechanics in our understanding of the atom. Are you there, Chuck?

552
00:30:58,080 --> 00:30:59,720
Speaker 1: Did you go outside?

553
00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:02,640
Speaker 2: Sorry, I just came back in. I didn't actually think

554
00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:04,960
Speaker 2: about baseball. I was just kidding. I watched an entire

555
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:05,560
Speaker 2: baseball game.

556
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:06,080
Speaker 3: Oh who won?

557
00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:12,280
Speaker 2: I have no joke. My brain is too mushy for

558
00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:15,640
Speaker 2: a joke right now. No, I actually listened to that,

559
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:16,920
Speaker 2: and I learned from you.

560
00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:18,160
Speaker 3: So oh, I appreciate that.

561
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:21,160
Speaker 1: Thank you, because I felt like I was hanging from

562
00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:23,120
Speaker 1: a trapeze by my fingernails.

563
00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:25,520
Speaker 2: Well, I was underneath you with a net. That's all

564
00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:26,080
Speaker 2: I'm good for it.

565
00:31:26,080 --> 00:31:28,880
Speaker 1: Thanks, buddy, I appreciate it. And by the way, I

566
00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:31,200
Speaker 1: didn't want to just walk past. That's all you're good for.

567
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:34,479
Speaker 1: I just couldn't even bring myself to recognize such a

568
00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:36,440
Speaker 1: dumb thing that was said.

569
00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:39,760
Speaker 2: I appreciate that. So the final thing we got to

570
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:41,360
Speaker 2: talk about is kind of brings it back to the

571
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:44,880
Speaker 2: beginning of how they originally just started to think about

572
00:31:44,880 --> 00:31:48,240
Speaker 2: grouping things, which was by their atomic mass, the sort

573
00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:50,800
Speaker 2: of very basic thing that they first thought they could

574
00:31:50,840 --> 00:31:54,520
Speaker 2: use as a grouping device. And they still will indicate

575
00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:57,960
Speaker 2: the atomic mass on most periodic tables, but the atomic

576
00:31:58,040 --> 00:32:02,320
Speaker 2: mass is actually a weighted average of the amount of

577
00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:06,600
Speaker 2: protons plus neutrons. But it depends on how abundant different

578
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,240
Speaker 2: isotopes in that element are out in nature, and it's

579
00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:12,720
Speaker 2: not always the same. So carbon is a great example

580
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:16,320
Speaker 2: that Livia used. It always has six protons, usually has

581
00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:20,000
Speaker 2: six neutrons, but sometimes can have seven or eight. So

582
00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:23,240
Speaker 2: instead of having an atomic mass of just twelve six

583
00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:26,720
Speaker 2: plus six, they take a weighted average and it weighs

584
00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:29,880
Speaker 2: out to twelve point zero one point one. So if

585
00:32:29,880 --> 00:32:32,840
Speaker 2: you see those numbers with a decimal point, you can

586
00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:36,000
Speaker 2: understand that that's because it's a weighted average and not

587
00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:37,160
Speaker 2: just a locked in number.

588
00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:39,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it doesn't necessarily have much to do with

589
00:32:39,880 --> 00:32:42,560
Speaker 1: the periodic table. But you've mentioned isotopes and all those

590
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:46,320
Speaker 1: are as an element with more or less electrons than

591
00:32:46,320 --> 00:32:49,160
Speaker 1: it has when it's stable in a neutral charge. If

592
00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:52,200
Speaker 1: you take away an electron, it has more positively charged

593
00:32:52,240 --> 00:32:55,640
Speaker 1: protons and electrons, so that's a positive iyon. If you

594
00:32:55,840 --> 00:32:59,440
Speaker 1: add an electron, like say fluorine wants to do, it

595
00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:05,120
Speaker 1: has more electrons than protons, so it becomes a negatively

596
00:33:05,240 --> 00:33:09,280
Speaker 1: charged isotope. So those are possible too. But just bear

597
00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:12,760
Speaker 1: in mind you're not changing the number of protons because

598
00:33:12,760 --> 00:33:14,640
Speaker 1: if you do that you have a new element. You're

599
00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:17,640
Speaker 1: just changing the number of electrons, either adding or taking away.

600
00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:19,840
Speaker 1: And one of the other things about the periodic table

601
00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:23,120
Speaker 1: is you can point to different different sections and be like,

602
00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:26,000
Speaker 1: those are the ones that form positive ions because they

603
00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:29,600
Speaker 1: give away their extra electron. Those are the ones that

604
00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:32,840
Speaker 1: form negative ions because they attract extra electrons that they

605
00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:36,440
Speaker 1: normally have in their neutrally charged state. That's another thing

606
00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:38,640
Speaker 1: that you can just point to at the periodic table.

607
00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:41,240
Speaker 2: Pretty amazing, it is.

608
00:33:41,920 --> 00:33:43,680
Speaker 1: I mean, the fact that people have figured this out

609
00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:46,360
Speaker 1: is just hats off to all of the scientific soals

610
00:33:46,360 --> 00:33:48,200
Speaker 1: that we're involved in this over the years.

611
00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:52,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, I say, we take a break, sure, and when

612
00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:53,680
Speaker 2: we come back, we're going to tell you about how

613
00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:56,480
Speaker 2: things got very interesting in terms of the periodic table

614
00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:57,520
Speaker 2: in the nineteen thirties.

615
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:24,560
Speaker 1: Right after this, Chuck, I feel like we made it

616
00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:27,520
Speaker 1: through the hardest part. We're out of the out of

617
00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:28,040
Speaker 1: the woods.

618
00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:32,759
Speaker 2: As I'm shaking a little less, I am due, but

619
00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:34,759
Speaker 2: I won'te fully relax for another.

620
00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:37,960
Speaker 1: Fifteen Just hang in, hang in there, We'll get it

621
00:34:38,520 --> 00:34:41,399
Speaker 1: all right. So what happened in the nineteen thirties, Oh, well,

622
00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:43,840
Speaker 1: a guy named doctor Lawrence I can't remember, but he

623
00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:48,360
Speaker 1: the Lawrence Livermore Laboratories named after him, in part, invented

624
00:34:48,440 --> 00:34:52,799
Speaker 1: particle accelerators, where you use incredible amounts of energy to

625
00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:58,200
Speaker 1: throw trillions of particles of different weights or specific weights

626
00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:02,680
Speaker 1: at a target. At them, tell them what Einstein how?

627
00:35:02,680 --> 00:35:04,800
Speaker 1: Einstein described this process.

628
00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:08,240
Speaker 2: Like shooting birds in the dark in a country where

629
00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:10,280
Speaker 2: there are only a few birds.

630
00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 1: Right, Like, the chances of you actually having a collision

631
00:35:13,239 --> 00:35:17,920
Speaker 1: are so remote that you like, they're almost indescribable mathematically.

632
00:35:18,239 --> 00:35:21,760
Speaker 1: But if you shoot trillions of particles, you really increase

633
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,239
Speaker 1: your chances of there being some kind of collision. And

634
00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:28,320
Speaker 1: when you collide a one particle, one atom with another

635
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:31,600
Speaker 1: atom with enough energy, they can combine and when you

636
00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:34,680
Speaker 1: add proton to proton, remember, you get a new element.

637
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:37,920
Speaker 1: And so with particle accelerators they were able to start

638
00:35:38,160 --> 00:35:41,480
Speaker 1: creating elements that you can't find in nature. And then

639
00:35:41,480 --> 00:35:42,920
Speaker 1: you started doing this all the way back in the

640
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:46,440
Speaker 1: nineteen thirties, and this research is what actually directly led

641
00:35:46,719 --> 00:35:52,319
Speaker 1: to nuclear bomb. Apparently, when Einstein heard that Lawrence had

642
00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:55,920
Speaker 1: created this particle accelerator, he advised FDR to start working

643
00:35:55,960 --> 00:35:58,239
Speaker 1: on a bomb because it was now a thing, like

644
00:35:58,280 --> 00:36:03,520
Speaker 1: the world just been prepared scientifically for a bomb to

645
00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:04,319
Speaker 1: exist soon.

646
00:36:05,239 --> 00:36:09,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, so lab created elements, like you said, started being

647
00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:13,560
Speaker 2: a thing in nineteen thirty seven. Anything past uranium on

648
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:17,560
Speaker 2: the chart you cannot find in nature because it decays

649
00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:20,640
Speaker 2: much too fast to even be around and know it's

650
00:36:20,680 --> 00:36:24,279
Speaker 2: a thing and study. But so anything past uranium as

651
00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:29,840
Speaker 2: lab created, and in nineteen thirty seven, technetium was the

652
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,680
Speaker 2: very first blank spot to be filled in with a

653
00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:38,880
Speaker 2: lab created element as number forty three nuclear bombs that

654
00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:43,319
Speaker 2: you mentioned. When they started doing the nuclear tests out

655
00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:45,919
Speaker 2: on the Marshall Islands in the fifties, they would send

656
00:36:46,360 --> 00:36:50,760
Speaker 2: planes out into these explosions with filters on them to

657
00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:55,080
Speaker 2: scoop up unusual atoms and discover potentially elements. That is

658
00:36:55,120 --> 00:37:00,120
Speaker 2: how we got element ninety nine named Einsteinium. And I

659
00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:02,120
Speaker 2: guess we should talk a little bit about the naming

660
00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:06,319
Speaker 2: because the IUPAC actually has rules around this. It says

661
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,600
Speaker 2: new elements have to be named after and this is

662
00:37:09,719 --> 00:37:13,880
Speaker 2: very interesting. A mineral, a place or a country, a property,

663
00:37:14,680 --> 00:37:20,200
Speaker 2: or a scientist or a mythological concept, which is fascinating.

664
00:37:20,280 --> 00:37:23,120
Speaker 2: So we have some of the latest elements. I believe

665
00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:25,359
Speaker 2: in twenty sixteen is when we got one thirteen through

666
00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:31,759
Speaker 2: eighteen we got the element tennessine because it was there

667
00:37:31,760 --> 00:37:35,600
Speaker 2: were institutions in Tennessee that led to the discovery of

668
00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:38,719
Speaker 2: this super heavy element, and so they named it Tennessee

669
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:41,080
Speaker 2: and most of them sort of follow that naming convention.

670
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:45,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, Nihonium is named after Nihan, which is the Japanese

671
00:37:45,680 --> 00:37:50,360
Speaker 1: name for Japan. A Muscovian is named after Moscow where

672
00:37:50,560 --> 00:37:56,000
Speaker 1: a lab where that was created in a Ghanissan Oganissan

673
00:37:56,120 --> 00:38:00,200
Speaker 1: Organisan Oganison, that's what it is. It's named after a

674
00:38:00,239 --> 00:38:05,160
Speaker 1: guy named Yuri Oganessian who is a Russian essentially element hunter.

675
00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:09,920
Speaker 1: Now he has got tons of funding behind him, has

676
00:38:09,960 --> 00:38:12,880
Speaker 1: set up new particle accelerators with more and more energy

677
00:38:13,040 --> 00:38:17,400
Speaker 1: and is bashing things together in the search for entirely

678
00:38:17,560 --> 00:38:21,520
Speaker 1: new elements that not only don't exist on Earth, they

679
00:38:21,560 --> 00:38:24,360
Speaker 1: may not exist anywhere else in the universe.

680
00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:25,759
Speaker 3: They may only exist.

681
00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:31,400
Speaker 1: Theoretically until Aganessian manages to smash the right atoms together

682
00:38:31,680 --> 00:38:35,399
Speaker 1: to create those elements for a pico second. Like they're

683
00:38:35,480 --> 00:38:38,560
Speaker 1: so unstable that they last almost no time at all,

684
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:40,760
Speaker 1: which makes them totally useless to us.

685
00:38:41,320 --> 00:38:42,439
Speaker 2: Yeah, as of now.

686
00:38:42,640 --> 00:38:45,040
Speaker 1: The fact that, like you said, they predicted I think

687
00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:47,480
Speaker 1: it's going to go up to one hundred and seventy three.

688
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:51,680
Speaker 3: Yeah, and we're at one hundred and what eighteen.

689
00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:55,719
Speaker 1: Makes people like Agnessian just crazy, like they want to

690
00:38:55,719 --> 00:38:58,600
Speaker 1: find them all. And he actually found a couple of

691
00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:03,040
Speaker 1: those most recent ones that were inducted, I guess in

692
00:39:03,120 --> 00:39:05,000
Speaker 1: the periodic table in twenty sixteen.

693
00:39:05,719 --> 00:39:10,160
Speaker 2: Yeah, and this is kind of cool too. Oganessian apparently

694
00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:15,040
Speaker 2: wanted to name that element stardust in honor of David Bowie,

695
00:39:15,760 --> 00:39:17,320
Speaker 2: but it didn't fit the naming criteria.

696
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:20,000
Speaker 3: Oh yeah, yeah, too bad.

697
00:39:20,280 --> 00:39:23,440
Speaker 2: So sad, Yeah, too bad. So as far as the

698
00:39:24,560 --> 00:39:28,799
Speaker 2: sort of the coda on this, Livia is keen to

699
00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:32,400
Speaker 2: point out that there are gaps in the framework. Still

700
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:35,040
Speaker 2: there are issues. When you look at the periodic table,

701
00:39:35,680 --> 00:39:39,000
Speaker 2: you needn't only look at the very first one hydrogen

702
00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:42,360
Speaker 2: at the far left of the table. It's there because

703
00:39:42,360 --> 00:39:45,680
Speaker 2: it has that one electron, but it is not like

704
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:47,759
Speaker 2: any of the rest of its group, because the rest

705
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:51,240
Speaker 2: of them are all alkali metals. It's actually more similar

706
00:39:51,239 --> 00:39:53,520
Speaker 2: to something like chlorine, which is in the second column

707
00:39:53,520 --> 00:39:57,560
Speaker 2: from the right. But you know, there's still debate on,

708
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,600
Speaker 2: like it's not subtle on where things should be placed

709
00:40:01,719 --> 00:40:04,040
Speaker 2: on these various and there have been you know, there

710
00:40:04,040 --> 00:40:06,239
Speaker 2: are alternative tables that people have put out over the

711
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:09,319
Speaker 2: years with different tweaks, some small, some large, and it's

712
00:40:09,719 --> 00:40:10,759
Speaker 2: pretty interesting, I think.

713
00:40:10,920 --> 00:40:15,280
Speaker 1: And there's also that two period section that's always removed

714
00:40:15,280 --> 00:40:18,919
Speaker 1: from the rest of the periodic table. It's put down

715
00:40:18,960 --> 00:40:23,000
Speaker 1: below it. Those two sections actually go in.

716
00:40:23,239 --> 00:40:25,200
Speaker 2: That's the f block, right, Yeah, the.

717
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:29,160
Speaker 1: Bottom two rows, so they come after I think, bury

718
00:40:29,239 --> 00:40:34,080
Speaker 1: them and just go all the way over to oh,

719
00:40:34,120 --> 00:40:37,080
Speaker 1: I can't remember the other one, but imagine that the

720
00:40:37,080 --> 00:40:40,120
Speaker 1: periodic table was looked like it did, but then the

721
00:40:40,160 --> 00:40:43,480
Speaker 1: bottom two rows were about twice as long as they

722
00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:46,680
Speaker 1: are now. It looked weird and it's because you would

723
00:40:46,719 --> 00:40:50,000
Speaker 1: take that lower F block and put it into its

724
00:40:50,040 --> 00:40:53,920
Speaker 1: proper place if you're arranging these things by atomic number.

725
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:56,680
Speaker 1: But the reason why the F block is pulled out

726
00:40:56,800 --> 00:41:00,840
Speaker 1: is because those two rows of elements act needs and

727
00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:04,600
Speaker 1: lath the needs. I think they might like follow an

728
00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:08,640
Speaker 1: atomic number in that way, but their properties are totally

729
00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:12,760
Speaker 1: different from their periods or their groups. And the reason

730
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:15,919
Speaker 1: why is because they're the only two groups that have

731
00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:22,880
Speaker 1: the F position subshell filled by an electron, which completely

732
00:41:22,920 --> 00:41:27,239
Speaker 1: alters their everything. It's just different than all of the

733
00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:31,080
Speaker 1: other ones, and it's different enough that they just basically

734
00:41:31,080 --> 00:41:33,200
Speaker 1: removed it until they can figure out where it should sit,

735
00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:36,880
Speaker 1: because depending on how you interpret where like how the

736
00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:39,719
Speaker 1: periodic table should be laid out, they should go here,

737
00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:41,880
Speaker 1: or they should go there, or they should just stay

738
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:43,120
Speaker 1: out like they are now.

739
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:47,640
Speaker 2: Yeah, there are some and it's kind of fun to

740
00:41:47,640 --> 00:41:49,160
Speaker 2: look some of these up if you want to see

741
00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:53,200
Speaker 2: some kind of cool at the very least just esthetic examples.

742
00:41:53,239 --> 00:41:55,000
Speaker 2: And then they're not just like, oh, this looks cooler.

743
00:41:55,560 --> 00:41:57,719
Speaker 2: It makes sense to the person who has put out

744
00:41:57,760 --> 00:42:02,160
Speaker 2: this whatever alternative or alternate periodic table, Like in nineteen

745
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:06,360
Speaker 2: forty nine, Lvia found one from Life magazine that is

746
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:08,680
Speaker 2: a spiral, and there are quite a few different spiral

747
00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:12,560
Speaker 2: or sporrillic designs where you have hydrogen at the center

748
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:18,279
Speaker 2: and it's sort of like racetrack shape. If you look

749
00:42:18,280 --> 00:42:21,239
Speaker 2: at any just look up spiral based periodic chart, and

750
00:42:21,280 --> 00:42:24,920
Speaker 2: they're very nice to look at. I imagine they are

751
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:27,560
Speaker 2: much much harder to sort of make sense of and

752
00:42:27,600 --> 00:42:29,960
Speaker 2: read unless you're the person who made.

753
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:30,920
Speaker 3: It or a chemist.

754
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:35,400
Speaker 2: Yeah, chemists would still probably be like, well, why are

755
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:36,239
Speaker 2: you doing it that way?

756
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:38,319
Speaker 3: I liked it the other way.

757
00:42:38,920 --> 00:42:42,040
Speaker 2: Or that three D one that Timothy Stowe came up

758
00:42:42,080 --> 00:42:45,480
Speaker 2: with that I think physicists are pretty keen on that

759
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:50,240
Speaker 2: has three axes of different colors that represent quantum numbers

760
00:42:50,760 --> 00:42:53,640
Speaker 2: that describe the electrons. But it's you know, if you

761
00:42:53,640 --> 00:42:55,600
Speaker 2: look at a three D version, that's kind of cool too.

762
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:58,719
Speaker 2: But if you find the one, the traditional one confusing

763
00:42:59,239 --> 00:43:01,440
Speaker 2: as a non us just try looking at any of

764
00:43:01,440 --> 00:43:03,240
Speaker 2: these other ones. It's really confusing.

765
00:43:03,400 --> 00:43:06,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's all it is is it's saying, well, actually, no,

766
00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:09,000
Speaker 1: I think we should arrange them so that they're connected

767
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:13,080
Speaker 1: more by this property like electro negativity, or they're shiny

768
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:16,440
Speaker 1: where they're pretty I like this these elements, and so

769
00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:18,640
Speaker 1: we're going to put them together. These are my favorite elements.

770
00:43:18,920 --> 00:43:20,600
Speaker 1: It's just kind of like that, and so you can

771
00:43:20,640 --> 00:43:22,320
Speaker 1: bend them in all sorts of weird shapes.

772
00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:26,480
Speaker 2: Yeah. I have my own periodic table I've designed. Oh yeah,

773
00:43:26,520 --> 00:43:31,000
Speaker 2: and it is just a big black block and then

774
00:43:31,960 --> 00:43:34,399
Speaker 2: times new roman and yellow lettering in the middle. It says,

775
00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:36,160
Speaker 2: who gives a s?

776
00:43:36,719 --> 00:43:36,919
Speaker 3: Right?

777
00:43:37,560 --> 00:43:40,240
Speaker 1: I would have imagined it was a traditional periodic table,

778
00:43:40,239 --> 00:43:42,800
Speaker 1: but scratched out with a pen violently.

779
00:43:43,480 --> 00:43:45,520
Speaker 2: No, that's good. I like that better. I'm gonna change mine.

780
00:43:45,560 --> 00:43:48,360
Speaker 1: I've got one other thing that doesn't. It has a

781
00:43:48,360 --> 00:43:50,400
Speaker 1: lot to do with everything, but not anything we're going

782
00:43:50,480 --> 00:43:55,120
Speaker 1: to go into. But there are some especially those elements

783
00:43:55,120 --> 00:43:57,720
Speaker 1: that don't occur in nature, and they have to create

784
00:43:57,760 --> 00:44:01,360
Speaker 1: in particle accelerators. Yeah, also some that occur in nature,

785
00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:05,080
Speaker 1: like gold and mercury are two good examples. They have

786
00:44:05,520 --> 00:44:10,279
Speaker 1: electrons that spin so fast, that are moving at such

787
00:44:10,320 --> 00:44:15,720
Speaker 1: incredible energies that they actually are like a significant fraction

788
00:44:15,880 --> 00:44:18,160
Speaker 1: of the speed of light. That's how fast they're going.

789
00:44:18,719 --> 00:44:22,160
Speaker 1: And it doesn't matter whether you're talking about like a

790
00:44:22,360 --> 00:44:26,280
Speaker 1: photon or a planet or a black hole or an electron.

791
00:44:26,640 --> 00:44:31,400
Speaker 1: Anything that has mass and can move at anything like

792
00:44:31,680 --> 00:44:34,480
Speaker 1: half the speed of light is going to actually bend

793
00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:38,800
Speaker 1: time and space. And so for some kinds of elements

794
00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:42,920
Speaker 1: that have relativistic speeds, meaning their electrons travel close to

795
00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:45,520
Speaker 1: the speed of light, they have all sorts of freaky

796
00:44:45,560 --> 00:44:49,600
Speaker 1: diky properties. It's why gold is gold. Not going to

797
00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:52,760
Speaker 1: get into that, just trust me. It's why gold is gold.

798
00:44:53,480 --> 00:44:55,840
Speaker 1: But also it means that if you could go into

799
00:44:55,880 --> 00:44:59,239
Speaker 1: those atoms and just kind of exist in them as

800
00:44:59,280 --> 00:45:02,640
Speaker 1: if they were you, you would see that time and

801
00:45:02,680 --> 00:45:06,440
Speaker 1: space was bent compared to how time and space exists

802
00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:10,040
Speaker 1: outside of those atoms, like on our level. That's what

803
00:45:10,160 --> 00:45:13,680
Speaker 1: atomic scientists have figured out. And it's actually kind of

804
00:45:14,200 --> 00:45:17,640
Speaker 1: having a mind breaking effect on the periodic table.

805
00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:21,120
Speaker 3: To an extent amazing. I think so too.

806
00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:23,360
Speaker 1: That's it, Chuck, we did periodic tables.

807
00:45:23,360 --> 00:45:25,080
Speaker 3: It's done. You did great.

808
00:45:25,560 --> 00:45:27,120
Speaker 2: Oh boy, we don't have to do it again.

809
00:45:27,360 --> 00:45:30,839
Speaker 1: No, I don't think so, I hope not. Yeah, what

810
00:45:30,920 --> 00:45:35,799
Speaker 1: is this Murphy's law? Well, since I said Murphy's law

811
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,279
Speaker 1: and Chuck laughed because he got the joke, you may

812
00:45:38,320 --> 00:45:40,880
Speaker 1: not have. And that's okay. That means it's time for

813
00:45:40,960 --> 00:45:41,520
Speaker 1: listener now.

814
00:45:43,400 --> 00:45:45,719
Speaker 2: All right, I'm gonna call this very quick follow up

815
00:45:45,719 --> 00:45:48,680
Speaker 2: from our Halloween episode. As we record this, it is

816
00:45:48,719 --> 00:45:53,640
Speaker 2: actually Halloween, so that has just come out today, and

817
00:45:53,719 --> 00:45:58,080
Speaker 2: we have something from Owen that perhaps explains something that

818
00:45:58,120 --> 00:46:01,040
Speaker 2: we kind of wondered about. Hey guys, once again loving

819
00:46:01,040 --> 00:46:04,399
Speaker 2: the yearly Spectacular. Figured I'd mentioned my take on what

820
00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:08,880
Speaker 2: the Hermit meant. Hermit Hermit meant when he said the

821
00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:11,680
Speaker 2: man's eyes didn't match his mouth. Oh yeah, I think

822
00:46:11,680 --> 00:46:13,680
Speaker 2: it might have something to do with honesty, like the

823
00:46:13,680 --> 00:46:18,000
Speaker 2: words of encouragement were somehow disingenuine that lined up with

824
00:46:18,040 --> 00:46:20,120
Speaker 2: the idea that the hermit is sort of seeing flaws

825
00:46:20,160 --> 00:46:23,120
Speaker 2: and faults. That makes sense to me. I didn't match

826
00:46:23,160 --> 00:46:23,520
Speaker 2: his mouth.

827
00:46:23,640 --> 00:46:26,040
Speaker 1: That's like the best explanation I've heard so far. It's

828
00:46:26,040 --> 00:46:28,240
Speaker 1: also the only explanation, but it's a good one.

829
00:46:28,680 --> 00:46:31,200
Speaker 2: I think it's totally it. And Owen says, regardless of

830
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:34,200
Speaker 2: whether that's the author's intent, I'm using the description in

831
00:46:34,280 --> 00:46:37,640
Speaker 2: a song i'm writing. So thanks for the inspiration, and

832
00:46:37,640 --> 00:46:40,879
Speaker 2: in all honesty, the voice work is on point this year.

833
00:46:41,840 --> 00:46:43,000
Speaker 2: That is from.

834
00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:44,440
Speaker 3: Oen makes a lot.

835
00:46:44,520 --> 00:46:48,399
Speaker 1: Owen, here's a here's some inspiration for the musical part

836
00:46:48,440 --> 00:46:49,000
Speaker 1: of your song.

837
00:46:49,719 --> 00:46:56,920
Speaker 3: Do Do No.

838
00:46:57,920 --> 00:46:59,920
Speaker 1: If you want to be like Owen and right into it,

839
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:02,480
Speaker 1: explain something to us. We love that kind of thing.

840
00:47:02,960 --> 00:47:05,080
Speaker 1: You can put it in an email and send it

841
00:47:05,120 --> 00:47:11,440
Speaker 1: off to Stuff Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com.

842
00:47:11,600 --> 00:47:14,480
Speaker 2: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

843
00:47:14,560 --> 00:47:18,759
Speaker 2: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

844
00:47:18,840 --> 00:47:20,680
Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.