1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,840 --> 00:00:07,080 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. Consider it a double feature. 3 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:12,920 Speaker 1: Enjoy the show. Hi, I'm Eves and welcome to This 4 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,279 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a show that on covers a 5 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:28,560 Speaker 1: little bit more about history every day. The day was 6 00:00:28,680 --> 00:00:34,720 Speaker 1: January one, nineteen nineteen. The Doyle errand or Assembly of 7 00:00:34,760 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: Ireland met at the Mansion House in Dublin as the 8 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:42,400 Speaker 1: parliament of the revolutionary Irish Republic. At the meeting, the 9 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:46,440 Speaker 1: first Doyle declared independence from Britain. This is how their 10 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,920 Speaker 1: message to the free nations of the world began. The 11 00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:54,279 Speaker 1: Nation of Ireland, having proclaimed her national independence, calls through 12 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:58,040 Speaker 1: her elected representatives in Parliament, assembled in the Irish capital 13 00:00:58,160 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 1: on January one, nine nineteen, upon every free nation to 14 00:01:02,600 --> 00:01:06,720 Speaker 1: support the Irish Republic by recognizing Ireland's national status and 15 00:01:06,920 --> 00:01:11,679 Speaker 1: her right to its vindication. At the Peace Congress, they 16 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:14,720 Speaker 1: read the entirety of this message, along with the declaration 17 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:17,679 Speaker 1: of independence and a democratic program. At the First Meeting 18 00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:22,520 Speaker 1: of the Doyle that same day, Irish volunteers Sean Tracy, 19 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:27,200 Speaker 1: Shamus Robinson, Sean Hogan and Dan Breen led an ambush 20 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:31,440 Speaker 1: in Salo heap Big in County Tipperary. The band of 21 00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:36,080 Speaker 1: volunteers shot and killed two Royal Irish Constabulary officers, Patrick 22 00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:40,240 Speaker 1: O'Connell and James McDonald. The officers have been escorting a 23 00:01:40,319 --> 00:01:43,560 Speaker 1: cart full of explosives which the volunteers took along with 24 00:01:43,600 --> 00:01:47,360 Speaker 1: the officers weapons. The volunteers had acted on their own accord. 25 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:51,720 Speaker 1: The volunteer Chief of Staff, Richard mccahee even condemned the act, 26 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:55,600 Speaker 1: but Dan Breen later claimed that killing the police and 27 00:01:55,640 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 1: taking their weapons was necessary to start a war. Though 28 00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:03,520 Speaker 1: there have been plenty of conflict leading up to this point, 29 00:02:03,960 --> 00:02:06,720 Speaker 1: this day is widely considered the start of the Irish 30 00:02:06,760 --> 00:02:11,400 Speaker 1: War of Independence. So how did the conflict escalate to 31 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: this point. Great Britain united with Ireland in eighteen o 32 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:18,240 Speaker 1: one under the Act of Union. That meant that Ireland 33 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:22,280 Speaker 1: no longer had a Parliament in Dublin. Throughout the eighteen hundreds, 34 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:24,760 Speaker 1: the demand for Home Rule grew, though it did have 35 00:02:24,840 --> 00:02:29,040 Speaker 1: its opponents. Protestants in the North were especially against Home Rule, 36 00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:32,440 Speaker 1: but in nineteen twelve, the Prime Minister of the United 37 00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:35,880 Speaker 1: Kingdom introduced the Third Home Rule Bill, which would allow 38 00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:41,200 Speaker 1: autonomy for Ireland within the British Empire. It became the 39 00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:43,960 Speaker 1: Home Rule Act of nineteen fourteen, but it was suspended 40 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:47,880 Speaker 1: because of the First World War. Some Irish nationalists were 41 00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:51,320 Speaker 1: optimistic about home rule, but by the late nineteenth century 42 00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:55,880 Speaker 1: many nationalists were eager for self government too many Home 43 00:02:55,960 --> 00:03:00,600 Speaker 1: rule just wasn't enough. Ireland needed total independence. So the 44 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:05,040 Speaker 1: Irish Republican Brotherhood, an organization dedicated to establishing an independent, 45 00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:10,120 Speaker 1: democratic republic in Ireland, began planning the Easter Rising. On 46 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 1: April nineteen sixteen, thousands of rebels, including members of the 47 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:19,160 Speaker 1: Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army, strategically sees key 48 00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:23,639 Speaker 1: places in Dublin. Patrick Pierce, a leader of the uprising, 49 00:03:23,960 --> 00:03:27,360 Speaker 1: read the Easter Proclamation outside the post office, saying that 50 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:30,840 Speaker 1: Ireland was an independent republic that it had a provisional government. 51 00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 1: Over the next six days, hundreds of people died, more 52 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,720 Speaker 1: than two thousand others were injured, and a lot of 53 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: the city was destroyed. The British government sent him forces 54 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:46,240 Speaker 1: to quell the uprising. The Easter Rising was not effective, 55 00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:51,120 Speaker 1: at least not at first. Initially, the consensus among Irish 56 00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:53,640 Speaker 1: people was that the Easter Rising had just been too 57 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:57,960 Speaker 1: bloody and devastating, But folks resented the British response even more. 58 00:03:58,560 --> 00:04:01,600 Speaker 1: They had arrested thousands of people, sent thousands more to 59 00:04:01,600 --> 00:04:04,960 Speaker 1: prison without a trial, and executed leaders of the insurrection 60 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:09,280 Speaker 1: discussed it by British troops actions. After the uprising and 61 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:12,840 Speaker 1: the establishment of a military draft in Ireland in nineteen eighteen, 62 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:16,760 Speaker 1: more people became completely resistant to any sort of British 63 00:04:16,839 --> 00:04:21,039 Speaker 1: rule in Ireland. In the British general election in December 64 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:25,920 Speaker 1: nineteen eighteen, Sheen Feyne, an Irish nationalist political party, gained 65 00:04:25,960 --> 00:04:27,840 Speaker 1: ground when it won seventy three out of the one 66 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:31,920 Speaker 1: dred and five parliamentary seats. To add insult to injury, 67 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:34,719 Speaker 1: the Sheen Fame members all refused to sit in the 68 00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: UK Parliament in Westminster and instead met in his own 69 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:41,560 Speaker 1: parliament in Dublin, the Doyle errand, which you've already been 70 00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:47,039 Speaker 1: introduced to. In early nineteen nineteen, the Irish Republican Army formed, 71 00:04:47,279 --> 00:04:50,720 Speaker 1: drawing members from the Irish Volunteers in Irish Citizens Army 72 00:04:51,120 --> 00:04:54,880 Speaker 1: and became the Army of the New Republic. World War 73 00:04:54,920 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: One had ended, but the i r A was launching 74 00:04:57,960 --> 00:05:02,080 Speaker 1: a guerrilla war against Britain deadly battles between the IRA, 75 00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:06,039 Speaker 1: Royal Irish Constabulary and Black and Tans and suit as 76 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:09,040 Speaker 1: the IRA attempted to drive the British out of Ireland 77 00:05:09,360 --> 00:05:15,040 Speaker 1: and the British attempted to stop the rebellion. Bloody Sunday 78 00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,000 Speaker 1: was a grossly brutal day of violence when the IRA 79 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:21,600 Speaker 1: killed British intelligence officers in the r C and Black 80 00:05:21,640 --> 00:05:24,960 Speaker 1: and Tans retaliated by firing into a crowd at a 81 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:28,920 Speaker 1: football match. The UK Parliament passed the Government of Ireland 82 00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:32,080 Speaker 1: Act in nineteen twenty, intending to create two home rule 83 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:35,560 Speaker 1: jurisdictions in Ireland, one in Northern Ireland and one in 84 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:39,760 Speaker 1: Southern Ireland. A parliament was established in Northern Ireland, but 85 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:44,320 Speaker 1: Chinfei continued to protest and the IRA perpetrated more violence, 86 00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:49,359 Speaker 1: so on July eleventh, n the IRA in British signed 87 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: a truth and in December the Anglo Irish Treaty established 88 00:05:53,760 --> 00:05:56,280 Speaker 1: the Irish Free State, which would still be within the 89 00:05:56,320 --> 00:06:01,039 Speaker 1: British Commonwealth. Ulster or six of our Land's northern counties 90 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:04,440 Speaker 1: opted out and stayed with the United Kingdom. It would 91 00:06:04,440 --> 00:06:09,200 Speaker 1: take until nineteen for Ireland to be officially declared a republic. 92 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:13,720 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Steph Cope and hopefully you know a little 93 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,600 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. You can 94 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:20,760 Speaker 1: subscribe to This Day and History Class on Apple Podcasts, 95 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:23,600 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, or wherever you get your podcasts. 96 00:06:24,040 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: Thanks to producer Chandler Mays for all his audio work. 97 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:36,479 Speaker 1: We'll see you tomorrow. Hi, everyone, welcome to the show. 98 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:40,719 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and you're listening to This Day in History Class, 99 00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,240 Speaker 1: a show that uncovers a little bit more about history 100 00:06:44,440 --> 00:06:58,000 Speaker 1: every day. The day was January one, eighteen forty. Sophia 101 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: Jecks Blake was born in s six, England. Jex Blake 102 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:05,760 Speaker 1: is remembered for advocating for women in Britain to study 103 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:09,680 Speaker 1: medicine and for being the first female doctor to practice 104 00:07:09,720 --> 00:07:14,640 Speaker 1: in Scotland. Sophia was born into a wealthy family. Her 105 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:18,680 Speaker 1: father was Thomas Jacks Blake, a retired barrister, and Mary 106 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:22,160 Speaker 1: Jacks Blake was her mother. Both of her parents were 107 00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:27,200 Speaker 1: Evangelical Anglicans and strict when it came to religion. As 108 00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 1: a child, she bounced from one private boarding school to 109 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:34,040 Speaker 1: the next. Her their traditional views, her parents did not 110 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:38,200 Speaker 1: want her to attend College, but Sophia had gained an 111 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:42,680 Speaker 1: interest in teaching. Despite her parents feelings about college, Sophia 112 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:47,200 Speaker 1: enrolled at Queen's College in eighteen fifty eight. The next year, 113 00:07:47,280 --> 00:07:49,560 Speaker 1: while she was still a student, she took a job 114 00:07:49,640 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 1: as a mathematics tutor at the school, though her parents 115 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:55,320 Speaker 1: made her agree not to take a salary for it. 116 00:07:56,440 --> 00:07:59,800 Speaker 1: There she also learned bookkeeping and lived with Octavia Hill, 117 00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:04,640 Speaker 1: who would become a social reformer. While in London, Sophia 118 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:09,000 Speaker 1: made friends with feminists like Elizabeth Garrett, Emily Davies, and 119 00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:13,520 Speaker 1: Emily Faithful. Sophia finished her term at Queen's College in 120 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:17,080 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty one. The next year, she traveled to Germany 121 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:20,840 Speaker 1: and began teaching at Grand Ducal Institute for Women in Manheim. 122 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:24,840 Speaker 1: Throughout the early eighteen sixties, she spent time in the 123 00:08:24,920 --> 00:08:28,080 Speaker 1: United States. She worked as an assistant at the New 124 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:31,320 Speaker 1: England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, and she 125 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:34,280 Speaker 1: applied to study medicine at the University of Harvard in 126 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:38,040 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven, but they denied her at mission because 127 00:08:38,120 --> 00:08:41,280 Speaker 1: she was a woman. She wrote a book called a 128 00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:45,840 Speaker 1: Visit to Some American Schools and Colleges. When her father died. 129 00:08:45,960 --> 00:08:49,120 Speaker 1: She returned to England, but her time in the US 130 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:53,200 Speaker 1: greatly influenced her views on women in education. She turned 131 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,160 Speaker 1: her attention to becoming a doctor rather than a teacher. 132 00:08:57,240 --> 00:09:01,440 Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty nine, Jex Blake published a pamphlet Medicine 133 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: as a Profession for Women, in which she argued the 134 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:08,160 Speaker 1: case for women becoming doctors. When she applied to Edinburgh 135 00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:12,560 Speaker 1: University to study medicine, the school approved her application, but 136 00:09:12,679 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 1: the university court rejected it. But her story gained press 137 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: and she became part of a group of women seeking 138 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 1: at mission called the Edinburgh Seven. In eighteen sixty nine, 139 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:27,720 Speaker 1: the women were admitted to the university medical School, though 140 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:30,760 Speaker 1: they had to pay higher fees and arranged lectures for 141 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:33,920 Speaker 1: themselves because they could not sit in lectures with men. 142 00:09:35,200 --> 00:09:37,960 Speaker 1: They faced a lot of opposition at the school. In 143 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:41,200 Speaker 1: November of eighteen seventy a mob of students tried to 144 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:45,040 Speaker 1: keep them from taking their exams. The event became known 145 00:09:45,120 --> 00:09:48,960 Speaker 1: as the Surgeon Halls Riot. They passed their exams, but 146 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:52,760 Speaker 1: they weren't allowed to get medical degrees. Their story was 147 00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:56,079 Speaker 1: picked up in the press. In eighteen seventy six, Parliament 148 00:09:56,120 --> 00:09:58,920 Speaker 1: passed a law that allowed women to take exams to 149 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:02,559 Speaker 1: get a medical degree, but it did not require schools 150 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:06,200 Speaker 1: to do so. The University of Edinburgh did not admit 151 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:09,760 Speaker 1: women undergraduates to his medical program until eighteen ninety two. 152 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:14,480 Speaker 1: Sophia turned to the University of Berne in Switzerland, where 153 00:10:14,559 --> 00:10:18,320 Speaker 1: she got a medical degree. In eighteen seventy seven, the 154 00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 1: College of Physicians in Dublin became the first British university 155 00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 1: to license women doctors. That same year, jack's Blake qualified 156 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:29,760 Speaker 1: as licentiate of the College of Physicians, which made her 157 00:10:29,920 --> 00:10:32,280 Speaker 1: the third woman to register as a doctor with the 158 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:36,840 Speaker 1: General Medical Council. Jack's Blake opened a private practice in 159 00:10:36,960 --> 00:10:41,680 Speaker 1: Edinburgh in eighteen seventy eight, becoming Scotland's first female doctor. 160 00:10:42,520 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: She also opened to Edinburgh Hospital and dispensory for women 161 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:51,199 Speaker 1: and children, but soon her mother died and her assistant died. 162 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: This took a toll on her. She closed her practice 163 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:58,800 Speaker 1: and left her dispensory to colleagues, but after a couple 164 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:02,000 Speaker 1: of years, Jack's Blay dove back into advocating for women 165 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:06,400 Speaker 1: in medicine. She and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson established the Edinburgh 166 00:11:06,400 --> 00:11:10,120 Speaker 1: School of Medicine for Women Many of the students ended 167 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:13,160 Speaker 1: up not liking the strict rules at the school, and 168 00:11:13,280 --> 00:11:16,280 Speaker 1: that drove some of them to found a new medical school. 169 00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:20,760 Speaker 1: The Edinburgh School eventually closed after struggling with low enrollment 170 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:25,640 Speaker 1: and financial issues. Jack's Blake retired in eighteen ninety nine. 171 00:11:26,160 --> 00:11:29,120 Speaker 1: She lived with Margaret Todd, one of her former students, 172 00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:32,760 Speaker 1: and was likely in a romantic relationship with her. In 173 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:37,320 Speaker 1: these later years. Jack's Blake supported the suffrage movement. She 174 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:41,840 Speaker 1: died in January of nineteen twelve. Todd wrote her biography, 175 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:45,960 Speaker 1: which was published in nineteen eighteen. I'm Eve Jeff Coote 176 00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:48,760 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 177 00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:53,040 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. If you've seen any good history 178 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:55,600 Speaker 1: means lately, you can send them to us on social 179 00:11:55,600 --> 00:12:01,079 Speaker 1: media at t D I h C Podcast, best if 180 00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:03,600 Speaker 1: emails your thing, send us a note at this day 181 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:07,880 Speaker 1: at iHeartMedia dot com. Thanks for tuning in and we'll 182 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:09,000 Speaker 1: see you again tomorrow.