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Speaker 4: Hey Daniel, have you gone on any exciting messages in

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Speaker 4: our podcast mailbox recently?

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Speaker 5: Oh?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I gotta say it's kind of refreshing because now

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Speaker 1: the questions in the inbox are mostly back to asking

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Speaker 1: science questions.

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Speaker 4: Back to asking science questions. What do you mean have

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Speaker 4: they not always been about science?

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Speaker 1: Well, you know, until a couple of weeks ago, most

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Speaker 1: of the questions were asking something else. Here's an example. Hi, Daniel, Olimhorgey.

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Speaker 2: This is Oliver and I have a very important question

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Speaker 2: about the universe.

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Speaker 4: Where is Orgey?

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Speaker 3: Thanks? I love your show.

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Speaker 4: Oh that's so cute. Thanks. Thanks for the concern, Oliver.

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Speaker 4: But do you prefer science questions? Daniel?

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Speaker 1: Science questions have answers? You know, science questions are something

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Speaker 1: I'm supposed to be an expert about. Where hoge is?

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Speaker 1: Nobody knows.

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Speaker 4: Hi, I'm poor. Hey, I'm a cartoonist and the creator

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Speaker 4: of PhD comics.

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Speaker 5: Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel Whitson. I'm a particle physicist and an avid

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Speaker 1: answer of listener questions.

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Speaker 4: Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio. Yeah. This is our podcast where

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Speaker 4: we talk about the great, big unknown questions of the universe,

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Speaker 4: what's going on out there?

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Speaker 1: And often we deal with the questions at the forefront

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Speaker 1: of science. What are scientists thinking, what are they trying

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Speaker 1: to figure out? Zooming you all around the universe to

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Speaker 1: take you to the forefront of science and explain it

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Speaker 1: to you. But sometimes we also like to answer questions

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Speaker 1: not just in the minds of scientists, but in the

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Speaker 1: minds of everybody out there.

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Speaker 4: Sometimes. I bet some of the great questions in science

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Speaker 4: come from just regular people wondering about this kind of stuff.

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Speaker 1: Hey, scientists are regular people? Are you suggesting we're not?

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Speaker 4: What what.

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Speaker 1: You think? I put on that lab code and all

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Speaker 1: of a sudden I become somebody else.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, you become irregular.

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Speaker 1: I'm going to take that in the best way possible.

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Speaker 1: But I think you're right. I agree with you. I

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Speaker 1: think that a lot of the questions that are at

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Speaker 1: the forefront of science, the questions that are burning, that

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Speaker 1: are deep, that are fascinating, are questions that everybody has

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Speaker 1: because everybody wants to know the answer to questions about

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Speaker 1: the universe. People wonder how do things work, and how

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Speaker 1: do they start? And could we blow up planets? And

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Speaker 1: you know, these are basic questions everybody wants to know

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Speaker 1: the answer to.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, So to the end of episode, this will be

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Speaker 4: I think maybe episode seven in our series of answering

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Speaker 4: listener questions. So today we have some really interesting questions

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Speaker 4: here about what happens when black holes are born and

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Speaker 4: whether or not we can build something out of a

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Speaker 4: nineteen seventy six movie.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and we love answering listener questions. If you

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Speaker 1: have a question about the universe you'd like us to answer,

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Speaker 1: please send it to us at questions at Daniel and

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Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. We write back to every email, hopefully

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Speaker 1: with an insightful answer, and sometimes we even feature those

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Speaker 1: questions here on the podcast.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, we answer everything except where I am that one?

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Speaker 1: Oh No, I write back and I just say, I

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Speaker 1: don't know.

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Speaker 4: I just work with this guy in like three different projects.

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Speaker 4: How would I know?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's basically it.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, so today on the podcast, we'll be answering listener questions,

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Speaker 4: and we have what happens at the moment a black

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Speaker 4: hole is made? Can we build a death star? Those

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Speaker 4: are the burning questions in our listener's minds.

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Speaker 1: And I just want to encourage you one more time

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Speaker 1: to send us your questions. Sometimes I know the answer

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Speaker 1: right off the bat, but sometimes I have to go

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Speaker 1: do a little bit of research. Talk to an expert

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Speaker 1: on black holes, talk to an expert about death stars,

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Speaker 1: and that's a lot of fun. So please continue to

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Speaker 1: send in your questions, not just because it sends me

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Speaker 1: down rabbit holes where I to learn about crazy stuff,

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Speaker 1: but also because if you have a question about the universe,

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Speaker 1: probably somebody else does too.

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Speaker 4: Wait, Daniel, I have two questions just from what you

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Speaker 4: just said. First of all, you're not an expert at

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Speaker 4: everything in the universe.

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Speaker 1: I'm an expert at putting on a lab coate and

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Speaker 1: sounding like an expert who.

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Speaker 4: Gave you a microphone?

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Speaker 5: What?

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Speaker 4: And the second question is that there is actually an

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Speaker 4: expert on death stars out there in your department or

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Speaker 4: in some university.

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Speaker 1: Yes, absolutely, they're experts in astro industry. You know you're

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Speaker 1: going to build something really big. You're not going to

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Speaker 1: assemble it on the surface of the Earth. You're gonna

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Speaker 1: have to build it in space. And surprisingly people have

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Speaker 1: thought about that astro engineering.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, astro engineering. Can you study that in college? Or

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Speaker 4: can I study that in college.

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Speaker 1: Not today, not tomorrow, but coming soon to a rebel

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Speaker 1: planet near you?

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Speaker 4: Or maybe we should take a page from our president

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Speaker 4: and just call it a space engineer space force engineering.

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Speaker 1: You I spend so much time wondering if you could

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Speaker 1: build a death stop are you never thought to ask

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Speaker 1: if you should.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, but we love getting questions from listeners, and so

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Speaker 4: today the first question we have is from Glenn, who

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Speaker 4: is from Cape Town, South Africa. And Glenn has a

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Speaker 4: pretty interesting question which I don't think we've ever covered here, right.

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Speaker 1: No, we certainly have not. We've talked a lot about

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Speaker 1: black holes, but we've never really asked or answered this

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Speaker 1: specific question.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, and it's a pretty cool question. And so here's

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Speaker 4: Glenn from Cape Town, South Africa.

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Speaker 6: Hi, Daniel en Jorge. This is Glenn Edwards and I'm

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Speaker 6: from Cape Town, South Africa. I'm pretty interested in all

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Speaker 6: things space related and I've been really enjoying your podcasts.

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Speaker 6: I've heard a lot of different discussions about black holes,

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Speaker 6: so I have a very basic understanding about the factors

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Speaker 6: that lead up to its formation. One thing, however, that

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Speaker 6: I've never heard about, is the actual mechanics of the

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Speaker 6: moment a black hole begins. When an extremely dense cosmic

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Speaker 6: object collapses into a black hole. Is this an instantaneous

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Speaker 6: event or something that happens over cosmic time frames. If

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Speaker 6: you are observing this object at the moment of would

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Speaker 6: it suddenly go out like a light? Have any black

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Speaker 6: hole formations ever been observed, would anything within the Schwartz

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Speaker 6: child radius suddenly disappear? That's a luck to unpeck. But

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Speaker 6: I'm looking forward to hearing your entertaining answers.

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Speaker 4: All right. Basically, I think the question is what does

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Speaker 4: a baby black hole look like? For or maybe this

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Speaker 4: is more like a bird's and the bees question about

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Speaker 4: black hole.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I think he wants to see the black hole

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Speaker 1: pop out. He's curious about that transition from not black

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Speaker 1: hole to black hole? What does that look like? How

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Speaker 1: does it happen? This kind of.

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Speaker 4: Stuff, Yeah, because you know, we have sort of pictures

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Speaker 4: now of what a black hole, an adult black hole

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Speaker 4: looks like, but we don't know kind of like the

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Speaker 4: process of making a black hole.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, really a fascinating question. How does that happen, How

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Speaker 1: fast does it happen? What would it look like if

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Speaker 1: you were there watching? This really goes to the heart

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Speaker 1: of what it's like to be a black hole and

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Speaker 1: how a black hole is made. So I thought this

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Speaker 1: was a really fascinating question, and I actually went down

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Speaker 1: and spent like an hour talking to an expert in

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Speaker 1: my department, Aaron Barry, who's an expert in black hole,

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Speaker 1: super massive and not super massive, about exactly what this

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Speaker 1: would look like? Super fun. Thank you Glenn for this

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Speaker 1: excellent question.

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Speaker 4: That's the question, and it's like, if you were out

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Speaker 4: in space watching the birth of a black hole, what

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Speaker 4: would you see? Would you would you even survive the experience?

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Speaker 4: I guess this is my main question. Do we want

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Speaker 4: to see a black hole get born?

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Speaker 1: Well, maybe if you were watching it from the viewing

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Speaker 1: portal of a death star and had like, you know,

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Speaker 1: a lot of protection, then you could survive it force

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Speaker 1: field a force field. But I think the first thing

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Speaker 1: to understand is sort of the timescale of the process,

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Speaker 1: like how rapidly does a black hole get formed? Like

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Speaker 1: how quickly do you go from star to black hole?

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Speaker 1: Is it like geological cosmological time scales of hundreds of

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Speaker 1: millions of years or does it happen really fast? I

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Speaker 1: think that was the first question that popped it into

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Speaker 1: my head when I read this.

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Speaker 4: My question is what reminds me what a black hole is?

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Speaker 4: Or like, what's a technical definition so that we know

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Speaker 4: at what pointed it is a black hole?

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Speaker 6: Right?

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Speaker 1: Good point? So black hole is any location in the

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Speaker 1: universe where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape

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Speaker 1: its gravitational field, and it's.

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Speaker 4: An area of volume of space or like a point.

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Speaker 1: Or it's a volume of space. It's like a sphere,

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Speaker 1: and we don't know what's inside the sphere. We don't

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Speaker 1: know how the matter is distributed. A lot of people

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Speaker 1: have an image in their mind of a point, like

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Speaker 1: a singularity, a super dense point inside the black hole

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Speaker 1: that has so much mass that the gravity around it

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Speaker 1: is really strong. And that's the picture you have from

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Speaker 1: general relativity. And we know that general relativity is a

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Speaker 1: great theory. The University describes a lot of things correctly.

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Speaker 1: We don't know that it's correctly describing what's happening inside

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Speaker 1: a black hole, but it's a good starting point. And

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Speaker 1: the structure there is you have a dense dot and

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Speaker 1: a singularity, huge amount of mass, and then at some radius,

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Speaker 1: some distance from the black hole or closer, the gravity

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Speaker 1: is too strong for anything to escape. And that's what

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Speaker 1: we call sort of call the surface of the.

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Speaker 4: Black holes a three D hole, right, like a it's

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Speaker 4: like a sphere, but it's a hole, yeah, a hole

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Speaker 4: in space.

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Speaker 1: I think if it's sort of like a like a

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Speaker 1: trap in space, like once you get in there, you

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Speaker 1: can't get out. That space is sort of one directional,

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Speaker 1: Like you get in there and all you can do

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Speaker 1: is move closer to the center of the black hole.

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Speaker 1: You can't ever move further from the center. In some sense, like.

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Speaker 4: I just call it a trap hole.

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Speaker 1: I think that was vetoed is not safe for work.

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Speaker 1: And one useful thing to remember is that it's not

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Speaker 1: like gravity is pulling on photons and slowing them down,

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Speaker 1: but eventually they will escape. They cannot escape, and not

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Speaker 1: just because gravity is so strong, but because gravity is

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Speaker 1: actually bent the space. You know, there's there's no path

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Speaker 1: outside the black hole. Like every direction you move if

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Speaker 1: you're inside the black hole takes you closer because space

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Speaker 1: is bent in a really weird way inside the black hole.

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Speaker 4: So it's not like it grabs things and holds them

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Speaker 4: with some force. It's like it's like it's really kind

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Speaker 4: of like a pocket in space. It's like a hole

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Speaker 4: in space itself. Like you once you go in there,

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Speaker 4: you're trapped in its in your own little space.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And it's not like quicksand right where it

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Speaker 1: just like slows you down and it's hard to climb out.

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Speaker 1: But if you try, really really hard, or whatever. There's

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Speaker 1: just no way to do it, and so it's like

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Speaker 1: a trap. It's like a hole in space. And the

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Speaker 1: point I wanted to make earlier was that we know

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Speaker 1: this surface exists, We know the black holes are real,

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Speaker 1: and that there's this event horizon the surface beyond which

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Speaker 1: if you pass you can never escape. But we don't

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Speaker 1: know what's going on inside there because we don't really

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Speaker 1: know if general relativity is correct that these really really

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Speaker 1: strong gravitational fields, and quantum mechanics says it's probably wrong,

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Speaker 1: but we've never looked inside a black hole, so we

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Speaker 1: can't quite tell.

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Speaker 4: But it is, like you said, it does have sort

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Speaker 4: of a surface or boundary, and so it's a thing.

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Speaker 4: And so I guess the question is like, how does

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Speaker 4: that thing get formed? Does it start a really small

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Speaker 4: and then grow or does it immediately pop into existence?

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Speaker 1: You just go online to Amazon and you enter a

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Speaker 1: black hole and you press by now and boom, it's

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Speaker 1: your black hole.

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Speaker 4: There's a buy now button for the universe.

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Speaker 1: Only for prime Now. I get black hole prime delivery.

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Speaker 4: It's quantum Amazon.

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Speaker 1: I was actually thinking about that because the gravitational information

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Speaker 1: travels at a finite speed, right, if you create a

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Speaker 1: black hole as a singularity, then the space around it

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Speaker 1: doesn't know about the black hole instantly, so it takes

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Speaker 1: like a moment for the black hole the sphere to

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Speaker 1: sort of be created and to travel out to the

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Speaker 1: eventual event horizon. There's like a huge gravitational wave that

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Speaker 1: would be created if you were able to amazon prime

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Speaker 1: a singularity into existence.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, the question is if you instantly pop this singularity

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Speaker 4: out into space, what happens, right, Like you're saying, it

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Speaker 4: may not. It might propagate out slowly, or it might

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Speaker 4: who knows, right, because it's bending space at the same time,

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Speaker 4: So it's kind of weird, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, if you were a photon and you're flying in

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Speaker 1: some direction and somebody creates a black hole right behind you,

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Speaker 1: in theory, you could survive even if you're right next

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Speaker 1: to that singularity because you could like travel faster than

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Speaker 1: the gravitational waves that are propagating out from the singularity

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Speaker 1: to sort of inform the rest of the universe that

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Speaker 1: singularity has been created. Because remember, gravitational information is not instantaneous.

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Speaker 1: So the Sun disappeared, for example, the Earth would keep

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Speaker 1: moving in its orbit for eight minutes until it got

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Speaker 1: updated right.

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Speaker 4: It's like that scene in every other action movie where

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Speaker 4: there's an explosion or a tidal wave or something and

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Speaker 4: the heroes are in a plane or a car just

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Speaker 4: barely out running.

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Speaker 1: Yes, no, no, no, no, exactly they dive from the burning building.

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Speaker 1: But that's not the way black holes are actually made

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Speaker 1: in our universe. It's just sort of like the extreme example,

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Speaker 1: black holes come from huge masses that already exist.

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Speaker 4: Okay, so let's step through that how exactly black holes

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Speaker 4: are made and what maybe actually happens when they get made.

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Speaker 4: But first let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 4: Okay, Daniel, so how do I make a black hole?

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Speaker 4: What's the what's the recipe here.

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Speaker 1: It's a huge blob of stuff, and that's about it.

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Speaker 1: Get a huge wait.

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Speaker 4: Along tablespoons of bazillion tablespoons of anything that's differ and

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Speaker 4: then mix. That's the recipe.

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Speaker 1: You don't even have to mix. You just wait, you know,

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Speaker 1: preheat the oven to two point seventy three degrees calvin.

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Speaker 1: That's a temperature of the universe, and then just wait

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Speaker 1: hundreds of millions of years.

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Speaker 4: Well, you kind of have to make a dough in

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Speaker 4: no way, right, You have to get it on in

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Speaker 4: a certain amount of space. Like, you don't just need

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Speaker 4: a lot of stuff, You need a lot of stuff

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Speaker 4: in a small amount of space.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And that's what gravity will do for you. Given

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Speaker 1: enough time, gravity will pull together a huge blob of

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Speaker 1: gas and squeeze it. And eventually it's squeeze it so

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Speaker 1: much that it becomes a star if it's big enough,

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Speaker 1: and that star will burn. And the reason it doesn't

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Speaker 1: just immediately compress it into a black hole is because

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Speaker 1: of the burning. The burning creates a lot of energy.

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00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:28,600
Speaker 1: It's like radiation that's pushing out, so it keeps it

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Speaker 1: from collapsing anymore. Like you might wonder why doesn't every

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Speaker 1: blob of gas just immediately turn into a black hole.

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00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:36,680
Speaker 1: It's because there's some force outwards and that comes from

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Speaker 1: this fusion.

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Speaker 4: It's burning, and so it's kind of diffusing the stuff out,

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Speaker 4: making it fluffy, not concentrated exactly.

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Speaker 1: It's a constantly exploding fusion bomb, so it's throwing everything

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Speaker 1: out really hard. At the same time gravity's pulling in,

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Speaker 1: so it's a delicate balance. A star, it's this exploding

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Speaker 1: bomb that's trapped by its own gravitational power, and that

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Speaker 1: goes on for hundreds of millions of years, depending on

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Speaker 1: precise and the size of the star, etc. While it

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Speaker 1: burns all that fuel.

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Speaker 4: Okay, so then how does a black hole get formed

402
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:08,199
Speaker 4: or how do what are the different ways black holes

403
00:19:08,359 --> 00:19:10,040
Speaker 4: come to exist in our universe.

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00:19:10,280 --> 00:19:12,000
Speaker 1: Well, the thing that's preventing a star from being a

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Speaker 1: black hole immediately is this burning and so essentially you

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Speaker 1: have to wait for the fire to go out. After

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Speaker 1: hundreds of millions of years, it's turned that hydrogen into

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Speaker 1: helium and then into lithium into heavier stuff, and that

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Speaker 1: stuff can burn also, but eventually it turns into something

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Speaker 1: that can't burn, which is iron, and so it runs

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Speaker 1: out of fuel.

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Speaker 4: Most black holes come from stars. Is that the path

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Speaker 4: to a black hole or can a black hole form

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00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:37,400
Speaker 4: any other way that's not through a star.

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Speaker 1: We're not exactly sure. Like the super massive black holes

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Speaker 1: that at the center of galaxies, we still don't know

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Speaker 1: what seated them. Like if you try to model them

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Speaker 1: just from coming from one star and then gobbling up

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00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:49,400
Speaker 1: other ones, there's not enough time for them to get

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Speaker 1: that big. And so there's lots of different categories of

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Speaker 1: black holes. But we think that sort of your vanilla

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Speaker 1: black hole that comes from a star happens in this way,

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Speaker 1: but we don't know if that's the dominant fraction black holes. Also,

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Speaker 1: some black holes might have been made at the Big Bang.

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Speaker 1: They're called primordial black holes, and those could still be

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Speaker 1: flying around.

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Speaker 4: They were made in the Big Bang.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, these are the og black holes.

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Speaker 4: So as the universe was expanding rapidly, like, that's how

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Speaker 4: you got black holes.

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00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:18,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, there was crazy energy density back then in

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Speaker 1: the very first moments of the universe, and you had

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Speaker 1: quantum fluctuations. It made some spots more dense and some

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00:20:23,119 --> 00:20:25,960
Speaker 1: spots less dense. Then all that stuff turned into all

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00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:28,000
Speaker 1: that energy turned into some kind of matter some of

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00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:31,159
Speaker 1: it became buryonic, some became dark matter. Some fraction of

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00:20:31,240 --> 00:20:33,920
Speaker 1: we think might have turned into primordial black holes, which

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Speaker 1: is just a cool.

439
00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:36,840
Speaker 4: Word, primordial black holes.

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00:20:37,080 --> 00:20:39,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like a black hole emerging from the swamp.

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00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:42,800
Speaker 1: That's what I have this image in my head, swamp

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00:20:42,880 --> 00:20:46,280
Speaker 1: of what the swamp of the early universe, you know,

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Speaker 1: pre Big Bang.

444
00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:49,760
Speaker 4: Yeah, so you're saying most black holes we don't know

445
00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:52,119
Speaker 4: how they're made, the big ones and the ones that

446
00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:53,960
Speaker 4: were at the beginning of the universe, but a lot

447
00:20:53,960 --> 00:20:56,240
Speaker 4: of the black holes we know about and see do

448
00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:58,639
Speaker 4: come from a process that we know about, which is

449
00:20:58,680 --> 00:20:59,960
Speaker 4: from collapsing stars.

450
00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:02,960
Speaker 1: Yeah. So it burns through all this fuel that's keeping

451
00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:05,480
Speaker 1: it from collapsing, and it gets heavier and heavier and

452
00:21:05,520 --> 00:21:08,240
Speaker 1: denser and denser, and then once it gets enough iron

453
00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:11,719
Speaker 1: in the core, it can't support itself anymore. Gravity basically wins,

454
00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:14,439
Speaker 1: and it starts crushing the star down even more and

455
00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:15,320
Speaker 1: more dense.

456
00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:19,639
Speaker 4: And then there's I Then that's when it's super Nova's right, Like,

457
00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:20,320
Speaker 4: there's an event.

458
00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:22,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, it makes the black hole, and you know, like

459
00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:25,440
Speaker 1: every good movie, the sort of drama accelerates. The first

460
00:21:25,480 --> 00:21:27,840
Speaker 1: stage is really long and boring setup, like hundreds of

461
00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:30,359
Speaker 1: millions of years of burning hydrogen, and then it burns

462
00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:33,200
Speaker 1: helium and that's less time. Then it burns lithium or whatever,

463
00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:35,440
Speaker 1: and that's less time. And the last stage where it's

464
00:21:35,480 --> 00:21:38,000
Speaker 1: like trying to burn iron, that lasts for about one

465
00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:41,800
Speaker 1: hour and then it collapses and it's like that happens

466
00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:45,239
Speaker 1: in seconds or less than a second, and the edge

467
00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:47,399
Speaker 1: of the star collapses. It's something like a quarter of

468
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:49,159
Speaker 1: the speed of light. So the whole thing happens like

469
00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:53,640
Speaker 1: really quickly. You go from star that's sputtering to collapsing.

470
00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:58,000
Speaker 4: Wow, and then the whole star just kind of falls

471
00:21:58,040 --> 00:21:58,760
Speaker 4: into itself.

472
00:21:58,960 --> 00:22:01,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, And there's a lot of really interesting physics there,

473
00:22:01,240 --> 00:22:04,240
Speaker 1: like it's collapsing so rapidly that you get shock waves,

474
00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:07,520
Speaker 1: and those shockwaves we think can create gamma ray bursts

475
00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:10,399
Speaker 1: when like layers of the star bump into other layers

476
00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:12,720
Speaker 1: of the star that aren't quite collapsing as quickly. We

477
00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:15,560
Speaker 1: talked on this podcast once about these gamma ray bursts,

478
00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:18,400
Speaker 1: these hugely intense bursts of light that lasts like three

479
00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:21,160
Speaker 1: or thirty seconds that come from places we don't understand.

480
00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:23,560
Speaker 1: It might be that these are happening sort of at

481
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:26,760
Speaker 1: these moments just before the supernova, at the creation of

482
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:28,520
Speaker 1: the black hole, but we're not sure.

483
00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:31,720
Speaker 4: And it collapses from gravity right, like there's no longer

484
00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:34,600
Speaker 4: a fire kind of keeping everything out, and so everything

485
00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:38,520
Speaker 4: just finally says, all right, we'll come together, as gravity tells.

486
00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:41,040
Speaker 1: Us precisely, and gravity just gets stronger and stronger.

487
00:22:41,359 --> 00:22:41,479
Speaker 7: Right.

488
00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:44,080
Speaker 1: Gravity is just sort of like wins, you know, It's

489
00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:47,399
Speaker 1: like interest in your bank account. The closer stuff gets together,

490
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,080
Speaker 1: the more gravity polls, the more gravity poles, the closer

491
00:22:50,119 --> 00:22:52,080
Speaker 1: gets together, and then it accelerates and so it gets

492
00:22:52,119 --> 00:22:54,920
Speaker 1: really really strong. And then at some moment the gravity

493
00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:57,840
Speaker 1: is strong enough that you get an event horizon that's formed.

494
00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:03,600
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, it's pulling stuff in so quickly that

495
00:23:03,720 --> 00:23:06,000
Speaker 4: you do get the conditions for a black hole. We've

496
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:10,000
Speaker 4: talked before about like neutron stars. And sometimes a supernova

497
00:23:10,119 --> 00:23:13,640
Speaker 4: doesn't result in a black hole, right, Sometimes it does.

498
00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:15,560
Speaker 1: That's right. Sometimes it can come down to another dense

499
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:19,040
Speaker 1: state that's stable, like a neutron star. Everything has been

500
00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:22,639
Speaker 1: squeezed so much that all the protons have absorbed electrons

501
00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:25,080
Speaker 1: and turned into neutrons, and they've created this state that

502
00:23:25,119 --> 00:23:28,320
Speaker 1: they can hold themselves together and resist gravity for like

503
00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:31,480
Speaker 1: one last more gasp before it turns into a black hole.

504
00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:33,480
Speaker 1: But sometimes it goes straight to a black.

505
00:23:33,280 --> 00:23:36,160
Speaker 4: Hole, right, And the difference is that just the rate

506
00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:37,560
Speaker 4: of how fast it collapsed or what.

507
00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:40,280
Speaker 1: Most of the difference is the initial amount of stuff.

508
00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:43,000
Speaker 1: If you have a big enough blob, then I think

509
00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:45,280
Speaker 1: you get to skip the neutron star step and just

510
00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:47,000
Speaker 1: goes straight to a black hole. The whole thing happens

511
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:49,520
Speaker 1: more quickly the more mass you have. And really it's

512
00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:52,040
Speaker 1: about density. I think you said once in the podcast,

513
00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:54,520
Speaker 1: which is cool, that anything can become a black hole

514
00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:56,719
Speaker 1: if you make it dense enough. And so we're not

515
00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:59,440
Speaker 1: changing the mass of this initial blob of gas, which

516
00:23:59,520 --> 00:24:01,960
Speaker 1: just easing it down. At some point you make it

517
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,120
Speaker 1: dense enough, then you have more mass and less space

518
00:24:05,359 --> 00:24:07,639
Speaker 1: than the gravity becomes strong enough to give you an

519
00:24:07,680 --> 00:24:08,360
Speaker 1: event horizon.

520
00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:11,359
Speaker 4: Right Like you can become a black hole. I can

521
00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:14,080
Speaker 4: become a black hole. Everyone can be a black if

522
00:24:14,080 --> 00:24:15,479
Speaker 4: we're all og black holes.

523
00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:19,400
Speaker 1: I'm not primordial, man, i'ven't been around to the Big Bang.

524
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:21,639
Speaker 1: I know you feel old, but geez, just because you

525
00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:24,119
Speaker 1: get reading glass, it doesn't make your primordial.

526
00:24:26,720 --> 00:24:30,000
Speaker 4: No, that just makes me a hyper myopic.

527
00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:32,760
Speaker 1: And then it gets sort of back to this moment

528
00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:35,040
Speaker 1: we were talking about before, when we like Amazon prime

529
00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:37,680
Speaker 1: to singularity into existence. Because at some moment, there's no

530
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:40,560
Speaker 1: event horizon, right, it's just a hot, dense star. And

531
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:44,080
Speaker 1: then at some moment there is because there's enough stuff there.

532
00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:46,280
Speaker 4: It's a super nova, and I hit the pause button

533
00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:48,919
Speaker 4: and I'm stepping through it super high speed frame by

534
00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:53,120
Speaker 4: super high speed frame, and I'm seeing it collapse, collapse, collapse,

535
00:24:53,680 --> 00:24:56,560
Speaker 4: and at some point I have enough stuff within a

536
00:24:56,560 --> 00:25:00,440
Speaker 4: certain volume to qualify as a black hole precisely.

537
00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:03,520
Speaker 1: And I think the first moment the event horizon is

538
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:07,119
Speaker 1: essentially minuscule is because the densest point is going to

539
00:25:07,119 --> 00:25:09,040
Speaker 1: be the very center of this star, and that's the

540
00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,679
Speaker 1: first place that's going to cross that density threshold. And

541
00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:14,479
Speaker 1: then as it gets gobble stuff up, that event horizon

542
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:16,520
Speaker 1: is going to grow. And it's not going to grow

543
00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:19,480
Speaker 1: at the speed of light, because that would require all

544
00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,160
Speaker 1: the mass to move into the center instantaneously, but it's

545
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:24,680
Speaker 1: going to gobble more stuff and then grow quickly out

546
00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:26,120
Speaker 1: to its eventual size.

547
00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:29,359
Speaker 4: Interesting, and you know that for sure that the center

548
00:25:30,040 --> 00:25:33,640
Speaker 4: gets densest first, like you know, because you could imagine

549
00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:38,000
Speaker 4: just the whole thing collapsing from the edges and at

550
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,960
Speaker 4: some point you just have enough stuff to just have

551
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:43,399
Speaker 4: a giant black hole without its starting in the middle.

552
00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:45,480
Speaker 1: The other idea is that it could all transition to

553
00:25:45,480 --> 00:25:46,080
Speaker 1: the same moment.

554
00:25:46,680 --> 00:25:49,280
Speaker 4: Is that what you're saying, M Yeah, I like it. Yeah.

555
00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:51,000
Speaker 1: I don't think we know the gory details of this

556
00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:54,320
Speaker 1: collapse well enough to say how rapidly the center versus

557
00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:56,480
Speaker 1: the edge turns into a black hole, but I think

558
00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:58,439
Speaker 1: it's if it's going to be anything, it's going to

559
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:00,480
Speaker 1: be the center first, because that's definitely where the strongest

560
00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:02,960
Speaker 1: gravity is. Okay, it might be that the whole thing

561
00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:06,120
Speaker 1: happens very quickly. I'm not sure exactly about the relative

562
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:08,440
Speaker 1: rate of the edge to the center, but it's definitely

563
00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:09,400
Speaker 1: going to be the center first.

564
00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:13,320
Speaker 4: Okay. So the idea is that maybe probably what's happening

565
00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:15,800
Speaker 4: is that there's a mini black hole that's born at

566
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:19,399
Speaker 4: the middle of this collapsing star, and as more stuff

567
00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:21,040
Speaker 4: comes into it, it grows.

568
00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:24,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so, and remember the threshold we're talking about

569
00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:27,000
Speaker 1: the definition of the black hole is where that event

570
00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:29,160
Speaker 1: horizon is and that's not like a physical thing. It's

571
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,359
Speaker 1: not like you can touch it. It's just a place

572
00:26:31,720 --> 00:26:34,080
Speaker 1: inside of which there's too much gravity to escape, and

573
00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:36,480
Speaker 1: outside of which there isn't. And so it's just like

574
00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:37,840
Speaker 1: a mathematical definition.

575
00:26:38,119 --> 00:26:41,560
Speaker 4: If you're actually on the border between the event horizon

576
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:43,959
Speaker 4: and not, you wouldn't like your life doesn't change that

577
00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:46,359
Speaker 4: much you go in from one side, you know what

578
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:48,800
Speaker 4: I mean. Like, I mean, you're toast. You're probably not

579
00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:53,520
Speaker 4: in a good place. But it's not like suddenly the

580
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,719
Speaker 4: skies turn you know, some weird cultor you feel different.

581
00:26:56,760 --> 00:27:00,960
Speaker 1: It's like, no, you are a spaghetifie piece of toast.

582
00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:03,720
Speaker 1: But yeah, there's nothing physically different there other than the

583
00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:07,040
Speaker 1: strength of gravity is now above some threshold rather than below.

584
00:27:07,240 --> 00:27:10,040
Speaker 1: So I don't think qualitatively it feels very different, except

585
00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:12,960
Speaker 1: that now everywhere you look in the universe is towards

586
00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:14,200
Speaker 1: the center of the black hole.

587
00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:18,040
Speaker 4: I see, you would see like space around you warping, warping, warping,

588
00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:21,040
Speaker 4: and then suddenly, whoop, it all occurs in on itself.

589
00:27:21,359 --> 00:27:23,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, and then every direction you look would be

590
00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:26,359
Speaker 1: in towards the inside of the black hole. So everything

591
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:29,240
Speaker 1: that's outside the black hole would be shrinking down eventually

592
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:31,720
Speaker 1: to a dot and then disappear, And then everywhere you

593
00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:33,959
Speaker 1: look would be inside the black hole. There's no direction

594
00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:36,680
Speaker 1: you can go that's outside the black hole. Then you're

595
00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:40,760
Speaker 1: trapped forever and you are trapped or maybe you're on

596
00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:42,680
Speaker 1: the other side of something. Who knows, right, Yeah, so

597
00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:44,199
Speaker 1: let's talk about that. What it looks like from the

598
00:27:44,240 --> 00:27:45,200
Speaker 1: other side. I think that's.

599
00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:47,880
Speaker 4: Pretty cool, like from inside or outside.

600
00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:49,919
Speaker 1: From outside, because I think his question was like, what

601
00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:52,160
Speaker 1: does it look like to see a black hole get made?

602
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:53,280
Speaker 1: Does it go out like a light.

603
00:27:53,640 --> 00:27:57,480
Speaker 4: Okay, so I'm in my death Star hanging out with

604
00:27:57,640 --> 00:28:01,840
Speaker 4: Darth and watch where you point that thing by the way,

605
00:28:03,119 --> 00:28:05,920
Speaker 4: maybe we create, maybe we collapse the star. Maybe maybe

606
00:28:06,040 --> 00:28:08,280
Speaker 4: Darth Vader wanted that start taking out.

607
00:28:08,359 --> 00:28:10,000
Speaker 1: Do you think he could reach out with a force

608
00:28:10,040 --> 00:28:12,720
Speaker 1: and squeeze a star the way he can squeeze somebody's.

609
00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:15,200
Speaker 4: Neck depends somebody Medichlorians there are probably don't know.

610
00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:18,560
Speaker 1: Somebody needs to do a blood test. Yeah, so you're

611
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:20,360
Speaker 1: you're on the deck of your Death Star, hanging out

612
00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:21,240
Speaker 1: with your buddy Darth.

613
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:23,960
Speaker 4: H Yeah, you prime the force heels and you see

614
00:28:23,960 --> 00:28:28,800
Speaker 4: the star suddenly collapse boom. So we see the star

615
00:28:29,119 --> 00:28:32,760
Speaker 4: shrink really fast, and then there's an explosion, right because

616
00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:36,720
Speaker 4: all that stuff when it collapses, it like creates shock waves, right, like.

617
00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:40,800
Speaker 1: Mm hmm, yeah, because not all the stuff falls in, right,

618
00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:43,120
Speaker 1: somebody gets thrown out, and you get this gamma ray

619
00:28:43,160 --> 00:28:45,840
Speaker 1: burst and you get neutrinos and you get huge flash

620
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:49,160
Speaker 1: of light. But then the star is gone. Right when

621
00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:51,680
Speaker 1: the flash of light is past you and all that,

622
00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:54,800
Speaker 1: you know, the hoopla and the drama of the universe

623
00:28:55,520 --> 00:28:57,800
Speaker 1: has passed you, then the star is just no longer

624
00:28:57,840 --> 00:29:01,000
Speaker 1: there burning, right. Instead, all that light that was being

625
00:29:01,040 --> 00:29:03,040
Speaker 1: produced by the star is no longer being produced because

626
00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:04,240
Speaker 1: it's no more fusion happening.

627
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:05,880
Speaker 4: Well, well, you skip the step of the black hole.

628
00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:09,560
Speaker 4: So we see the star collapsing boom, a lot of

629
00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:13,360
Speaker 4: energy and light and strong waves spread out. And as

630
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:17,040
Speaker 4: that's happening, there's a little black hole in the middle growing.

631
00:29:17,280 --> 00:29:19,480
Speaker 1: Right, And so you're going to be seeing less and

632
00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:21,479
Speaker 1: less light from the star because more of it's going

633
00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:24,320
Speaker 1: to be a black hole. And you know, practically you

634
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,160
Speaker 1: probably can't see this thing happening anyway, because you're inundated

635
00:29:27,160 --> 00:29:30,240
Speaker 1: by the supernova outburst stuff, the gamma ray burst and

636
00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:32,120
Speaker 1: all that other stuff is going to totally blind you.

637
00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:34,840
Speaker 1: But if you could somehow see through that and watch

638
00:29:34,880 --> 00:29:37,280
Speaker 1: what was happening in the core, then you're right. You'd

639
00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:39,360
Speaker 1: see sort of the center of the star be hallowed

640
00:29:39,360 --> 00:29:41,840
Speaker 1: out and turned into a black hole, and so the

641
00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:43,640
Speaker 1: star would just beginning dimmer and dimmer.

642
00:29:43,720 --> 00:29:46,200
Speaker 4: If you were wearing like gamma ray bands.

643
00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:49,880
Speaker 1: Could you just come up with that, that is awesome.

644
00:29:51,880 --> 00:29:54,760
Speaker 4: It's not a special gamma ray bands that block the gether.

645
00:29:54,840 --> 00:29:56,840
Speaker 4: You would see the star in the middle, like you

646
00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:59,600
Speaker 4: would see this little black DoD just grow into a

647
00:29:59,640 --> 00:30:00,680
Speaker 4: black circle.

648
00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:02,440
Speaker 1: Right, Well, you wouldn't see the dot, it'd be the

649
00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:04,160
Speaker 1: center of the star. So you'd be looking at the

650
00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:06,800
Speaker 1: surface of the star, which would be you know, collapsing

651
00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:09,240
Speaker 1: and doing its thing and maybe still burning and emitting light,

652
00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:13,080
Speaker 1: but be eaten up from the inside probably, And so

653
00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:15,120
Speaker 1: you'd be seeing the star get dimmer and dimmer because

654
00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:17,360
Speaker 1: it's no longer supported by fusion in the inside.

655
00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:21,640
Speaker 4: Oh Man, you're seeing a black hole eats the star

656
00:30:21,960 --> 00:30:22,920
Speaker 4: from the inside.

657
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like one of those tarantula wasps.

658
00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:27,840
Speaker 4: Oh Man, now I think we need to switch to

659
00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:31,320
Speaker 4: a different sci fi movie. Now we're in like an alien.

660
00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:37,080
Speaker 1: That's right. And so the star basically just goes out. Right,

661
00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:39,360
Speaker 1: all that stuff that was burning that was producing light

662
00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:41,760
Speaker 1: stops and is now just sort of inside the black

663
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:44,600
Speaker 1: hole no longer producing the light. And so it doesn't

664
00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:46,160
Speaker 1: go out like a light. It's not like it just

665
00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:49,520
Speaker 1: instantly switches off. It used to get eaten from the inside.

666
00:30:50,320 --> 00:30:53,600
Speaker 4: Wow. And at some point you'll see the black hole

667
00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:58,240
Speaker 4: burst out of the star almost or like just kind

668
00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:00,120
Speaker 4: of grow out of it, and that's all you see.

669
00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:03,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, so I think you would see a black circle

670
00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:06,920
Speaker 1: appear sort of suddenly because the entire last surface of

671
00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:09,479
Speaker 1: the star would get gobbled up by it. But remember then,

672
00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:11,880
Speaker 1: the black hole is not like surrounded by empty space.

673
00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:14,239
Speaker 1: It can't eat everything that's around it. It's always going

674
00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:16,400
Speaker 1: to be surrounded by some amount of stuff that won't

675
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:18,640
Speaker 1: fall in because it's rotating too fast to fall in.

676
00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:21,560
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, it's like a mess. It's it's like

677
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:22,680
Speaker 4: the center of a tornado.

678
00:31:23,160 --> 00:31:26,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely, just the way our solar system has a

679
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:28,400
Speaker 1: huge blob near the center of the Sun, but not

680
00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:31,200
Speaker 1: everything fell in, right, the Earth doesn't fall into the

681
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:33,400
Speaker 1: center of the Sun even though there's a huge amount

682
00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:36,000
Speaker 1: of gravity because the Earth is rotating in the same way.

683
00:31:36,040 --> 00:31:39,680
Speaker 1: The stuff around the black hole keeps spinning and eventually

684
00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:42,320
Speaker 1: falls in, but some of it stays there for a

685
00:31:42,360 --> 00:31:44,160
Speaker 1: long long time, which is why when you look at

686
00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:46,800
Speaker 1: that picture of the black hole you see a glowing ring,

687
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:48,680
Speaker 1: which it's the stuff at the edge of the black

688
00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:51,280
Speaker 1: hole that has not fallen in. It's still spinning around

689
00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:53,320
Speaker 1: it hundreds of millions of years later.

690
00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:56,200
Speaker 4: Right yeah, and think about what just happened that, like

691
00:31:56,360 --> 00:31:59,680
Speaker 4: a huge star just collapse, and so there's probably it's

692
00:32:00,280 --> 00:32:04,040
Speaker 4: like a super chaotic environment, you know, there's like stuff

693
00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:07,840
Speaker 4: that just like swirling around from that crash, right.

694
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:10,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, And so probably you're mostly going to be seeing

695
00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:12,120
Speaker 1: the accretion disk and the stuff swirling around it for

696
00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:15,440
Speaker 1: a long time because it's a nasty environment. The gravity there,

697
00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:17,800
Speaker 1: even though it's not black hole levels, is still really

698
00:32:17,840 --> 00:32:21,320
Speaker 1: really strong, and that squeezes all that gas and stresses

699
00:32:21,360 --> 00:32:23,760
Speaker 1: it and then it radiates. So some of the brightest

700
00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:26,600
Speaker 1: things in the universe are gas that's are right outside

701
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:28,960
Speaker 1: the edge of a black hole that we call those quasars.

702
00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:31,000
Speaker 1: When they're at the center of a galaxy and they're

703
00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:33,640
Speaker 1: extraordinarily bright in X ray and invisible light.

704
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:35,800
Speaker 4: But I guess the main thing is that it would

705
00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:39,160
Speaker 4: be pretty instantaneous, almost right, like maybe you couldn't even

706
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:41,880
Speaker 4: see it with the naked eye, which is collapse. Boom,

707
00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:44,320
Speaker 4: Suddenly there's a black hole in the middle with all

708
00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:50,120
Speaker 4: this swirling you know, gas burning gas and crazy energies

709
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:53,080
Speaker 4: swirling around it. Right, it would be sort of like boom.

710
00:32:52,840 --> 00:32:57,480
Speaker 1: Right, precisely, precisely. The actual transition from star to black

711
00:32:57,480 --> 00:33:01,000
Speaker 1: hole happens very quickly, probably less than a second, but

712
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:02,760
Speaker 1: then it takes a while for the sort of clean

713
00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:04,600
Speaker 1: up the scene of the accident. So you can actually

714
00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:07,960
Speaker 1: see the black hole with your cosmic ray cosmic gamma

715
00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:08,560
Speaker 1: ray bands on.

716
00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:11,720
Speaker 4: You have to wait for the dust to sell a

717
00:33:11,720 --> 00:33:13,800
Speaker 4: little bit. Then you see the black hole.

718
00:33:13,880 --> 00:33:16,280
Speaker 1: Mm hmmm, precisely, and.

719
00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:19,560
Speaker 4: Then you and Darth Vader cut the umbilical cord and

720
00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:22,280
Speaker 4: you're proud parents. VENI black hole.

721
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:24,600
Speaker 1: That's right. Then you got to give it a name,

722
00:33:24,720 --> 00:33:26,840
Speaker 1: and then you argue about that, and he probably wins.

723
00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:31,680
Speaker 4: He's like anakid, No, No, we already used that one.

724
00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:34,440
Speaker 1: I am the feeling Darth Vader wins every marital argument.

725
00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:40,360
Speaker 4: All right, So that answers Glenn's questions. What happens at

726
00:33:40,360 --> 00:33:43,280
Speaker 4: the moment a black hole is made a lot of

727
00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:45,800
Speaker 4: stuff and a lot very quickly. It seems to be

728
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:46,240
Speaker 4: the answer.

729
00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:48,560
Speaker 1: It's a huge, cosmic, beautiful.

730
00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:50,720
Speaker 4: Mess, all right. So that answers that question. And we'll

731
00:33:50,720 --> 00:33:54,600
Speaker 4: get now into Josh's question about building a death star.

732
00:33:55,040 --> 00:33:56,720
Speaker 4: But first let's take a quick break.

733
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:03,000
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

734
00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:06,240
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

735
00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:10,360
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

736
00:34:10,360 --> 00:34:13,000
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

737
00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:17,319
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

738
00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:19,919
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

739
00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:22,279
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

740
00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:26,600
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

741
00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:30,240
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

742
00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,640
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

743
00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:37,480
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

744
00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:40,480
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

745
00:34:40,520 --> 00:34:43,920
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

746
00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:46,200
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

747
00:34:46,200 --> 00:34:48,120
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

748
00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,840
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

749
00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:54,680
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

750
00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:57,719
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy

751
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Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

752
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:03,800
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766
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Speaker 4: All right, So, Josh from Fargo, North Dakota has a

782
00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:46,799
Speaker 4: question about building a deaktr and I have to say,

783
00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:50,080
Speaker 4: I kind of wonder why he's asking this question. So

784
00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:52,120
Speaker 4: here's Josh with his question.

785
00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:55,880
Speaker 5: Hi Daniel, Hey, this is Joshua Higginson from Fargo, and

786
00:36:56,000 --> 00:37:02,960
Speaker 5: today my question is could we build a death star?

787
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:06,640
Speaker 5: Been thinking about that question lately? I mean, are there

788
00:37:06,640 --> 00:37:09,920
Speaker 5: even enough resources on the planet to construct such a

789
00:37:09,960 --> 00:37:14,400
Speaker 5: massive device? What kind of power would the death laser require?

790
00:37:15,120 --> 00:37:17,080
Speaker 5: And could it really make a planet explode?

791
00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:19,600
Speaker 4: Man? I love how he has music. Get a music

792
00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:20,200
Speaker 4: to this question.

793
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:23,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, Josh, it's pretty awesome. I don't think Josh deserves

794
00:37:23,840 --> 00:37:29,760
Speaker 1: having you impugne his intentions. I think we should assume

795
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:32,160
Speaker 1: I don't know Josh, but he sounds awesome, and I

796
00:37:32,160 --> 00:37:34,320
Speaker 1: think we should assume that his curiosity comes from the

797
00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:36,640
Speaker 1: same place that all the questions come from, which is

798
00:37:36,719 --> 00:37:39,560
Speaker 1: just a desire to know. I don't think Josh is

799
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:41,440
Speaker 1: out there wanting to build a death star so he

800
00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:43,320
Speaker 1: can blow up innocent planets.

801
00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:49,360
Speaker 4: Right Josh. That depends on what his last name is.

802
00:37:49,360 --> 00:37:54,359
Speaker 4: Maybe Josh Skywalker And we should be worried a little bit.

803
00:37:54,680 --> 00:37:56,840
Speaker 1: What do you think about, you know, whether the Constitution

804
00:37:56,920 --> 00:37:59,120
Speaker 1: protects people's rights to build their own death star? Is

805
00:37:59,160 --> 00:38:00,320
Speaker 1: that a well regulated.

806
00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:07,640
Speaker 4: The right to bear giant satellite spacefaring deathrays.

807
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,360
Speaker 1: Hey, how else are you going to protect against the

808
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,160
Speaker 1: tyrannical government? Right? Good guys with death stars, that's the answer.

809
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:17,560
Speaker 4: Why would it happened.

810
00:38:18,680 --> 00:38:20,839
Speaker 1: If the rebel Alliance had their own death star?

811
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:25,879
Speaker 4: Yeah, some people had a death star in their pockets. So, yes,

812
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,040
Speaker 4: that's an interesting question. And we're going to assume he's

813
00:38:28,080 --> 00:38:31,160
Speaker 4: just curious. He doesn't actually want to build one for

814
00:38:31,239 --> 00:38:34,840
Speaker 4: some reason. I guess it's a pretty interesting question. I

815
00:38:34,840 --> 00:38:39,239
Speaker 4: guess it's like, is it even physically possible to build one?

816
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:43,239
Speaker 4: And maybe even have a one exist? I guess is

817
00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:43,879
Speaker 4: the question?

818
00:38:43,960 --> 00:38:46,040
Speaker 1: Right? Yeah, And it's a great question, and it comes

819
00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:49,839
Speaker 1: in a long tradition of wonderful inspiration for new technology

820
00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:52,880
Speaker 1: from science fiction. You know, our science fiction authors are

821
00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:55,520
Speaker 1: always imagining what the future will be like, how humans

822
00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:58,520
Speaker 1: will live, and what kind of new gizmos they might invent,

823
00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:01,399
Speaker 1: And then scientists do this, they say, oh, that does

824
00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:03,880
Speaker 1: seem cool? Could I make that? And so this is

825
00:39:03,920 --> 00:39:06,840
Speaker 1: a wonderful, long tradition of following up on the ideas

826
00:39:06,880 --> 00:39:08,000
Speaker 1: of science fiction authors.

827
00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:10,360
Speaker 4: And for those of you who have not seen Star Wars,

828
00:39:10,480 --> 00:39:13,880
Speaker 4: which I don't know if it's possible, but in case,

829
00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:16,080
Speaker 4: I've met a lot of people who haven't seen Star Wars.

830
00:39:16,080 --> 00:39:18,440
Speaker 1: To be honest, I'm pretty sure the Venn diagram of

831
00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:20,640
Speaker 1: people who listen to this podcast and people have seen

832
00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:21,759
Speaker 1: Star Wars has a lot of.

833
00:39:21,760 --> 00:39:25,200
Speaker 4: Overlaps well for the occasional outdire. The Death Star in

834
00:39:25,280 --> 00:39:30,320
Speaker 4: Star Wars was a giant It's a giant sphere man

835
00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:33,600
Speaker 4: made not a moon about the sun, right, not a moon,

836
00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:35,920
Speaker 4: but about the size of a moon. That was actually

837
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:40,040
Speaker 4: like a giant space station. Right. It's made entirely out

838
00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:43,920
Speaker 4: of metal that you can see, and it had a

839
00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:44,719
Speaker 4: giant death rate.

840
00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:47,960
Speaker 1: It certainly did capable of destroying planets.

841
00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:50,040
Speaker 4: And so I guess the question is, could you even

842
00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:52,799
Speaker 4: build such a thing? Wouldn't would it be hard to make?

843
00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:55,759
Speaker 4: Could you know? Would it collapse on its own? How

844
00:39:56,120 --> 00:39:58,640
Speaker 4: could you build it? How would you flight around? Wouldn't

845
00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:00,920
Speaker 4: it just get sucked into the orb of other things?

846
00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:04,240
Speaker 4: And so that's what we'll that's what we'll be hopefully

847
00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:06,040
Speaker 4: answering to the And it's a question Apparently a lot

848
00:40:06,080 --> 00:40:08,640
Speaker 4: of people have Apparently a lot of people ask Obama

849
00:40:08,719 --> 00:40:09,279
Speaker 4: to build one.

850
00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:11,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can write these petitions to the White House.

851
00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:14,160
Speaker 1: Star on the website, and any petition that got more

852
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:16,879
Speaker 1: than twenty five thousand people to sign on, the White

853
00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:20,000
Speaker 1: House had to officially respond to the petition, and so

854
00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:25,040
Speaker 1: in twenty twelve, twenty five thousand people asked President Obama

855
00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:27,480
Speaker 1: to build a death star. Not like hey, could you,

856
00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:29,640
Speaker 1: but like, we want you to do this. This should

857
00:40:29,640 --> 00:40:30,840
Speaker 1: be a policy priority.

858
00:40:31,120 --> 00:40:35,759
Speaker 4: The peoples. The peoples on the internets want star. I

859
00:40:35,760 --> 00:40:38,680
Speaker 4: don't know how many of those were actually Russian bots.

860
00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:42,160
Speaker 1: Do you think that Russians want Obama to build a

861
00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:43,319
Speaker 1: death Star? I don't think so.

862
00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:48,919
Speaker 4: Well, we have a space force, so you know, we're

863
00:40:48,960 --> 00:40:50,520
Speaker 4: not that far from the death star.

864
00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:53,280
Speaker 1: And so, of course the Obama White House did respond

865
00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:56,080
Speaker 1: as required by law, and they rejected this petition for

866
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:57,320
Speaker 1: I think a pretty good reason.

867
00:40:57,520 --> 00:41:00,480
Speaker 4: Yeah, that's pretty awesome. They said that such a death

868
00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:03,400
Speaker 4: star would have a fundamental design flaw because it can

869
00:41:03,520 --> 00:41:09,160
Speaker 4: be destroyed by a single small spacecraft but one farmer

870
00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:10,200
Speaker 4: from the desert.

871
00:41:10,520 --> 00:41:12,600
Speaker 1: So send it back to the drawing board. Give me

872
00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:15,920
Speaker 1: an impregnable death star. That one they would build, right.

873
00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:18,160
Speaker 4: Although if you think about it, they did it twice

874
00:41:18,360 --> 00:41:20,879
Speaker 4: right in Star Wars. It's like the first one got

875
00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:23,600
Speaker 4: destroyed by a single spacecraft. They built another one, they

876
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:27,040
Speaker 4: didn't change the design. It was still vulnerable to a

877
00:41:27,080 --> 00:41:27,960
Speaker 4: single spacecraft.

878
00:41:27,960 --> 00:41:29,160
Speaker 1: That's the problem with big government.

879
00:41:29,200 --> 00:41:31,560
Speaker 4: You know, not very agile, not very agile, but.

880
00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:33,200
Speaker 1: You know, say you wanted to build this thing, and

881
00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:36,360
Speaker 1: in the movies you notice they don't build it or

882
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:38,960
Speaker 1: on a planet, right, they build it in space itself.

883
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:40,560
Speaker 1: They have these awesome scenes where you can see the

884
00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:42,920
Speaker 1: construction part way through in one of the movies.

885
00:41:43,120 --> 00:41:45,319
Speaker 4: Well, I think there's several questions here, is like, how

886
00:41:45,320 --> 00:41:48,680
Speaker 4: would you build it is even physically possible for it

887
00:41:48,719 --> 00:41:51,880
Speaker 4: to exist? And also that laser? Can we build a

888
00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:55,440
Speaker 4: laser like that? And also can we wear cool helmets

889
00:41:55,480 --> 00:41:58,240
Speaker 4: like those guys where who activate the laser?

890
00:41:58,440 --> 00:42:00,760
Speaker 1: I think that's the only part that you can actually

891
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,160
Speaker 1: to cut the whole question short is where those cool helmets?

892
00:42:04,680 --> 00:42:07,000
Speaker 1: But it's a pretty awesome question. I think can you

893
00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:09,640
Speaker 1: build something that big? And there's a lot of limitations there.

894
00:42:09,640 --> 00:42:12,560
Speaker 1: One is just like can you find enough stuff? You know,

895
00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:14,319
Speaker 1: you want to build something the size of the moon.

896
00:42:14,480 --> 00:42:17,080
Speaker 1: The moon is big, you know, the moon is like

897
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:20,600
Speaker 1: twenty five times all the mass of all the asteroids

898
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:22,760
Speaker 1: and the asteroid belt it's enormous.

899
00:42:22,440 --> 00:42:25,560
Speaker 4: Twenty five times wow. But it's solid. The moon is solid.

900
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:29,200
Speaker 4: But the Death Star, you know, had hallways and trash

901
00:42:29,239 --> 00:42:35,600
Speaker 4: compactor rooms and hangers, so it's not it's not a

902
00:42:35,640 --> 00:42:38,520
Speaker 4: solid piece of steel. Right. Do you still need a lot?

903
00:42:38,680 --> 00:42:40,279
Speaker 1: You still need a lot, and you know, but we

904
00:42:40,360 --> 00:42:43,200
Speaker 1: do have the resources. We have planets, we have small moons.

905
00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:45,160
Speaker 1: So you can imagine you could take some of the

906
00:42:45,160 --> 00:42:47,759
Speaker 1: stuff from the asteroid belt, and you could take some

907
00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:50,319
Speaker 1: small moons from some of the planets. And there are

908
00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:52,799
Speaker 1: the raw materials there like the asteroid belt, and those

909
00:42:52,840 --> 00:42:54,400
Speaker 1: moons have a lot of metal.

910
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:58,080
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, So it's technically possible to build a

911
00:42:58,120 --> 00:42:59,839
Speaker 4: structure structure like that.

912
00:43:00,160 --> 00:43:02,319
Speaker 1: Well, I'd say that resources are out there, like they

913
00:43:02,360 --> 00:43:05,919
Speaker 1: just don't exist on Earth. Earth steel output every year

914
00:43:05,960 --> 00:43:08,279
Speaker 1: is pretty small. Like you need about eight hundred and

915
00:43:08,280 --> 00:43:12,799
Speaker 1: thirty thousand years of humanity's current output is steel to

916
00:43:12,840 --> 00:43:15,080
Speaker 1: have enough to build a Death Star. So that's going

917
00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:16,839
Speaker 1: to take a long time. So you need to find

918
00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:18,600
Speaker 1: it somewady, need to source it somewhere else. You need

919
00:43:18,640 --> 00:43:20,920
Speaker 1: to go to the asteroid steel steel.

920
00:43:20,719 --> 00:43:24,040
Speaker 4: Yards, okay, and that's where you could possibly build it.

921
00:43:24,640 --> 00:43:28,239
Speaker 4: So you can't build it from materials here on Earth,

922
00:43:28,239 --> 00:43:30,960
Speaker 4: but if you find those materials in asteroids, you could

923
00:43:31,040 --> 00:43:31,960
Speaker 4: technically build one.

924
00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:33,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it'd be easier to get all that

925
00:43:33,719 --> 00:43:35,759
Speaker 1: metal out of asteroids rather than digging it out of

926
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:39,040
Speaker 1: the Earth's crust. And somebody did a calculation like how

927
00:43:39,120 --> 00:43:41,320
Speaker 1: much would that steal cost? And they came up with

928
00:43:41,360 --> 00:43:45,280
Speaker 1: a ridiculous number, which is eight hundred and fifty quadrillion

929
00:43:45,400 --> 00:43:46,560
Speaker 1: dollars worth of steel.

930
00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:48,400
Speaker 4: That doesn't sound too bad. Isn't that about the the

931
00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:50,400
Speaker 4: size of the US deficit at this point?

932
00:43:50,640 --> 00:43:52,400
Speaker 1: Or that doesn't sound too bad to you?

933
00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:52,560
Speaker 5: Hey?

934
00:43:52,680 --> 00:43:54,520
Speaker 1: Or hey, can I borrow eight hundred and fifty thousand

935
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:57,120
Speaker 1: quadrillion dollars please? It's just a you know, just for

936
00:43:57,280 --> 00:44:03,279
Speaker 1: one day quarters, I'll take you either one honestly, no.

937
00:44:03,360 --> 00:44:05,680
Speaker 1: But of course that number is ridiculous because you had

938
00:44:05,719 --> 00:44:07,840
Speaker 1: that much steel, then it would change the price and

939
00:44:07,920 --> 00:44:10,360
Speaker 1: you know, dot dot dot economics. But the point is

940
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:12,640
Speaker 1: it's an enormous amount of resources we don't have that

941
00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:14,319
Speaker 1: you're on the surface of the Earth. You probably have

942
00:44:14,320 --> 00:44:17,280
Speaker 1: to take a part of Moon or all the asteroids

943
00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:20,279
Speaker 1: or both just even get enough resources to build it.

944
00:44:20,360 --> 00:44:22,120
Speaker 4: But technically it is possible.

945
00:44:22,760 --> 00:44:25,399
Speaker 1: Well, there's there's a structural question also, you know that's

946
00:44:25,440 --> 00:44:28,040
Speaker 1: like can you get enough steel? But you put enough

947
00:44:28,080 --> 00:44:31,160
Speaker 1: steel together and it has a lot of gravitational attraction,

948
00:44:31,480 --> 00:44:31,839
Speaker 1: you know.

949
00:44:31,960 --> 00:44:34,239
Speaker 4: Think about it weighs a lot, It weighs a lot.

950
00:44:34,320 --> 00:44:36,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, I was just pulling itself, Like, think about what

951
00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:40,800
Speaker 1: prevents you from building a steel tower that's like twenty

952
00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:43,400
Speaker 1: miles high. Well, the top of the tower is pressing

953
00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:45,040
Speaker 1: on the bottom of the tower, and the tower is

954
00:44:45,080 --> 00:44:48,040
Speaker 1: twenty miles high, then a're twenty miles of steel pressing

955
00:44:48,080 --> 00:44:50,400
Speaker 1: on the bottom, so the bottom is going to get crushed.

956
00:44:50,880 --> 00:44:54,080
Speaker 1: So if you're going to make a moon sized object,

957
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:56,440
Speaker 1: then it's going to start to get its own gravity,

958
00:44:56,719 --> 00:44:58,359
Speaker 1: and that's going to put some stress on it.

959
00:44:58,520 --> 00:45:01,080
Speaker 4: Oh man, let's not get into gravi and Star Wars,

960
00:45:01,160 --> 00:45:03,200
Speaker 4: because I feel like we had We can have a

961
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:06,640
Speaker 4: whole episode here about where did these spaceships get gravity

962
00:45:06,680 --> 00:45:07,360
Speaker 4: in Star Wars.

963
00:45:07,520 --> 00:45:11,200
Speaker 1: That's so, assuming we have perfect control of gravity, we

964
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:13,959
Speaker 1: can manipulate however we like. Then let's ask a really

965
00:45:13,960 --> 00:45:16,080
Speaker 1: detailed question about construction of a death star.

966
00:45:17,480 --> 00:45:22,200
Speaker 4: Yeah, assuming gravity doesn't exist, but produce saying in our

967
00:45:22,360 --> 00:45:24,920
Speaker 4: universe right now, if you build a giant structure of steel,

968
00:45:24,960 --> 00:45:28,760
Speaker 4: it would probably collapse. It's just so heavy on itself,

969
00:45:28,920 --> 00:45:30,000
Speaker 4: right get.

970
00:45:31,239 --> 00:45:34,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, but I think it'd probably be possible. Remember, gravity

971
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:36,920
Speaker 1: even on the Moon is not that strong compared to

972
00:45:36,920 --> 00:45:38,759
Speaker 1: gravity on the surface of the Earth. So if you're

973
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:41,319
Speaker 1: out there in space, there'd be some gravity just from

974
00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:44,040
Speaker 1: its own attraction. But I don't think it'd be a

975
00:45:44,040 --> 00:45:44,800
Speaker 1: limiting factor.

976
00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:47,319
Speaker 4: Oh I see. You could maybe like, oh, I see,

977
00:45:47,360 --> 00:45:50,000
Speaker 4: like a steel tower on Earth would collapse because it's

978
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:53,600
Speaker 4: on Earth, but a steel tower out in space wouldn't

979
00:45:53,600 --> 00:45:55,000
Speaker 4: feel the same gravity to collapse.

980
00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:58,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, you need to make this death star be really

981
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:02,359
Speaker 1: enormous before the gravitation forces would play a significant role.

982
00:46:02,520 --> 00:46:05,120
Speaker 1: It'd have to have, you know, mass more than the

983
00:46:05,160 --> 00:46:07,240
Speaker 1: Moon in order to have significant gravity.

984
00:46:07,360 --> 00:46:10,719
Speaker 4: Well, that's why you would really lean on your astro engineers.

985
00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:14,080
Speaker 1: Precisely, precisely, and maybe they come up with a better material.

986
00:46:14,120 --> 00:46:16,520
Speaker 1: You know, maybe steel is not the material of choice

987
00:46:16,560 --> 00:46:19,320
Speaker 1: for building your you know, intergalactic death bomb.

988
00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:21,840
Speaker 4: Maybe you want it out of the different material.

989
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:23,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, aluminum or something else. I'm not sure.

990
00:46:23,719 --> 00:46:26,880
Speaker 4: All Right, Well, then it seems like it's plausible there

991
00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:30,879
Speaker 4: are resources out there and there might be a good

992
00:46:30,880 --> 00:46:33,200
Speaker 4: way to engineer the structure like that. But then I

993
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:35,680
Speaker 4: guess the question is, can can I make that laser

994
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:40,520
Speaker 4: the cool green laser that can destroy a planet?

995
00:46:41,239 --> 00:46:43,080
Speaker 1: And that's what it's really about, isn't that everybody just

996
00:46:43,120 --> 00:46:44,479
Speaker 1: wants to build a really big gun.

997
00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:46,799
Speaker 4: Well, do you think, Josh, this is the part Josh

998
00:46:46,960 --> 00:46:49,400
Speaker 4: was interested in, or was he interested in this astro

999
00:46:49,480 --> 00:46:50,440
Speaker 4: engineering part of it?

1000
00:46:50,680 --> 00:46:52,440
Speaker 1: I don't know. I wonder if Josh has a laser

1001
00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:54,440
Speaker 1: in his garage to these building and he's wondering, like,

1002
00:46:55,239 --> 00:46:56,600
Speaker 1: how big could I make this thing?

1003
00:46:58,040 --> 00:47:00,520
Speaker 4: He's like, I can't get it big enough. I'll ask

1004
00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:03,080
Speaker 4: Daniel and or maybe they can chime in.

1005
00:47:03,080 --> 00:47:05,640
Speaker 1: Maybe they can help me destroy the universe instead of

1006
00:47:05,640 --> 00:47:09,960
Speaker 1: explain it. Well, currently we have some pretty powerful lasers,

1007
00:47:10,200 --> 00:47:12,759
Speaker 1: but they're not anything close to what you would need

1008
00:47:12,880 --> 00:47:16,000
Speaker 1: in order to destroy a planet like Currently, our lasers

1009
00:47:16,040 --> 00:47:18,960
Speaker 1: can just barely deflect a missile, you know, or shoot

1010
00:47:18,960 --> 00:47:21,520
Speaker 1: down an incoming missile, and there are people working on

1011
00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:24,319
Speaker 1: lasers that might be able to deflect an asteroid. But

1012
00:47:24,440 --> 00:47:26,560
Speaker 1: the most powerful laser we have right now is like

1013
00:47:26,640 --> 00:47:27,759
Speaker 1: two petawats.

1014
00:47:27,880 --> 00:47:30,919
Speaker 4: Sounds like a lot, but you know, like a light

1015
00:47:30,960 --> 00:47:34,640
Speaker 4: bulb is sixty watts. A petal wat sounds like a

1016
00:47:34,640 --> 00:47:35,360
Speaker 4: lot of zeros.

1017
00:47:35,760 --> 00:47:38,280
Speaker 1: Peedawat is a lot of zeros, but it takes even

1018
00:47:38,360 --> 00:47:41,439
Speaker 1: more zeros to blow up a planet. Somebody again did

1019
00:47:41,480 --> 00:47:44,640
Speaker 1: this calculation. Somebody in an astro engineering program, I guess,

1020
00:47:44,920 --> 00:47:48,200
Speaker 1: and they calculated that you would need a million billion

1021
00:47:48,440 --> 00:47:51,840
Speaker 1: of two of the two most powerful lasers on Earth

1022
00:47:52,160 --> 00:47:54,920
Speaker 1: in order to sort of damage a planet enough to

1023
00:47:54,920 --> 00:47:55,480
Speaker 1: break it up.

1024
00:47:55,600 --> 00:48:00,040
Speaker 4: Somebody actually calculated this, like there's a formula for destroying

1025
00:48:00,080 --> 00:48:00,600
Speaker 4: a planet.

1026
00:48:01,920 --> 00:48:04,160
Speaker 1: This is something in people's minds, you know, you see

1027
00:48:04,160 --> 00:48:06,799
Speaker 1: something on TV or scientists you think, huh, could we

1028
00:48:06,880 --> 00:48:08,520
Speaker 1: actually do that? And then you get out a piece

1029
00:48:08,520 --> 00:48:10,239
Speaker 1: of paper and a pencil and you try to figure.

1030
00:48:09,960 --> 00:48:12,120
Speaker 4: It out, and you're like, I have tenure, I can

1031
00:48:12,160 --> 00:48:13,799
Speaker 4: do it. I can spend my day doing this.

1032
00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:16,759
Speaker 1: It's probably a journal of death star engineering that you

1033
00:48:16,760 --> 00:48:17,959
Speaker 1: could publish these papers and.

1034
00:48:17,920 --> 00:48:23,160
Speaker 4: There you go. The journal of astrogenocide is a.

1035
00:48:23,080 --> 00:48:27,959
Speaker 1: Phrase I've never heard before and instantly hate astrogenocide.

1036
00:48:27,160 --> 00:48:29,560
Speaker 4: But do so. You need a million billion of the

1037
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:34,440
Speaker 4: most powerful lasers currently on Earth to make it. But

1038
00:48:34,640 --> 00:48:37,640
Speaker 4: maybe that sounds not implausible. I mean, if we're going

1039
00:48:37,719 --> 00:48:40,319
Speaker 4: to build a death star and spend eight hundred and

1040
00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:44,800
Speaker 4: fifty quadrillion dollars, why not build a million billion powerful lasers.

1041
00:48:45,040 --> 00:48:47,080
Speaker 1: Yeah. I mean if you have infinite resources and time

1042
00:48:47,120 --> 00:48:49,719
Speaker 1: and money, if you become emperor of the Earth, and

1043
00:48:49,760 --> 00:48:51,640
Speaker 1: this is what you want to devote all of humanity's

1044
00:48:51,680 --> 00:48:55,439
Speaker 1: resources to, it's not totally implausible. But there is one

1045
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:57,919
Speaker 1: thing about the laser in that movie that I think

1046
00:48:57,960 --> 00:49:02,040
Speaker 1: we could never accomplish is the green or Oh, we

1047
00:49:02,080 --> 00:49:03,960
Speaker 1: could do whatever color you like. But you know how

1048
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:06,200
Speaker 1: when they pull the lever, they have this really cool

1049
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:08,440
Speaker 1: effect where the lasers come out from the edge of

1050
00:49:08,440 --> 00:49:11,240
Speaker 1: this circle, meet in the middle, glow for a minute,

1051
00:49:11,239 --> 00:49:12,319
Speaker 1: and then zap off.

1052
00:49:12,440 --> 00:49:13,680
Speaker 4: Right, that's impossible.

1053
00:49:13,840 --> 00:49:16,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, lasers don't do that. They don't like meet and

1054
00:49:16,560 --> 00:49:18,920
Speaker 1: converge and then zoom off. They just sort of shoot

1055
00:49:18,960 --> 00:49:21,360
Speaker 1: in a straight line. So it's not as cool looking

1056
00:49:21,800 --> 00:49:24,880
Speaker 1: from the cinematic point of view, But you'd need a

1057
00:49:24,920 --> 00:49:27,359
Speaker 1: single laser just sort of shot out of the edge

1058
00:49:27,360 --> 00:49:30,040
Speaker 1: of a muzzle. They don't like come together and converge

1059
00:49:30,040 --> 00:49:32,160
Speaker 1: that way and then change direction in mid space.

1060
00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:36,480
Speaker 4: Oh I see, it's like, yeah, it was that in

1061
00:49:36,520 --> 00:49:40,120
Speaker 4: the movie, it's like four or five individual beams that

1062
00:49:40,239 --> 00:49:43,400
Speaker 4: come together and then shoot out to the planet to

1063
00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:47,400
Speaker 4: destroy it. That's the part that's unnatural or physically impossible.

1064
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:49,359
Speaker 1: That's right. But hey, if you want to build your

1065
00:49:49,400 --> 00:49:52,360
Speaker 1: own iron moon and just shoot out a normal, boring

1066
00:49:52,440 --> 00:49:55,160
Speaker 1: laser to detroy planets, then I think that is possible.

1067
00:49:55,880 --> 00:49:57,440
Speaker 4: Okay, that gets your approval.

1068
00:49:59,000 --> 00:50:03,520
Speaker 1: That's in the ridiculous, huge waste of money, but potentially

1069
00:50:03,719 --> 00:50:05,560
Speaker 1: possible category.

1070
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:07,480
Speaker 4: Well, here's the question for you, Daniel, how do you

1071
00:50:07,520 --> 00:50:09,680
Speaker 4: know that the Death Star used lasers?

1072
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:13,120
Speaker 1: You're right, it could have been you know, projections of

1073
00:50:13,160 --> 00:50:16,279
Speaker 1: the force or some other sort of like weird plasma thing.

1074
00:50:17,560 --> 00:50:20,239
Speaker 4: I'm not sure they technically call it a laser, right

1075
00:50:21,040 --> 00:50:21,560
Speaker 4: or anything.

1076
00:50:22,320 --> 00:50:26,239
Speaker 1: It's just a weapon, that's true. What do they call it?

1077
00:50:26,320 --> 00:50:28,520
Speaker 1: They call it the energy beam. Now we need another

1078
00:50:28,560 --> 00:50:31,279
Speaker 1: excuse to go back and watch that movie.

1079
00:50:32,239 --> 00:50:34,400
Speaker 4: I'm sure we can just post a question online and

1080
00:50:35,840 --> 00:50:38,520
Speaker 4: a few people who has maybe seen the movie a

1081
00:50:38,560 --> 00:50:39,480
Speaker 4: few times.

1082
00:50:39,280 --> 00:50:41,000
Speaker 1: Some astro engineering experts.

1083
00:50:41,160 --> 00:50:43,320
Speaker 4: So well, I guess I'm just saying, we don't know

1084
00:50:43,360 --> 00:50:47,560
Speaker 4: they're lasers. Maybe it's something else that could potentially have

1085
00:50:47,680 --> 00:50:48,400
Speaker 4: that cool effect.

1086
00:50:48,719 --> 00:50:50,400
Speaker 1: That's true. And if you're going to be in another

1087
00:50:50,480 --> 00:50:53,000
Speaker 1: science fiction universe where the laws of physics are different

1088
00:50:53,080 --> 00:50:56,799
Speaker 1: and weird, magical ancient religions are real, then hey, maybe

1089
00:50:56,800 --> 00:50:57,759
Speaker 1: you can do anything you like.

1090
00:50:57,880 --> 00:50:59,920
Speaker 4: Well, it seems like the answer for Josh here is

1091
00:51:00,160 --> 00:51:02,879
Speaker 4: that is, yes, we could maybe build a death star.

1092
00:51:03,360 --> 00:51:06,520
Speaker 4: It would just take a lot of resources and a

1093
00:51:06,560 --> 00:51:07,360
Speaker 4: little bit of money.

1094
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:10,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, So don't stop working on that project in your garage, Josh,

1095
00:51:10,480 --> 00:51:11,280
Speaker 1: it will work.

1096
00:51:11,120 --> 00:51:15,719
Speaker 4: Out or no, please please do a start if you're

1097
00:51:15,719 --> 00:51:18,120
Speaker 4: trying to build a laser that destroys the earth, please.

1098
00:51:18,320 --> 00:51:20,239
Speaker 1: I'm assuming Josh is going to be a good guy

1099
00:51:20,239 --> 00:51:20,919
Speaker 1: with a death star.

1100
00:51:21,120 --> 00:51:24,600
Speaker 4: Oh I see he's pointing it outwards.

1101
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:26,000
Speaker 1: At all the bad guys with death stars.

1102
00:51:26,160 --> 00:51:28,840
Speaker 4: All right, So those were two great questions. Thank you

1103
00:51:28,960 --> 00:51:32,680
Speaker 4: to Josh and to Glenn for submitting their questions to

1104
00:51:32,760 --> 00:51:36,680
Speaker 4: us via Twitter and email, and those of you listening,

1105
00:51:36,680 --> 00:51:38,960
Speaker 4: if you have a question that you would like to

1106
00:51:39,000 --> 00:51:42,360
Speaker 4: answer to, Daniel will read your email and your messages

1107
00:51:42,440 --> 00:51:45,280
Speaker 4: and we might even answer it on the podcast.

1108
00:51:45,600 --> 00:51:47,439
Speaker 1: And you don't even need to shoot us with your

1109
00:51:47,480 --> 00:51:48,399
Speaker 1: death star or.

1110
00:51:48,360 --> 00:51:50,000
Speaker 4: Give us any baby black holes.

1111
00:51:51,160 --> 00:51:53,960
Speaker 1: But thank you everybody for continuing to send in your questions.

1112
00:51:54,080 --> 00:51:56,400
Speaker 1: They're wonderful, they're stimulating, they're a lot of fun, and

1113
00:51:56,440 --> 00:51:58,440
Speaker 1: we love answering them here on the podcast.

1114
00:51:58,560 --> 00:52:00,879
Speaker 4: Yeah, keep asking questions. See you next time.

1115
00:52:01,000 --> 00:52:11,080
Speaker 1: Thanks for tuning in. If you still have a question

1116
00:52:11,160 --> 00:52:14,600
Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.

1117
00:52:14,640 --> 00:52:16,759
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us

1118
00:52:16,760 --> 00:52:20,560
Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's

1119
00:52:20,560 --> 00:52:25,520
Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com.

1120
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:28,400
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1121
00:52:28,480 --> 00:52:32,480
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1122
00:52:32,480 --> 00:52:37,120
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1123
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:49,120
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1124
00:52:49,160 --> 00:52:51,440
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1125
00:52:51,480 --> 00:52:54,400
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy

1126
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:57,560
Speaker 1: industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to

1127
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Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

1128
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Speaker 1: drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

1129
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Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn the methane from

1130
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Speaker 1: manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns and

1131
00:53:13,120 --> 00:53:17,000
Speaker 1: electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's last sustainability

1132
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Speaker 1: to learn more.

1133
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Speaker 8: As a United Explorer Card member, you can earn fifty

1134
00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:24,920
Speaker 8: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

1135
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Speaker 8: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

1136
00:53:27,600 --> 00:53:30,279
Speaker 8: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

1137
00:53:30,360 --> 00:53:33,600
Speaker 8: at hotels. Become an explore and seek out unforgettable places

1138
00:53:33,640 --> 00:53:37,080
Speaker 8: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

1139
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Speaker 8: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval

1140
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Speaker 8: offer subject to change.

1141
00:53:42,320 --> 00:53:43,080
Speaker 1: Terms apply.

1142
00:53:44,360 --> 00:53:47,840
Speaker 10: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

1143
00:53:47,840 --> 00:53:50,319
Speaker 10: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

1144
00:53:50,320 --> 00:53:52,520
Speaker 10: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

1145
00:53:52,520 --> 00:53:54,640
Speaker 10: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too.

1146
00:53:54,920 --> 00:53:55,440
Speaker 1: Go safely.

1147
00:53:55,520 --> 00:53:58,360
Speaker 10: California From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans