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Speaker 5: Hey Daniel, have you ever broken a bone? I?

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Speaker 1: Have, but it's kind of embarrassing.

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Speaker 5: What happened?

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Speaker 1: Well, the first and last time I ever went snowboarding,

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Speaker 1: the first time down the mountain broke my wrist.

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Speaker 5: Really the first time? What happened? You didn't see that

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Speaker 5: tree coming.

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Speaker 1: No, honestly, I was trying to avoid snowboarding over my

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Speaker 1: girlfriend at the time, so it was a bit chivalrous.

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Speaker 5: You took a hit for the for the team.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly right.

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Speaker 5: And then what happened? Did they take an X ray

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Speaker 5: of you? Or how did they How did they know

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Speaker 5: it was broken?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well it hurt a lot, and then they took

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Speaker 1: an X ray and you can actually see inside right,

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Speaker 1: You could see that little bone was snapped off. I

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Speaker 1: in the wrong spot.

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Speaker 5: Isn't that amazing? How signs can see inside of you?

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Speaker 5: Him Moorhee. I'm a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist by day and

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Speaker 1: a sleeper by night.

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Speaker 5: How does the word You just close your eyes and

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Speaker 5: it happens.

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Speaker 1: You should try it sometime. It really does help.

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Speaker 5: Because you never remember the moment you fall asleep, right.

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Speaker 1: It's sort of mysterious. Yeah. I remember actually trying to

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Speaker 1: teach my kids how to fall asleep, and then I

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Speaker 1: realized I don't really know how. You just sort of

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Speaker 1: do it.

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Speaker 5: You just do a podcast where we sleep.

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Speaker 1: I know we should do a whole podcast episode about

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Speaker 1: that like, why do we sleep, what happens do when

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Speaker 1: we sleep? Why do we need to sleep? What would

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Speaker 1: happen if you didn't sleep?

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Speaker 5: So welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 5: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we try to take your sleeping mind and

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Speaker 1: wake it up to the amazing mysteries of the universe.

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Speaker 1: We zoom all around and find interesting stuff and explain

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Speaker 1: it to you.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, we try to permeate your dreams with thoughts of

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Speaker 5: the universe and the amazing, incredible things that are happening

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Speaker 5: all around you.

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Speaker 1: That's right. We are spurring the great awakening in physics

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Speaker 1: by making sure everybody out there who listens to this

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Speaker 1: podcast really knows what's going on. Because the universe is

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Speaker 1: a crazy, amazing place and we want to share it

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Speaker 1: with you.

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Speaker 5: Part of what we like to do is to explain

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Speaker 5: how even everyday things around you that you may use

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Speaker 5: on a regular basis work.

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Speaker 1: That's right, because there's incredible physics and the heart of

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Speaker 1: the star and in the birth of the universe and

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Speaker 1: in particle collisions. But there's also really amazing physics happening

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Speaker 1: all around us in technology that we take for granted,

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Speaker 1: in technology that we use that our lives sometimes depend on,

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Speaker 1: but we don't really understand.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, it's technology that saves lives and can sort of

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Speaker 5: tell you and help people.

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Speaker 1: Right, that's right. And it seems sort of like futuristic

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Speaker 1: and awesome. You know, it's incredible that you can see

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Speaker 1: inside somebody without cutting them open.

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Speaker 5: So today on the podcast and we'll be talking about mries.

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Speaker 5: How do they work, Why do they work? Do they work?

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Speaker 1: Why do physicists want to see inside you? Anyway?

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Speaker 5: Who gave in permission to look inside of you? I

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Speaker 5: think it's a real question.

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Speaker 1: What are you hiding that you don't want physicists to

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Speaker 1: look inside you? I mean, if you're innocent, you'd have

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Speaker 1: nothing to hide, right.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, MRIs these are it stands for magnetic resonance imaging, right.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And if you've ever been to the doctor

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Speaker 1: and you have an injury or a broken bone or

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Speaker 1: something funding going on inside you, or are you're just curious,

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Speaker 1: like what's going on inside of me? Let's get myself

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Speaker 1: checked out? Then you know you have several options for

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Speaker 1: looking inside you. You can do an X ray, you can

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Speaker 1: do a cat scan, or you can do an MRI.

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Speaker 5: You can do a lobotomy, you can.

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Speaker 1: They can just slice you like a Deli ham and

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Speaker 1: check you out. But the nice thing about some of

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Speaker 1: these is that they don't need to open you up. Right,

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Speaker 1: it's non invasive, and you know that there are risks

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Speaker 1: every time you do surgery, and so it's a great

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Speaker 1: advantage to get to figure out what's going on before

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Speaker 1: they go in and cut anything.

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Speaker 5: So MRIs are These are the kind that you sort

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Speaker 5: of go, you lie down in a little platform and

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Speaker 5: then they roll you into this kind of giant donut

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Speaker 5: looking thing.

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Speaker 6: Right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like a big physics machine. Right. It's big,

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Speaker 1: it's round, it glows, it makes really loud clunking noises.

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Speaker 1: It takes a while, and I've bet everybody who lies

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Speaker 1: in an MRI is wondering, like what is this thing doing?

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Speaker 1: Like is it zapping my brain? How does this thing

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Speaker 1: actually work?

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Speaker 5: Yeah, and it's because it doesn't really touch you, right,

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Speaker 5: You just lie on this little platform and somehow it

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Speaker 5: takes pictures inside of your body.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It can show you what's going on. And

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Speaker 1: that's pretty powerful if you're wondering if you have cancer

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Speaker 1: or if you have a tumor, or if there's you know,

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Speaker 1: if your body's filled with bananas or something. MRIs can

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Speaker 1: answer that question, right.

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Speaker 5: And what's amazing about MRIs, I think, is that they

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Speaker 5: don't just take sort of like a picture, you know,

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Speaker 5: like a like an impression, like a like a whole

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Speaker 5: body picture. They really just kind of capture a slice

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Speaker 5: of your body, and so you can get a really

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Speaker 5: detailed model or reconstruction of your your entire all the

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Speaker 5: tissues in your body.

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Speaker 1: Right. Yeah, it's really pretty incredible. We have MRI done

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Speaker 1: of our daughter once, and you can sort of turn

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Speaker 1: the knob and see how like all the bits of

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Speaker 1: the brain and the ear and stuff are all connected.

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Speaker 1: It's amazing. It's like taking somebody and slicing them like

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Speaker 1: a Deli ham without actually slicing them.

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Speaker 5: Thank goodness for physics.

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Speaker 1: Have you ever seen that Bodyworks exhibit where they actually

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Speaker 1: take corpses and slice them super thin?

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Speaker 5: I have, Yeah, a few times. It's pretty shocking.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty shocking, but that's basically what an MRI does also, right,

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Speaker 1: It gives you all these little slices. It lets you

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Speaker 1: look back and forth and see how things are connected

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Speaker 1: and what's going on inside you. It's an incredible machine

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Speaker 1: the body.

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Speaker 5: Yeah. I guess what I mean is, you know, like

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Speaker 5: when you I think a lot of people are familiar

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Speaker 5: with the X rays. You know, like if you go

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Speaker 5: to the dentist or you broke a bones, they'll take

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Speaker 5: an X ray of you. But an X rays is

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Speaker 5: really just like they shoot you with rays. They go

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Speaker 5: through your body and then they capture them on the

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Speaker 5: other side, right, and so you're getting everything. You're getting

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Speaker 5: like everything inside of your body's mushed into one image.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, it's like integrated along the line of

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Speaker 1: the X ray. Yeah, you're learning about the whole body

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Speaker 1: that way. Yeah. X rays can't do slices.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, and so the image is very like fuzzy, and

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Speaker 5: it's hard to tell what's bone and what's an organ.

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Speaker 5: But with an MRI, you really get like a detailed,

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Speaker 5: step by step slice of the entire volume of your body.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. And the benefit is you don't get cancer causing radiation.

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Speaker 5: You get other kinds of cancer possibly.

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Speaker 1: So, I mean, you do get other kinds of radiation.

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Speaker 1: But you know, X rays are dangerous. They are ionizing

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Speaker 1: radiation and they deposit energy and they can break up

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Speaker 1: your DNA, and there's reasons why you should be careful

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Speaker 1: when you make the decisions about having an X ray.

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Speaker 1: You know X rays are great, but you know you

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Speaker 1: wouldn't want an X ray every five minutes. You wouldn't

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Speaker 1: want an X rays on tiny babies, an anti X rayer.

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Speaker 1: I'm a judicious X rayer.

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Speaker 5: I see that you should start any movement there.

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Speaker 1: With Jenny McCarthy say no to X rays every other time.

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Speaker 7: No.

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Speaker 1: X rayser are wonderful, but you shouldn't just do them

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Speaker 1: without thinking about it, because there really is a health cost.

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Speaker 1: But with MRIs it's different. You don't have that ionizing

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Speaker 1: radiation and so you're not increasing your cancer risk. Even

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Speaker 1: though it does sound crazy and feel weird to lie

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Speaker 1: inside this tube for an hour.

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Speaker 5: Have you ever taken an MRI of yourself like I've

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Speaker 5: had my MRI taken. Have you ever done it on yourself?

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Speaker 1: I have had an MRI done once of my leg

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Speaker 1: because I tore a muscle.

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Speaker 5: I had the MRI of my brain and my head

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Speaker 5: done and they gave me the data.

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Speaker 1: Whoa and what question were they looking to answer there?

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Speaker 1: How does this guy survive with no sleep? Is it

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Speaker 1: just a bunch of monkeys and bananas inside there?

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Speaker 5: Where did all those amazing funny ideas and creative genius

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Speaker 5: come from? That's what they wanted to know, surely for posterity,

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Speaker 5: But no, it's weird. It's weird first of all because

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Speaker 5: you kind of you get a sense of what your

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Speaker 5: head looks like without hair. I mean, no fans do

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Speaker 5: ball people out there, but it's kind of shocking if

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Speaker 5: you always had hair to suddenly see kind of like

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Speaker 5: the outline of what your head looks like. It's kind

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Speaker 5: of that's bizarre thing number one. But then it's really

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Speaker 5: weird to see all the you know, your eyes balls,

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Speaker 5: and the passages of your nose and your tongue and

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Speaker 5: think that like that's also you see all the fillings

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Speaker 5: in your teeth, which is you know, a little embarrassing.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. For me, it really highlights how much our bodies

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Speaker 1: really are a machine. You know. I like to think

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Speaker 1: of myself as a person and the mechanics of what

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Speaker 1: supports that. I like to sort of abstract that away

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Speaker 1: and think of myself with my identity, my personality, my thoughts.

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Speaker 1: But when you look inside yourself, you see you're this

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Speaker 1: basically this meat machine, right, and this organic robot, and

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Speaker 1: it all has to work and pump and move and

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Speaker 1: squish all the time, and it's incredible that it actually works. Ever,

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Speaker 1: not to mention like mostly working for like seventy years

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Speaker 1: at a time.

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Speaker 5: No, I think that's the name of a heavy metal

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Speaker 5: band meat machine machine. But anyway, so we were wondering

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Speaker 5: how many people out there know how a MRI machine works.

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Speaker 5: You know, a lot of people get them for various

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Speaker 5: reasons and they can help save lives. But we were

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Speaker 5: wondering if people out there knew how there's amazing technology works.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so I walked around camp as they usually do,

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Speaker 1: and I ask people if they knew what is an

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Speaker 1: MRI and how does it work?

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Speaker 5: Would you know how to respond if somebody asked you

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Speaker 5: how an MRI works. Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 8: It has to do with strong magnetic fields.

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Speaker 1: Okay, so how does that let you take a picture

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Speaker 1: of the inside of your body?

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Speaker 8: I'm not really sure. I'm probably there. The magnetic field

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Speaker 8: will go through a certain part of your body and

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Speaker 8: depending on I guess how dense or how that the

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Speaker 8: properties of that body part, it shows up defferently with

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Speaker 8: an image. It's a machine which scans you for abnormalities

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Speaker 8: within the body.

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Speaker 1: Do you know how it works? How does it see

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Speaker 1: inside you?

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Speaker 5: My guess would be radiation of some sort putting.

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Speaker 1: I think you drink something.

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Speaker 5: They're able to see it.

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Speaker 8: Like if something's wrong with you, you know, you would

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Speaker 8: get an MRI to pretty much figure out.

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Speaker 1: It's more kind of like of an extra skin. I

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Speaker 1: think it's X ray or something.

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Speaker 9: Sure an MRI is used, or yeah, it's and your brain?

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Speaker 1: Right? How does it work? How does it scan your brain?

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Speaker 9: I would assume like similar to what they use like

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Speaker 9: for X rays. So like maybe like some sort of laser.

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Speaker 9: I don't know, laser, I don't know, no MRI.

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Speaker 6: Actually, I think it scuns your brain or your organs

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Speaker 6: and like gives you the destination of where is the

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Speaker 6: tumor or whatever it is.

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Speaker 1: I don't know, I have no idea. So what did

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Speaker 1: you think of those answers? Impressed or not?

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Speaker 5: Well, it's interesting most people sort of knew what it was,

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Speaker 5: so they know that it's kind of a scan of

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Speaker 5: your body for medical reasons, and they kind of related

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Speaker 5: it to X rays.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, everybody seemed to have an understanding of

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Speaker 1: what it's for, why you might do it, but almost

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Speaker 1: nobody actually knew how it worked. And you're right. People

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Speaker 1: thought about it the same way they sort of think

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Speaker 1: about like X rays or lasers or something. Everybody thought

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Speaker 1: it was shooting something into you.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, but they're not too far off, right, Like it

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Speaker 5: does involve electromagnetic radiation, right, and pulses and things that

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Speaker 5: go through you.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And of course it has to. If you want

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Speaker 1: to see inside something, then you have to probe it somehow, right.

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Speaker 1: You have to somehow gather information about what's beyond the

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Speaker 1: skin or through the wall or whatever it is you're

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Speaker 1: trying to look past. And the only way really to

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Speaker 1: do that is to send some kind of radiation in.

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Speaker 1: But remember, radiation is a broad term. We had a

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Speaker 1: whole episode about that. Radiation can just mean sound, you know,

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Speaker 1: like when you get an ultrasound done, you're sending sonic

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Speaker 1: radiation into your body and you're seeing how it bounces

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Speaker 1: around and comes back. And that's basically that The idea

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Speaker 1: behind all medical imaging is shoot some radiation in there,

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Speaker 1: see how it bounces around. Because you know, if it's

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Speaker 1: this kind of goop. It's going to bounce around differently

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Speaker 1: than if it's that kind of goop, you know, fat

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Speaker 1: versus bone versus brain, and then you can reconstruct the picture.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, so it's very different than X rays. But let's

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Speaker 5: maybe for those of us who aren't not all familiar

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Speaker 5: with medical imaging, maybe step us through. First of all,

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Speaker 5: let's start with X rays. How do X rays work?

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Speaker 1: Right? So, X rays are also electromagnetic radiation. Remember X

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Speaker 1: rays are just light right at a very very high frequency,

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Speaker 1: and so they shoot them into your body. And X

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Speaker 1: rays are very powerful. They can penetrate like most light,

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Speaker 1: like photons that come from the sun that you can see,

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Speaker 1: don't go through your body. That's why your body is

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Speaker 1: not transparent, right, You're opaque. But X rays are much

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Speaker 1: more powerful. They can go all the way through your body.

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Speaker 1: But it turns out that X rays are absorbed differently

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Speaker 1: by different kinds of stuff in your body. So, for example,

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Speaker 1: bone is really good at absorbing X rays. So shoot

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Speaker 1: a bunch of X rays through somebody and then try

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Speaker 1: to capture them those X rays on the other side.

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Speaker 1: Where you'll see is that where there was bone, for example,

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Speaker 1: very few the X rays pass through, whereas where it's

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Speaker 1: mostly like gas from your lungs, then a lot of

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Speaker 1: the X rays do pass through, So what you'll see

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Speaker 1: is like the shadow of the bones. It's like doing

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Speaker 1: shadow puppets. Right, You hold up a light bulb and

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Speaker 1: your hand and you can make a shadow on the

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Speaker 1: wall so you can see where your hand was, right.

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Speaker 1: X rays are like that, except that your body is

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Speaker 1: mostly transparent X rays except for some of the stuff inside,

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Speaker 1: like bones.

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Speaker 5: So you're really sort of getting the difference in transparency

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Speaker 5: between the different kinds of things inside of.

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Speaker 1: You, that's right, And different kinds of light find different

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Speaker 1: things transparent. Like visible light can pass through air, no problem, right,

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Speaker 1: but it can't pass through a rock or your hand.

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Speaker 1: X rays are a different kind of light, so they

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Speaker 1: have a different set of stuff that they can go

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Speaker 1: through or not. So, yeah, you're right, you're seeing the

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Speaker 1: difference in transparency between bone and fat or tumors and

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Speaker 1: gas and all the kind of stuff that makes up

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Speaker 1: your body.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, and you sort of get the shadow of them,

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Speaker 5: the impression of them on the other side on the

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Speaker 5: on like a sensor or a film.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And you know it used to be filmed.

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Speaker 1: They used to like take a picture and have to

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Speaker 1: develop it. These days they use a digital camera, which

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Speaker 1: is why it's so fast. And the thing X rays

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Speaker 1: are good at is telling like bone from other tissue.

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Speaker 1: X rays not that good at telling the difference between

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Speaker 1: like water or fat or that kind of stuff. It

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Speaker 1: all comes out about the same and X rays. And

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Speaker 1: the other thing, as you mentioned, is that the X

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Speaker 1: rays pass all the way through you, so you're just

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Speaker 1: seeing sort of like the overall shadow. You can't see slices.

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Speaker 1: And that's why when you take an X rays sometimes

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Speaker 1: ask you to turn so they can take it from

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Speaker 1: the front, and they can take it from the side

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Speaker 1: or from a different angle so they can get a

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Speaker 1: sense for what's going on inside from shooting X rays

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Speaker 1: through you at at different angles.

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Speaker 5: Who with that, let's take a break. We'll be back

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Speaker 5: So that's one way to look inside of you. But

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Speaker 5: MRI is sort of smarter, right, Like, it doesn't shoot

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Speaker 5: radiation through you. It just sort of like kind of

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00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:22,200
Speaker 5: it does something a lot cleverer.

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Speaker 1: Right, Well, it actually does shoot radiation through you, right,

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Speaker 1: I mean, it does send electromagnetic pulses, but they're safer, right,

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Speaker 1: It's not really high energy. In fact, they're very very

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Speaker 1: low energy. They're radio waves, which means are very long frequencies.

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Speaker 1: So they're not the kind of radiation that can like

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Speaker 1: deposit energy and break up your DNA and cause cancer.

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Speaker 1: And that's the problem with X rays. And that's why

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Speaker 1: when you take an X ray sometimes they can be

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Speaker 1: like a lead skirt or a lead helmet or something

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Speaker 1: you know, or a lead jock stop or whatever to

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Speaker 1: protect your all of your important bits that you don't

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Speaker 1: want to send radiation into. But an MRI can use

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Speaker 1: much lower energy radiation, uses.

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Speaker 5: The same radiation as like what you listen on the

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Speaker 5: radio that's pumped out by radio antennis.

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Speaker 1: Exactly the same kind of radiation. You don't usually think

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Speaker 1: of that as light because you can't see it, but

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Speaker 1: it's all part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. You know.

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Speaker 1: It starts out really low frequency with radio waves, comes

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Speaker 1: up to visible light, and then you get UV light

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Speaker 1: at higher frequencies, and then gammer X rays and gamma

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Speaker 1: rays at very high frequencies. It's all sort of part

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Speaker 1: of the same family. But you know, just like in families,

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Speaker 1: we're all different. And so radio waves feel very different

440
00:20:28,280 --> 00:20:30,639
Speaker 1: to the body than X rays because they don't deposit

441
00:20:30,840 --> 00:20:33,439
Speaker 1: very much in energy, so they can't really do much damage.

442
00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:35,560
Speaker 5: All right, So step us through Daniel. How does an

443
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:38,840
Speaker 5: MRI work? And let's start maybe with the Idita is

444
00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:42,240
Speaker 5: that in an MRI, you are sending radiation into your body,

445
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:45,680
Speaker 5: but you're sort of doing it proton by proton, right

446
00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:48,639
Speaker 5: Like you you're trying to poke one proton inside of

447
00:20:48,680 --> 00:20:50,719
Speaker 5: your body. And so how does that work? Like if

448
00:20:50,760 --> 00:20:53,360
Speaker 5: you if there's a prolin inside of your body, how

449
00:20:53,359 --> 00:20:55,719
Speaker 5: do you get it to light up or to see it?

450
00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:59,680
Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly, Well, remember that protons can absorb energy sometimes

451
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,000
Speaker 1: so you're sending these radio waves in, and the radio

452
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,680
Speaker 1: waves have energy, and the idea is that you want

453
00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:07,639
Speaker 1: to poke those protons and give them that energy, so

454
00:21:07,680 --> 00:21:10,439
Speaker 1: they get like excited and then they relax and they

455
00:21:10,480 --> 00:21:13,200
Speaker 1: send the energy back. And the interesting thing, the reason

456
00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:15,400
Speaker 1: that you can see inside the body with an MRI

457
00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:17,800
Speaker 1: you can see the different kinds of tissue, is that

458
00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:21,119
Speaker 1: different kinds of tissue take different amounts of time to

459
00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:23,960
Speaker 1: absorb that energy and then send it back. So like

460
00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:27,720
Speaker 1: fat or bone or water or whatever, you poke the

461
00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:30,239
Speaker 1: protons in those different kinds of tissue, some of them

462
00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:32,520
Speaker 1: will hold that energy for a while and then send

463
00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:34,560
Speaker 1: it back, and some of them will send it right away.

464
00:21:34,920 --> 00:21:37,440
Speaker 1: So you can tell what different kind of tissues there

465
00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:40,240
Speaker 1: are by by seeing how long it takes for that

466
00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:42,960
Speaker 1: energy that you deposited to get sent back to you.

467
00:21:43,640 --> 00:21:46,520
Speaker 5: So it's not like you're sending X rays through and

468
00:21:46,520 --> 00:21:48,680
Speaker 5: then whatever makes it out the other end you see it.

469
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:53,720
Speaker 5: This is more like you're sending rata waves in and

470
00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:57,479
Speaker 5: then that lights up the protons inside of you in

471
00:21:57,520 --> 00:22:00,159
Speaker 5: different ways, And depending on how they light up up

472
00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:03,040
Speaker 5: and how long they take to stop lighting up, then

473
00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:04,960
Speaker 5: you can tell what kind of tissue it is, or

474
00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:08,880
Speaker 5: what kind, whether it's bone or fat or bananas, exactly.

475
00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:10,800
Speaker 1: And it's just like you know, when you walk along

476
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:12,480
Speaker 1: a wall and you're looking for a stud, right, what

477
00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:14,440
Speaker 1: do you do? You knock on the wall and you're

478
00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:16,760
Speaker 1: sending a wave in and you're waiting for that wave

479
00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:19,439
Speaker 1: to come back, right, And if the wave sounds this

480
00:22:19,520 --> 00:22:21,320
Speaker 1: way or sounds that way, or it takes a long

481
00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:23,520
Speaker 1: time or a short time to come back, that tells

482
00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:25,959
Speaker 1: you about what's behind the wall. It's the same basic

483
00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:28,000
Speaker 1: idea and it's also the way we.

484
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:29,760
Speaker 5: Like kind of like an echo, more like an echo,

485
00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:34,400
Speaker 5: but with electrome, genetic radiation and quantum mechanics.

486
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:37,840
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, it's like an echo. And the radio wave

487
00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:40,400
Speaker 1: goes in and gets and tickles those protons and makes

488
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:42,600
Speaker 1: them excited, and then it sends a radio wave back.

489
00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:45,560
Speaker 1: So you have to have a radio emitter and a receiver,

490
00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:48,040
Speaker 1: so it like it talks to the protons and then

491
00:22:48,040 --> 00:22:50,960
Speaker 1: it waits for the protons to talk back, and based

492
00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:52,760
Speaker 1: on how long it took for them to talk back,

493
00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:56,600
Speaker 1: it says, Oh, this one's probably fat, this one's probably bone,

494
00:22:56,720 --> 00:22:59,080
Speaker 1: this one's probably brained, this one's probably water.

495
00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:06,760
Speaker 5: This is probably brilliance in the brain exactly. Okay, cool,

496
00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:09,000
Speaker 5: all right, So it's kind of like you're sending a

497
00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:13,440
Speaker 5: signal in how it gets reflected back. Then you recorded

498
00:23:13,800 --> 00:23:16,240
Speaker 5: when it bounces back, and then that tells you that

499
00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:18,320
Speaker 5: sort of gives you the image of what's inside of

500
00:23:18,359 --> 00:23:19,520
Speaker 5: your body exactly.

501
00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:22,240
Speaker 1: And then there's some really cool quantum mechanics about how

502
00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:25,399
Speaker 1: you get those protons to absorb that radio information and

503
00:23:25,880 --> 00:23:28,200
Speaker 1: why they send it back, and that's where the magnets

504
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:28,479
Speaker 1: come in.

505
00:23:28,560 --> 00:23:29,960
Speaker 5: And the way I understand it, it's sort of like

506
00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:32,240
Speaker 5: a spinning top, right, Like you need to think of

507
00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:36,240
Speaker 5: a proton as a spinning top, and so you when

508
00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:38,800
Speaker 5: you put it inside of this giant magnet, it makes

509
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:41,640
Speaker 5: all the top sort of aligne in a particular way

510
00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:42,560
Speaker 5: or in one direction.

511
00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:45,480
Speaker 1: Right, that's right. Because remember we talked on our quantum

512
00:23:45,480 --> 00:23:48,480
Speaker 1: Spin episode about how all these little particles they're not

513
00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:51,320
Speaker 1: really spinning, but they have this thing about them called spin,

514
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:53,760
Speaker 1: which gives them a little magnetic field. So think of

515
00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:56,800
Speaker 1: every little particles having a little magnet in it. And

516
00:23:56,880 --> 00:23:59,119
Speaker 1: so if you put a really big magnet on the

517
00:23:59,119 --> 00:24:01,520
Speaker 1: outside of the body, then all the protons in your

518
00:24:01,520 --> 00:24:04,040
Speaker 1: body are going to line up with that magnet. But

519
00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:05,600
Speaker 1: some of them line up with the magnet and some

520
00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:07,679
Speaker 1: of them line up against the magnet, but you know,

521
00:24:07,680 --> 00:24:09,879
Speaker 1: they all go along that line.

522
00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:12,240
Speaker 5: And then that primes them for you to poke them right,

523
00:24:12,359 --> 00:24:14,440
Speaker 5: for you to send in the radio wave, and then

524
00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:16,919
Speaker 5: depending on how they react to that, that's the signal

525
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:18,120
Speaker 5: you get back exactly.

526
00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:20,760
Speaker 1: And that's that's the magnetic part. And so you send

527
00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:22,680
Speaker 1: in the radio wave and then some of the ones

528
00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:25,639
Speaker 1: that were not aligned flip and become aligned because that

529
00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:28,280
Speaker 1: takes more energy, and so that's how they absorb the

530
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:30,359
Speaker 1: energy of the radio waves. Some of the ones that

531
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:33,000
Speaker 1: were unaligned become aligned with the magnet. So it's just

532
00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:36,439
Speaker 1: like switching directions, right. They absorb that energy, but they

533
00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:38,520
Speaker 1: don't they don't hold onto it for very long, and

534
00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,800
Speaker 1: then eventually they flip back and they send the radio

535
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,240
Speaker 1: wave back. So that's the magnetic part. That's how you

536
00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:45,480
Speaker 1: get the protons to absorb this energy. That you put

537
00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,160
Speaker 1: them in this magnetic field that allows them to align

538
00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:50,840
Speaker 1: or unalign, and that gives them an opportunity to absorb

539
00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:51,680
Speaker 1: this kind of energy.

540
00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:53,959
Speaker 5: It's kind of like the spinning top. You flip it

541
00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:55,879
Speaker 5: and then but then it wants to flip back, and

542
00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:58,640
Speaker 5: when it's flipping back, it releases some energy back.

543
00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,359
Speaker 1: Right, that's right, And that's the resonance part. Remember MRI

544
00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:06,000
Speaker 1: is magnetic resonance imaging, and the magnet comes from you're

545
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:08,720
Speaker 1: putting people in a big magnet. And the resonance part

546
00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:12,120
Speaker 1: is the part about absorbing the radio frequency. Right. Normally

547
00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:15,040
Speaker 1: you send radio wave through a body, they won't get absorbed, right,

548
00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:17,440
Speaker 1: They just pass right through because they're not at the

549
00:25:17,520 --> 00:25:20,200
Speaker 1: right energy to be absorbed. Remember we talked about in

550
00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:23,479
Speaker 1: quantum mechanics, how like atoms have different energy levels. Right,

551
00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:26,560
Speaker 1: they can't just absorb a photon of a random energy.

552
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:28,760
Speaker 1: The energy that comes in has to be the right

553
00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,360
Speaker 1: size because for example, electrons have levels and they want

554
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:34,840
Speaker 1: to go up one level or up two levels. They

555
00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:37,439
Speaker 1: are like along this ladder. So you can't just absorb

556
00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:39,720
Speaker 1: any random amount of energy. You have to absorb the

557
00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:43,199
Speaker 1: right size of energy. Now, normally radio waves are not

558
00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:45,280
Speaker 1: the right size energy for your body to absorb. They

559
00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:48,240
Speaker 1: pass right through you. But when you put these protons

560
00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:51,400
Speaker 1: in the magnetic field, then they have this new way

561
00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:54,800
Speaker 1: to absorb energy. And that's this resonance part the energy

562
00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:57,600
Speaker 1: is the resonant energy, so the right energy to push

563
00:25:57,640 --> 00:25:59,639
Speaker 1: these things to make them spin one way instead of

564
00:25:59,640 --> 00:25:59,880
Speaker 1: the other.

565
00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:02,600
Speaker 5: And now is it all all the protons in your

566
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:04,359
Speaker 5: body or only certain protons?

567
00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:06,639
Speaker 1: It's all the protons that I want, man, I have

568
00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:07,760
Speaker 1: total control over it.

569
00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:11,960
Speaker 5: Like in all the atoms in your body react to

570
00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:15,480
Speaker 5: this signal, or only like water or how does that work?

571
00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:18,040
Speaker 1: No, all the protons in your body can react to this,

572
00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:20,880
Speaker 1: right because your body is made of protons, rights, protons

573
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:24,040
Speaker 1: and neutrons and electrons, but mostly it's water, right, Like,

574
00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:26,960
Speaker 1: most of your body is water. But all the protons

575
00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:29,120
Speaker 1: in the nuclei can respond to this kind of thing.

576
00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:33,119
Speaker 1: And there's also a really cool trick they do to

577
00:26:33,480 --> 00:26:36,239
Speaker 1: allow themselves to see slices. You're talking earlier about how

578
00:26:36,280 --> 00:26:38,400
Speaker 1: you could see, like, you know, just to slice through

579
00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:40,560
Speaker 1: your body your shoulders, or a slice through your body

580
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,240
Speaker 1: at your stomach or your feet or whatever. They do

581
00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:46,159
Speaker 1: a really cool trick by tuning the magnet strength to

582
00:26:46,240 --> 00:26:49,200
Speaker 1: make sure that only protons in one slice are able

583
00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:50,640
Speaker 1: to absorb that energy at a time.

584
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,800
Speaker 5: That's where the giant magnet comes in, right, Yeah, exactly,

585
00:26:54,520 --> 00:26:56,240
Speaker 5: You know, like when you're in that platform and you

586
00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,119
Speaker 5: roll in, you go into this giant donut. That donut

587
00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:02,920
Speaker 5: is basically like giant. It's really just a magnet, right,

588
00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:07,399
Speaker 5: like a like a just a giant coil of wire

589
00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:08,320
Speaker 5: that creates a magnet.

590
00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:10,800
Speaker 1: That's right. It creates a magnet. And the magnet is

591
00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:13,320
Speaker 1: stronger on one side than on the other, Like it's

592
00:27:13,359 --> 00:27:15,480
Speaker 1: really stronger your head and it's a little weaker at

593
00:27:15,520 --> 00:27:18,679
Speaker 1: your feet. And what that means is that the radio

594
00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:21,560
Speaker 1: waves that they send in are better absorbed by just

595
00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:23,800
Speaker 1: one slice of your body. The slice of your body

596
00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:27,919
Speaker 1: has just the right magnetic strength to absorb those radio waves.

597
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:29,119
Speaker 1: That's the resonance part.

598
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:31,280
Speaker 5: That's how they can take a slice of you, right,

599
00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:36,439
Speaker 5: because the magnetic field changes along your body, and so

600
00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:41,040
Speaker 5: and those protons react differently depending on the slice.

601
00:27:41,119 --> 00:27:43,320
Speaker 1: That's right. Only the protons that are in the magnetic

602
00:27:43,359 --> 00:27:47,119
Speaker 1: field that's the right strength are primed to absorb that

603
00:27:47,240 --> 00:27:49,919
Speaker 1: radio wave and then you know, send it back. And

604
00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:53,000
Speaker 1: so basically your whole body is just totally transparent to

605
00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:55,600
Speaker 1: the radio waves except for this one slice where the

606
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:58,639
Speaker 1: protons will grab the radio energy and then send it back.

607
00:27:59,280 --> 00:28:02,320
Speaker 1: And so it's like, yeah, it's like they can only

608
00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,680
Speaker 1: see one slice at a time. And then you're lying

609
00:28:04,760 --> 00:28:07,399
Speaker 1: there and you're hearing like clank boom, bang bom. But

610
00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:10,520
Speaker 1: it's like sort of disconcerting all the weird noises that happen.

611
00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:12,879
Speaker 5: Yeah, what is that noise? Anyways? When you you know,

612
00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:16,400
Speaker 5: when you're in there, you just hear like, chunk, chunk, chunk.

613
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:18,199
Speaker 5: What is And you see it on TV too, when

614
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,600
Speaker 5: people are getting their MRIs, you hear them, you just

615
00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:22,760
Speaker 5: hear this noise going chunk chunk. What is that noise?

616
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:25,080
Speaker 1: Oh, that's you know, just a physics y sounding noise

617
00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:27,000
Speaker 1: they added to make people feel like it's worth all.

618
00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:31,000
Speaker 5: The money, just some sound editor putting in the special

619
00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:31,600
Speaker 5: effects later.

620
00:28:31,640 --> 00:28:33,439
Speaker 1: Are people going to pay more if it sounds if

621
00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:35,840
Speaker 1: it sounds, you know, like some physics is happening. No,

622
00:28:35,960 --> 00:28:38,640
Speaker 1: there really is something happening there. That's them adjusting the

623
00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:41,760
Speaker 1: magnetic field so they can see different slices of your body.

624
00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,480
Speaker 1: Can you remember those radio waves only can talk to

625
00:28:44,560 --> 00:28:46,680
Speaker 1: protons that are in a magnetic field that has the

626
00:28:46,760 --> 00:28:49,080
Speaker 1: right strength. So what they're doing is they're adjusting the

627
00:28:49,120 --> 00:28:51,880
Speaker 1: magnetic field. They can either slide you back and forth,

628
00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:54,760
Speaker 1: but that's a little more uncomfortable, or they can leave

629
00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:57,600
Speaker 1: you sitting there and they can adjust the magnetic field

630
00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:59,719
Speaker 1: and so you're hearing all the coils move and whatever.

631
00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:02,800
Speaker 1: So the magnetic field is now good for protons at

632
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:05,240
Speaker 1: your feet, or good for protons at your head or whatever.

633
00:29:05,560 --> 00:29:08,000
Speaker 1: So they're moving which slice of your body they can

634
00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:10,840
Speaker 1: talk to by changing where the magnetic field has just

635
00:29:10,920 --> 00:29:11,680
Speaker 1: the right strength.

636
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:13,920
Speaker 5: All right. So it's sort of like, can I call

637
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,680
Speaker 5: it quantum echo, like a quantum echo effect?

638
00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:20,920
Speaker 1: Oh, that would be awesome. Yeah, quantum echo imaging. That's cool.

639
00:29:21,320 --> 00:29:22,320
Speaker 1: You should have named it that.

640
00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:24,360
Speaker 5: That's a new product name, all right. So then that

641
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,800
Speaker 5: gives you an image of your body because each proton,

642
00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:30,600
Speaker 5: depending on what kind of stuff it is in your body,

643
00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:33,600
Speaker 5: will kind of reflect that energy bag differently, and so

644
00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:36,520
Speaker 5: you can sort of tell what's fat, what's bone, what's water.

645
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:39,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. They all reflect the energy back, but they

646
00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:41,760
Speaker 1: take different amounts of time. So like fat takes a

647
00:29:41,760 --> 00:29:43,920
Speaker 1: different amount of time to send the energy back than

648
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:46,280
Speaker 1: water does or bone does, and that's how they can

649
00:29:46,320 --> 00:29:48,440
Speaker 1: tell the difference. And that's a really cool thing about MRI.

650
00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:51,360
Speaker 1: Unlike X ray, it can tell the difference between these

651
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:53,720
Speaker 1: different kinds of tissue. So it's so valuable. But you

652
00:29:53,720 --> 00:29:56,040
Speaker 1: can see like, oh, there's a tumor there next to

653
00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:58,400
Speaker 1: this other organ or you know, you can see the

654
00:29:58,640 --> 00:30:00,840
Speaker 1: differences there, which which makes it really valuable from a

655
00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:01,720
Speaker 1: medical point of view.

656
00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:03,760
Speaker 5: Now, a quick word from our sponsor.

657
00:30:08,240 --> 00:30:10,040
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

658
00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:13,280
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

659
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Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

660
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Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

661
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Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

662
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663
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664
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666
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667
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668
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669
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Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy

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Speaker 4: Dot com?

701
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Speaker 5: I think my question is how did they figure this out?

702
00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:34,160
Speaker 5: How did they ever think to use this? How did

703
00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:36,320
Speaker 5: they how did they come up with a idea to

704
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:37,520
Speaker 5: use it to look inside your body?

705
00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, well it came out of people doing basic research

706
00:32:40,160 --> 00:32:42,160
Speaker 1: with atoms, you know, and they were, you know, like,

707
00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:43,800
Speaker 1: let's take a bunch of atoms and put them a

708
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:46,320
Speaker 1: magnetic field and poke them, and you know, let's see

709
00:32:46,320 --> 00:32:49,040
Speaker 1: if quantum mechanics works, and can we understand why they

710
00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:53,120
Speaker 1: absorb frequencies you know here and there? And then they discovered,

711
00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:56,360
Speaker 1: i think quite accidentally, that the relaxation time this time

712
00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:58,480
Speaker 1: it takes the energy to come back is different. For

713
00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:01,440
Speaker 1: different kinds of materials, and then you know, somebody had

714
00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:03,880
Speaker 1: this bright idea. They're like, oh wait, maybe we can

715
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,600
Speaker 1: use this for imaging. And I think there's a huge

716
00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,400
Speaker 1: field of people working on imaging and imaging techniques and

717
00:33:09,640 --> 00:33:12,280
Speaker 1: new ways to see inside the body. Because you know,

718
00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:14,760
Speaker 1: MRIs they work pretty well, but they're also they take

719
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:18,400
Speaker 1: a long time, and they're really expensive, right, so there

720
00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:21,080
Speaker 1: are cons to an MRI. So there's a huge field

721
00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:25,520
Speaker 1: of researchers working to develop better, faster, cheaper scanning technology.

722
00:33:25,840 --> 00:33:28,600
Speaker 5: My guess is that it was some physicists in a lab,

723
00:33:28,720 --> 00:33:31,840
Speaker 5: you know, poking doing quantum physics, and somebody left her

724
00:33:31,880 --> 00:33:34,720
Speaker 5: sandwich in the middle, and then they got this image

725
00:33:34,720 --> 00:33:37,080
Speaker 5: of the inside of the sandwich. They're like, oh my god,

726
00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:38,640
Speaker 5: think of what we can do.

727
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:40,800
Speaker 1: You know, there are easier ways to tell what's in

728
00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:44,720
Speaker 1: your sandwich than accidentally inventing an MRI machine. You could

729
00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:45,480
Speaker 1: just open it up.

730
00:33:45,520 --> 00:33:47,880
Speaker 5: What if it's a burriedle Let's go with burrito. That's

731
00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:49,200
Speaker 5: a little harder to see inside.

732
00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:52,080
Speaker 1: That's true. There's no non invasive way to see what's

733
00:33:52,080 --> 00:33:52,840
Speaker 1: inside of burrito.

734
00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:54,760
Speaker 5: Yeah, I guess you can eat it.

735
00:33:55,120 --> 00:33:58,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, that's that's definitely a destructive way.

736
00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:00,040
Speaker 5: Of seeing it, all right, So that's kind of the

737
00:34:00,120 --> 00:34:02,400
Speaker 5: general picture of how MRI's work. That's pretty cool.

738
00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:05,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, And you know, every time you're getting an MRI,

739
00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:08,239
Speaker 1: it means that they're sending these these pulses into you

740
00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:10,480
Speaker 1: and there's a very strong magnetic field that's applied to

741
00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:12,440
Speaker 1: your body, and as far as we know, there's no

742
00:34:12,680 --> 00:34:15,520
Speaker 1: adverse health effects to having a strong magnetic field. You

743
00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:18,480
Speaker 1: might be thinking, oh my gosh, they're sending this magnetic

744
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:20,760
Speaker 1: field in me and all my protons are getting pointed

745
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:23,759
Speaker 1: in one direction, and that sounds really destructive. But as

746
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:25,799
Speaker 1: far as we know, you know, getting your protons to

747
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:27,799
Speaker 1: align with the magnetic field doesn't hurt you.

748
00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:30,200
Speaker 5: Unless you're a robot, then that might be a.

749
00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:33,839
Speaker 1: Pro or actually, this is serious, unless you're partially a robot,

750
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,080
Speaker 1: Like if you have metal screws or something inside of you,

751
00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:40,279
Speaker 1: then MRIs could be dangerous because the magnetic fields could

752
00:34:40,280 --> 00:34:42,439
Speaker 1: like pull them out or you know, rip out parts

753
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:43,680
Speaker 1: of you, and that would be pretty bad.

754
00:34:43,920 --> 00:34:44,320
Speaker 3: Yeah.

755
00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:47,080
Speaker 5: Yeah, I've heard of stories in MRI last where people

756
00:34:47,120 --> 00:34:50,799
Speaker 5: accidentally bring their keys in and then they get you know,

757
00:34:50,840 --> 00:34:54,080
Speaker 5: they fly through the room, across the room and get

758
00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:56,359
Speaker 5: stuck on the magnet and they really have to like

759
00:34:56,480 --> 00:35:00,120
Speaker 5: they can't pull them out because it's so strong. You

760
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:01,960
Speaker 5: can't just pull the keys away, and so they have

761
00:35:02,040 --> 00:35:03,960
Speaker 5: to shut down the whole thing just to get that

762
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:04,840
Speaker 5: person's keys.

763
00:35:05,080 --> 00:35:06,880
Speaker 1: That's right, I got to go home. My keys are

764
00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:09,880
Speaker 1: stuck to the MRI machine. Yeah, well there's that aspect.

765
00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:11,640
Speaker 1: But also while it's flying through the air, that thing

766
00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:13,800
Speaker 1: is like a bullet, you know, that could really hurt somebody.

767
00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:16,520
Speaker 1: We have the same problem in particle physics because we

768
00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:20,719
Speaker 1: have really really strong magnets around the collision point and

769
00:35:20,719 --> 00:35:22,719
Speaker 1: we use that because we want to bend the particles.

770
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:25,279
Speaker 1: We see how fast they were going. And anytime you

771
00:35:25,320 --> 00:35:27,319
Speaker 1: turn on the magnet, if this is like a loose screwdriver,

772
00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:29,160
Speaker 1: that's a bullet that could kill somebody.

773
00:35:31,920 --> 00:35:34,279
Speaker 5: So it's pretty cool technology, and so there are some

774
00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:36,160
Speaker 5: pros and cons. So the pro is that there's no

775
00:35:36,760 --> 00:35:39,120
Speaker 5: radiation that can kill you like X rays.

776
00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:41,719
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, X rays and cat scans all those come

777
00:35:41,719 --> 00:35:44,160
Speaker 1: with significant doses of radiation. And more cat scans and

778
00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:46,759
Speaker 1: X rays, X rays these days, they've they figured out

779
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:49,160
Speaker 1: how to do it with a sort of minimum amount

780
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:51,600
Speaker 1: of radiation. So you know, I don't want to scare anybody.

781
00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:53,600
Speaker 1: You should get X rays at your dentist because the

782
00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:57,319
Speaker 1: benefits of seeing inside your body outweigh the radiation. But

783
00:35:57,360 --> 00:35:59,120
Speaker 1: shouldn't just look at like an X ray camera at

784
00:35:59,120 --> 00:36:01,439
Speaker 1: home and happily take pictures of your body just for fun.

785
00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:04,680
Speaker 5: They sell that for kids there, I think.

786
00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:07,799
Speaker 1: And actually, you know, they used to have really really

787
00:36:07,880 --> 00:36:10,400
Speaker 1: high intensity and X rays, dental X rays and medical

788
00:36:10,520 --> 00:36:12,680
Speaker 1: X rays. They used to really crank it up because

789
00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:16,080
Speaker 1: they didn't understand the dangers. And then recently, more recently,

790
00:36:16,120 --> 00:36:18,680
Speaker 1: they realized they could get the same images with much

791
00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:21,560
Speaker 1: less radiation, and so they've been tuning them down for

792
00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:24,800
Speaker 1: a long time. But yeah, X rays have an ionizing radiation,

793
00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:28,200
Speaker 1: which is dangerous, but MRIs don't, and so that's a

794
00:36:28,239 --> 00:36:30,760
Speaker 1: big advantage, especially if you're dealing with like an infant

795
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:32,440
Speaker 1: or something. Right, you don't want to you don't want

796
00:36:32,440 --> 00:36:34,160
Speaker 1: to pile a huge amount of radiation into the brain

797
00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:35,040
Speaker 1: of an infant.

798
00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:38,719
Speaker 5: And le's it gives them superpowers? Then that maybe, uh.

799
00:36:37,960 --> 00:36:41,000
Speaker 1: That is a tough parenting choice, right, do I give

800
00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:44,440
Speaker 1: my kid cancer or maybe superpowers? Yeah? I don't know,

801
00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:45,440
Speaker 1: think about that.

802
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:47,640
Speaker 5: But then the problem is that it kind of takes

803
00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:50,040
Speaker 5: a long time, it's loud, and you have to sit

804
00:36:50,080 --> 00:36:51,120
Speaker 5: in a tube for a long time.

805
00:36:51,280 --> 00:36:53,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, and so there are some downsides and it

806
00:36:53,719 --> 00:36:55,520
Speaker 1: costs a lot, so you need your insurance whatever to

807
00:36:55,560 --> 00:36:58,960
Speaker 1: approve it. But you know, it's irreplaceable. There's kinds of

808
00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:01,520
Speaker 1: a pictures that can take that nothing else can do.

809
00:37:01,760 --> 00:37:05,080
Speaker 5: Right, there's no better technology for doing that, right, That's right, exactly,

810
00:37:05,160 --> 00:37:07,359
Speaker 5: all right, Well, that explains it.

811
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:09,520
Speaker 1: So if you need an MRI and you want to

812
00:37:09,560 --> 00:37:11,240
Speaker 1: take a picture of your body, you should be thanking

813
00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:16,000
Speaker 1: quantum physicists for developing this technology to tickle your protons

814
00:37:15,640 --> 00:37:18,160
Speaker 1: and have them talk back. I'm in a little piece

815
00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:20,319
Speaker 1: of fat, I'm a little piece of bone. Hey over here,

816
00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:22,400
Speaker 1: I'm a cancer or I'm a cancer tumor.

817
00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:25,080
Speaker 5: That's right. And MRI is just a giant tickling.

818
00:37:24,680 --> 00:37:27,000
Speaker 1: Machine, quantum tickling. There you go.

819
00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:31,120
Speaker 5: Yeah, but it's just amazing that technology and science have

820
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:34,960
Speaker 5: worked together to create these incredible machines that can literally

821
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:36,720
Speaker 5: see inside your body.

822
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:37,480
Speaker 1: That's right, all right.

823
00:37:37,520 --> 00:37:39,240
Speaker 5: We hope you enjoyed that and found that useful.

824
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:42,000
Speaker 1: Thank you for listening and next time you get an MRI,

825
00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:45,319
Speaker 1: they will see inside your brain an understanding of the

826
00:37:45,480 --> 00:37:47,560
Speaker 1: MRI that you got from this podcast.

827
00:37:47,680 --> 00:37:50,600
Speaker 5: Oh my god, that's right. Our voices are leaving an

828
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:54,200
Speaker 5: imprint in all those people's neurons and that might show

829
00:37:54,280 --> 00:37:54,719
Speaker 5: up on the MRI.

830
00:37:55,080 --> 00:37:56,959
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, and the MRI youll see a little

831
00:37:56,960 --> 00:38:03,080
Speaker 1: picture of hoorehand Daniel going thumbs up. What And that's

832
00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:05,400
Speaker 1: when the doctor goes this is interesting.

833
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:08,440
Speaker 5: Yeah, we code it into this podcast. Is really a

834
00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:11,880
Speaker 5: specific frequency that will leave an image in your brain

835
00:38:12,239 --> 00:38:12,920
Speaker 5: of us.

836
00:38:14,160 --> 00:38:16,440
Speaker 1: This sounds like an awesome sci fi episode. I love

837
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:20,560
Speaker 1: this idea. Viruses embedded in podcasts that write themselves into

838
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:21,400
Speaker 1: people's brains.

839
00:38:21,520 --> 00:38:24,160
Speaker 5: Right, we are tickling your protons people.

840
00:38:24,840 --> 00:38:28,000
Speaker 1: The quantum tickling virus. That sounds like a Michael Bay movie.

841
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:32,080
Speaker 5: Yeah, sign up canneries for that movie.

842
00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:35,680
Speaker 1: Everything he does turns to gold. All right, see you

843
00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:38,320
Speaker 1: next time. Thanks for tuning in, and thanks for asking questions.

844
00:38:38,360 --> 00:38:40,799
Speaker 1: If you'd like something in your world explained, send it

845
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:51,960
Speaker 1: to us at questions at Danielanjorge dot com. If you

846
00:38:52,080 --> 00:38:54,960
Speaker 1: still have a question after listening to all these explanations,

847
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:57,960
Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you.

848
00:38:57,960 --> 00:39:00,879
Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

849
00:39:01,120 --> 00:39:04,319
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or email us at

850
00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:08,760
Speaker 1: Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember

851
00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:11,600
Speaker 1: that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production

852
00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:17,000
Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app,

853
00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:20,800
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

854
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:31,919
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

855
00:39:31,960 --> 00:39:35,239
Speaker 1: you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the

856
00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:38,160
Speaker 1: people in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working

857
00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:40,799
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

858
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Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House

859
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Speaker 1: US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors

860
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861
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Speaker 1: can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit you as

862
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Speaker 1: dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

863
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Speaker 10: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

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Speaker 10: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

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