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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Today we

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Speaker 1: are going to talk about the Bisbee deportation. This is

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Speaker 1: the nineteen seventeen incident that has elements of a labor

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Speaker 1: strike and a wartime hysteria, and a vigilante mob and

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Speaker 1: a mass propaganda effort, and that's all rolled into one.

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Speaker 1: It took place in Bisbee, Arizona, which is southeast of

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Speaker 1: Tucson and close to the United States border with Mexico,

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Speaker 1: and it was part of a series of labor disputes

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Speaker 1: in Arizona's mining industry during World War One that led

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Speaker 1: to a loss of about a hundred million pounds of copper.

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Speaker 1: It was also part of an ongoing series of deportations

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Speaker 1: and arrests and even murders that targeted members of the

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Speaker 1: International Workers of the World, also known as the Wobblies.

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Speaker 1: There was a lot going on here. As I got

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Speaker 1: into this this podcast outline, I began wishing that we

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Speaker 1: had already done episodes on a number of people and

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Speaker 1: organizations and events in it, because that would have been helpful,

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Speaker 1: but sadly we do not already have episodes on the

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Speaker 1: Wobblies and the entire mining industry of Arizona, et cetera. Well,

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Speaker 1: this is the start, and then you never know where

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Speaker 1: we'll go from here. The city of Bisbee dates back

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Speaker 1: to the Apache Wars, which were an ongoing series of

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Speaker 1: armed conflicts between the United States and various Apache tribes

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Speaker 1: and nations in the American Southwest. In eighteen seventy seven,

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Speaker 1: the U. S. Army was searching the mountains of Arizona

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Speaker 1: Territory for hostile groups of Apache. A civilian tracker who

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Speaker 1: was working with them spotted signs of minerals, which led

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Speaker 1: to the area's first mining claim. Bisbee grew rapidly from

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Speaker 1: there thanks to the presence of lead, silver, gold, and

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Speaker 1: especially copper. By the turn of the twentieth century, more

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Speaker 1: than twenty thousand people lived in Bisbee and the communities

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Speaker 1: immediately adjacent to it. Three companies had mines in the

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Speaker 1: immediate area, and together these mines employed about five thousand people.

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Speaker 1: By far, the largest of these companies was Phelps Dodge,

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Speaker 1: which produced sixty of the region's copper and owned the

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Speaker 1: area's most productive mine, which was the Copper Queen Shattick

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Speaker 1: Dean Mining Company, and the Calumet and Arizona Mine ran

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Speaker 1: much smaller mining operations in the area as well. Phelps

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Speaker 1: Dodge also owned a lot of the town, including the hospital,

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Speaker 1: the newspaper, the only department store, and the library. The

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Speaker 1: town's y m c A and y w c A

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Speaker 1: had been established at the behest of James Douglas, who

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Speaker 1: was president of the Copper Queen Mine. There were also

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Speaker 1: businesses that weren't owned by or affiliated with Phelps Dodge,

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Speaker 1: but they all knew that they had to stay on

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Speaker 1: the company's good side to remain afloat. So this starts

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Speaker 1: to sound like a really stereotypical company town, and a

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Speaker 1: lot of ways it was, but it wasn't quite as

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Speaker 1: exploitive as most of the company towns that have come

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Speaker 1: up on the show before. The mining companies did plan

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Speaker 1: out the neighborhoods, and they segregated the workforce by race

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Speaker 1: and ethnicity in those neighborhoods, but a lot of people

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Speaker 1: living there actually owned their homes. Phelps Dodge ran a

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Speaker 1: company store, but overall its prices were comparable with other

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Speaker 1: normal stores. It wasn't a case of the company paying

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Speaker 1: miners in script that could only be used at the

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Speaker 1: company store and then inflating the prices there so much

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Speaker 1: that the workers were always in debt to the company.

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Speaker 1: So none of this, though, was because Phelps Dodge or

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Speaker 1: the rest of the mining companies were particularly benevolent. It

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Speaker 1: was because they wanted to attract men with families to

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Speaker 1: work in the mines with the hope of reducing turnover

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Speaker 1: and the in their labor force. The idea was that

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Speaker 1: if men brought their families to this nice place to

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Speaker 1: live that had lots of amenities, then they wouldn't have

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Speaker 1: to keep retraining and finding new workers. I mean, it's

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Speaker 1: all a business decision. So overall, Bisbee had a reputation

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Speaker 1: as a pretty good place to live and work, especially

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Speaker 1: for white miners. It had long had a reputation as

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Speaker 1: a quote white man's camp. At first, that had meant

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Speaker 1: that Chinese workers were excluded, but it gradually shifted to

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Speaker 1: mean that the white miners got the most desirable and

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Speaker 1: highest paying jobs. The pay overall was towards the top

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Speaker 1: end of the range for the industry, and all those

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Speaker 1: amenities that Phelps Dodge was paying for didn't always exist

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Speaker 1: at other mining towns and camps, but at the same time,

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Speaker 1: the situation was tense and Bisbee in nineteen seventeen. Bisbee

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Speaker 1: was very close to the border with Mexico, where the

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Speaker 1: Mexican Revolution had started in nineteen ten and was still ongoing.

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Speaker 1: In addition to the war going on just across the border,

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Speaker 1: Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa had attacked Columbus, New Mexico, which

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Speaker 1: was roughly two hundred miles or three d twenty one

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Speaker 1: kilometers away, on March ninth of nineteen sixteen. Nineteen people

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Speaker 1: had been killed and much of Columbus burned to the ground,

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Speaker 1: and other communities near the border were afraid that something

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Speaker 1: similar might happen to them. World War One added another

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Speaker 1: layer to this fear. In January of nineteen seventeen, British

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Speaker 1: cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman

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Speaker 1: which promised that Germany would return Arizona, New Mexico, and

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Speaker 1: Texas to Mexico if Mexico joined the war on the

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Speaker 1: side of Germany. These states had all previously been a

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Speaker 1: part of Mexico, and Texas had declared its independence from

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Speaker 1: Mexico in eighteen thirty six, and the territory that would

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Speaker 1: become Arizona and New Mexico, along with most of the

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Speaker 1: rest of the American West and Southwest, was ceded to

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Speaker 1: the United States in eighteen forty eight, at the end

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Speaker 1: of the Mexican American War. Britain presented this telegram, known

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Speaker 1: as the Zimmerman Telegram, to the United States on February,

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Speaker 1: and by March it had been printed in newspapers. Wasn't

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Speaker 1: very long after that that the United States actually entered

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Speaker 1: the war. So now, on top of being worried that

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Speaker 1: the Mexican Revolution might spill over into the United States,

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Speaker 1: people living near the border were worried that Mexico would

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Speaker 1: wind up and would wind up as allies of Germany

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Speaker 1: and attack the United States directly. And yet another source

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Speaker 1: of tension in Bisbee in nineteen seventeen was a general

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Speaker 1: nationwide trend towards xenophobia and nativism. On February five, Congress

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Speaker 1: passed the Immigration Act of nineteen seventeen, overriding a veto

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Speaker 1: by President Woodrow Wilson. We haven't talked about this particular

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Speaker 1: piece of legislation on the show before because most of

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Speaker 1: the time it was superseded by other laws that were

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Speaker 1: more relevant to the subject at hand, But at the

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Speaker 1: time it was the strictest immigration law the country had seen.

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Speaker 1: Before the Chinese Exclusion Act of eighty two, the United

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Speaker 1: States had no federal laws restricting immigration. If you could

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Speaker 1: get here, you could stay. The Immigration Act of nineteen

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Speaker 1: seventeen built on the Chinese Exclusion Act, along with other

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Speaker 1: immigration laws and practices that had been put in place

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Speaker 1: in the intervening years. Section three of the nineteen seventeen

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Speaker 1: legislation included a colossally long list of people who were

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Speaker 1: excluded from admission into the United States, including, as a

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Speaker 1: few excerpts, quote idiots, imbeciles, and feeble minded persons, persons

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Speaker 1: of constitutional psychopathic inferiority, poppers, professional beggars and vagrants, anarchists,

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Speaker 1: contract laborers, and people whose passage was paid for by

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Speaker 1: someone else. The act also established what was known as

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Speaker 1: the Asiatic Exclusion Zone, which barred immigrants from most Eastern

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Speaker 1: Asia and Pacific islands. It mandated a literacy test as well,

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Speaker 1: along with attacks of eight dollars per person for adult immigrants,

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Speaker 1: which is equivalent to roughly a hundred and sixty dollars today.

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Speaker 1: This legislation was heavily influenced by the eugenics movement and

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Speaker 1: the idea that the United States should only allow people

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Speaker 1: with so called good stock into the country. This was

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Speaker 1: happening at the same time that Henry H. Goddard was

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Speaker 1: studying the people who arrived at Ellis Island hoping to

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Speaker 1: immigrate to the United States. We talked about that work

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Speaker 1: in our episode called the Calicas and the Eugenicists. He

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Speaker 1: published work from this research that claimed that forty percent

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Speaker 1: of immigrants were so called feeble minded, including eighty three

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Speaker 1: percent of Jews, seventy of Italians, eighty percent of Hungarians,

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Speaker 1: and eighty seven percent of Russians. This nineteen seventeen legislation

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Speaker 1: gives you a pretty good idea of how the country

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Speaker 1: was feeling about immigration, but it wasn't really all that

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Speaker 1: successful at reducing the number of quote undesirable immigrants or

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Speaker 1: immigrants from undesirable countries. In four it would be replaced

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Speaker 1: by another law known as the Johnson Reed, which was

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Speaker 1: also inspired by the eugenics movement, with a goal of

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Speaker 1: limiting immigration from southern and Eastern Europe and workers from

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Speaker 1: those countries were a significant part of the labor pool

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Speaker 1: in Bisbee. All of this, the minds, the war, and

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Speaker 1: the rising tide of anti immigrant sentiment fed into the

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Speaker 1: Bisbee deportation. And we have not even gotten to the

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Speaker 1: presence of the Wobblies yet, who were described as anything

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Speaker 1: from a menace to quote, the waste material of creation

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Speaker 1: which should be drained off into the sewer of oblivion.

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Speaker 1: We will talk about the Wobblies and who they were

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Speaker 1: and why everyone hated them so much after a sponsor break.

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Speaker 1: By nine, there were two major unions representing miners in Bisbee, Arizona,

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Speaker 1: and those two organizations were really tangled up in one

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Speaker 1: another's histories. One was the International Union of Mine Mill

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Speaker 1: and Smelter Worker also known as mine Mill, which had

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Speaker 1: previously been known as the Western Federation of Miners or WFM.

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Speaker 1: The WFM had been established in eighteen ninety three and

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Speaker 1: had become known for radical and sometimes violent tactics and

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Speaker 1: also for violent retaliation against the union's activities. The other

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Speaker 1: was the Industrial Workers of the World or i w W,

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Speaker 1: also known as the Wobbli's. The i w W was

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Speaker 1: founded in nineteen o five, and one of its founders

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Speaker 1: was William Haywood, known as Big Bill, formerly of the WFM.

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Speaker 1: Many of the w FM's most radical members moved over

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Speaker 1: to the i w W, and by nineteen o seven,

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Speaker 1: the Western Federation of Miners had denounced the International Workers

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Speaker 1: of the World, Concerned that the IWW's focus on revolution

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Speaker 1: was overshadowing its focus on labor organization. The Western Federation

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Speaker 1: of Miners nineteen sixteen name changed to the International Union

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Speaker 1: of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, was in part to

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Speaker 1: try to reverse a downward trend in its membership numbers

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Speaker 1: and to further distance itself from the IWW. Meanwhile, the

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Speaker 1: IWW had become one of the most notorious and least

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Speaker 1: trusted unions in the country. Many of its leaders and

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Speaker 1: most prominent members were socialists, and a lot of the

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Speaker 1: union's rhetoric was explicitly anti capitalist. The organization was also

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Speaker 1: pacifist and against military conscription. Conscription, and it was the

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Speaker 1: only major union in the United States to oppose the

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Speaker 1: nation's involvement in World War One. It was extremely easy

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Speaker 1: for the wobbli's opponents to characterize this socialist passivism, especially

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Speaker 1: in wartime as anti American and pro German, often quoting

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Speaker 1: from the organization's own publications to do it. I ww

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Speaker 1: activities had been met with mass arrests, deportations, and violence

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Speaker 1: throughout its history, much of it covered in the media

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Speaker 1: in a heavily sensationalized way. Wobblies were decried as agitators

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Speaker 1: who descended on working communities to spread chaos and unrest.

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Speaker 1: In some places, law enforcement ordered that i w W

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Speaker 1: members be arrested on site and charged with vagrancy. It

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Speaker 1: did not help that Big Bill Haywood had been arrested

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Speaker 1: for murder in nineteen o six and was acquitted a

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Speaker 1: year later. The Mine Mill Union's work in Arizona went

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Speaker 1: back decades long before that name change, including an attempts

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Speaker 1: to unionize the mines in nineteen o six and nineteen

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Speaker 1: o seven. That effort involved the work of Mary Harris Jones,

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Speaker 1: also known as Mother Jones, and it led to the

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Speaker 1: mass firing of about a thousand workers. Like in pretty

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Speaker 1: much every industry, the whole history of unionizing was very

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Speaker 1: long and complicated and full of a lot of violence

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Speaker 1: and firings. The i w W, on the other hand,

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Speaker 1: was newly arrived in the area, having established the Metal

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Speaker 1: Mine Workers Industrial Union Number eight hundred in nineteen seventeen,

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Speaker 1: one of many local chapters that it launched in the

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Speaker 1: Southwest during this time. As it established all these local unions,

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Speaker 1: the IWW recruited members from the minds of Mexican American workers,

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Speaker 1: along with immigrants from Mexico and southern Europe, all of

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Speaker 1: whom weren't particularly welcomed in other unions. These workers tended

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Speaker 1: to be the lowest paid of everyone in the minds,

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Speaker 1: and in Bisbee, Mexicans weren't even allowed to enter the

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Speaker 1: mine itself and work underground. In June of nineteen seventeen,

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Speaker 1: the IWW went to mine management in Bisbee with a

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Speaker 1: list of demands, most of them related to safety and

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Speaker 1: working conditions. These included only allowing blasting inside the minds

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Speaker 1: outside of regular working hours and assigning two men to

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Speaker 1: work on each machine. They also demanded an end to

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Speaker 1: discrimination against union workers and immigrants, and the adoption of

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Speaker 1: a flat wage system. The mine workers at the time

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Speaker 1: were being paid based on the price of copper, which

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Speaker 1: meant that their pay rates rose and fell over time,

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Speaker 1: and the price of copper had skyrocketed thanks to the war,

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Speaker 1: going from thirteen cents to thirty seven cents a pound,

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Speaker 1: But the workers who had gotten a raise in their

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Speaker 1: pay thanks to that had not really felt an corresponding

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Speaker 1: increase in their standard of living, because the same factors

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Speaker 1: that were causing the price of copper to go up

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Speaker 1: also caused a whole lot of inflation in the area

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Speaker 1: where the mines were, so in a lot of cases,

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Speaker 1: everything was so much more expensive that they felt like

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Speaker 1: they were taking home less money. In some industries, management

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Speaker 1: had made concessions to unions and workers to keep production

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Speaker 1: going during the war, but management in the Bisbee minds

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Speaker 1: denied all of the i w WS demands, also citing

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Speaker 1: the war as a reason for turning them down. So

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Speaker 1: this flat out denial became its own grievance because the

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Speaker 1: mine workers as a group felt like they didn't have

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Speaker 1: a way of making their voices heard or influencing their

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Speaker 1: own working conditions. The President's Mediation Commission that was convened

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Speaker 1: after this whole incident actually pinpointed us as the root

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Speaker 1: of the whole thing, and their report, they said, quote

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Speaker 1: the crux of the conflict was the insistence of the

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Speaker 1: men that the right and the power to obtain just

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Speaker 1: treatment were in themselves basic conditions of employment, and that

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Speaker 1: they should not be compelled to depend for such just

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Speaker 1: treatment on the benevolence or uncontrolled will of the employers.

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Speaker 1: On June, the i w W called for a strike,

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Speaker 1: although this wasn't actually put to a vote by any

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Speaker 1: of the union's membership. Even so, thousands of workers stayed

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Speaker 1: off the job the next day, either refusing to report

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Speaker 1: to their own jobs or refusing to work as strike breakers. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 1: the secretary of the mind Mill union encouraged strike breaking,

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Speaker 1: saying that anyone who crossed the picket line wasn't a

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Speaker 1: scab because it wasn't really a legal strike. Sheriff Harry

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Speaker 1: Wheeler also asked for help from federal and state authorities,

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Speaker 1: but was denied because it seemed like a simple labor

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Speaker 1: dispute that was proceeding peacefully. As a strike progressed over

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Speaker 1: the next couple of weeks, two organizations sprung up in

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Speaker 1: town to oppose it. One was the Workman's Loyalty League,

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Speaker 1: which was made up of mine workers who were opposed

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Speaker 1: to the strike. The other was the Citizens Protective League

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Speaker 1: or CPL. The CPL was made up of prominent citizens,

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Speaker 1: powerful business people, and some of the upper management at

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Speaker 1: the mines. It had originally been established in the face

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Speaker 1: of a previous labor dispute, and it reconvened during the

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventeen strike. Soon rumors and allegations were spreading through

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Speaker 1: Bisbee in the surrounding area about the Wobblies and the strike.

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Speaker 1: Some of these were picked up and disseminated through the newspaper, which,

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Speaker 1: as we said before the break was owned by the

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Speaker 1: mine people. Alleged that German infiltrators had made their way

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Speaker 1: into the i w W and the strike was intended

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Speaker 1: to weaken the United States during the war or possibly

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Speaker 1: sabotage the entire copper industry. They also reported that the

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Speaker 1: i w W was planning to disrupt the city's independence

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Speaker 1: stay Fast activities, with the Loyalty League marching in a

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Speaker 1: parade on the fourth to prove them wrong. Sheriff Wheeler

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00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:10,320
Speaker 1: started deputizing citizens of Bisbee during all of this, and

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Speaker 1: eventually more than a thousand people had been made temporary deputies,

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Speaker 1: most of them were members of the CPL. Even with

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Speaker 1: these a thousand additional untrained law enforcement people on the scene.

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Speaker 1: Everything was still proceeding peacefully, though there were heated arguments,

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Speaker 1: but there was no actual violence. On July eleven, Wheeler

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00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:35,880
Speaker 1: released a statement calling for the deportation of everyone involved

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Speaker 1: in the strike, accusing them of treason and vagrancy, and

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00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:43,440
Speaker 1: encouraging women and children to stay indoors. A very similar

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00:17:43,480 --> 00:17:47,240
Speaker 1: deportation had happened in Jerome, Arizona, just a day earlier,

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Speaker 1: but on a much smaller scale. After the iww called

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Speaker 1: for a strike in Jerome's Minds, workers stayed off the job.

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Speaker 1: The sheriff had four i w W leaders arrested and

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Speaker 1: issued an order for all wabble eased to leave town

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00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:05,520
Speaker 1: within twelve hours. At two am on July twelfth, calls

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00:18:05,560 --> 00:18:08,400
Speaker 1: started going out to the deputized members of the Citizens

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Speaker 1: Protective League, and this included calls to people living in Douglas,

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Speaker 1: which was another border town about thirty miles or forty

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Speaker 1: eight kilometers away. By five am, they had gathered about

300
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,560
Speaker 1: two thousand deputies, all of them wearing white arm bands

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00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:26,440
Speaker 1: to distinguish themselves from the Wobblies and the striking workers.

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Speaker 1: Law enforcement didn't contact the governor, the federal government the

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00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:34,440
Speaker 1: military or anyone else to ask for aid or explain

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00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:38,520
Speaker 1: what was going on. This vigilante mob seized the telegraph

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00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:41,919
Speaker 1: station to try to censor any outgoing communications about what

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00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:45,840
Speaker 1: was happening, and they started moving through Bisbee, nearby Lowell

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Speaker 1: and the surrounding area, interrogating people at gunpoint about whether

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00:18:50,040 --> 00:18:53,159
Speaker 1: they were working, and rounding up anyone believed to be

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Speaker 1: a member of the i w W, a striking worker,

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Speaker 1: or someone who supported the strike. This included Archie Cook,

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Speaker 1: arrested by his own brother, Edward Leslie Cook, who had

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Speaker 1: been told that if he didn't go along with the

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00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:10,720
Speaker 1: mob he would be deported himself. One minor and one

314
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:14,680
Speaker 1: deputy were killed during this massive round up. Jim Brew,

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00:19:14,840 --> 00:19:18,520
Speaker 1: who was a boilerman's helper and an IWW organizer, killed

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Speaker 1: Orson McRae, who was a shift boss at the Calumet

317
00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:25,159
Speaker 1: and Arizona mine and also a former candidate for counsel

318
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Speaker 1: and a member of the Loyalty League. Brew had called

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00:19:28,480 --> 00:19:30,840
Speaker 1: out a warning that he would shoot anybody who tried

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00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:33,440
Speaker 1: to take him, and when several men continued to move

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00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:36,400
Speaker 1: towards his boarding house, he fired through the screen door.

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Speaker 1: Multiple men in the mob returned fire, and the coroner's

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00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:43,280
Speaker 1: inquest that followed all of this didn't determine which of

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00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:47,960
Speaker 1: them killed brew. The deputized mob forced about two thousand

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Speaker 1: men to march to Warren Ballpark, where they were held

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00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:53,640
Speaker 1: in the stands until the arrival of a train provided

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00:19:53,640 --> 00:19:57,080
Speaker 1: by El Paso and Southwestern Railroad, which was a subsidiary

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Speaker 1: of Phelps Dodge. Once the train arrived, the men being

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00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:03,840
Speaker 1: held were ordered to renounce the strike and return to work,

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Speaker 1: or to board the train's cattle cars. In the words

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00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:10,080
Speaker 1: of deported worker Fred Watson, who had worked in the

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00:20:10,080 --> 00:20:12,960
Speaker 1: Copper Queen mine, quote, you either put a white rag

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00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:17,440
Speaker 1: around your arm, or you left town. A few hundred men,

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00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:20,600
Speaker 1: most of them not actually employed in the minds, agreed

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00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:23,719
Speaker 1: to these terms, and they left. The rest were forced

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00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:27,720
Speaker 1: into twenty three manure cape cattle cars in ninety degree

337
00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:30,639
Speaker 1: heat on his thirty five degrees celsius. And then they

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00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:33,440
Speaker 1: were hauled out of town. And we're going to talk

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00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:35,840
Speaker 1: about where they went, but first we will pause and

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00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:46,159
Speaker 1: have a little sponsor break. After leaving Busby, Arizona, to

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00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:49,080
Speaker 1: the train carrying about twelve hundred men under armed guard,

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00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,600
Speaker 1: traveled sixteen hours east to Columbus, New Mexico, home of

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Speaker 1: Camp for long The hope was to leave the deported

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00:20:56,240 --> 00:21:00,760
Speaker 1: men there, that the people who would arrange whole deportation

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00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:03,080
Speaker 1: had not really thought it through. Camp Furlong did not

346
00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:06,359
Speaker 1: have enough food or the necessary hygiene facilities to just

347
00:21:06,480 --> 00:21:10,320
Speaker 1: absorb so many people, so the train turned back west

348
00:21:10,480 --> 00:21:13,200
Speaker 1: and stopped in Airmana's, New Mexico, where the men spent

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Speaker 1: the night in the cattle cars. They had very little

350
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Speaker 1: in the way of food, water, and protection from the

351
00:21:18,359 --> 00:21:22,639
Speaker 1: elements until troops arrived on July fourteen and escorted them

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00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:26,119
Speaker 1: back to Columbus. This time, the army provided them with

353
00:21:26,240 --> 00:21:29,800
Speaker 1: rations and water and tasked some of them with digging latrines,

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Speaker 1: also telling them they were all free to go. They

355
00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:35,960
Speaker 1: set up what was essentially a refugee camp, where many

356
00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:40,000
Speaker 1: of them stayed for months. Back in Bisbee, the town

357
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:42,840
Speaker 1: placed armed guards on all the roads to keep the

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00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:46,560
Speaker 1: deported workers from coming back. Said He also established a

359
00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:50,439
Speaker 1: kangaroo court, which continued to try and deport hundreds of

360
00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:53,840
Speaker 1: people for vagrancy and other charges, most of which were

361
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:57,159
Speaker 1: pretty flimsy at best. Over the next couple of months,

362
00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,800
Speaker 1: they threatened the people that continued to be supported with

363
00:22:01,119 --> 00:22:04,720
Speaker 1: lynching if they returned. Some of the men in the

364
00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:08,440
Speaker 1: refugee camp got legal advice from Attorney W. B. Cleary,

365
00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:11,040
Speaker 1: who wrote a statement saying that they would return to

366
00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:14,760
Speaker 1: work if President Woodrow Wilson nationalized the minds and provided

367
00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:18,160
Speaker 1: a military escort back to Bisbee for them. But other

368
00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:21,280
Speaker 1: than that, they were essentially stuck. Although they were free

369
00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:24,160
Speaker 1: to go, where most of them wanted to go was home,

370
00:22:24,560 --> 00:22:27,479
Speaker 1: back to Bisbee, where many of them had families and children,

371
00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:32,240
Speaker 1: but Bisbee would not take them. About two hundred men

372
00:22:32,359 --> 00:22:34,720
Speaker 1: did leave the camp on August five, and most of

373
00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:37,000
Speaker 1: them made their way to other cities and towns, and

374
00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:40,600
Speaker 1: afterward the army conducted a census of everyone who was left.

375
00:22:41,280 --> 00:22:43,720
Speaker 1: They found that there was no truth at all to

376
00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:47,200
Speaker 1: the idea that the Wobblies had been infiltrated by huge

377
00:22:47,280 --> 00:22:50,960
Speaker 1: numbers of Germans. Of the nearly nine hundred men left

378
00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:54,840
Speaker 1: in camp, only about twenty were German. Most of the

379
00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:57,720
Speaker 1: deported men were immigrants, but a hundred and sixty seven

380
00:22:57,760 --> 00:23:02,600
Speaker 1: described themselves as Americans. There were also two hundred nine Mexicans,

381
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:05,320
Speaker 1: a hundred and seventy nine immigrants from various parts of

382
00:23:05,359 --> 00:23:09,600
Speaker 1: the Balkans, sixty seven Irish and thirty two British, along

383
00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:12,280
Speaker 1: with smaller numbers of people from a very long list

384
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:16,040
Speaker 1: of other countries. Almost eight hundred of the men in

385
00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:20,600
Speaker 1: the camp said that they owned property. At first, public

386
00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:23,359
Speaker 1: opinion was in favor of all of this, particularly in

387
00:23:23,480 --> 00:23:27,399
Speaker 1: mining communities. A publication from the Arizona Chapter of the

388
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:31,359
Speaker 1: American Mining Congress, published not long after, describes it as

389
00:23:31,359 --> 00:23:34,679
Speaker 1: an accomplishment, praising the sheriff and citizens of the county

390
00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:38,320
Speaker 1: for quote removing one thousand, one nine two enemies of

391
00:23:38,359 --> 00:23:42,440
Speaker 1: the government disloyal citizens from the state, a proceeding probably

392
00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:45,000
Speaker 1: without precedent in the history of the country in point

393
00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:47,719
Speaker 1: of the number of men handled and the celerity and

394
00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:51,240
Speaker 1: thoroughness with which the work was accomplished. But at the

395
00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:54,760
Speaker 1: same time, various people in organizations were trying to negotiate

396
00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:57,359
Speaker 1: with the minds in the city of Bisbee. One of

397
00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:00,959
Speaker 1: these was former Arizona Governor George W. He Hunt, who

398
00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:03,960
Speaker 1: had been a big supporter of organized labor throughout his

399
00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:08,080
Speaker 1: time in office. A disputed nineteen sixteen election had gone

400
00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:10,600
Speaker 1: to his opponent, Thomas E. Campbell, by order of the

401
00:24:10,640 --> 00:24:15,480
Speaker 1: Arizona Supreme Court. Another court decision would eventually put Hunt

402
00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:18,760
Speaker 1: back in office, but in the meantime, he was acting

403
00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:21,920
Speaker 1: as a mediator in the Busbee dispute, along with other

404
00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:24,639
Speaker 1: labor disputes that were going on in Arizona. This was

405
00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:28,160
Speaker 1: part of a whole lot of strikes and disputes, especially

406
00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:30,960
Speaker 1: in the mining industry. He was doing this at the

407
00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:35,879
Speaker 1: request of President Wilson. The Arizona Federation of Labor also

408
00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:38,840
Speaker 1: contacted President Wilson in August to ask for help for

409
00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:42,639
Speaker 1: the deported miners, but Wilson was reluctant to take action.

410
00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:45,960
Speaker 1: He'd been close friends with Cleveland Dodge of Phelps Dodge

411
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,800
Speaker 1: Mining Company for years. When the Arizona Federation of Labor

412
00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:53,200
Speaker 1: made its request, Wilson replied that he was quote loath

413
00:24:53,359 --> 00:24:56,440
Speaker 1: to believe that genuine representatives of the Federation of Labor

414
00:24:56,480 --> 00:24:59,800
Speaker 1: would send me a message containing so unjust and offensive

415
00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:03,400
Speaker 1: and intimation. I'm just gonna say it was not unjust

416
00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:07,840
Speaker 1: and offensive, it was correct. Hunt later sent Wilson a

417
00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:10,040
Speaker 1: full report of what had happened, and he sent a

418
00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:12,639
Speaker 1: copy to the Department of Labor as well, and in

419
00:25:12,720 --> 00:25:14,679
Speaker 1: this report he pointed out that a lot of the

420
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:18,560
Speaker 1: people involved were still stuck in Columbus because all they

421
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,359
Speaker 1: wanted was just to go home and have their basic

422
00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:27,040
Speaker 1: rights restored. After receiving Hunt's report, Wilson established a Mediation

423
00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:30,720
Speaker 1: Commission to investigate what had happened and advise on a resolution.

424
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,879
Speaker 1: Felix Frankfurter, the Assistant Secretary of Labor, was one of

425
00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:38,639
Speaker 1: its members. As the commission was conducting its investigation, the

426
00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:42,560
Speaker 1: governor instructed the Citizens Protective League to disband their kangaroo

427
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:47,240
Speaker 1: court and put the city back into normal operations. The

428
00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:51,200
Speaker 1: Mediation Commission released its report in October, and the report

429
00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:54,720
Speaker 1: found that the Bisbee deportation had been illegal and that

430
00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:58,080
Speaker 1: no one could substantiate their claims that the Wobblings and

431
00:25:58,119 --> 00:26:01,320
Speaker 1: the Minds had been infiltrated by German. They also noted

432
00:26:01,359 --> 00:26:04,080
Speaker 1: that nobody who made that claim could even really say

433
00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:08,240
Speaker 1: where they had come by that information in the first place. Instead,

434
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:11,960
Speaker 1: the commission found that the deportations were motivated by fear,

435
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:16,199
Speaker 1: not by actual danger. To quote from the report, the

436
00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:19,639
Speaker 1: plan for the deportation and its execution are attributable to

437
00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:21,960
Speaker 1: the belief in the minds of those who engineered it

438
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:25,679
Speaker 1: that violence was contemplated by the strikers and sympathizers with

439
00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:28,760
Speaker 1: the strikers who had come into the district from without,

440
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,480
Speaker 1: that life and property would be insecure unless such deportation

441
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:35,800
Speaker 1: was undertaken, and that the state was without the necessary

442
00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:39,760
Speaker 1: armed force to prevent such anticipated violence and to safeguard

443
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:43,040
Speaker 1: life and property within the district. This belief has no

444
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:46,239
Speaker 1: justification in the evidence in support of it presented by

445
00:26:46,240 --> 00:26:51,480
Speaker 1: the parties who harbored it. The report also strongly criticized

446
00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:55,240
Speaker 1: the use of repressive tactics to deal with such labor unrest,

447
00:26:55,359 --> 00:26:59,000
Speaker 1: calling it quote the source of much bitterness, turns radical

448
00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:03,359
Speaker 1: labor leaders into martyrs, thus increasing their following, and worst

449
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:05,919
Speaker 1: of all, in the minds of the workers, tends to

450
00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:09,639
Speaker 1: implicate the government as a partisan in the in the

451
00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:14,760
Speaker 1: economic conflict. Later on, the document continued, quote too often,

452
00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:19,639
Speaker 1: there is a glaring inconsistency between our democratic purposes in

453
00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:23,280
Speaker 1: this war abroad and the autocratic conduct of some of

454
00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:28,240
Speaker 1: those guiding the industry at home. This inconsistency is emphasized

455
00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:32,879
Speaker 1: by episodes such as the Bisbee deportations. In the aftermath

456
00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:36,440
Speaker 1: of the deportation, the Department of Justice ordered the arrests

457
00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:40,200
Speaker 1: of twenty one Phelps, Dodge executives, and several local leaders

458
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:43,800
Speaker 1: of BISBEE, but it was eventually determined that no federal

459
00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:46,200
Speaker 1: law had been broken, so there was nothing to charge

460
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:50,160
Speaker 1: them with in federal court. The first federal interstate kidnapping

461
00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:52,720
Speaker 1: law was the Lindberg Law, which was not passed until

462
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,960
Speaker 1: nine two after the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh's son.

463
00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:02,080
Speaker 1: If there had been a federal kidnapping job before these deportations,

464
00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:04,560
Speaker 1: it clearly would have applied, because the men were literally

465
00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:08,600
Speaker 1: forced into a train and then taken across state lines.

466
00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:13,280
Speaker 1: Even though no federal charges could be filed, the Department

467
00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:17,639
Speaker 1: of Justice recommended that Arizona prosecute any violations of state law.

468
00:28:18,320 --> 00:28:21,119
Speaker 1: Several of the men had also been drafted while they

469
00:28:21,119 --> 00:28:23,280
Speaker 1: were stuck in that refugee camp, which meant that the

470
00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:26,879
Speaker 1: deportation had run a foul of the selective draft law,

471
00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:30,600
Speaker 1: so the Department of Justice advised Arizona to pass that

472
00:28:30,680 --> 00:28:33,959
Speaker 1: part along to the Secretary of State. The Department of

473
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,879
Speaker 1: Justice also advised that the aspects of the deportation that

474
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:42,479
Speaker 1: interfered with interstate communication, like taking over the telegraph office

475
00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:47,360
Speaker 1: be directed to the Interstate Commerce Commission. In nineteen nineteen

476
00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:51,320
Speaker 1: and nineteen twenty, thousands of documents were filed in Coaches

477
00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:54,440
Speaker 1: County Superior Court in the case of State of Arizona

478
00:28:54,560 --> 00:28:58,440
Speaker 1: versus Phelps Dodge Corporation, which also named two hundred twenty

479
00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:01,920
Speaker 1: four individual men is defend indence, but only one of

480
00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:05,360
Speaker 1: these ever came to trial. H. E. Wootton, who owned

481
00:29:05,360 --> 00:29:09,320
Speaker 1: a hardware store. It's not really clear why out of

482
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,520
Speaker 1: everyone Wouton was the only person who was tried, but

483
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:16,000
Speaker 1: he was ultimately acquitted. His defense was that he was

484
00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:19,000
Speaker 1: following the quote law of necessity, and here is how

485
00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:22,680
Speaker 1: the jury foreman described it afterward. Quote the verdict of

486
00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:25,600
Speaker 1: the jury is a vindication of the deportation, if not

487
00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:27,880
Speaker 1: in the legal sense, at least in the moral sense.

488
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:31,000
Speaker 1: No man could listen to the evidence adduced during the

489
00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:33,600
Speaker 1: trial without feeling that the people of Bisbee were in

490
00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:38,160
Speaker 1: eminent danger, and that if their fears were ungrounded, yet

491
00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:42,040
Speaker 1: they were apparently real and pressing. The essence of the

492
00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:45,160
Speaker 1: law of necessity, has explained and laid down to the

493
00:29:45,240 --> 00:29:48,120
Speaker 1: jury by Judge Patty, is that it protects a man

494
00:29:48,280 --> 00:29:50,760
Speaker 1: and his invasion of the rights of others when his

495
00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:54,120
Speaker 1: fear for his own safety or welfare is great enough

496
00:29:54,520 --> 00:29:57,800
Speaker 1: to force him to a drastic step. That this fear

497
00:29:57,960 --> 00:30:01,880
Speaker 1: does not have to be a fear of really, really

498
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,959
Speaker 1: existent dangers, but only of apparent danger, when the appearance

499
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,400
Speaker 1: of that danger is so compelling as to be real

500
00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:12,880
Speaker 1: to him that views it. But I feel like this

501
00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:14,720
Speaker 1: is still a defense. We see, and you saw the

502
00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:19,280
Speaker 1: time I was scared, and even though that fear was

503
00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:22,640
Speaker 1: not bounded in anything, I have the defense that I

504
00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:27,440
Speaker 1: was scared. As for the miners and their supporters, A

505
00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:31,040
Speaker 1: Stewart Embry was tried in Tucson and found not guilty

506
00:30:31,080 --> 00:30:34,360
Speaker 1: of incitement to riot, but the Wobblies as a group

507
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:38,160
Speaker 1: became a target on a more national scale. On September five,

508
00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:42,560
Speaker 1: nine seventeen, the FBI rated every i w W office

509
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:45,840
Speaker 1: in the nation. Over the span of about twenty four hours,

510
00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:49,520
Speaker 1: hundreds of i w W leaders were tried on charges

511
00:30:49,560 --> 00:30:53,600
Speaker 1: of espionage. Every defendant was found guilty after less than

512
00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:57,600
Speaker 1: an hour of deliberation. The District Attorney of Philadelphia called

513
00:30:57,640 --> 00:31:00,080
Speaker 1: these raids and the trial that followed as undertake and

514
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:03,240
Speaker 1: quote very largely to put the i w w out

515
00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:06,360
Speaker 1: of business. Some joined the military or found work in

516
00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:09,280
Speaker 1: Minds and other cities, but many of them found themselves

517
00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:11,880
Speaker 1: cut off from their homes and their property, and Busbee

518
00:31:11,920 --> 00:31:15,880
Speaker 1: with really nowhere else to go. The labor dispute and

519
00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:18,520
Speaker 1: the Commission's report did lead to a few changes in

520
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:23,040
Speaker 1: Bisbees minds. The three Minds superintendents all set up official

521
00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:26,400
Speaker 1: grievance procedures and got rid of the physical exam requirement.

522
00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:30,640
Speaker 1: Wages in Busbees minds also rose by about fifty in

523
00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:34,880
Speaker 1: nineteen This turned out to be temporary, though the mining

524
00:31:34,920 --> 00:31:37,720
Speaker 1: industry and Busbee started to suffer with a shift towards

525
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:41,400
Speaker 1: pit mining. Historians who look back on this are mostly

526
00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:43,960
Speaker 1: agreed on the fact that the root of the workers

527
00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:46,720
Speaker 1: dissatisfaction really came from not being able to have their

528
00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:50,120
Speaker 1: grievances heard and addressed in a meaningful way. And then

529
00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:52,920
Speaker 1: there's also a lot of consensus about the idea that

530
00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:56,719
Speaker 1: the deportation was rooted in fear and not actual danger.

531
00:31:57,280 --> 00:32:00,680
Speaker 1: But there is still debate about which year had the

532
00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:03,760
Speaker 1: greatest part of it, whether it was the fear and

533
00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:08,400
Speaker 1: dislike of immigrants, and this general national climate of xenophobia

534
00:32:08,440 --> 00:32:12,120
Speaker 1: and nativism or whether it was fear and dislike of

535
00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:17,400
Speaker 1: unions and organized labor, especially the Wobblies. I cannot emphasize

536
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:21,920
Speaker 1: the Wobblies were so distrusted and disliked that it is

537
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:26,640
Speaker 1: hard even today to figure out which charges against them

538
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:32,600
Speaker 1: were real and which are completely made up. Uh. Like

539
00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:35,640
Speaker 1: the this massive trial that took place that we referenced

540
00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:41,120
Speaker 1: earlier included um just like it's it's often described as

541
00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:46,200
Speaker 1: a show trial and not like an actual methodical investigation,

542
00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:48,480
Speaker 1: and a lot of the people that were sentenced and

543
00:32:48,520 --> 00:32:50,520
Speaker 1: went to prison, where people who hadn't been involved in

544
00:32:50,520 --> 00:32:53,480
Speaker 1: the organization in years. The whole huge thing that involves

545
00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:57,960
Speaker 1: Kinnessaw mountain landis who was a person that has been

546
00:32:58,000 --> 00:32:59,920
Speaker 1: on my short list for an episode for a really

547
00:33:00,040 --> 00:33:02,560
Speaker 1: long time. So maybe at some point we will get

548
00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:05,000
Speaker 1: to this Wibbly trial. It reminds me of the Palmer

549
00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:07,440
Speaker 1: Raids in a lot of ways, like this whole incident

550
00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:11,000
Speaker 1: and that whole trial. Like I think there are people

551
00:33:11,040 --> 00:33:12,840
Speaker 1: that feel like it's sort of a set set of

552
00:33:12,880 --> 00:33:17,600
Speaker 1: precedent for the Palmer Raids. Anyway, a whole big, complicated thing.

553
00:33:17,960 --> 00:33:20,480
Speaker 1: I thought this was going to be a real, relatively

554
00:33:20,520 --> 00:33:23,320
Speaker 1: straightforward story when I got into it, because it seems

555
00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:27,400
Speaker 1: like on the surface surface, such a okay, there was

556
00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:30,480
Speaker 1: a labor dispute and then they put everybody on a

557
00:33:30,520 --> 00:33:33,040
Speaker 1: train and deported them. But then the whole huge history,

558
00:33:33,160 --> 00:33:35,760
Speaker 1: like the entangled history of the labor organizations in the

559
00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:37,960
Speaker 1: minds and everything that was happening in World War One

560
00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:40,960
Speaker 1: makes it way more complicated than I expected when I

561
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:44,640
Speaker 1: got into this. Do you also have listener mail that

562
00:33:44,680 --> 00:33:49,480
Speaker 1: may or may not be complicated? It's a rather, it's

563
00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:51,400
Speaker 1: a longer mail. Si'm only going to read part of it.

564
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,600
Speaker 1: It is from Christina and she says, Hi, they're ladies.

565
00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:56,760
Speaker 1: I feel like I'm talking to old friends. As of

566
00:33:56,800 --> 00:33:58,880
Speaker 1: this week, I finally caught up with every episode of

567
00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:02,040
Speaker 1: the podcast, and I'm a loss at what to listen

568
00:34:02,080 --> 00:34:06,680
Speaker 1: to when I'm cleaning, driving, etcetera. And then she ticks

569
00:34:06,720 --> 00:34:08,920
Speaker 1: through several things and the ones that I am going

570
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:12,200
Speaker 1: to read are my sister, the history major and I

571
00:34:12,239 --> 00:34:14,360
Speaker 1: have been in a race to see who finished listening

572
00:34:14,360 --> 00:34:17,000
Speaker 1: to every episode first, and I'm proud to say I win.

573
00:34:18,080 --> 00:34:20,080
Speaker 1: Have been able to wow her. When she was telling

574
00:34:20,080 --> 00:34:23,120
Speaker 1: friends about a book she was reading about the Halifax explosion,

575
00:34:23,320 --> 00:34:26,120
Speaker 1: and I added a comment about how the sailors on

576
00:34:26,160 --> 00:34:29,160
Speaker 1: the boat survived. She was shocked and asked, how do

577
00:34:29,239 --> 00:34:31,319
Speaker 1: you know that? Of course I told her stuffy miss

578
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,799
Speaker 1: in history class. Apparently she missed that episode. On a

579
00:34:34,880 --> 00:34:37,239
Speaker 1: side note, did you know that? Did did you know

580
00:34:37,320 --> 00:34:40,360
Speaker 1: that due to the Halifax explosion, that bay is the

581
00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:44,000
Speaker 1: most heavily scanned down to the square meter and the

582
00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:49,920
Speaker 1: explosion experts still use it as a reference for training. Uh.

583
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:51,799
Speaker 1: And then the next part that I was going to read.

584
00:34:52,040 --> 00:34:54,239
Speaker 1: At Easter dinner, I was listening to my parents and

585
00:34:54,280 --> 00:34:56,879
Speaker 1: friends talk about their lives and my my my mom

586
00:34:56,960 --> 00:35:00,160
Speaker 1: said how she had met Martin Luther King. Seeing is

587
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:01,840
Speaker 1: how I had just listened to your episode on the

588
00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:04,719
Speaker 1: Memphis Sanitation Workers, I asked her to tell us more.

589
00:35:05,239 --> 00:35:07,240
Speaker 1: She met him in February when he came to speak

590
00:35:07,239 --> 00:35:10,640
Speaker 1: at her college. My mom was a poly sign ajor

591
00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 1: and was the secretary of the club that helped sponsor

592
00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:15,680
Speaker 1: his visit. She was able to meet and talk to him,

593
00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:18,239
Speaker 1: and she always said he was sick and worn down

594
00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:21,319
Speaker 1: at the time. One quote that she remembered from the

595
00:35:21,360 --> 00:35:24,040
Speaker 1: speech he gave was quote, how can you pull yourself

596
00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:27,360
Speaker 1: up from your bootstraps if you have no boots. I

597
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:29,279
Speaker 1: asked about the audience and my mom said it was

598
00:35:29,320 --> 00:35:32,640
Speaker 1: actually quite diverse. The only students that were censored from

599
00:35:32,640 --> 00:35:35,239
Speaker 1: attending were the white guys with long hair. They had

600
00:35:35,280 --> 00:35:37,879
Speaker 1: to get special permission to be on campus. They're part

601
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:40,640
Speaker 1: of a rock band and wanted to hear MLK speak,

602
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,239
Speaker 1: and their hair was against the dress code. My mom

603
00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:46,560
Speaker 1: also went on to tell me to tell me how

604
00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:48,759
Speaker 1: many of her friends black and white, took part of

605
00:35:48,760 --> 00:35:51,279
Speaker 1: the riots and Newark and others, and we're also part

606
00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:54,000
Speaker 1: of the freedom rides. With all that being said, I

607
00:35:54,080 --> 00:35:56,120
Speaker 1: must thank you for being fair and honest with your

608
00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:57,879
Speaker 1: point of view on history. You give us the good,

609
00:35:57,960 --> 00:35:59,560
Speaker 1: the bad, and the ugly, and I love it. Thank

610
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:01,560
Speaker 1: you for your time, Christina. Thank you so much for

611
00:36:01,560 --> 00:36:04,160
Speaker 1: this note. Christina. One of my favorite things is when

612
00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,960
Speaker 1: people tell us about sharing the podcast with their families

613
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:10,160
Speaker 1: or talking to their families about things that have come

614
00:36:10,239 --> 00:36:13,520
Speaker 1: up in the podcast, or in this case, challenging your

615
00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:16,719
Speaker 1: sister to listening to our podcast. Um, those are some

616
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:19,920
Speaker 1: of my favorite stories, like the family, the family connections

617
00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:22,480
Speaker 1: that come together through the show, and the things that

618
00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:25,080
Speaker 1: we talked about on the show. If you would like

619
00:36:25,120 --> 00:36:27,040
Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast

620
00:36:27,080 --> 00:36:29,600
Speaker 1: where History podcast at how stuffworks dot com. And then

621
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:32,240
Speaker 1: we're also at missed in History all over social media.

622
00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:34,719
Speaker 1: That's our Facebook and our Twitter, and our Pinterest in

623
00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:37,480
Speaker 1: our Instagram. You can come to our website which is

624
00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:40,080
Speaker 1: missed in History dot com and you will find show

625
00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:42,600
Speaker 1: notes for all the episodes Holly and I have worked

626
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:44,480
Speaker 1: on together. You will find a whole bunch of sources

627
00:36:44,480 --> 00:36:47,920
Speaker 1: for this episode, So if you're wondering about any of

628
00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:50,880
Speaker 1: the particular things that we made a brief reference to,

629
00:36:50,960 --> 00:36:53,480
Speaker 1: you will find lots of other information on that. There.

630
00:36:54,239 --> 00:36:57,160
Speaker 1: You will also find a searchable archive of any episode ever.

631
00:36:57,680 --> 00:37:00,640
Speaker 1: And you can also find and subscribe to our podcast

632
00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:03,279
Speaker 1: that Apple Podcasts, Google Play and wherever else do you

633
00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:11,920
Speaker 1: get podcasts for more on this and thousands of other topics.

634
00:37:11,960 --> 00:37:16,279
Speaker 1: Because it how stuff Works dot com. M