1 00:00:02,320 --> 00:00:05,360 Speaker 1: Hey, who is ready for a classic Stuffy missed in 2 00:00:05,440 --> 00:00:08,280 Speaker 1: History Class episode? In case you have not noticed or 3 00:00:08,320 --> 00:00:10,840 Speaker 1: are very new to the show, these episodes that are 4 00:00:10,840 --> 00:00:13,319 Speaker 1: showing up in your feet on Saturday's are ones from 5 00:00:13,320 --> 00:00:16,440 Speaker 1: our back catalog that we are sharing so newer listeners 6 00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:18,320 Speaker 1: can get a taste of some of the shows from 7 00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:21,200 Speaker 1: years gone by. And since we're soon to be in 8 00:00:21,239 --> 00:00:24,439 Speaker 1: the Halloween season, which is my absolute favorite where we 9 00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:27,440 Speaker 1: would normally share some creepy history, it seems like maybe 10 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:29,160 Speaker 1: a good time to give you a little warm up 11 00:00:29,200 --> 00:00:32,920 Speaker 1: with a story about a sleepwalking killer named Albert Terrell. 12 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:35,960 Speaker 1: This episode is really a story of the first time 13 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:39,879 Speaker 1: that sleepwalking was used as a legal defense, and you 14 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:42,120 Speaker 1: will find out how that worked out for Terrell in 15 00:00:42,159 --> 00:00:47,920 Speaker 1: this episode. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class 16 00:00:47,920 --> 00:00:58,680 Speaker 1: from stuff works dot com. Hello, and welcome to our podcast. 17 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:02,880 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Frying and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. And uh, 18 00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:05,520 Speaker 1: have you ever had about of sleepwalking? I have never 19 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:08,800 Speaker 1: had about of sleepwalking. My brother used to when he 20 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:11,559 Speaker 1: was very small. My parents had to put a lock 21 00:01:12,120 --> 00:01:14,480 Speaker 1: on his door so that they could get in in 22 00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:17,240 Speaker 1: an emergency, but that he could not get out. And 23 00:01:17,319 --> 00:01:21,399 Speaker 1: injure himself, which is germane to our podcast today, It 24 00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:26,720 Speaker 1: totally is. The sleepwalking defense in criminal trials is not 25 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:31,800 Speaker 1: entirely uncommon in modern modern trials. Medical and legal experts 26 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:35,200 Speaker 1: are continuing to study the validity of such claims. And 27 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:37,440 Speaker 1: did you know sleepwalking crime is actually on the rise. 28 00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:40,360 Speaker 1: It doesn't surprise me. It's one of those things where 29 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:44,240 Speaker 1: as as people become more aware of sleep disorders and 30 00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: sleep walking disorders both there's both the getting diagnosed increase 31 00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:54,920 Speaker 1: and the use as a defense, whether accurate or not increase. Yeah, 32 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:57,920 Speaker 1: And we also don't um know if there is a 33 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:02,120 Speaker 1: cultural or social trigger. Some uh experts in the field 34 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:04,280 Speaker 1: have posited that because we live in a sort of 35 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:08,320 Speaker 1: a more nervous, anxiety laden culture, it's actually triggering more 36 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,800 Speaker 1: people to have sleepwalking disorders and sleep disorders in general. 37 00:02:12,680 --> 00:02:15,040 Speaker 1: So we don't know the exact route of why those 38 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:17,480 Speaker 1: are on the rise. Those three things are all factors. 39 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,160 Speaker 1: But in eighteen forty six, it was completely unheard of 40 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:24,079 Speaker 1: to claim sleepwalking as a defense. No no one had 41 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:29,000 Speaker 1: used that ever until Albert J. Terrell, who was on 42 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:32,560 Speaker 1: trial and his lawyer Rufus Choke, who took a really 43 00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:37,560 Speaker 1: unorthodox approach to defending his client, and it for the time, 44 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:40,880 Speaker 1: it was so out of left field that it was 45 00:02:40,919 --> 00:02:43,800 Speaker 1: almost like that it wasn't me, Like, yeah, yeah, you 46 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:45,960 Speaker 1: saw me do it, but that was not me. But 47 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:48,080 Speaker 1: nobody did see him do it, which comes up in 48 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:53,200 Speaker 1: the trial. So the crime took place on October eighteen 49 00:02:53,240 --> 00:02:57,359 Speaker 1: forty five and Mrs Mary and Bickford's body was found 50 00:02:57,400 --> 00:03:00,440 Speaker 1: in a CD boarding house in Beacon Hill and Boston. 51 00:03:00,919 --> 00:03:03,720 Speaker 1: She was only twenty one, and her body was found 52 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:07,400 Speaker 1: on the bed, partially on the bed, partially on the floor. Uh. 53 00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:09,880 Speaker 1: There are different illustrations you can see online that kind 54 00:03:09,919 --> 00:03:13,399 Speaker 1: of um put her in slightly different places, and there's 55 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:15,600 Speaker 1: an account that comes up in the trial where they 56 00:03:15,639 --> 00:03:18,520 Speaker 1: described part of her body being on the floor. She 57 00:03:18,600 --> 00:03:21,720 Speaker 1: was in a nightgown and she had a wound to 58 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:25,360 Speaker 1: the neck that had nearly decapitated her. Uh. The bed 59 00:03:25,400 --> 00:03:27,239 Speaker 1: had been set on fire, as well as two other 60 00:03:27,280 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: places in the room, and Bickford's hair and skin were 61 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:33,720 Speaker 1: singed and burnt. Uh. An earring was missing from one 62 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:35,640 Speaker 1: of her ears, which was split open as though it 63 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: had been pulled out, and there was a straight raisor 64 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: at the foot of the bed, which is a pretty 65 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:42,760 Speaker 1: grizzly scene. It is pretty grizzly and and a lot, 66 00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:47,120 Speaker 1: there's a lot going on there. Albert Terrell had been 67 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 1: seen with her earlier that evening, and a witness account 68 00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:53,320 Speaker 1: also described him to speak speaking with a stable keeper 69 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,680 Speaker 1: to try to get transport away from the city. Now, 70 00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:58,680 Speaker 1: to give a little bit of background on these two, 71 00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:03,360 Speaker 1: because this was not appairing that was unknown already, that 72 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:06,840 Speaker 1: was not her first encounter with Terrell by any means, 73 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:10,160 Speaker 1: so they were actually known to be engaged in an affair. 74 00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:13,360 Speaker 1: Both of them were married. Bickford, who also went by 75 00:04:13,440 --> 00:04:17,000 Speaker 1: Maria and some other pseudonyms at different times, had gotten 76 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: a taste for city life when she was visiting relatives, 77 00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:23,800 Speaker 1: and she actually left her husband, who was in Maine, 78 00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 1: to stay in the city permanently. And she had even 79 00:04:26,920 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: written him a letter and said, you can come and 80 00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:31,480 Speaker 1: live in the city, but I'm and we'll be husband 81 00:04:31,480 --> 00:04:33,640 Speaker 1: and wife, but I'm going to need my freedom, kind 82 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:35,280 Speaker 1: of saying like I will play the part of wife, 83 00:04:35,279 --> 00:04:37,840 Speaker 1: but I'm not really married to you in my heart. 84 00:04:38,680 --> 00:04:42,000 Speaker 1: Uh So, at one point, her husband, James, actually traveled 85 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:44,760 Speaker 1: to Boston to look for her, discovered her working in 86 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,440 Speaker 1: a brothel and headed back to Maine by himself. And 87 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:51,359 Speaker 1: in corporateceedings, the prosecution stated at one point that she 88 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:54,719 Speaker 1: had actually moved to Boston with a paramore that she 89 00:04:54,760 --> 00:04:57,400 Speaker 1: had presumably met on that first visit to the city 90 00:04:57,440 --> 00:05:00,480 Speaker 1: that was obviously not her husband. Uh And then that 91 00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:03,280 Speaker 1: man deserted her, which is what led her to prostitution. 92 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:07,080 Speaker 1: So Mary had met Albert Terrell while working and the 93 00:05:07,120 --> 00:05:10,320 Speaker 1: two of them had started a very intense relationship. People 94 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:14,760 Speaker 1: described it as both passionate and volatile. They traveled together 95 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:18,040 Speaker 1: as a married couple, even though she was already married 96 00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:20,479 Speaker 1: and he also was married and had a wife and 97 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:25,320 Speaker 1: a family. Uh. And on September forty five, which was 98 00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:28,600 Speaker 1: one month before the murder, Terrell had actually been charged 99 00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,560 Speaker 1: with adultery. His trial was delayed for half a year 100 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:34,680 Speaker 1: for six months after friends and relatives and even his 101 00:05:34,760 --> 00:05:38,680 Speaker 1: wife actually petitioned the court to delay the proceedings because 102 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:41,160 Speaker 1: they wanted to all work together to help Albert reform 103 00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 1: his ways. And they thought, if he could, you know, 104 00:05:43,839 --> 00:05:45,720 Speaker 1: prove he was a good citizen for six months and 105 00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:48,680 Speaker 1: then go back on the adultery charge, even if he 106 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:50,920 Speaker 1: Um was found guilty of it, they would be a 107 00:05:50,960 --> 00:05:53,479 Speaker 1: little more lenient because he was clearly trying to mend 108 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:58,000 Speaker 1: his ways, and the delay was granted, and then Albert 109 00:05:58,839 --> 00:06:03,440 Speaker 1: was released after you know, posting bond and he went 110 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:12,599 Speaker 1: right back to Marian Big first. Yes, so that's sort 111 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:17,200 Speaker 1: of the history of of them as a couple. When 112 00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:21,840 Speaker 1: Terrell ran from Boston after the murder happened, he went 113 00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:25,800 Speaker 1: to hide with relatives in Weymouth. Then he went north 114 00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:28,760 Speaker 1: to Canada to get passage aboard a ship to go 115 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:32,360 Speaker 1: to Liverpool. That voyage had to turn back because of 116 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:34,839 Speaker 1: bad weather, and he got on a second ship in 117 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:38,800 Speaker 1: New York to go to New Orleans. On December five, 118 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:41,960 Speaker 1: he was arrested after a Louisian authorities got a tip 119 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:43,680 Speaker 1: that he was a board a vessel in the Gulf. 120 00:06:44,680 --> 00:06:46,520 Speaker 1: So at that point he's in custody and he was 121 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:51,280 Speaker 1: transported back to Boston for the trial, and he hired Terrell, 122 00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:53,920 Speaker 1: we should note was not a poor man. He had 123 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:56,280 Speaker 1: some wealth. His family was well established in the shoe 124 00:06:56,320 --> 00:07:00,440 Speaker 1: manufactured trade, and he hired Rufus Choke, who was a 125 00:07:00,440 --> 00:07:04,120 Speaker 1: protege of Daniel Webster, as his defense and Chow was 126 00:07:04,160 --> 00:07:07,279 Speaker 1: already a very high profile figure with both a political 127 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:09,840 Speaker 1: and legal career. He had served on the Massachusetts State 128 00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:12,440 Speaker 1: House of Representatives and the state Senate. He had been 129 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:15,840 Speaker 1: a member of the twenty and twenty three Congress. He 130 00:07:15,960 --> 00:07:20,760 Speaker 1: was well respected in legal circles. Uh So it was 131 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,560 Speaker 1: really like the equivalent of hiring a pretty heavy hitter lawyer. Today, 132 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:29,000 Speaker 1: everybody would have known who he was. And Chow conceived 133 00:07:29,080 --> 00:07:32,480 Speaker 1: of this novel defense for his client, claiming that in fact, 134 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:35,920 Speaker 1: Albert was a somnambulist and that he performed the entire 135 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:39,520 Speaker 1: murder in a sleepwalking trance. Now, that wasn't his only defense. 136 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: He also tried to discredit the possibility that he had 137 00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: even committed the murder. But that was sort of one 138 00:07:45,520 --> 00:07:47,880 Speaker 1: of the new and novel ways that he defended his 139 00:07:47,920 --> 00:07:52,840 Speaker 1: client right that the proceedings started on March eighty six, 140 00:07:52,920 --> 00:07:58,200 Speaker 1: and according to court records, the judges were judges Wild, Hubbard, 141 00:07:58,240 --> 00:08:01,880 Speaker 1: and Dewey. A Judge Shaw was also scheduled to be there, 142 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:06,320 Speaker 1: but he was outsick. Representing the Commonwealth was Samuel D. 143 00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:11,120 Speaker 1: Parker and for Terrell rufus Choate and and us An 144 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:16,400 Speaker 1: A by Meryl Esquire jurors were very quickly selected that morning. 145 00:08:17,040 --> 00:08:19,760 Speaker 1: If you read the Boston Daily Times account, it seems 146 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:22,880 Speaker 1: like they really whipped through like wardiar and additional questioning 147 00:08:23,080 --> 00:08:25,920 Speaker 1: really really quickly. It took about half an hour, according 148 00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:29,320 Speaker 1: to that reporter's account of it, to select the entire jury, 149 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:32,320 Speaker 1: which if you have ever done jury duty, it never 150 00:08:32,360 --> 00:08:34,960 Speaker 1: takes just half an hour to get everybody settled, So 151 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:41,200 Speaker 1: that was pretty expedient. And then Parker's opening arguments UH 152 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:44,199 Speaker 1: included a plea to the jurors to disregard any bias 153 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:47,319 Speaker 1: that they might have as a result of hearing rumors 154 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:50,280 Speaker 1: about the deceased Bickford's profession as a woman of the 155 00:08:50,400 --> 00:08:53,240 Speaker 1: night was not really helping the case, but he openly 156 00:08:53,280 --> 00:08:57,920 Speaker 1: acknowledged what he called quote her depraved character. But he 157 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:01,079 Speaker 1: reminded the jurors present the the law protects even the 158 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 1: wicked as well as the good when it comes to murder. 159 00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:06,000 Speaker 1: Parker also asserted that Terrell, who was the son of 160 00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:09,880 Speaker 1: a really successful shoe manufacturer, had had to get married 161 00:09:10,120 --> 00:09:12,959 Speaker 1: very young at the age of eighteen because he had 162 00:09:12,960 --> 00:09:17,319 Speaker 1: probably gotten his girlfriend pregnant. He stated the cause of 163 00:09:17,360 --> 00:09:20,320 Speaker 1: so early a marriage in his minority I need not 164 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: state that's part of an overall scheme to kind of 165 00:09:23,679 --> 00:09:27,280 Speaker 1: chip away at Terrell's moral image, showing that he was 166 00:09:27,360 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 1: impetuous and given to impulsive and wanton behavior. Parker further 167 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,040 Speaker 1: claimed that Bickford had actually been afraid of Terrell after 168 00:09:36,120 --> 00:09:39,080 Speaker 1: his adultery arrest because she was scared that he would 169 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:41,600 Speaker 1: be angry that their relationship had gotten him into such 170 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:43,960 Speaker 1: trouble because at that point it was very public what 171 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,840 Speaker 1: was going on, and again there many many people petitioning 172 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:50,880 Speaker 1: the courts, so everyone knew his business at that point. 173 00:09:51,720 --> 00:09:55,280 Speaker 1: The prosecution also painted a picture of the events leading 174 00:09:55,320 --> 00:09:59,079 Speaker 1: up to the discovery of Bickford's body. Uh. First, it 175 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,560 Speaker 1: mentioned the pair being seen together in the days and 176 00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:05,320 Speaker 1: on the night leading up to the murder. Two UH 177 00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:08,400 Speaker 1: describes a faint shriek coming from Bickford's room early in 178 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:11,680 Speaker 1: the morning. Three the sound of something falling to the 179 00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:15,800 Speaker 1: floor for a person running then tumbling down the stairs, 180 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:19,880 Speaker 1: then being heard leaving the house. Five was a groan 181 00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:23,160 Speaker 1: or scream of fire, and residence in a nearby room 182 00:10:23,280 --> 00:10:27,120 Speaker 1: seeing smoke come under their door. And then six Mrs Lawrence, 183 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: who Uh was of the family living below those rooms, 184 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 1: coming up the stairs to find burning bedclothes piled at 185 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:36,280 Speaker 1: the top of the stairs and against the door of 186 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:39,920 Speaker 1: the other boarder's room, and then seven help arriving in 187 00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:42,960 Speaker 1: the room of Mrs Bickford being extinguished because it was 188 00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:46,000 Speaker 1: on fire, and then the realization that an item that 189 00:10:46,040 --> 00:10:48,319 Speaker 1: had been stumbled over in the rush to put out 190 00:10:48,320 --> 00:10:50,480 Speaker 1: the fires there was a fire in the closet, on 191 00:10:50,520 --> 00:10:53,080 Speaker 1: the bed and in a clothing trunk, was in fact 192 00:10:53,360 --> 00:10:56,000 Speaker 1: the body of Mary Bickford. So at first they didn't 193 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:57,600 Speaker 1: realize there had been a murder. They just knew there 194 00:10:57,600 --> 00:10:59,160 Speaker 1: was a fire which they were putting out, and then 195 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 1: they realized this person has been gruesomely killed. There was 196 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:08,080 Speaker 1: additional evidence also there was no fire in the fireplace, 197 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:11,120 Speaker 1: so it could not be explained as an accident, an 198 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:14,360 Speaker 1: accident of the fire used in the room getting out 199 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:18,800 Speaker 1: of control. A man's apparel which consisted of a vest, drawers, socks, 200 00:11:18,840 --> 00:11:22,400 Speaker 1: and a cane were found in the room. The razor 201 00:11:22,440 --> 00:11:25,080 Speaker 1: that was found near the body didn't belong to anyone 202 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 1: who was in the house. Uh. And then there was 203 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:31,160 Speaker 1: the interchange at the stable that we talked about earlier. 204 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:34,800 Speaker 1: Terrell Terrell was reported to have told the man that 205 00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:38,040 Speaker 1: he was quote in a scrape about a girl. And 206 00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:42,760 Speaker 1: then after that opening on Parker's part, witnesses were called 207 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:45,280 Speaker 1: for the prosecution, and there were many called. We won't 208 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:48,360 Speaker 1: list all of them, but some of the really German 209 00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:52,920 Speaker 1: points that sort of brought in new information or corroborated 210 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:56,320 Speaker 1: specific elements of information that are important to the sleepwalking angle. 211 00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,960 Speaker 1: So first, job As Pratt, who was the coroner, confirmed 212 00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:03,120 Speaker 1: statements from the opening and added that he had also 213 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:05,559 Speaker 1: found a ring in the room with the inscription a 214 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:10,079 Speaker 1: J T T M A B presumably Albert H. Terrell 215 00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:13,520 Speaker 1: to Marian Pickford. And Pratt had also found keys in 216 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:15,720 Speaker 1: the pocket of the vest that was in the room 217 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,080 Speaker 1: which unlocked of allies, and a trunk which were believed 218 00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:23,320 Speaker 1: to have belonged to Terrell. Another witness was Dr Joseph Moriarty, 219 00:12:23,559 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 1: and he talked about the wound to Bickford's neck as 220 00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:30,320 Speaker 1: being from ear to ear and separating the laryn x 221 00:12:30,679 --> 00:12:33,520 Speaker 1: and the blood vessels. He also said that it would 222 00:12:33,559 --> 00:12:37,600 Speaker 1: be possible to for a person to perform this at 223 00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:41,040 Speaker 1: one stroke on herself, and he stated he never knew 224 00:12:41,080 --> 00:12:45,240 Speaker 1: a person to commit murder on another person with a razor. 225 00:12:45,720 --> 00:12:50,800 Speaker 1: So it's kind of a weird witness for the prosecution, 226 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,959 Speaker 1: it is. And I was looking over the notes of 227 00:12:54,040 --> 00:12:56,520 Speaker 1: the case that were published in the Boston Daily Times, 228 00:12:56,520 --> 00:12:59,560 Speaker 1: and I kept rereading that passage, thinking, did they really 229 00:12:59,559 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: call awayness that said she could have done it to herself? 230 00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:06,479 Speaker 1: But they really did for a reason, I can't have them, 231 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,479 Speaker 1: although I think their initial plan was just to describe 232 00:13:10,679 --> 00:13:13,760 Speaker 1: the severity of the wound, so he may or may 233 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:17,360 Speaker 1: not have surprised them with those additional comments. They also 234 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: called a Joel Lawrence who owned the house where Mary 235 00:13:20,320 --> 00:13:23,520 Speaker 1: was killed, and he confirmed confirmed that a cravat that 236 00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:25,360 Speaker 1: was found in the burning room was one that he 237 00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:30,200 Speaker 1: had seen Terrell where previously. There was also James Fulham 238 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:34,280 Speaker 1: who was the stable keeper, and he said that Terrell 239 00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:36,480 Speaker 1: had told him that somebody had come into the room 240 00:13:36,559 --> 00:13:40,600 Speaker 1: and tried to murder him. So we're establishing a lot 241 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:46,600 Speaker 1: of incongruent comments on Terrell's part. Additional witnesses were called 242 00:13:46,960 --> 00:13:49,520 Speaker 1: primarily just to corroborate what had been said in the opening, 243 00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:52,120 Speaker 1: like the the list of things that happened leading up 244 00:13:52,120 --> 00:13:56,280 Speaker 1: to the discovery and uh several were called just to 245 00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,320 Speaker 1: establish the relationship between the deceased and the accused is 246 00:13:59,720 --> 00:14:03,319 Speaker 1: being romantic and volatile in nature. So there was also 247 00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:06,880 Speaker 1: the testimony of Mrs mary Head, who described an odd 248 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:10,679 Speaker 1: encounter with Terrell during which he seemed out of sorts 249 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:13,960 Speaker 1: and almost asleep, and he also made a bizarre sound 250 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:17,200 Speaker 1: with his throat. Do you know more about that? I do? 251 00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:20,520 Speaker 1: It will come, it will come up. Uh. Just remember 252 00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:24,600 Speaker 1: that the opening argument for the defense had some interesting points, 253 00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:26,560 Speaker 1: and it was delivered not by Mr Choke but by 254 00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:30,200 Speaker 1: his associate, Mr Merrill, and he one of the quotes 255 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:34,080 Speaker 1: from his opening is it does not follow that because 256 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:37,080 Speaker 1: a body has been found exhibiting indications of violent death, 257 00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:40,240 Speaker 1: that a murder has therefore been committed. His argument was 258 00:14:40,360 --> 00:14:43,920 Speaker 1: very focused on the beyond reasonable doubt angle of finding guilt, 259 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:46,440 Speaker 1: and he suggested that the clothing found in the room 260 00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:48,920 Speaker 1: could have belonged to another man, or it could have 261 00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:51,160 Speaker 1: been Terrell's, but because he was known to stay with 262 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:53,240 Speaker 1: Bickford quite often, it could have been left there at 263 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:55,760 Speaker 1: any time, not necessarily the night of the murder. He 264 00:14:55,960 --> 00:15:00,320 Speaker 1: also wanted to dispel the idea that that running meant 265 00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:03,520 Speaker 1: that he was guilty, so he asked, are not innocent 266 00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 1: men often being often afraid of being thought guilty. Meryl 267 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:10,280 Speaker 1: also read a list of cases where men had been 268 00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:14,680 Speaker 1: found guilty and executed entirely on circumstantial evidence. So again 269 00:15:14,720 --> 00:15:18,080 Speaker 1: they're building multiple angles to the case, and one is 270 00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:20,600 Speaker 1: that no one actually saw him do it. He also 271 00:15:20,680 --> 00:15:23,560 Speaker 1: asserted that if Terrell had wanted to kill Bickford, he 272 00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:28,720 Speaker 1: had ample opportunity in their travels together before this particular night. 273 00:15:29,840 --> 00:15:32,160 Speaker 1: There was also a little bit of a character assassination 274 00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:36,200 Speaker 1: going on against Bickford. She was characterized by Maryland the 275 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:39,320 Speaker 1: opening as something of a beguiling siren, and that she 276 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:42,280 Speaker 1: used her wiles to infatuate Terrell and that's what caused 277 00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:44,720 Speaker 1: him to leave behind his family and turned to her. 278 00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:49,960 Speaker 1: So after all of those layers of defense, Merrill introduced 279 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:54,480 Speaker 1: the somnambulism defense, orating at length about the nature of 280 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:57,600 Speaker 1: the condition and reading a variety of cases and medical 281 00:15:57,640 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: studies to support what he was trying to a and 282 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:04,320 Speaker 1: according to the Boston Daily Times, Merrill's opening lasted two 283 00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:06,640 Speaker 1: hours and forty five minutes. There was a lunch break 284 00:16:06,680 --> 00:16:10,240 Speaker 1: in the middle, and according to the reporter, was quote 285 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:15,120 Speaker 1: full of ability and research throughout, so he was impressive, 286 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,040 Speaker 1: apparently in his open right. And then witnesses for the 287 00:16:18,080 --> 00:16:21,840 Speaker 1: defense were called, the first of which was Mrs Nabby Tyrrell, 288 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:26,120 Speaker 1: who was the widow of Leonard Terrell and the mother 289 00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:29,120 Speaker 1: of the defendant, and she testified that Albert had been 290 00:16:29,320 --> 00:16:31,320 Speaker 1: quote in the habit of getting up in his sleep 291 00:16:31,360 --> 00:16:33,840 Speaker 1: since he was four or five years old, and she 292 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:36,720 Speaker 1: described several episodes from the time he was tiny until 293 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:40,120 Speaker 1: he um was a teenager and then was a young 294 00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: man on his own and left, so the time he 295 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,840 Speaker 1: lived with her, she described multiple episodes where he would 296 00:16:46,840 --> 00:16:50,520 Speaker 1: go on walkabouts and do things completely asleep. Albert's brother, 297 00:16:50,680 --> 00:16:54,600 Speaker 1: Leonard B. Tarrell, also gave testimony that Albert was prone 298 00:16:54,640 --> 00:16:57,000 Speaker 1: to wakeful episodes while he was still asleep, and that 299 00:16:57,160 --> 00:17:00,360 Speaker 1: during some of them he quote clenched whole of me 300 00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 1: very hard, and it was difficult to force his hands 301 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:09,480 Speaker 1: off of me. Additionally, family and neighbors of the Terrell 302 00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:12,000 Speaker 1: family were called to testify that they had also seen 303 00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:16,119 Speaker 1: Albert in somnambulist states, some even asserting that they had 304 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:18,800 Speaker 1: interacted with him during these events and found him able 305 00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:22,320 Speaker 1: to speak and even answer questions but still seem asleep. 306 00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:27,840 Speaker 1: The defense attempted to introduce a complaint mentioned by Mary 307 00:17:27,880 --> 00:17:31,040 Speaker 1: Bickford that Terrell had at one point struck her across 308 00:17:31,080 --> 00:17:34,359 Speaker 1: the breast forcefully while he was asleep, but it was 309 00:17:34,640 --> 00:17:37,760 Speaker 1: ruled out as quote coming within the rule of death 310 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:41,680 Speaker 1: of declarations, so they couldn't get a sworn testimony from 311 00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:45,600 Speaker 1: the deceased to back up this claim right uh and 312 00:17:45,680 --> 00:17:48,760 Speaker 1: most witnesses also were used to establish the idea that 313 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:51,399 Speaker 1: Albert was in fact really quite fond of Mary and 314 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:54,160 Speaker 1: treated her very kindly, that he was genuinely in love 315 00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:58,440 Speaker 1: with her uh, and a doctor EO. Finney was called. 316 00:17:58,760 --> 00:18:01,240 Speaker 1: There were several doctors called for the defense, but he 317 00:18:01,359 --> 00:18:05,920 Speaker 1: testified that the fatal wound could have been suicide or murder. 318 00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:10,040 Speaker 1: Witness Dr Walter Channing also testified that he had knowledge 319 00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:13,400 Speaker 1: of women committing suicide in this manner and had also 320 00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:17,080 Speaker 1: read about it happening just in his career studies and 321 00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:22,000 Speaker 1: in you know um journals and staying on abreast of 322 00:18:22,040 --> 00:18:25,520 Speaker 1: the information of the time. Several other doctors were called 323 00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:28,520 Speaker 1: to corroborate the argument that a person could easily commit 324 00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:31,879 Speaker 1: a murder while sleepwalking, and one thing that choke in 325 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:36,480 Speaker 1: his associates repeatedly established was that when Albert was sleepwalking, 326 00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:40,000 Speaker 1: he would make an odd vocal sound similar to the 327 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:44,159 Speaker 1: one described by Mrs Mary Head when she was on 328 00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:46,800 Speaker 1: the stand as a witness for the prosecution. So they 329 00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:50,080 Speaker 1: kind of artfully linked that back to you remember the 330 00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:53,120 Speaker 1: other person that said he seemed really odd and made 331 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:55,399 Speaker 1: a weird clicking sound of his throat. That's what he 332 00:18:55,440 --> 00:18:58,719 Speaker 1: does when he sleepwalks. We've established he has like an 333 00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:01,520 Speaker 1: ability to sleep walk and do things in his sleep. 334 00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:14,160 Speaker 1: So on Friday, March six, the defense made closing arguments. Shouts. 335 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:19,320 Speaker 1: Closing statement was six hours long. Yeah, all day, pretty much. 336 00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:23,240 Speaker 1: I feel like that's a filibuster on He was known 337 00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:26,000 Speaker 1: as an orator, uh and there are some accounts that 338 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:28,320 Speaker 1: talk about how astounding it is that he could go 339 00:19:28,359 --> 00:19:31,080 Speaker 1: on for such length, But he never seemed to lose 340 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:34,320 Speaker 1: the thread or focus of his speeches. So he had 341 00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:35,960 Speaker 1: a lot to say, and it took him six hours 342 00:19:35,960 --> 00:19:40,080 Speaker 1: to say it. Yes, his his testimony included the following 343 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:44,399 Speaker 1: how far does the testimony lead? You? Did any human 344 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:47,800 Speaker 1: beings see the prisoners strike the blow? No? Did any 345 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:50,399 Speaker 1: human beings see him in that house? After nine o'clock 346 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:53,919 Speaker 1: the previous evening. No, did any human beings see him 347 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:57,280 Speaker 1: run from the house, know did any human beings see 348 00:19:57,359 --> 00:20:00,840 Speaker 1: him with a drop of blood upon his hands? Can 349 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:03,640 Speaker 1: anyone say that on that night he was not laboring 350 00:20:03,720 --> 00:20:07,520 Speaker 1: under a disease to which he was subject from his youth? No? 351 00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:10,960 Speaker 1: Has he ever made a confession of the deed to 352 00:20:11,359 --> 00:20:17,960 Speaker 1: the two friend or thief taker? Not one word? So uh. 353 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:21,399 Speaker 1: That was part of the six hour closing statement and 354 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:24,439 Speaker 1: Choke finished at about in the afternoon, and after a 355 00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:28,280 Speaker 1: brief recess, Mr Parker made his closing argument, summating his 356 00:20:28,359 --> 00:20:31,119 Speaker 1: case pretty much just repeating what had come up throughout 357 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:35,840 Speaker 1: the trial, and he wrapped up at six fifty and 358 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:38,639 Speaker 1: Albert Terrell waived his option to address the jury and 359 00:20:38,680 --> 00:20:43,720 Speaker 1: the court was adjourned until Saturday the following day. On 360 00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:48,439 Speaker 1: Saturday morning, Judge Dewey addressed the jury at length on 361 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:53,120 Speaker 1: the somnambulism issue. He said, quote, medical testimony is very 362 00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:57,000 Speaker 1: properly admitted in these cases, but it should be weighed carefully. 363 00:20:57,040 --> 00:21:00,359 Speaker 1: It is dangerous to admit the possession of this ease. 364 00:21:00,880 --> 00:21:03,639 Speaker 1: Lest in the reveries of our brains. The possessors might 365 00:21:03,680 --> 00:21:08,439 Speaker 1: commit deeds which in others would be high crimes. So 366 00:21:08,560 --> 00:21:12,440 Speaker 1: after just two hours of deliberation, at ten minutes to 367 00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,760 Speaker 1: one o'clock, the jury returned with their verdict, which was 368 00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 1: not guilty, and the foreman of the jury actually stated 369 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,080 Speaker 1: though that the question and I quote the question of 370 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:25,760 Speaker 1: somnambulism had not entered into the consideration of the jury, 371 00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:28,199 Speaker 1: So even with the sleepwalking defense, it seems like the 372 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 1: circumstantial nature of the evidence was actually what hurt the prosecution. However, 373 00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:36,280 Speaker 1: this case is usually cited as the first use of 374 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:39,359 Speaker 1: the sleepwalking defense and is characterized as though that's the 375 00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:42,520 Speaker 1: reason for the acquittal, but the jury foreman said that 376 00:21:42,560 --> 00:21:46,800 Speaker 1: wasn't even really a factor for them. Terrell was also 377 00:21:46,880 --> 00:21:49,520 Speaker 1: tried for the arson charges that were associated with the 378 00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:52,480 Speaker 1: night of the murder. Show defended him again with the 379 00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:55,439 Speaker 1: same defense and used many of the same witnesses, and 380 00:21:55,520 --> 00:22:00,160 Speaker 1: he was once again acquitted. Perhaps emboldened by these two sixs, 381 00:22:00,240 --> 00:22:04,560 Speaker 1: is Terrell actually this is so brazen requested that Chot 382 00:22:04,640 --> 00:22:08,080 Speaker 1: refund half of his fees as the case had both 383 00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:10,920 Speaker 1: cases had obviously been one with greater ease than expected. 384 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:16,120 Speaker 1: Uh Chote of course refused. However, he didn't get off 385 00:22:16,119 --> 00:22:20,399 Speaker 1: on everything. Terrell was convicted of adultery and ended up 386 00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 1: serving three years for it. Uh And after that he 387 00:22:23,680 --> 00:22:26,159 Speaker 1: returned to his wife and children in Weymouth and he 388 00:22:26,240 --> 00:22:28,359 Speaker 1: lived out his days working in the family business of 389 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:31,399 Speaker 1: shoe manufacturer. He could never hang onto any of his money. 390 00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:35,640 Speaker 1: They did have another child, but that was sort of 391 00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:39,320 Speaker 1: his His life after the trial got pretty quiet. After 392 00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:44,119 Speaker 1: his trials and his time, he went home again and 393 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,359 Speaker 1: Choke continued his impressive legal career and he continued to 394 00:22:47,359 --> 00:22:50,600 Speaker 1: be involved with politics, which could be a whole other podcast, 395 00:22:50,640 --> 00:22:52,439 Speaker 1: because he really was at the next point of a 396 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:56,280 Speaker 1: lot of important moments. But what's interesting to think about 397 00:22:56,359 --> 00:23:00,040 Speaker 1: is that from a modern perspective, would this defense of 398 00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 1: really held water. And we know people use the sleepwalking 399 00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:07,240 Speaker 1: defense in modern times. There's a famous case from Canada 400 00:23:07,280 --> 00:23:11,080 Speaker 1: from the late eighties where a man had driven i 401 00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:14,000 Speaker 1: think fourteen miles killed his in laws and woke up 402 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,280 Speaker 1: while he was driving home and drove himself to the 403 00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:19,840 Speaker 1: police station and he was actually acquitted. So we know 404 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,040 Speaker 1: these still come up, and there are still some you know, 405 00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:25,440 Speaker 1: that come up even more modern than that. They don't 406 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:30,520 Speaker 1: always succeed though, UH and A Michael Kramer Borneman, who 407 00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:34,359 Speaker 1: is a medical director doctor and a medical director of 408 00:23:34,359 --> 00:23:38,000 Speaker 1: the Cardio Sleep Services at the University of Minnesota. UH 409 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:41,440 Speaker 1: was interviewed by Focus magazine and he said of sleep 410 00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:45,280 Speaker 1: walking disorders, something in the switch between phases goes wrong, 411 00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:49,280 Speaker 1: creating an aberrant electrical impulse that triggers an overlap between states. 412 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:52,360 Speaker 1: You're not fully in rim, so your muscles are relaxed, 413 00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:55,199 Speaker 1: not paralyzed, and you're not fully in non rem so 414 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:58,040 Speaker 1: you can still be dreaming. In this state, some of 415 00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:01,080 Speaker 1: the brain's processes will be awake while others are offline. 416 00:24:03,119 --> 00:24:05,960 Speaker 1: Why does that lead to violent behavior, you ask, yes, 417 00:24:06,359 --> 00:24:10,040 Speaker 1: he continues, As with many things in neuropathology, it's to 418 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:13,639 Speaker 1: do with real estate brain structures like the hypothalamus that 419 00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:17,160 Speaker 1: regulate sleep sitting next to the mid brain where early 420 00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:21,480 Speaker 1: evolved behaviors lie. So when this electrical impulse is sparked, 421 00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:24,520 Speaker 1: it also wakes up this part of the brain, leaving 422 00:24:24,680 --> 00:24:28,439 Speaker 1: the moral areas like the frontal cortex asleep. That leaves 423 00:24:28,480 --> 00:24:32,479 Speaker 1: nothing to inhibit your rage reaction while you're sleepwalking, and 424 00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 1: that's why people are advised to never wake a sleepwalker 425 00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:39,800 Speaker 1: because their their reaction may not be delightful or pleasant. 426 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:46,960 Speaker 1: It's completely not um in any way dampened by their morality, 427 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:49,400 Speaker 1: so they could do something without even realizing it. Right, 428 00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:54,359 Speaker 1: But some of Terrell's behaviors, like the fire to conceal 429 00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:58,840 Speaker 1: evidence in running and hiding, are not consistent with sleepwalking 430 00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:01,040 Speaker 1: actions as we now understand in them. And if he 431 00:25:01,119 --> 00:25:04,600 Speaker 1: had not tried to include that in his defense, you 432 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:06,479 Speaker 1: could make the case. But he used the same defense 433 00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:12,200 Speaker 1: in his Arson trial, right, So it's feasible from a 434 00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:16,960 Speaker 1: neurological perspective that a sleepwalker could kill another person while asleep, 435 00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:21,560 Speaker 1: but that then attempting to conceal evidence while asleep unlikely. 436 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:25,959 Speaker 1: That's that's much less likely. Uh So, if he were 437 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:28,639 Speaker 1: trying today and use the sleepwalking defense, particularly for the 438 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:32,320 Speaker 1: arson element, he would probably not fairest well since that 439 00:25:32,359 --> 00:25:36,360 Speaker 1: was part of the concealment of the crime. So that's 440 00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 1: the first in the US anyway sleepwalking defense, and it 441 00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:43,280 Speaker 1: was successful. Yes, have you seen the movie sleep Walk 442 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:46,800 Speaker 1: with me? Yes? And it's it's reminded me of that, 443 00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:50,159 Speaker 1: and and how alarmed he is when he hears that 444 00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:55,840 Speaker 1: people while sleepwalking when having sleep disorders have either inadvertently 445 00:25:56,880 --> 00:26:00,840 Speaker 1: or sort of acting out a rage impulse, killed the 446 00:26:00,840 --> 00:26:04,080 Speaker 1: person that that they were sleeping with. Yeah, it's fascinating stuff. 447 00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:06,399 Speaker 1: I always worry secretly that I will one day magically 448 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:09,600 Speaker 1: begin sleepwalking and doing bad things. That's a little weird 449 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:18,480 Speaker 1: fear of mine. Hey, so, uh, these episodes that we're 450 00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:22,199 Speaker 1: sharing our past classics, we have some updated information that 451 00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:25,600 Speaker 1: will supersede the contact stuff you've heard before. If you 452 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,920 Speaker 1: want to email us, our email address is History Podcast 453 00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:31,040 Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com, and you can find 454 00:26:31,119 --> 00:26:34,240 Speaker 1: us across the spectrum of social media as Missed in History. 455 00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:37,280 Speaker 1: You can also find us at missed in History dot com, 456 00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:39,800 Speaker 1: and you can visit our parent company, how stuff Works 457 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:48,399 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. For more on this and 458 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:59,600 Speaker 1: thousands of other topics, visit how staff works dot com.