1 00:00:05,519 --> 00:00:09,000 Speaker 1: The Roman Empire was crumbling off the coast of what 2 00:00:09,039 --> 00:00:11,480 Speaker 1: would one day become Great Britain. A band of fifth 3 00:00:11,480 --> 00:00:14,960 Speaker 1: century Irish pirates sent by King Nile sailed into a 4 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:18,560 Speaker 1: secluded cove. Then they raided the village of ben of 5 00:00:18,640 --> 00:00:22,680 Speaker 1: Vem Tabernie. They made off with considerable treasures and even 6 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:26,640 Speaker 1: human cargo, including a sixteen year old boy named Sukat. 7 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:30,360 Speaker 1: According to the tale, Sucat had come from a prestigious family. 8 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:33,839 Speaker 1: His father was a Christian deacon and served as a 9 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:37,959 Speaker 1: government official for the Roman Empire. Once back in Ireland, 10 00:00:38,159 --> 00:00:41,519 Speaker 1: the pirates sold Sukat. The chieftain who bought him put 11 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:43,479 Speaker 1: him to work as a shepherd on the slopes of 12 00:00:43,520 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: Mount Slemish and County Antrim in the north. Few people 13 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:49,879 Speaker 1: lived in the area, and all Sukat had for company 14 00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:54,440 Speaker 1: was his flock and his God. Six years into his captivity, 15 00:00:54,520 --> 00:00:57,720 Speaker 1: he claimed an angel visited him. There is a ship 16 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: that will soon leave Ireland. It told him, you will 17 00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:05,440 Speaker 1: return to your country. After his vision, Suka set down 18 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:08,840 Speaker 1: his shepherd's hook and started the two mile trek, crossing 19 00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:12,360 Speaker 1: Pete bogs and forests to finally reach the port. It 20 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:14,919 Speaker 1: was a rough journey and he nearly died before reaching 21 00:01:14,959 --> 00:01:19,440 Speaker 1: his destination, although the legend doesn't exactly say how. At 22 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:21,600 Speaker 1: the port, he had to trust that the angel was 23 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:24,319 Speaker 1: right and that somehow he'd be allowed to board the 24 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:27,880 Speaker 1: ship and without money to pay his fare. At first, 25 00:01:27,959 --> 00:01:31,680 Speaker 1: the captain refused, but then changed his mind. Suka believed 26 00:01:31,720 --> 00:01:35,120 Speaker 1: that God had intervened and provided him with safe passage, 27 00:01:35,360 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 1: but his journey wasn't over just yet. The captain miscalculated 28 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:43,320 Speaker 1: their course, and when they landed, everyone on board found 29 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: themselves in the wilderness without supplies. Days into their travel 30 00:01:47,319 --> 00:01:50,960 Speaker 1: on foot, the group had grown hungry, so Suka prayed, 31 00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:54,160 Speaker 1: and suddenly a herd of wild pigs crossed their path. 32 00:01:55,240 --> 00:01:57,680 Speaker 1: It's not clear how they killed the pigs, but the 33 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:00,919 Speaker 1: feast sustained the group until they reached their ended destination. 34 00:02:01,360 --> 00:02:04,880 Speaker 1: Succott happily returned home to his family, and all seemed 35 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:08,160 Speaker 1: well until that is. The angel returned a short time 36 00:02:08,240 --> 00:02:11,800 Speaker 1: later and encouraged him to return to Ireland, where he 37 00:02:11,880 --> 00:02:15,800 Speaker 1: was to preach the word of God. Scat underwent extensive 38 00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:19,120 Speaker 1: religious training before becoming a deacon in four eighteen a 39 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:22,960 Speaker 1: d By four thirty two, he had become a consecrated 40 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,560 Speaker 1: bishop and was given a new Latinized name, so, while 41 00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:29,839 Speaker 1: awaiting his first assignment, he requested to be sent back 42 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: to Ireland to work with the people there, But upon 43 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:36,359 Speaker 1: his arrival, the Irish were less than receptive to converting 44 00:02:36,360 --> 00:02:40,040 Speaker 1: to Christianity. He persisted, though, using his knowledge of the 45 00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:43,960 Speaker 1: Irish language and customs to eventually convert people by the thousands. 46 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:48,160 Speaker 1: Then he led ordained priests through communities, encouraging women to 47 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:52,160 Speaker 1: leave their disapproving families and become nuns. On the day 48 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:54,960 Speaker 1: he died in the year four sixty one, the Irish 49 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: Catholics declared it a feast day, and if you guessed 50 00:02:58,200 --> 00:03:01,919 Speaker 1: that day was March seventeen, you'd be right, because of course, 51 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:06,680 Speaker 1: Sucat's Latin name was Patrick st. Patrick to all of 52 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:09,600 Speaker 1: us today, and his story shows us one of the 53 00:03:09,639 --> 00:03:13,720 Speaker 1: subjects most intertwined with piracy over the centuries. While it's 54 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:17,200 Speaker 1: a dark topic and certainly one riddled with tragic tales, 55 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:21,079 Speaker 1: not everything was as cut and dried as you might imagine, 56 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:27,639 Speaker 1: because oftentimes wherever you found pirates, you could also find enslavement. 57 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: I'm Aaron Manky and welcome two pirates plantation owners in 58 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:43,000 Speaker 1: the Caribbean relied on slavery to meet the demands for sugar. 59 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: In sixteen fifty, slaves, often from Africa, could be purchased 60 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:50,760 Speaker 1: for seven pounds, the equivalent of just over two thousand 61 00:03:50,840 --> 00:03:54,880 Speaker 1: dollars today, and as the demand for cheap labor skyrocketed, 62 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,560 Speaker 1: that price increased with it, making the trafficking of humans 63 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:03,160 Speaker 1: for slavery even more profitable. Once taken from their family 64 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:06,120 Speaker 1: and homeland, people sold into slavery were stripped bare and 65 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:09,520 Speaker 1: presented to the ship's surgeon or captain for an examination. 66 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:13,520 Speaker 1: Those deemed healthy were sent to the cargo hold. It's 67 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: hard to believe one human can treat another so abysmally, 68 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: and I can't imagine all the emotions the captured people felt. 69 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:23,560 Speaker 1: What I can do is tell you the conditions in 70 00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:26,640 Speaker 1: which they were kept, because it's an important context for 71 00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:29,760 Speaker 1: the rest of our journey today. The more humans a 72 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:32,760 Speaker 1: ship could pack into the hold, the higher the profits. 73 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:35,920 Speaker 1: Often there was no standing room, and to prevent mutiny 74 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:39,200 Speaker 1: or escape, they were secured in place with leg irons 75 00:04:39,560 --> 00:04:43,000 Speaker 1: or even chained together. Adding the many diseases that were 76 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:46,800 Speaker 1: prevalent on long journeys, plus the general seasickness and a 77 00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:50,640 Speaker 1: complete lack of sanitation, and well, you get the picture. 78 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:54,640 Speaker 1: The guards aboard the slave ships were all armed. After all, 79 00:04:54,760 --> 00:04:58,680 Speaker 1: chains and shackles didn't stop people from rebelling against captivity. 80 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:01,640 Speaker 1: Men and women looked for anything they could use as 81 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:05,320 Speaker 1: a weapon, and the guards distrusted the children too, because 82 00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:08,440 Speaker 1: if not watched carefully, they were likely to bring weapons 83 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:12,760 Speaker 1: to the adults. Abuse, as you might imagine, was widespread, 84 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,920 Speaker 1: both mental and physical. Women were at additional risk of assault, 85 00:05:17,279 --> 00:05:19,720 Speaker 1: and thanks to the frequent stops each of these ships 86 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:23,800 Speaker 1: made these painful, horrific journeys tended to last for months. 87 00:05:24,640 --> 00:05:28,880 Speaker 1: Needless to say, suicide was common. Crewmen tossed the bodies overboard, 88 00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:32,800 Speaker 1: which attracted sharks. In fact, some historians today are fairly 89 00:05:32,839 --> 00:05:36,720 Speaker 1: certain that some species of sharks change their migration patterns 90 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:40,160 Speaker 1: just to follow the slave ships, all because this happened 91 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:43,880 Speaker 1: with such frequency. And of course, as we've already learned, 92 00:05:44,120 --> 00:05:48,279 Speaker 1: slave vessels were also targeted by pirates. Remember, these ships 93 00:05:48,360 --> 00:05:53,200 Speaker 1: carried more than human cargo, and pirates were the quintessential opportunists. 94 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:56,560 Speaker 1: Although the crew aboard slave ships carried weapons, they sailed 95 00:05:56,560 --> 00:06:02,280 Speaker 1: with smaller numbers, and smaller numbers could easily overtaken. Pirates 96 00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:04,679 Speaker 1: also knew that the crew on board slave ships weren't 97 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:07,360 Speaker 1: treated much better than the humans and chains below deck. 98 00:06:07,839 --> 00:06:11,240 Speaker 1: It's estimated that about of the crew on each ship 99 00:06:11,480 --> 00:06:15,480 Speaker 1: died from malnourishment and disease, while others died from injuries 100 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:20,000 Speaker 1: sustained from disciplinary actions. So when the pirates boarded, the 101 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:23,560 Speaker 1: crew didn't often fight back. Many even chose to join 102 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:27,960 Speaker 1: the pirates, where conditions and pay were better now. Sometimes, 103 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:30,960 Speaker 1: when taking over a slave vessel, the pirates would hold 104 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:34,600 Speaker 1: the human cargo for ransom. Each stolen life was valuable 105 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:37,480 Speaker 1: to the owner of the ship after all. Other times, though, 106 00:06:37,680 --> 00:06:41,120 Speaker 1: they simply freed the slaves or offered them a place 107 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:45,360 Speaker 1: among their crew. It's probably stating the obvious, but life 108 00:06:45,360 --> 00:06:48,120 Speaker 1: as a pirate was far better than life as a slave, 109 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:51,000 Speaker 1: and it didn't take long for pirate captains to discover 110 00:06:51,080 --> 00:06:55,200 Speaker 1: that these newly freed men were also formidable warriors. Despite 111 00:06:55,240 --> 00:06:59,880 Speaker 1: their criminal reputations, many pirates were also antislavery, going so 112 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:03,599 Speaker 1: far as to attack slave trade forts and strongholds on land. 113 00:07:03,960 --> 00:07:06,960 Speaker 1: In fact, it's reputed that a pirate's ship captain, a 114 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:11,040 Speaker 1: guy named Peter Scudamore once even incited a slave rebellion, 115 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:14,240 Speaker 1: But what about those who chose not to join, while 116 00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:16,840 Speaker 1: they were allowed to leave when the stolen ship arrived 117 00:07:16,880 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 1: at the next port. The British Royal Navy even hired 118 00:07:20,120 --> 00:07:24,440 Speaker 1: black sailors, although usually for less money than their white shipmates, 119 00:07:24,480 --> 00:07:27,040 Speaker 1: and private merchant ships were also known to take on 120 00:07:27,080 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: black sailors, but those who chose to stay found a 121 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,760 Speaker 1: better sense of equality among the pirates than the navy 122 00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,800 Speaker 1: or private sector. Pirate crews were often diverse. It's where 123 00:07:36,800 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: we get the term motley crew, most notably from Captain 124 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:44,240 Speaker 1: Morgan's crew, which consisted of black, white mixed descent, French 125 00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:48,640 Speaker 1: ex military, and a host of other nationalities, all seeking 126 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:53,960 Speaker 1: shelter from prosecution. Black pirates voted on important issues right 127 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: alongside their non black shipmates. Plus the treasure was always 128 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:02,119 Speaker 1: divided equally. All told, most pirate captains cared more about 129 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:06,800 Speaker 1: fierce loyalty than skin color. Of course, pirates targeted slave 130 00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:11,200 Speaker 1: ships for another reason, the ship itself. Those vessels were large, 131 00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:15,480 Speaker 1: providing ample space for crew and provisions. Captains outfitted them 132 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:18,040 Speaker 1: to meet their needs, making them a great choice for 133 00:08:18,080 --> 00:08:21,119 Speaker 1: a flagship. In fact, one of the most legendary pirate 134 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:24,120 Speaker 1: ships in all of history started out life as a 135 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:27,640 Speaker 1: slave ship. After refitting it with cannons and equipping it 136 00:08:27,720 --> 00:08:31,320 Speaker 1: for everything else, the practice of piracy demanded, it became 137 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:35,079 Speaker 1: an object of fear across the seas, and the ship 138 00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:46,400 Speaker 1: Blackbeard's own the Queen Ann's revenge. During the Golden Age 139 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:50,040 Speaker 1: of piracy, approximately one third of all pirate ship crews 140 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:53,200 Speaker 1: had once been enslaved, and I can only imagine what 141 00:08:53,280 --> 00:08:56,680 Speaker 1: might have happened to slavers onboard those ships when confronted 142 00:08:56,679 --> 00:08:59,960 Speaker 1: by men they once tried to sell into slavery. Overall, 143 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:04,040 Speaker 1: the effect of piracy on slavery was profound. Transporting slaves 144 00:09:04,040 --> 00:09:08,120 Speaker 1: had already been an expensive and risky endeavor between rampant 145 00:09:08,120 --> 00:09:11,560 Speaker 1: disease and mutiny, but pirates made the risks even worse. 146 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:15,000 Speaker 1: When the age of piracy ended, the slave trade once 147 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:19,320 Speaker 1: again flourished, becoming more lucrative than ever. Of course, pirates 148 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:22,400 Speaker 1: only slowed down the slave trade. Plantation owners in the 149 00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:26,120 Speaker 1: Caribbean never stopped clamoring for cheap forced labor thanks to 150 00:09:26,240 --> 00:09:29,880 Speaker 1: an explosive demand for sugar, and the slavers the people 151 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:33,280 Speaker 1: who hunted and captured humans to sell into slavery saw 152 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:36,920 Speaker 1: this and raised their prices. But it wasn't easy for 153 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:40,640 Speaker 1: them either. Capturing people had started to become more difficult, 154 00:09:40,840 --> 00:09:44,080 Speaker 1: and many African villages were becoming a depth at avoiding 155 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,800 Speaker 1: the slavers altogether. So to keep up with demand, those 156 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:51,120 Speaker 1: in the slave trade had to get creative. One such 157 00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:54,240 Speaker 1: example of trickery revolves around the legend of history's most 158 00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:58,880 Speaker 1: famous black pirate, a man named Black Caesar. Reportedly, before 159 00:09:58,880 --> 00:10:02,040 Speaker 1: he turned to piracy, he had been a prominent African chief, 160 00:10:02,280 --> 00:10:05,840 Speaker 1: some say of considerable intellect and physical strength. He and 161 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:08,360 Speaker 1: the rest of his tribe had managed to evade capture 162 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:12,760 Speaker 1: numerous times. That is, until he faced the ultimate betrayal. 163 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:15,800 Speaker 1: It said that a trusted friend told him of a 164 00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:19,439 Speaker 1: trade ship containing valuables. Caesar and twenty of his men 165 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 1: agreed to meet the trader and examine the treasure. The 166 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:25,520 Speaker 1: trader first showed him a pocket watch and then used 167 00:10:25,559 --> 00:10:27,480 Speaker 1: it to lure all of them on board with the 168 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,400 Speaker 1: promise of more treasures, things that were either far too 169 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:34,160 Speaker 1: heavy to carry or too numerous to bring ashore. Caesar 170 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 1: had trusted this man, and therefore he let his guard down, 171 00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:41,200 Speaker 1: which was easy considering the warm welcome they received Hackett 172 00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:45,160 Speaker 1: almost sounds romantic. While they looked over the treasure, musicians 173 00:10:45,200 --> 00:10:48,160 Speaker 1: played in the background. The traders even served wine and 174 00:10:48,320 --> 00:10:51,520 Speaker 1: food while Caesar and his men considered an array of 175 00:10:51,559 --> 00:10:55,839 Speaker 1: silks and jewels. Sources vary on what exactly happened next. 176 00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:59,040 Speaker 1: Some say that while the traders distracted Caesar, the captain 177 00:10:59,120 --> 00:11:03,120 Speaker 1: raised anchor and just sailed off. Once Caesar realized what happened, 178 00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:05,320 Speaker 1: he and his men put up a fight, but were 179 00:11:05,400 --> 00:11:09,120 Speaker 1: outnumbered by the ship's well armed crew and were eventually subdued. 180 00:11:09,520 --> 00:11:13,000 Speaker 1: He might also have been forced into restraints under gunpoint. 181 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:16,400 Speaker 1: Another account, though, claims that he was tricked into going 182 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:20,600 Speaker 1: below deck and was ambushed there. However, it happened. With 183 00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:24,679 Speaker 1: their prize secured, the captain set sail over the journey. 184 00:11:24,760 --> 00:11:27,400 Speaker 1: One of the sailors tasked with feeding Caesar began to 185 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:30,720 Speaker 1: make friends with him. Before long, Caesar refused to take 186 00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,720 Speaker 1: food or water from anyone else, and Caesar learned his 187 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:39,080 Speaker 1: captor's language quickly. Though records don't indicate which language it was, 188 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:41,880 Speaker 1: it's believed that it may have been Spanish, since the 189 00:11:41,880 --> 00:11:45,680 Speaker 1: ship was headed towards Florida. As they neared the Florida Keys, 190 00:11:45,960 --> 00:11:49,680 Speaker 1: the ship encountered a hurricane. The storm quickly worsened, and 191 00:11:49,720 --> 00:11:53,079 Speaker 1: the crew on board realized their inevitable fate. They were 192 00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:57,040 Speaker 1: headed for the Florida Reef, facing the thrashing hurricane winds 193 00:11:57,160 --> 00:12:00,679 Speaker 1: and the brutal coral beneath them. The ship didn't stand 194 00:12:00,679 --> 00:12:04,839 Speaker 1: a chance. While his crewmates scrambled for their lives, the 195 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:09,040 Speaker 1: kind hearted sailor freed Caesar. They both emerged from below deck, 196 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:12,120 Speaker 1: determined not to go down with the ship. Instead, they 197 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:14,920 Speaker 1: armed themselves and forced the captain and the rest of 198 00:12:14,920 --> 00:12:17,800 Speaker 1: the crew to stay clear while they loaded a longboat 199 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:22,120 Speaker 1: with supplies. Amidst the rough waves and howling winds, the 200 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:24,880 Speaker 1: two men managed to row away from the ship before 201 00:12:24,880 --> 00:12:28,520 Speaker 1: it crashed upon the reef. According to the legend, Caesar 202 00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:33,160 Speaker 1: and the sailor were the only survivors. Eventually they made 203 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:37,199 Speaker 1: it to safety on a small nearby island, possibly Elliott Key. 204 00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:40,560 Speaker 1: Effectively stranded, all they could do was wait for another 205 00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:44,079 Speaker 1: ship to come along and rescue them. But while they waited, 206 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:49,200 Speaker 1: the two men conspired and their rescue plan suddenly began 207 00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:58,240 Speaker 1: to change. When we think of pirates, the image of 208 00:12:58,360 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: large ships, deadly can and sword wielding crews often comes 209 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:05,560 Speaker 1: to mind, but that wasn't always the case, and some 210 00:13:05,640 --> 00:13:10,440 Speaker 1: pirates actually became successful with much smaller numbers. Caesar and 211 00:13:10,559 --> 00:13:13,720 Speaker 1: his friend had perfected their craft when they saw another 212 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:16,720 Speaker 1: ship on the horizon. They rode out in their longboat 213 00:13:16,840 --> 00:13:20,000 Speaker 1: and attracted the ship's attention by pretending to need rescued. 214 00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:23,439 Speaker 1: Once on board, they told a half truth that their 215 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:26,080 Speaker 1: ship had been wrecked and they were the only survivors. 216 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:30,320 Speaker 1: But Caesar and his friend were hardly looking to be rescued. Instead, 217 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:33,120 Speaker 1: using his strength and the weapons they had snuck on board, 218 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,160 Speaker 1: the two men held up the crew. They then looted 219 00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:40,360 Speaker 1: the ship, taking supplies and ammunition. They even recruited men 220 00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:43,160 Speaker 1: willing to join them, and they did it more than 221 00:13:43,240 --> 00:13:46,400 Speaker 1: once too. In fact, it remained a successful scheme for 222 00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:49,800 Speaker 1: several years, and that small island of Theirs quickly became 223 00:13:49,840 --> 00:13:55,000 Speaker 1: their unofficial headquarters. Life was good, well right until Caesar 224 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:58,640 Speaker 1: and his friend had a falling out. As the story goes, 225 00:13:58,760 --> 00:14:01,280 Speaker 1: they had raided a ship and captured a woman who 226 00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:04,319 Speaker 1: had been on board. Both men wanted to claim her 227 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,320 Speaker 1: for their own, and like any good Hollywood film, the 228 00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:11,480 Speaker 1: tensions rose to end the argument, Caesar shot and killed 229 00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:15,560 Speaker 1: his friend. Afterward, he spent his time growing his crew 230 00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:18,240 Speaker 1: and eventually took a ship to find more vessels to raid. 231 00:14:18,720 --> 00:14:21,480 Speaker 1: But through it all, his main territory remained near the 232 00:14:21,480 --> 00:14:24,440 Speaker 1: floor to keys, and it turns out getting men to 233 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:27,920 Speaker 1: join him proved to be rather easy. Escaped enslaved men 234 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: flocked to him looking for employment. Black Caesar and his 235 00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:34,800 Speaker 1: crew stayed close to the keys. They knew the area 236 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,960 Speaker 1: well and avoided capture by using the many inlets and 237 00:14:38,040 --> 00:14:41,800 Speaker 1: spaces between the islands. Then, over time, Caesar captured more 238 00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:44,520 Speaker 1: women from the ships he raided. It's estimated that he 239 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,120 Speaker 1: had a harem of approximately one ladies and treated them 240 00:14:48,160 --> 00:14:51,240 Speaker 1: no better than any other prisoner he took hostage. In fact, 241 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: he had a prison camp set up on the island 242 00:14:53,560 --> 00:14:56,000 Speaker 1: where he kept all of the men, women, and children 243 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 1: that he hoped could earn him some ransom money. In 244 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:02,080 Speaker 1: the early seventeen Dreds, Caesar killed the woman that he 245 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:04,280 Speaker 1: had fought over with his friend and then left the 246 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:07,600 Speaker 1: island behind. He eventually ended up in Nassau, where his 247 00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:10,880 Speaker 1: reputation was already well known, and it was there that 248 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:15,280 Speaker 1: he met another famous pirate Edward Teach. Teach had a 249 00:15:15,320 --> 00:15:18,680 Speaker 1: fleet of five ships, and after meeting Caesar, he offered 250 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:21,359 Speaker 1: him a place among his crew, either as a lieutenant 251 00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:23,960 Speaker 1: or possibly even as a captain of one of the ships. 252 00:15:24,440 --> 00:15:27,960 Speaker 1: Caesar was on board when Teach blockaded Charleston, and he 253 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,880 Speaker 1: was also there when he accompanied him, along with Quartermaster 254 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: William Howard, to North Carolina, where they accepted the governor's pardon, 255 00:15:35,480 --> 00:15:38,200 Speaker 1: And in all likelihood, Caesar was at the various parties 256 00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 1: on Ocracoke Island where Teach entertained fellow pirate Charles Vane, 257 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,440 Speaker 1: and according to the stories, Caesar was there when Virginia's 258 00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:49,600 Speaker 1: Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood illegally sent the Royal Navy to 259 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:53,200 Speaker 1: track down and kill Blackbeard. I mentioned all of that 260 00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:56,400 Speaker 1: because capture poses a different sort of risk for black 261 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: pirates compared to their white counterparts. You see, while white 262 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:03,920 Speaker 1: men were hanged, black men were often sold back into slavery. 263 00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:07,440 Speaker 1: Either way, Caesar and the others had no intention of 264 00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:10,320 Speaker 1: being captured. It seems that he had been ordered to 265 00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:13,360 Speaker 1: blow up the ship's magazine if the British managed to 266 00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:16,360 Speaker 1: board them, but Caesar never got the chance He was 267 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:19,560 Speaker 1: captured before lighting the gunpowder and dragged off the ship 268 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:23,440 Speaker 1: along with several other crewmen. Later, after Blackbeard was dead, 269 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:28,000 Speaker 1: the Royal Navy arrested all the survivors, including Caesar. From there, 270 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,280 Speaker 1: they were taken to Virginia and tried for piracy. Black 271 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:35,880 Speaker 1: Caesar was hanged alongside his crewmates in November of seventeen eighteen. 272 00:16:37,160 --> 00:16:39,880 Speaker 1: The golden age of piracy had begun to fade away, 273 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,600 Speaker 1: and without the pirates to raid the slave ships, that 274 00:16:42,680 --> 00:16:46,440 Speaker 1: industry faced little resistance. It seems that all those ships 275 00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:49,760 Speaker 1: filled with criminals, drunkards, and fools had been one of 276 00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:52,320 Speaker 1: the few things capable of holding back the tide of 277 00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:57,840 Speaker 1: human trafficking, and with them gone, those horrific waters rushed 278 00:16:57,880 --> 00:17:06,320 Speaker 1: back in. For the people that chose to live life 279 00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:10,639 Speaker 1: at sea, rhythm was everything. A significant amount of the work, 280 00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:14,520 Speaker 1: things like rowing, hauling cargo, and hoisting the sails, all 281 00:17:14,560 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: had to be done in unison so to keep things 282 00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:21,560 Speaker 1: running smoothly. Pirates and sailors alike found that singing not 283 00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:24,720 Speaker 1: only past the hours, but it also kept them in sync. 284 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:28,560 Speaker 1: For as long as ships have sailed, sea shanties have 285 00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:31,760 Speaker 1: been part of sailors lives traceable back to sometime around 286 00:17:31,760 --> 00:17:34,879 Speaker 1: the mid fourteen hundreds, although that's not what they've always 287 00:17:34,960 --> 00:17:37,960 Speaker 1: been called. The word shanty only goes back to eighteen 288 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:41,520 Speaker 1: sixty nine, essentially arriving as a variation on the spelling 289 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:44,560 Speaker 1: of the word chant. But shanties could be broken into 290 00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:48,400 Speaker 1: two categories. The first, known as capstin shanties, were used 291 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:51,880 Speaker 1: for jobs like raising the anchor. The old ballad Farewell 292 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,720 Speaker 1: and Adoe to you Ladies of Spain is just one example. 293 00:17:56,320 --> 00:17:59,720 Speaker 1: The other kind, known as pulling or long drag shanties, 294 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,480 Speaker 1: were sung while performing irregular work, things like raising the 295 00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:06,399 Speaker 1: yard arm or hoisting the sails. They were tasks that 296 00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:09,199 Speaker 1: required sailors to stay in rhythm and pull at the 297 00:18:09,240 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: same time. It was clever, really. The call and response 298 00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:15,520 Speaker 1: of the songs signaled when the men should pull the 299 00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:19,520 Speaker 1: ropes or releasing grip the next section. Usually one person 300 00:18:19,640 --> 00:18:22,840 Speaker 1: called the shanty man, saying the verse, while the others 301 00:18:22,880 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 1: responded with the chorus. Now, I bring up all of 302 00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:28,720 Speaker 1: this for an important reason. It seems that black sailors 303 00:18:28,760 --> 00:18:32,360 Speaker 1: were often chosen to serve as shanty men. Although shanty 304 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:35,080 Speaker 1: is of French origin, the current belief is that these 305 00:18:35,119 --> 00:18:39,879 Speaker 1: songs combined Anglo Irish lyrics with strong African influence. It 306 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:42,840 Speaker 1: seems the shanties might have been a collaborative effort between 307 00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: all races and nationalities on board many ships. Historians point 308 00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:51,200 Speaker 1: to similarities between the songs and a variety of different cultures, honestly, 309 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: making it hard to say for sure who came up 310 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:57,000 Speaker 1: with them. Oddly, though, while popular on pirate, merchant and 311 00:18:57,080 --> 00:19:00,919 Speaker 1: slave ships, the Royal Navy forbid their men from singing shanties. 312 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:03,159 Speaker 1: The theory was that if the men were singing, they 313 00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:08,160 Speaker 1: weren't listening for a senior officers commands and therefore disrupting operation. 314 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:12,120 Speaker 1: And although we call them sea shanties today, those sailors 315 00:19:12,119 --> 00:19:14,960 Speaker 1: did not. They were simply work songs. And while we 316 00:19:14,960 --> 00:19:18,520 Speaker 1: associate the songs with pirates, even whalers sang work songs, 317 00:19:18,560 --> 00:19:21,760 Speaker 1: while rowing and professional fishermen did the same while out 318 00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:27,000 Speaker 1: at sea wherever and however they originated, shanties fell out 319 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:30,680 Speaker 1: of favor once steamships became more popular. There simply wasn't 320 00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:33,800 Speaker 1: enough manual labor that needed the call and response rhythm 321 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:37,399 Speaker 1: of sailing ships, which, if I'm honest, is just a 322 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:40,760 Speaker 1: shame because so much of life is better with a 323 00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:44,640 Speaker 1: bit of song. The time of pirates and shanties maybe 324 00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:48,359 Speaker 1: long gone, but they're hardly forgotten. After all, one scroll 325 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,560 Speaker 1: through TikTok or Instagram can make anyone feel like they're 326 00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:54,920 Speaker 1: on board a ship flying the Black flag. Even without 327 00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:58,680 Speaker 1: the vessels they were created for, the sea, shanties have remained, 328 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:01,359 Speaker 1: and maybe it's proof that there's still a bit of 329 00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:13,280 Speaker 1: pirate spirit inside all of us. MM. The overlap between 330 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:16,400 Speaker 1: the Transatlantic slave trade and the golden age of piracy 331 00:20:16,680 --> 00:20:20,280 Speaker 1: was an intersection filled with drama, tragedy, and even a 332 00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:22,800 Speaker 1: bit of adventure. And I don't know about you, but 333 00:20:22,960 --> 00:20:25,040 Speaker 1: it's a corner of the pirate world that's helped me 334 00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:28,000 Speaker 1: see beyond the characters to notice the humans in the 335 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:30,880 Speaker 1: middle of it all. And with that in mind, we've 336 00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:34,680 Speaker 1: pulled together one more tale of human trafficking and legendary pirates, 337 00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:37,880 Speaker 1: and my teammates Alie Steed wants to share it with you. 338 00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:41,200 Speaker 1: Stick around through this brief sponsor break to hear all 339 00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:50,280 Speaker 1: about it. Decades before the Civil War, the Founding Fathers 340 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:53,560 Speaker 1: wrestled with banning slavery. I think we can all agree 341 00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:56,359 Speaker 1: they didn't wrestle with that question hard enough, but it 342 00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:59,119 Speaker 1: was on their minds, and one of the first steps 343 00:20:59,119 --> 00:21:02,800 Speaker 1: happened on January first of eighteen o eight. That was 344 00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:05,720 Speaker 1: the day the Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves 345 00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:08,719 Speaker 1: took effect, shutting down the centuries long flood of ships 346 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: filled with human cargo. Of course, it didn't end slavery. 347 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:16,679 Speaker 1: It simply prevented America from participating in the Transatlantic slave trade, 348 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:21,679 Speaker 1: meaning no new enslaved people could be brought in on ships, which, 349 00:21:22,080 --> 00:21:24,960 Speaker 1: if you read between the lines, means that there were 350 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:30,960 Speaker 1: still problems. First, domestic slave trading continued inside the country, 351 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,480 Speaker 1: and any child born to an enslaved woman also inherited 352 00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:38,760 Speaker 1: their mother's lack of human rights. And second, the Transatlantic 353 00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:43,199 Speaker 1: slave trade didn't stop altogether. There were still ships filled 354 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:45,879 Speaker 1: with stolen humans out on the water, and there were 355 00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:50,359 Speaker 1: still buyers on land, So importing enslaved peoples became the 356 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:55,040 Speaker 1: realm of smugglers. Jean and Pierre Lafitte were two such men. 357 00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:59,080 Speaker 1: They had become successful shortly after Congress passed the Embargo 358 00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:02,119 Speaker 1: Act of eighteen seven. While the law was meant to 359 00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:05,320 Speaker 1: curtail British ships from impressing American men into serving in 360 00:22:05,359 --> 00:22:08,439 Speaker 1: their military. It also had a profound effect on goods 361 00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:12,760 Speaker 1: and services available from European countries. Smugglers were more than 362 00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:15,359 Speaker 1: happy to step in not only to fill the gap, 363 00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:18,399 Speaker 1: but also fill their own pockets, and that included the 364 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:21,440 Speaker 1: Lafitte Brothers, who operated from the Grand Terra Islands and 365 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:25,600 Speaker 1: Louisiana's barri Teria Bay. At first, they were just involved 366 00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:29,840 Speaker 1: with goods and supplies. The community of New Orleans profited 367 00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:32,080 Speaker 1: from much of the cargo brought in by the brothers, 368 00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:35,679 Speaker 1: sparking huge new growth in the area and seeing as 369 00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:38,840 Speaker 1: how the new inflow of goods helped local businesses earn 370 00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:43,359 Speaker 1: more money, the residents loved the brothers. They were looked 371 00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,159 Speaker 1: upon as gentlemen by a lot of people, despite the 372 00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,919 Speaker 1: fact that their work more closely resembled the unsavory world 373 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:54,119 Speaker 1: of piracy. They literally robbed ships then sold the goods 374 00:22:54,119 --> 00:22:57,840 Speaker 1: in New Orleans. Sure Joan grew angry whenever anyone called 375 00:22:57,920 --> 00:23:01,240 Speaker 1: him a pirate, But as they said, a fit walks 376 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 1: like a duck and quacks like a duck. While you 377 00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:08,119 Speaker 1: get the idea. In eighteen sixteen, Mexican rebel Jose Manuel 378 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:12,640 Speaker 1: de Herrera established a privateer government in Galveston, Texas. Herrera 379 00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,480 Speaker 1: appointed Louis Michelle or Is the governor, and an interesting 380 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:18,880 Speaker 1: thing to know about or is that he had once 381 00:23:18,920 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 1: been a French naval captain. In other words, he knew 382 00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 1: what he was doing better than most. In fact, the 383 00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:29,480 Speaker 1: area pretty much became like the Pirate Republican nasaw. Smuggled 384 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:31,840 Speaker 1: and stolen goods came and went through the port, and 385 00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:35,679 Speaker 1: that included enslaved people's. At the time, Cuba acted as 386 00:23:35,720 --> 00:23:38,960 Speaker 1: a depot for the illegal slave trade, which meant pirates 387 00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:43,480 Speaker 1: frequently targeted Cuban ships or sold hundreds of slaves to 388 00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:47,320 Speaker 1: landowners in Mississippi, and then left Galveston in April of 389 00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:51,200 Speaker 1: eighteen seventeen to seek out even more. He was fairly 390 00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:55,080 Speaker 1: successful that summer and began his return before reaching port. However, 391 00:23:55,560 --> 00:23:58,320 Speaker 1: slaves on board came down with a fever. Fearing it 392 00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:00,919 Speaker 1: might spread to himself and the crew, he sent the 393 00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:05,720 Speaker 1: ship adrift. When he reached Galveston, he found another surprise. 394 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:09,479 Speaker 1: The Lafitte brothers had moved from Louisiana and established their 395 00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:13,200 Speaker 1: own slave trade business nearby. In a relatively short time, 396 00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:16,320 Speaker 1: John and Pierre had set up a sizeable racket using 397 00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:21,240 Speaker 1: middlemen to sell slaves. Now the most creative middlemen were 398 00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:25,240 Speaker 1: the Bowie brothers. The Lafitte sold the slaves to the brothers, John, 399 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:28,320 Speaker 1: Resin and James for about a hundred and forty dollars each. 400 00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:32,520 Speaker 1: Then the Bowie brothers did something weird. They turned those 401 00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:37,159 Speaker 1: slaves over to customs officials. Why well, it was a 402 00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,640 Speaker 1: scheme to get rich and it worked. You see, those 403 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:44,720 Speaker 1: customs officials received fifty of all reward money paid out 404 00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:49,760 Speaker 1: for finding and confiscating enslaved people's being illegally transported into America. 405 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:53,240 Speaker 1: But rather than returning them back to Africa, the marshals 406 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:56,000 Speaker 1: simply put them up for auction. That's when the Bowie 407 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:59,080 Speaker 1: brothers were turned. They would buy the very same slaves 408 00:24:59,080 --> 00:25:01,800 Speaker 1: they'd handed over to the customs officials right off the 409 00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:05,280 Speaker 1: auction block, and usually for half the price. It was 410 00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:08,000 Speaker 1: a scheme that took advantage of a loophole allowing them 411 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:11,480 Speaker 1: to import and sell slaves despite the new law against it, 412 00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:14,159 Speaker 1: and it earned the Bowie brothers the modern equivalent of 413 00:25:14,240 --> 00:25:18,960 Speaker 1: one point five million dollars, which they proceeded to spend frivolously. 414 00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:23,600 Speaker 1: One American officials discovered the scheme, they pressured the brothers 415 00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:26,439 Speaker 1: to leave, which left control of the area in the 416 00:25:26,480 --> 00:25:29,960 Speaker 1: hands of the other brothers, the Lafittes, who were now 417 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:34,040 Speaker 1: the most infamous pirates in all of Texas. The end 418 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:37,080 Speaker 1: arrived in eighteen twenty one, when one of their fleet 419 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:41,720 Speaker 1: captains raided an American merchant ship. In response, the government 420 00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:44,800 Speaker 1: sent the U. S. S. Enterprise to shut down pirate 421 00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:48,880 Speaker 1: activity on Galveston Island. John de Fitte left after that, 422 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:52,879 Speaker 1: but not before burning down the buildings they'd used for 423 00:25:52,920 --> 00:25:57,160 Speaker 1: their operations, buildings that held the records of the exact 424 00:25:57,240 --> 00:26:01,160 Speaker 1: number of enslaved people they had sold, And like every 425 00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:04,639 Speaker 1: good pirate movie, Lafitte sailed off into the open ocean, 426 00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:09,160 Speaker 1: the beautiful Caribbean sunset before him, and the dark shadow 427 00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:17,440 Speaker 1: of his evil ways never far behind. Pirates was executive 428 00:26:17,480 --> 00:26:20,560 Speaker 1: produced by Aaron Manky and narrated by Aaron Manky and 429 00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:24,679 Speaker 1: Alexandra Steid. Writing for this season was provided by Michelle Mudo, 430 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:28,920 Speaker 1: with research by Alexandra Steed and Sam Alberty. Production assistance 431 00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:32,560 Speaker 1: was provided by Josh Thain, Jesse Funk, Alex Williams, and 432 00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:35,919 Speaker 1: Matt Frederick. To learn more about this and other shows 433 00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:38,959 Speaker 1: from Grimm and Mild and I Heart Radio, visit grim 434 00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:45,840 Speaker 1: and Mild dot com.