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Speaker 1: Hey, or hey, do you have a lot of brothers

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Speaker 1: and sisters? I do? Yeah, I have a brother and

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Speaker 1: two sisters. But wait, did you mean like brothers and

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Speaker 1: sisters or like physics brothers and sisters? You know, because Daniel,

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Speaker 1: I think you're my physics bro. Do you have other

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Speaker 1: physics brothers and sisters? I should I'll have to ask

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Speaker 1: my physics father. I'm not that I know, but you

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Speaker 1: never know. Well, do all your siblings sort of get

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Speaker 1: equal amounts of attention from your parents? I think my

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Speaker 1: parents tried to do their best. Yeah, but I think,

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Speaker 1: you know, sometimes some kids get more of their energy.

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Speaker 1: Maybe I know, right. I mean, I'm a middle child,

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Speaker 1: and so nothing that I achieved in life could ever

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Speaker 1: outshine what my older brother has done. Oh really, not

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Speaker 1: even a science podcast, not even a pH d in physics. Man,

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Speaker 1: Hi am moream my cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, but I'm still struggling

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Speaker 1: to impress my parents. Welcome to our podcast. Daniel and

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Speaker 1: Jorge talk about their family issues in the universe production

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Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio, in which we talked about all

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Speaker 1: the amazing and crazy things going on out there in

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Speaker 1: the universe and also inside your family. So while we

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Speaker 1: project our family struggles onto the largest canvas in the universe,

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Speaker 1: we hope that maybe that helps you understanding that the

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Speaker 1: universe is a personal place. Yeah, it's here just for

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Speaker 1: you and just for being well, we don't know. It's

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Speaker 1: also maybe the playground of lots of alien creatures. It's

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Speaker 1: a big place. We can share it. That's right. There's

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Speaker 1: plenty of room for siblings squabbles here and on other planets.

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Speaker 1: And on our podcast, we try to talk about all

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Speaker 1: the amazing things out there in the universe, the things

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Speaker 1: that are crazy, the things that are wonderful, the things

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Speaker 1: that we've seen, and the things that are as yet unseen. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes we like to talk about not just what

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Speaker 1: we see in the universe, but how we see the universe.

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Speaker 1: And we like to talk about the famous experiments that

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Speaker 1: everyone is talking about in the news and in the media,

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Speaker 1: but also sometimes the lesser known experiments that are also

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Speaker 1: just as interesting and just as much reveal amazing secrets

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Speaker 1: about the universe. That's right. On this podcast, we are

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Speaker 1: enacting scientific social justice. We are shining a spotlight on

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Speaker 1: those who deserve a little bit more attention and haven't

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Speaker 1: gotten as much love from the public. So, so who

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Speaker 1: is the older responsible sibling in physics and who's the

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Speaker 1: attention getting youngest brother. That's right, Well, you know, it

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Speaker 1: depends on the field. If you're talking about particle accelerators,

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Speaker 1: you know, then certain gobbles up all of the credit

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Speaker 1: and all of the attention, and nobody even knows that

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Speaker 1: there are other particle accelerators out there in the world.

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Speaker 1: There are you see there you go. You didn't even know.

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Speaker 1: But they're out there every day smashing particles together, trying

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Speaker 1: to reveal the secrets of the universe, despite the fact

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Speaker 1: that they don't get a lot of public acclaim man,

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Speaker 1: and s tough. It's pretty the shadow of an older brother.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty tough to be a particle accelerator. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: to be on the podcast, we'll be talking about one

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Speaker 1: such science project that doesn't get as much attention as

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Speaker 1: some of his um siblings I guess or yeah siblings,

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Speaker 1: and but which nonetheless has discovered a lot of amazing

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Speaker 1: things about the cosmos. That's right, and recently retired. Just

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Speaker 1: last week it ended it's almost two decades tour of

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Speaker 1: space and taught us so much about the universe that

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Speaker 1: we thought it deserved a little send off. Man, just

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Speaker 1: as it was getting in the spotlight with this podcast,

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Speaker 1: it's going to retire. That's how you know you've made it,

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Speaker 1: right when we cover you, Boom, You're a big deal.

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Speaker 1: So this should be more like a lifetime achievement award

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Speaker 1: at the Oscars or like the Oscars or something, rather

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Speaker 1: than a nomination for best Science emparament. That's right, we're

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Speaker 1: handing out Daniel and Jorge um Medals of Freedom over here. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Well hopefully it's uh last time a chief and not

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Speaker 1: an in memorium. Well, you know, we're not bringing back

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Speaker 1: to Earth. Is just going to sort of drift out

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Speaker 1: there in the coldest space frame. But maybe this podcast

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Speaker 1: will serve as its scientific epitaph. There you go, So

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Speaker 1: to be on the podcast, we'll be talking about the

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Speaker 1: Spitzer space telescope. What did it find, where is it now,

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Speaker 1: how does it work? What did it teach us about

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Speaker 1: the universe? Yeah, I think this is awesome. Which totally

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Speaker 1: dig into this and I was really excited about it.

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Speaker 1: And I also got a request from a listener to

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Speaker 1: talk about this. Here's a message I got from Jane

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Speaker 1: in Abu Dhabi. Hi, Daniel, Ri, Jane here in Abu Dhabi.

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Speaker 1: Could you devote some time to the legacy of the

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Speaker 1: Spitzer satellite telescope please? The first one up there it

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Speaker 1: was infrared. Oh nice. It sounds like Jane was a

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Speaker 1: little bit concerned about the Spitzer. It's like you guys

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Speaker 1: totally snubbed it and culture snubbing in so somebody should

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Speaker 1: talk about it. Or do you think maybe Jane works

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Speaker 1: for the Space Spitzer. Oh yeah, maybe she's on the

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Speaker 1: Spitzer pr team, right, and this is just part of

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Speaker 1: their plan. I have a hard time pronouncing it. It's space.

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Speaker 1: It's like Spitzer space telescope. It's a bit if you

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Speaker 1: try to say it three times on the road, be hard. Yeah. Well,

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Speaker 1: you know, the Spitzer space telescope was not named by nassas,

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Speaker 1: actually named um from the public contest. Yeah, the public,

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Speaker 1: that's from the public. I know. You'd expect these days

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Speaker 1: that when you ask the public to name a space

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Speaker 1: telescope they would call it like telescope telescope face right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: like that like that other famous public naming What was

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Speaker 1: it face really? Yeah? Yeah, the boat, right, yeah, but

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Speaker 1: fortunately what happened. Do you think they was before the internet? Probably, yeah,

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Speaker 1: this was pre internet, so they probably feel out all

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Speaker 1: the ridiculous suggestions and they decided to name it after

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Speaker 1: Lyman Spitzer. He's a guy who wrote papers in the

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Speaker 1: nineteen forties about this whole idea of like launching telescopes

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Speaker 1: into space, which you know, in the nineteen forties was

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Speaker 1: a bit of a crazy idea. Spitzer came up with

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Speaker 1: the idea of let's put a telescope in space. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he was a big proponent of this. He thought it'd

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Speaker 1: be awesome, and he's right, because there are a lot

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Speaker 1: of things that we can't see from the Earth surface

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Speaker 1: because light has to go through the atmosphere, especially in

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Speaker 1: for a red light, which is very difficult for it

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Speaker 1: to make it all the way through the atmosphere. And

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Speaker 1: so some things you see more clearly from space, and

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Speaker 1: some things you just can't see at all unless you're

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Speaker 1: in space. And we've made so many amazing discoveries from

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Speaker 1: our sort of set of space telescopes. It's really been

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Speaker 1: a wonderful program, right, And so the Spitzer Space Telescope

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Speaker 1: is apparently sort of like the hard working sibling that

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Speaker 1: nobody has ever heard of and is about to retire. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well I was curious. You know, everybody's heard of the

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Speaker 1: Hubble space telescope. That's like, you know, the Kobe Bryant

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Speaker 1: of these telescopes or whatever. Everybody's heard of of Hubble,

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Speaker 1: but you know, has anybody heard of this other one?

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Speaker 1: And so I walked around campus the UC Irvine, and

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Speaker 1: I asked folks if they'd heard of it, if they

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Speaker 1: knew anything it had discovered, They even knew it was

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Speaker 1: a thing. So does of you listening think about it

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Speaker 1: for a second before you listen to these answers. If

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Speaker 1: someone asked you if you knew what the Spitzer space

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Speaker 1: telescope was, what would you say? Here's what people had

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Speaker 1: to say. No, unless that's the one coming out, No,

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Speaker 1: that's the James Web. No, I haven't, No, I have no,

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Speaker 1: I haven't. Actually no, I have heard of the Spitzer.

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Speaker 1: Yeah what does it do? Looks at stuff in space? Well?

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Speaker 1: I know, all right, I have not answering in some bells,

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Speaker 1: but I'm not sure. Um uh, Spitzer. I don't know

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Speaker 1: space telescopes. There's a lot of them. Yeah, yeah, it didn't.

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Speaker 1: It doesn't seem like a lot of people know about

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Speaker 1: it or knew about it. No, I could have said

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Speaker 1: the you know who Goula Bogota space telescope, and people

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Speaker 1: would have reacted in the same way. You know, I

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Speaker 1: should have had a control people would have reacted much

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Speaker 1: more positively. Maybe you're like, I can't say Spitzer Space Telescope. Actually,

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Speaker 1: maybe I should have a control experiment, because if I

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Speaker 1: had said who could have booge to space telescope? Somebody

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Speaker 1: might have said, oh, yeah, I've definitely heard of that one,

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Speaker 1: and then we could make fun of it in front

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Speaker 1: of a live studio audience. Yeah. Well, you know, that

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Speaker 1: actually reminds me of something I do want to go traveling,

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Speaker 1: which is, before I ask somebody for directions, I asked

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Speaker 1: them a control question. Wait, you always do that for real? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: Like if I'm when I'm in Istanbul and I'm about

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Speaker 1: to get on a boat and I asked somebody like, hey,

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Speaker 1: does this boat go to somebody there somewhere? I find

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Speaker 1: that people just always say yes. If they don't quite

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Speaker 1: understand or they don't know, they just sort of say yes,

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Speaker 1: and then you end up getting on a boat to

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Speaker 1: some crazy place. So first I asked him control question,

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Speaker 1: which is a nonsense question. You say, like, hey, does

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Speaker 1: this boat go to Antarctica? And if they say yes,

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Speaker 1: then you don't ask them anymore questions. I feel like

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Speaker 1: there's a great story here, Dannie, where that's how you

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Speaker 1: ended up in insta bull. Do this boat go to

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Speaker 1: Long Island? Yes? And then I see you know you're

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Speaker 1: inscible and that's how you learned to be to have

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Speaker 1: a control voice. Istanbul is a beautiful town, and everybody

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Speaker 1: there is wonderful and friendly, and I think they just

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Speaker 1: sort of want to say yes as a question because

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Speaker 1: they're in a positive atity. I see, they're beautiful and friendly.

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Speaker 1: You just don't trust of at all. Well, it seems

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Speaker 1: like not a lot of people had heard of the

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Speaker 1: Spitzer space Telescope. I though some people thought maybe it's

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Speaker 1: coming out soon, and some people, uh sort of rank

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Speaker 1: some bells inside of their head. They're like, space telescope.

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Speaker 1: It looks at stuff in space, right, yeah, And you

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Speaker 1: know there are a few space telescopes out there, and

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Speaker 1: there is one that's coming out we hope in one

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Speaker 1: that's the James Webb Space Telescope, And it's also an

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Speaker 1: infrared telescope to see really far into the early history

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Speaker 1: of the universe. So that's some understandable confusion because Spitzer

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Speaker 1: is an infrared space telescope that's being retired and sort

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Speaker 1: of replaced by the much bigger, more powerful James Web

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Speaker 1: So it's sort of like an grade well, you know,

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Speaker 1: to be honest, I didn't know there were so many

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Speaker 1: space telescopes. I mean, I heard it the Hubble and

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Speaker 1: you know, the Chandra X ray and maybe a couple

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Speaker 1: of others, but it seems like there's a whole bunch

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Speaker 1: of them out there floating in space. There are a

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Speaker 1: lot of space telescopes out there. There's sort of a few,

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Speaker 1: a handful that they call the Great observatories. They's sort

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Speaker 1: of like the flagship class, the most expensive, most impressive ones,

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Speaker 1: and they span sort of the electromagnetic spectrum because remember

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Speaker 1: that when we look out into the universe, we can

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Speaker 1: see it in lots of different kinds of light, not

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Speaker 1: just in the visible light that your eye can see,

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Speaker 1: but the universe shines and lots of different kinds of light. Together,

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Speaker 1: they sort of cover the whole spectrum. Oh, I see,

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Speaker 1: And so Spitzer is one of them. One of the

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Speaker 1: ones that covers a part of the of the of

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Speaker 1: the visual spectrum. Yeah, you have Spitzer that does infrared light,

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Speaker 1: and that's the light that sort of wiggles the least

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Speaker 1: often as the longest wavelength and um then you have Hubble,

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Speaker 1: which does the sort of visible light that your eye can.

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Speaker 1: And then you have Chondra which does X rays which

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Speaker 1: have shorter wavelength or higher energy. And then at the

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Speaker 1: very top you have Compton, which does you know, gamma rays.

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Speaker 1: We also have the Fermi space telescope, but that's not

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Speaker 1: one of the great observatories. But together these are like

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Speaker 1: four different kinds of eyes on the sky. Awesome. So

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Speaker 1: there there are literally um scientific papers out there that

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Speaker 1: are straight out of Compton, Like did they did they

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Speaker 1: put that in the title in the acknowledgements? That would

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Speaker 1: be pretty cool if they. If nobody has written a

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Speaker 1: paper with data from Compton using that title, I don't

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Speaker 1: even know what's wrong with those people you have would

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Speaker 1: use it, you know why not? So's okay. So Spitzer

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Speaker 1: is um part of this family of space telescopes, and

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Speaker 1: it's the one that was tasked with looking at light

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Speaker 1: from the infrared because there's a lot of stuff that

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Speaker 1: happens there. Yeah, the infrared is super interesting because the

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Speaker 1: oldest light in the universe, coming from the furthest distance,

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Speaker 1: is the most shifted. Remember that stuff that's really far

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Speaker 1: away is moving away from us most quickly, and that

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Speaker 1: shifts the wavelength. It stretches the wavelengths to longer, which

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Speaker 1: makes the light redder. So if you want to see

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Speaker 1: stuff that's really old, that's really the very early parts

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Speaker 1: of the universe, then it's not visible the hubble. It's

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Speaker 1: not visible to the naked eye. You have to look

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Speaker 1: in the infrared. Now is it that you just get

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Speaker 1: older light or do you get different kinds of phenomenon

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Speaker 1: you know what I mean? Like, is it just the

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Speaker 1: same thing you would look at the hubble, but you know,

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Speaker 1: further out, or do you actually get to see things

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Speaker 1: that you you just you just can in other wavelengths. Yeah. Both.

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Speaker 1: You get to see stuff which if it was close by,

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Speaker 1: you could see in the visible spectrum, but now it's

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Speaker 1: been shifted all the way down to the infrared. Plus,

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Speaker 1: stuff that's nearby glows differently in the infrared than it

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Speaker 1: does in the visible light spectrum, so you're different definitely

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Speaker 1: getting like a different picture of the universe. For example,

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Speaker 1: stuff that doesn't glow in the visible spectrum, you know,

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Speaker 1: like a brown dwarfs and exto planets and all sorts

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Speaker 1: of stuff that doesn't shine brightly in the visible light

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Speaker 1: because it doesn't have its own fusion. That stuff you

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Speaker 1: can see in the infrared cool. So the spinster is

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Speaker 1: up there right now. It's looking at things in the infrared.

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Speaker 1: And it's been going on since when since like almost

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Speaker 1: twenty years ago, right, Yeah, it was launching two thousand three,

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Speaker 1: and it's one of these amazing NASA missions where they

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Speaker 1: expected to go like two or three years, and then

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Speaker 1: it goes on like forever, you know, like that rover

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Speaker 1: that's still driving around on Mars, Yeah, beating that little

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Speaker 1: energized for drum. I imagine that rover is like, you know,

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Speaker 1: in its end days, it's gonna be like pulling itself

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Speaker 1: along by its one robotic arm, you know, sort of

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Speaker 1: dragging itself across the surface. I just see this evidence

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Speaker 1: that physicists don't trust anyone, even engineers. I just think

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Speaker 1: it's the awesomeness of engineers, you know, they have built

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Speaker 1: it like La Drouble redundancy into that stuff, because imagine

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Speaker 1: you build this thing, you send it either out into

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Speaker 1: space where it can never be touched again, or onto

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Speaker 1: another planet where you can never repair it. So right,

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Speaker 1: you're hands off as soon as this thing goes, and

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Speaker 1: if you made a mistake then you can't go in

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Speaker 1: there with a screw driver and fix it. Yeah, engineers

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Speaker 1: are awesome, and I'm sure they're also a surprises everyone

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Speaker 1: else when it actually being as an engineer, Well, this

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Speaker 1: is definitely a successful project because it was supposed to

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Speaker 1: last two and a half years, but it lasts seventeen years.

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Speaker 1: So I went up in two thousand three and they

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Speaker 1: just turned it off last week. Oh, just turned it

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Speaker 1: off last week. Yeah, January was the last day they

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Speaker 1: ran it. So it could have kept going or they

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Speaker 1: just like, okay, we got enough, let's turn it off.

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Speaker 1: It could have kept going. But you know, these things

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Speaker 1: cost money to run, and you've got to have people

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Speaker 1: communicating with it. You've got to maintain it. It's not free.

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Speaker 1: I mean it's up there, um. But also it's getting

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Speaker 1: harder and harder to use because these space telescopes they're

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Speaker 1: not like Hubble where they can go in orbit around

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Speaker 1: the Earth. They've got to be further away from the

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Speaker 1: Earth because they gotta stay super cold to see the

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Speaker 1: infrared light. Everything around you glows in the infrared um,

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Speaker 1: even stuff that seems pretty cold. So they cool this

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Speaker 1: thing down to like five kelvin because otherwise it's like

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Speaker 1: shining infrared at itself. And number one, it ran out

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Speaker 1: of the coolant, so like in two thousand nine it

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Speaker 1: warmed up, so it's not quite as powerful as it

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Speaker 1: used to be. Also, they keep it away from the Earth.

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Speaker 1: It's like orbiting the Sun, not the Earth, so so

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Speaker 1: it's not it's not an orbit around the Earth. No,

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Speaker 1: it's orbiting the Sun. It's sort of like part of

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Speaker 1: the way around the Sun, trailing the Earth. But it's

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Speaker 1: falling behind. It's getting further and further away, which makes

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Speaker 1: it harder and harder to talk to it, and so

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Speaker 1: eventually it's just going to be impossible to communicate with

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Speaker 1: And so they sort of one of these like, you know,

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Speaker 1: have we gotten enough science out of it? The sort

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Speaker 1: of you know, science per dollar that we're getting is dropping.

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Speaker 1: Plus the big new shiny James Web Space Telescope is

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Speaker 1: supposed to go up pretty soon, so they figured it

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Speaker 1: was sort of time to time to end its run. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's pretty much what I expect to happen to me

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Speaker 1: when I grow old, you know. Replace Yeah, less cool,

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Speaker 1: hard of hearing, and run out of money. It's probably

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Speaker 1: it's my expected future here. But all right, so, um,

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Speaker 1: so it's been going around the Sun and it's been

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Speaker 1: looking at things, and so let's get let's get into

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Speaker 1: all the amazing and cool things that it's discovered, even

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Speaker 1: as an ignored sibling of other space telescopes. But first,

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Speaker 1: let's take a quick break. All right, Daniel say Spitzer

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Speaker 1: space telescopes three times in a really fast Spitzer space

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Speaker 1: I can't do it. Is that a new standard for

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Speaker 1: scientific names of stuff? Yeah? I just call it the Bob.

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Speaker 1: But so it's been out there for seventeen years, fourteen

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Speaker 1: years more than it was expected to be running, and

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Speaker 1: so I imagine it must have seen a lot of

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Speaker 1: a lot of amazing things in its day. Yeah. Every

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Speaker 1: time we turn on a new telescope, we learned something

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Speaker 1: crazy about the universe. We see things we didn't expect,

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Speaker 1: We discover things we couldn't have anticipated. It's really a

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Speaker 1: game of exploration, you know, this is not precision measuring

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Speaker 1: something we already knew and mostly had figured out. We're

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Speaker 1: just nailing down the details. This is sailing into an

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Speaker 1: ocean for the very first time. This is looking at

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Speaker 1: something brand new. These are moments of exploration. Yeah, they

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Speaker 1: didn't know what it was going to see before they

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Speaker 1: launched it. As you said, hey, let's put up a

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Speaker 1: pair of infrared goggles out in space. Yeah, it's sharper

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Speaker 1: and larger infrared goggles than we've ever seen before. And

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Speaker 1: these are early moments of the universe we're looking at.

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Speaker 1: You know, we're looking at formation of the first stars,

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Speaker 1: the formation of the first galaxies. We're looking at planets

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Speaker 1: around other stars. And so Spitzer was the biggest, baddest

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Speaker 1: infrared space telescope, and so it was the one giving

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Speaker 1: us these amazing insights into the formation of the universe.

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Speaker 1: And something interesting you were telling me earlier was that

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Speaker 1: it was originally planned to be kind of like a

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Speaker 1: shuttle base a telescope, right, Like it was supposed to

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Speaker 1: be have like a constant maintenance. Yeah, back in the day,

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Speaker 1: and the space Telescope project goes back a long way

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Speaker 1: in history. Um, people were expecting that the shuttle. The

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Speaker 1: Space Shuttle would not be like we launched it a

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Speaker 1: few times a year, like it ended up, but like

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Speaker 1: they launched one, you know, weekly. The Space Shuttle was

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Speaker 1: supposed to be like a shuttle, supposed to like go

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Speaker 1: up every week and stay up there for thirty days.

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Speaker 1: So originally they're like, well, why have this thing out

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Speaker 1: there far in space. Just put it on the shuttle,

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Speaker 1: send it up for thirty days, take some data, bring

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Speaker 1: it back upgraded, work on it, send it back up.

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Speaker 1: Because if the shuttle is going up and down all

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Speaker 1: the time, it's no big deal. I was curious what

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Speaker 1: sort of people in astronomy, because I'm a particle physicist,

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Speaker 1: I'm not in this field. Those curious what people in

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Speaker 1: astronomy thought about this telescope, Like did they think it

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Speaker 1: was an exciting piece of technology, did they think it

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Speaker 1: had delivered scientifically or did they think it was sort

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Speaker 1: of you know, a miss So I went down and

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Speaker 1: talked to Virginia Tremble. She's a famous professor of astronomy. Um,

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Speaker 1: she's wonderful. She's a sort of a grand old lady

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Speaker 1: of astronomy. You know, she was an astronomer when being

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Speaker 1: a woman in astronomy was very very rare, which made

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Speaker 1: it very very difficult. So she's got some amazing stories.

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Speaker 1: And so you asked her what we learned from this

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Speaker 1: Spitzer space telescope. Yeah. I asked her whether she thought

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Speaker 1: Spitzer had done important science. And here's what she had

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Speaker 1: to say. What's important about the Spitzer Space else scope.

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Speaker 1: What should people know about what it's accomplished. Well, it's

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Speaker 1: done an enormous amount of astronomy that couldn't have been

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Speaker 1: done otherwise because infrared doesn't get to Earth very well,

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Speaker 1: and there's the atmosphere and all your stuff at room

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Speaker 1: temperature drowned you with infrared noise. And there it is

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Speaker 1: in space, well away from the Earth, which of course

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Speaker 1: is the problem because it's it's getting further and further

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Speaker 1: from Earth and you can't chase it all the way

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Speaker 1: around the other side of the Sun. But it's been

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Speaker 1: enormously important and star formation and distant galaxies and lots

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Speaker 1: of other good things. All right, cool, awesome. It's great

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Speaker 1: to hear from scientists who worked on this, who worked

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Speaker 1: on the data from Spitzer. Yeah, and there are a

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Speaker 1: lot of them. Spitzer has been a fat story for

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Speaker 1: scientific results. I looked it up and there are something

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Speaker 1: like eight thousand, six hundred scientific papers produced with data

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Speaker 1: from Spitzer. Yeah, and probably a lot of pH dcs

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Speaker 1: is you know, probably, Um, there's a whole sort of

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Speaker 1: generation of physicists who cut their teeth with the data

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Speaker 1: from the telescope. Yeah, there are. And anytime you have

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Speaker 1: a device which sort of exists for that long and

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Speaker 1: provides that much data and as you say, creates news scientists,

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Speaker 1: then you get a generation of people who sort of

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Speaker 1: feel connected to it, you know. And so I think

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Speaker 1: that this is sort of a moment for those people.

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Speaker 1: This is like their baby is you know, I don't know,

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Speaker 1: growing up and moving out or passing on or retiring

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Speaker 1: or something, moving on the next phase of his life.

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Speaker 1: It's the end of an era for those people. And

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Speaker 1: so that's a little bit sad. Yeah, well, let's let's

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Speaker 1: get into the meat of this, Daniel then, um, and

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Speaker 1: let's talk about it the the actual amazing science. It's

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Speaker 1: a discovered and so um Virginia talked about star formation

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Speaker 1: and distant galaxies and really old things. So maybe step

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Speaker 1: us through what do we learn from the Spitzer Space Telescope. Yeah, well,

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Speaker 1: I thought it'd be fun to sort of start close

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Speaker 1: to home because Spitter told us things even about our

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Speaker 1: own Solar system. Like they pointed Spitzer at Saturn and

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Speaker 1: they discovered a whole new ring. What yeah, that you

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Speaker 1: couldn't see before or what you can Nobody had seen

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Speaker 1: it before because it was dim, right, it doesn't glow

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Speaker 1: very much in the sun, and Spitzer as good at

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Speaker 1: seeing stuff that's sort of cold and dark because it

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Speaker 1: glows only in the infrared. And so it found this

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Speaker 1: whole new, huge ring of Saturn. So it sort of changes,

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Speaker 1: like our view of one of the most dramatic planets

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Speaker 1: in the Solar System. A little extra blink there for yeah.

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Speaker 1: And something I thought was super interesting was they did

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Speaker 1: this amazing experiment called deep impact where they sent up

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Speaker 1: something the movie not the movie with Morgan Freeman. Not

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Speaker 1: a movie, this is real life. Um. I don't know

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Speaker 1: if they named this project after the movie or the

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Speaker 1: movie after the project, but they it sort of sounds

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Speaker 1: like a science fiction movie because what they did is

426
00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:06,760
Speaker 1: they sent them something up to smash into a comet.

427
00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:10,600
Speaker 1: What oh, that's right, I've heard of this. Like they

428
00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:14,240
Speaker 1: you actually like shoot a missile at and see what happens. Yeah,

429
00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:16,040
Speaker 1: it wasn't the missle. It was more like a cube

430
00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:19,200
Speaker 1: of metal about the size of a washing machine. But

431
00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:21,840
Speaker 1: you know, people are wondering, like, what's inside a comet?

432
00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:24,359
Speaker 1: Is it just a big snowball? Is that mostly rock? Right?

433
00:22:24,359 --> 00:22:26,840
Speaker 1: Does each one have like an actually an alien ship inside?

434
00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:29,880
Speaker 1: Nobody knew for a while, And so they smashed into one,

435
00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:32,800
Speaker 1: and Spitzer was the best thing to sort of look

436
00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:35,639
Speaker 1: at what came out, because again, this stuff doesn't glow

437
00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:38,520
Speaker 1: in the visible light. It's cold. It's cold, yeah, and

438
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:42,000
Speaker 1: so it's best seen in the infrared. And uh so

439
00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:44,200
Speaker 1: we've got the best image is sort of the composition

440
00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:47,040
Speaker 1: of the dust from this comet and really told us

441
00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:49,600
Speaker 1: a lot about what's inside commets. And turns out they

442
00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:51,880
Speaker 1: aren't a little alien ships at least not the ones

443
00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:55,680
Speaker 1: we looked at. There mostly good thing because we smashed

444
00:22:55,960 --> 00:22:58,919
Speaker 1: washing machine and at it. They would be really angry

445
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:01,800
Speaker 1: we did. It would be you know, provocation, maybe an

446
00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:04,000
Speaker 1: alien that's how you say hello, Like, hey, here's a

447
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:07,320
Speaker 1: big cube of metal at really high speed. They're flattered.

448
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:09,280
Speaker 1: They're like, oh, thank you, here are the secrets of

449
00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:13,439
Speaker 1: the universe. We won't eat you today. You never know, right,

450
00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:15,440
Speaker 1: it's always a gamble when you're talking to the aliens.

451
00:23:16,160 --> 00:23:18,119
Speaker 1: But can we learned that this thing is you know,

452
00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:23,679
Speaker 1: mostly mostly ice, and that's fascinating. Yeah, that's fascinating. And

453
00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:28,080
Speaker 1: so Spitzer got those pictures. It was the photographer of

454
00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:30,040
Speaker 1: a record for that. Yeah, and it also tell us

455
00:23:30,040 --> 00:23:33,000
Speaker 1: a lot about sort of near Earth asteroids. Like again,

456
00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:35,359
Speaker 1: you want to see a rock that's coming towards the Earth,

457
00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:37,439
Speaker 1: you don't want to necessarily have to wait for it

458
00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:40,400
Speaker 1: to shine a reflected light from the sun at you.

459
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:42,440
Speaker 1: You can look at some of this stuff from Spitzer

460
00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:45,600
Speaker 1: and see it glowing. Oh if it if it's yeah,

461
00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:48,880
Speaker 1: because anything with a temperature glows in the infrared, right,

462
00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:51,639
Speaker 1: so you don't Yeah, you could see it in the dark. Literally,

463
00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:54,119
Speaker 1: you would see like a little point in the dark moving.

464
00:23:54,320 --> 00:23:57,320
Speaker 1: Everything has a temperature, right, Everything that's not absolute zero

465
00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:01,000
Speaker 1: gives off some radiation. It's called black body radiation. And

466
00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:03,639
Speaker 1: the colder it is, the longer the wavelength there, and

467
00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:05,840
Speaker 1: so more things can be seen in the infrared. So

468
00:24:05,880 --> 00:24:08,280
Speaker 1: you're right, you have these cold rocks, some of them

469
00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:10,680
Speaker 1: that you know might smash into Earth. The best way

470
00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:12,800
Speaker 1: to see them is to see them through spitser. We

471
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:15,040
Speaker 1: saw asteroids that we had didn't know her there before

472
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:17,280
Speaker 1: also yep, and we were better able to sort of

473
00:24:17,280 --> 00:24:19,920
Speaker 1: measure their size, like to see how big is this thing?

474
00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:22,240
Speaker 1: And you know, is it really coming in our direction

475
00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:25,080
Speaker 1: or not? And so that's pretty important. That could have

476
00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:27,000
Speaker 1: been a shocking moment where you're looking at into space

477
00:24:27,040 --> 00:24:28,520
Speaker 1: and you're like, oh, there's nothing there. I'll just put

478
00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:31,040
Speaker 1: on these infrared goggles. You put them on, and there's

479
00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:34,199
Speaker 1: a giant asteroid head of Torto and Bruce Willis is

480
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:38,280
Speaker 1: sitting on it and he's nothing with a lassa or something. Okay. Cool.

481
00:24:38,359 --> 00:24:40,960
Speaker 1: So we learned a lot about our solar system that

482
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:42,680
Speaker 1: we didn't know. We saw a lot of stuff stuff

483
00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:45,040
Speaker 1: we hadn't seen before. So what else? It take us

484
00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:47,160
Speaker 1: out even further. So then we pointed it at sort

485
00:24:47,160 --> 00:24:49,680
Speaker 1: of other solar systems, and one thing we were really

486
00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:53,160
Speaker 1: curious about was like how do solar systems form When

487
00:24:53,480 --> 00:24:56,160
Speaker 1: you have this blob of gas and dust and it's

488
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:59,120
Speaker 1: coming together to make the star. Then you have sort

489
00:24:59,119 --> 00:25:01,640
Speaker 1: of also a dis stuff around the star that doesn't

490
00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:04,200
Speaker 1: get sucked in because it's sort of moving too fast.

491
00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:07,840
Speaker 1: And people have around it's in orbit, and people have

492
00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:10,280
Speaker 1: had a lot of theories about like how quickly do

493
00:25:10,359 --> 00:25:12,760
Speaker 1: planets start to form? Do you first get the sun

494
00:25:12,880 --> 00:25:16,040
Speaker 1: and it burns for like a billion years before planets

495
00:25:16,040 --> 00:25:18,320
Speaker 1: start to come together? Do planets start to come together

496
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,520
Speaker 1: really quickly as soon as this kind of stuff starts

497
00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:24,720
Speaker 1: to happen, people just didn't know. And you can see

498
00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:27,240
Speaker 1: this stuff happening because you can with Spitzer, because you

499
00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:30,600
Speaker 1: can look directly at the non glowing stuff. You can

500
00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,360
Speaker 1: look at the planetary disc or the sort of proto

501
00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:36,240
Speaker 1: disc where the planets come from, and watch it happen

502
00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:41,840
Speaker 1: um in other solar systems using Spitzer, oh right, because

503
00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:44,760
Speaker 1: I guess uh, if you try to look at it

504
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,919
Speaker 1: with visible light, then the Sun would just outshine up

505
00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:49,800
Speaker 1: the kind of stuff. Yeah, And what you want to

506
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:52,360
Speaker 1: do is look at the colder stuff and you want

507
00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:54,480
Speaker 1: to see like all these things could gathering together. Is

508
00:25:54,520 --> 00:25:57,040
Speaker 1: it mostly just rocks for millions of years? Or do

509
00:25:57,119 --> 00:25:59,520
Speaker 1: planets start to form at the same time as the sun.

510
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,560
Speaker 1: And so that's pretty fascinating to reveal a lot of

511
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:05,479
Speaker 1: clues about how planets get pulled together. And what they

512
00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:08,880
Speaker 1: discovered is that planets don't waste any time. As soon

513
00:26:08,880 --> 00:26:12,199
Speaker 1: as that star starts to pull together, planets are also forming,

514
00:26:12,280 --> 00:26:16,040
Speaker 1: just like a few million years after the star wow,

515
00:26:16,160 --> 00:26:19,879
Speaker 1: so that the sun was popping out siblings, davies as

516
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:23,440
Speaker 1: soon as as soon as it could, yeah, or rivals.

517
00:26:23,440 --> 00:26:26,520
Speaker 1: You know, as we talked about another podcast, some of

518
00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:29,720
Speaker 1: those things might turn into stars themselves, or turn into

519
00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:33,639
Speaker 1: sub brown or stars which you could call stars or

520
00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:36,240
Speaker 1: planets or whatever, depending on where you fall in that

521
00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:38,879
Speaker 1: on that argument. So you can actually take a picture

522
00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:40,840
Speaker 1: of this process happening or do you have to kind

523
00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:42,920
Speaker 1: of infer it from the light that's coming you know

524
00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:44,520
Speaker 1: what I mean? Like you can can you actually see

525
00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:47,160
Speaker 1: the stuff sort of coming together and forming planets? Well,

526
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:50,800
Speaker 1: you can look at individual solar systems in just a snapshot,

527
00:26:50,920 --> 00:26:54,359
Speaker 1: right because you the time scale these processes is still

528
00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:56,800
Speaker 1: millions and millions of years, So you can't watch one

529
00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,440
Speaker 1: solar system sort of come together, but you can sort

530
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:02,280
Speaker 1: of see a bunch of them and interpolate between them

531
00:27:02,320 --> 00:27:04,720
Speaker 1: and say, oh, look, here's one where the stars really

532
00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,120
Speaker 1: young and you can see the planets to starting to form.

533
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,480
Speaker 1: Here's one where the star is a little older and

534
00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:11,280
Speaker 1: you can see the planets are formed a little more,

535
00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:14,320
Speaker 1: and of course there's a lot of uncertainty and extrapolating

536
00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:16,600
Speaker 1: from one to the other. As you look deeper into

537
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,080
Speaker 1: the universe, you seeing further back in time, so you

538
00:27:19,119 --> 00:27:21,800
Speaker 1: can sort of see a snapshot at any point you'd

539
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:23,800
Speaker 1: like to see. But of course you're right, you can't

540
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:26,640
Speaker 1: trace one Solar system through time. You can just see

541
00:27:26,640 --> 00:27:29,040
Speaker 1: it for like, you know, over a fifteen year period.

542
00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:31,800
Speaker 1: You can't see it over right, You gotta you gotta

543
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:36,080
Speaker 1: take a survey, and that's how you piece together what happened. Yeah, precisely. Well,

544
00:27:36,080 --> 00:27:38,480
Speaker 1: that's pretty cool. It's it's it's like having magic glasses.

545
00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:41,240
Speaker 1: You know, it's like you get's invisible, but then you

546
00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:43,119
Speaker 1: put them on and you can see stuff that you

547
00:27:43,119 --> 00:27:44,960
Speaker 1: can't see before. Yeah, and we can also use it

548
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,760
Speaker 1: to see directly those planets, not just in the formation,

549
00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:52,120
Speaker 1: but Spitzer was the first one to visually see those exoplanets.

550
00:27:52,119 --> 00:27:55,760
Speaker 1: Like you can actually see the little planet orbiting the star. Yeah,

551
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:58,199
Speaker 1: you can see the little planet in the infrared. It

552
00:27:58,280 --> 00:28:01,000
Speaker 1: glows on its own in the infrared. So the first

553
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,480
Speaker 1: direct light that came to us from another planet outside

554
00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,919
Speaker 1: our Solar System was seen by Spitzer. And remember that

555
00:28:08,480 --> 00:28:11,480
Speaker 1: crazy solar system they found called the Trappist where it

556
00:28:11,520 --> 00:28:15,120
Speaker 1: had like seven hot jupiters all really close to the star.

557
00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:17,840
Speaker 1: And Spitzer was the one that saw that. So that

558
00:28:17,920 --> 00:28:21,440
Speaker 1: was pretty exciting moment. Oh wow, that's oh wow, man,

559
00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:25,240
Speaker 1: this I feel like this has been busy. Yeah, it has.

560
00:28:25,320 --> 00:28:27,960
Speaker 1: And something that totally blew my mind is that it

561
00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,080
Speaker 1: can also if the exoplanet is close enough, and they

562
00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:33,720
Speaker 1: found one that's that's only sixty five light years away,

563
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:37,840
Speaker 1: it can see the temperature variations across the planet. You

564
00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:40,120
Speaker 1: can actually see an image of it. Yeah, it has

565
00:28:40,160 --> 00:28:41,920
Speaker 1: an image of the planet. You can see where it's

566
00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:45,160
Speaker 1: hotter and where it's colder, and from that they can

567
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,360
Speaker 1: measure the speed of the winds on that planet. Like

568
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:52,240
Speaker 1: they're doing studies of like the temperature, like the weather,

569
00:28:52,360 --> 00:28:57,959
Speaker 1: weather observations in other planets light years away. Astro meteorology. Yeah,

570
00:28:58,280 --> 00:29:00,640
Speaker 1: it's incredible, and people here in my department, for example,

571
00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:04,000
Speaker 1: are doing studies like modeling the atmospheres of these planets

572
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:07,200
Speaker 1: trying to understand what's the composition and how fast are

573
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:09,960
Speaker 1: these winds going. It's incredible. So um, some of the

574
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,080
Speaker 1: stuff came from Spitzer's especially these images of the of

575
00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:15,840
Speaker 1: the temperature of of of the planet and how it

576
00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:18,880
Speaker 1: varies across the surface. And also we've seen um like

577
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:21,800
Speaker 1: light from the first stars in the universe, right, like

578
00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:26,200
Speaker 1: the the oldest stars are rehdor until this telescope can

579
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:29,360
Speaker 1: see them. Yeah, the oldest stars in the furthest away

580
00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:31,920
Speaker 1: that are moving away from us with the highest velocity.

581
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:34,880
Speaker 1: They're too red for hobble to see very well. And

582
00:29:34,920 --> 00:29:37,640
Speaker 1: so we've seen light from like the second generation of

583
00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:41,120
Speaker 1: stars in the universe with Spitzer, the first generation of

584
00:29:41,160 --> 00:29:43,960
Speaker 1: stars people are still looking for. Nobody's actually seen that

585
00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:47,040
Speaker 1: light directly, um, but it's probably will be the next

586
00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:50,200
Speaker 1: generation of infrared telescopes that James Webb that helps us

587
00:29:50,440 --> 00:29:54,800
Speaker 1: able to see Does that mean that we no, but

588
00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:58,280
Speaker 1: still um, we're still limited by the observable universe. Right, Yes,

589
00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:00,920
Speaker 1: we're still limited by the observable universe. But if there's

590
00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:05,600
Speaker 1: there's an old UM star in there within that observable universe,

591
00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:07,760
Speaker 1: we'll be able to see it. Yeah, And that sort

592
00:30:07,760 --> 00:30:10,120
Speaker 1: of defines the observable universe. You go out sort of

593
00:30:10,160 --> 00:30:12,560
Speaker 1: the age of the universe, times of speed of light,

594
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:14,880
Speaker 1: you have to factor out, of course, the expansion of

595
00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:17,520
Speaker 1: the universe and stuff. But if you if you remove

596
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:20,920
Speaker 1: that stuff, then photons that are arriving here, that have

597
00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:24,560
Speaker 1: been traveling the entire lifetime of the universe, they're giving

598
00:30:24,640 --> 00:30:27,520
Speaker 1: us pictures from those first moments. And you can't go

599
00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:30,680
Speaker 1: back further in time than like three eight thousand years

600
00:30:30,720 --> 00:30:33,160
Speaker 1: after the Big Bang, because that's the first moment the

601
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:37,200
Speaker 1: universe became transparent. But we can see photons from after

602
00:30:37,320 --> 00:30:39,920
Speaker 1: that time, and so it's difficult to sort of dig

603
00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:42,520
Speaker 1: it out from the background and and find that light

604
00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:45,720
Speaker 1: because it's obscured by gas and dust and all sorts

605
00:30:45,720 --> 00:30:48,440
Speaker 1: of crazy stuff. But yeah, we can see all the

606
00:30:48,480 --> 00:30:50,840
Speaker 1: way back in time, as far back as the just

607
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:53,280
Speaker 1: after the Big Bang. Well, it sounds like Spitzer has

608
00:30:53,320 --> 00:30:55,400
Speaker 1: been very busy and it's found a lot of pretty

609
00:30:55,440 --> 00:30:58,280
Speaker 1: amazing things. I would would if I was its appearance,

610
00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:00,280
Speaker 1: I would be I would be pretty proud of Bitzer,

611
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:03,360
Speaker 1: you know. Yeah, I think Spincer should be totally proud

612
00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:05,600
Speaker 1: of itself and that you know, Spitzer's parents, i e.

613
00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:08,320
Speaker 1: The general public should be given it more love, you

614
00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:10,360
Speaker 1: know what you mean. I have a Spitzer telescope. His

615
00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:14,560
Speaker 1: son their daughter running around there. Well, we all own it, right,

616
00:31:14,560 --> 00:31:17,040
Speaker 1: it's a public thing. We all paid for it. The

617
00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:19,800
Speaker 1: thing costs more than a billion dollars and that money

618
00:31:19,840 --> 00:31:22,880
Speaker 1: came from us, and it's do work for us. And

619
00:31:22,960 --> 00:31:26,520
Speaker 1: so it's been toiling away and waiting for our love

620
00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:30,880
Speaker 1: and our approval for twenty years. And yet it's been

621
00:31:30,920 --> 00:31:35,680
Speaker 1: ignored for twenty years. But it happily toiled on anyway. Right,

622
00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:38,520
Speaker 1: it didn't throw a tantrum. It didn't you know, threatened

623
00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:41,520
Speaker 1: to stop working. That's a model middle child right there.

624
00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:45,480
Speaker 1: All right, let's get into what else Spitzer has found,

625
00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:47,560
Speaker 1: and maybe at the galactic scale, what what does it

626
00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:50,400
Speaker 1: tell us about how the galaxies are formed? But first

627
00:31:50,520 --> 00:32:06,280
Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. All right, Spitzer, the Spitzer

628
00:32:06,360 --> 00:32:09,960
Speaker 1: Space Telescope has been keep tripping up on that phrase,

629
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:12,960
Speaker 1: has been out there, toiling away looking at amazing things

630
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,000
Speaker 1: in the universe. And it's even told us a lot

631
00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:18,959
Speaker 1: about how galaxies form. Right, that's right, because we're curious

632
00:32:19,080 --> 00:32:21,360
Speaker 1: not just about like how stars were formed, but then

633
00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:24,720
Speaker 1: how did they come together to make these galaxies? How

634
00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:27,000
Speaker 1: do they sort of pull themselves together and decide to

635
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,640
Speaker 1: make a sort of galaxy sized blobs, like why aren't

636
00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:33,720
Speaker 1: galaxies ten times bigger than they are or ten times smaller?

637
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:37,200
Speaker 1: Why aren't stars just sort of distributed evenly through the universe.

638
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:40,920
Speaker 1: It's always fascinating when you sort of find a scale

639
00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:43,480
Speaker 1: for the universe. You know, we talked it could be different,

640
00:32:43,680 --> 00:32:46,360
Speaker 1: It could have been different, Yeah, and what factors contributed

641
00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,160
Speaker 1: to that or that some random number in the beginning

642
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:51,400
Speaker 1: of the universe, or is it inevitable based on sort

643
00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:54,320
Speaker 1: of the balancing of the forces, you know, the distribution

644
00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:56,880
Speaker 1: of dark matter. People are really curious about, like, you know,

645
00:32:56,920 --> 00:32:59,120
Speaker 1: why does our universe look the way it does? And

646
00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:02,160
Speaker 1: could it have look different? I guess. And this idea

647
00:33:02,160 --> 00:33:04,680
Speaker 1: of the infrared and looking at older things in the

648
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:08,040
Speaker 1: universe is kind of like extending your vision in time.

649
00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:11,280
Speaker 1: You know, by looking at things that are older, you

650
00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:13,040
Speaker 1: can sort of get a sense a better sense of

651
00:33:13,040 --> 00:33:15,160
Speaker 1: how they grew up, how the universe grew up. Yeah,

652
00:33:15,240 --> 00:33:16,960
Speaker 1: and that's why we sort of want to look back

653
00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:19,560
Speaker 1: at the very beginning, like what happened back then, because

654
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:22,680
Speaker 1: now galaxies are basically formed, and like you know, they

655
00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:26,240
Speaker 1: can collide with each other and form you know, bigger galaxies.

656
00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:28,960
Speaker 1: But we sort of know the size distribution of galaxies

657
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:31,520
Speaker 1: that are today. But something we're really curious about it

658
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:34,080
Speaker 1: is like did all the galaxies start out really small

659
00:33:34,160 --> 00:33:37,080
Speaker 1: and then coalesced together into bigger galaxies or were they

660
00:33:37,160 --> 00:33:40,560
Speaker 1: born as enormous massive galaxies and then like broke up

661
00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:43,440
Speaker 1: or you know what happened? And Spitzer is the one

662
00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:45,719
Speaker 1: that can tell us. Yeah, it's like, why don't they

663
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:48,720
Speaker 1: just collapse into a black hole or maybe they will

664
00:33:48,840 --> 00:33:51,760
Speaker 1: or who knows right? Or why don't they just float

665
00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:54,880
Speaker 1: away or stay as a cloud? Yeah, it's super fascinating

666
00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:57,560
Speaker 1: and something we still don't understand very well and something

667
00:33:57,760 --> 00:34:00,560
Speaker 1: people are still studying using Spitzer day. It a like

668
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:04,120
Speaker 1: Spencer stopped taking data a week ago, but people are

669
00:34:04,120 --> 00:34:06,480
Speaker 1: gonna be using that data to answer questions for a

670
00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:11,279
Speaker 1: long time. Oh really, wow, Like my friend and colleague here,

671
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,200
Speaker 1: you see Irvine Michael Cooper. He had a really exciting

672
00:34:14,239 --> 00:34:18,239
Speaker 1: result just last week. He discovered the most massive galaxy

673
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:23,520
Speaker 1: anybody has ever seen using Spitzer. What what do you

674
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:27,200
Speaker 1: call it? The great galaxy? Know? He called the galaxy

675
00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:36,439
Speaker 1: x MM two five nine galaxy my galaxy face, I'll

676
00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:39,480
Speaker 1: tell him you said that. But it's an awesome galaxy.

677
00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:43,360
Speaker 1: It's made more than three hundred billion sons by the

678
00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:46,120
Speaker 1: time the universe was just a billion years old. I mean,

679
00:34:46,239 --> 00:34:50,080
Speaker 1: what have you accomplished in that time? I started a

680
00:34:50,120 --> 00:34:54,000
Speaker 1: science podcast? I mean, what else? Surely that's equivalent. So

681
00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:56,279
Speaker 1: it's one of the biggest and the oldest. Maybe, Yeah,

682
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,040
Speaker 1: it's pretty old. Yeah, it's super old and super big,

683
00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:01,959
Speaker 1: which is really fascinating. And then after a little while

684
00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:05,120
Speaker 1: it's sort of stopped making stars and we don't know why,

685
00:35:05,239 --> 00:35:08,200
Speaker 1: and so it's really fascinating. We're just like really in

686
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:12,000
Speaker 1: the beginning days of understanding how galaxies came together, what

687
00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:15,200
Speaker 1: that means, why galaxies are the size, the shape they are,

688
00:35:15,239 --> 00:35:18,160
Speaker 1: the distribution. Um, it's really at the very beginning of

689
00:35:18,160 --> 00:35:20,880
Speaker 1: that whole field. Well and so them. So there's a

690
00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:23,840
Speaker 1: whole sort of a trove of data that this telescope

691
00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:26,960
Speaker 1: collected then that maybe scientists will keep digging into for

692
00:35:27,040 --> 00:35:30,120
Speaker 1: years to come. Yeah, exactly. You know, James Webb will

693
00:35:30,160 --> 00:35:33,800
Speaker 1: turn on in one and will very quickly begin collecting

694
00:35:33,920 --> 00:35:36,600
Speaker 1: data that's more powerful and more interesting. But it can't

695
00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:39,120
Speaker 1: look everywhere all at once, and so the spits of

696
00:35:39,239 --> 00:35:41,640
Speaker 1: data will be very useful for a long time in

697
00:35:41,680 --> 00:35:45,160
Speaker 1: the world of particle physics. We have this exciting new accelerator,

698
00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:46,719
Speaker 1: but we still go back to data from the other

699
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:49,239
Speaker 1: accelerators sometimes because you can answer a question that this

700
00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:51,680
Speaker 1: one can't. Yeah, I guess my question is, you know,

701
00:35:51,719 --> 00:35:56,279
Speaker 1: it did so much amazing work and it's still works, right,

702
00:35:56,280 --> 00:35:58,680
Speaker 1: why not? Why not just keep it going? Well, it

703
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:01,960
Speaker 1: costs fourteen million dollars a year to keep operating, So

704
00:36:02,239 --> 00:36:06,560
Speaker 1: if you really up, you should do a kick Starter.

705
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:08,520
Speaker 1: Let me yeah, let me call elon miles Hold on

706
00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:13,320
Speaker 1: one second. I guess that's just too fun. The people

707
00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:18,160
Speaker 1: who run it and the equipment needed to communicate with it. Yeah,

708
00:36:18,160 --> 00:36:21,399
Speaker 1: precisely because we're not sending stuff out there anymore. It's

709
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:23,960
Speaker 1: not like we're sending fuel and energy or you know,

710
00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:27,360
Speaker 1: new liquid helium up there anymore. Um, it's a hundred

711
00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:30,319
Speaker 1: and fifty eight million miles away, and so it's very

712
00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:33,360
Speaker 1: difficult to talk to a hundred and fifty eight million

713
00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:39,479
Speaker 1: miles away. Wow. Yeah, that's a that's a long repair call. Yeah,

714
00:36:39,719 --> 00:36:41,680
Speaker 1: nobody's going out there to fix it or to get

715
00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:44,040
Speaker 1: it get music. Can you bring it closer? Cann't you

716
00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:46,360
Speaker 1: like you know, tweak its it comes closer, fix it

717
00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:48,000
Speaker 1: and then put it back out there, you know, and

718
00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,080
Speaker 1: we have very limited control over this thing. And you know,

719
00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:53,080
Speaker 1: the engineer has been amazing. Since it's ran out of

720
00:36:53,080 --> 00:36:55,319
Speaker 1: it's cool, and in two thousand nine, they've been doing

721
00:36:55,360 --> 00:36:57,560
Speaker 1: all sorts of tricks to try to keep it cool,

722
00:36:57,600 --> 00:36:59,840
Speaker 1: you know, pointing its sun shield of the sun and

723
00:37:00,120 --> 00:37:02,440
Speaker 1: angling it this way so we can communicate with its

724
00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:05,720
Speaker 1: Still they're doing everything they can. They've really squeezed everything

725
00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:07,680
Speaker 1: they can out of this thing, and they could keep

726
00:37:07,719 --> 00:37:10,080
Speaker 1: operating it. But you know, we got the James Webb coming,

727
00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:12,359
Speaker 1: and some people were arguing that we should keep it going,

728
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:14,839
Speaker 1: you know, people who grow to like it and and

729
00:37:15,160 --> 00:37:17,480
Speaker 1: cut their teeth on it, and people who are frankly

730
00:37:17,520 --> 00:37:20,120
Speaker 1: a little skeptical that James Webb is going to launch,

731
00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:22,120
Speaker 1: because you know, until that thing actually goes up there

732
00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:25,080
Speaker 1: and starts working, you don't really know. It's may not work.

733
00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:28,919
Speaker 1: This is blow up in orbit or launch or something. Yeah,

734
00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:31,160
Speaker 1: or it could just not work. It's big and complicated

735
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:33,839
Speaker 1: and really hard projects. So this is sort of like

736
00:37:34,360 --> 00:37:38,920
Speaker 1: selling your old used car before you buy your new one.

737
00:37:39,680 --> 00:37:43,919
Speaker 1: Then you're yeah, there's no uber to to or listen

738
00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:47,040
Speaker 1: to there's no uth in between there, and it's kind

739
00:37:47,080 --> 00:37:49,480
Speaker 1: of a big gap. You know, James Webb won't launch

740
00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:53,200
Speaker 1: until next year, and so it's a leap of faith

741
00:37:53,480 --> 00:37:55,719
Speaker 1: that James Webb launch that will work, that'll be able

742
00:37:55,760 --> 00:37:57,759
Speaker 1: to do the kind of science that Spitzer has been

743
00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:01,279
Speaker 1: a wonderful workhorse of. I also ask Virginia why she

744
00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:04,239
Speaker 1: thought Spitzer was sort of like the not as well

745
00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:07,440
Speaker 1: known cousin to Hubble, like why I didn't get you

746
00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:09,480
Speaker 1: actually asked her that, yeah did, and that isn't a

747
00:38:09,520 --> 00:38:13,320
Speaker 1: sensitive question. Well, saying, hey, Daniel, what is your brother

748
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:17,080
Speaker 1: always get more credit and more love from your parents?

749
00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:19,839
Speaker 1: You know, he's better looking and smarter, So what can

750
00:38:19,880 --> 00:38:24,880
Speaker 1: I say? It's not It's not a mystery though. And

751
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:27,799
Speaker 1: here's what Virginia had to say. An HS puts out

752
00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:31,040
Speaker 1: very pretty pictures. It's harder to make very pretty pictures

753
00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:33,680
Speaker 1: in the infra red, so she's pretty straight up. Hubble

754
00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:35,960
Speaker 1: makes prettier pictures, right, And so that's really what it's

755
00:38:35,960 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 1: all about, is about competing with your parents for who's

756
00:38:38,719 --> 00:38:41,480
Speaker 1: better looking. Oh man, but what do you mean that

757
00:38:41,719 --> 00:38:44,279
Speaker 1: they're not as pretty? Because you know, is it just

758
00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:47,880
Speaker 1: that they're all the pictures from Spitzer are are red

759
00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:50,360
Speaker 1: or it just doesn't capture a lot of this this

760
00:38:50,560 --> 00:38:54,680
Speaker 1: crazy amazing formations of gas and dust that Hubble us. Yeah,

761
00:38:54,680 --> 00:38:57,919
Speaker 1: I think it's just nicer to look at the universe invisible,

762
00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:00,840
Speaker 1: like all the pictures that they take in Spitzer. Of

763
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:02,920
Speaker 1: course the color shift that we can see them, we

764
00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:06,319
Speaker 1: can analyze them, but you know there and you can

765
00:39:06,360 --> 00:39:08,520
Speaker 1: add color to them, you can say you can like

766
00:39:08,640 --> 00:39:11,759
Speaker 1: map those wavelengths to other things. But I think there

767
00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:14,960
Speaker 1: just isn't as much sort of rich visuals. And you know,

768
00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:19,680
Speaker 1: Hubble is beautiful, it's bigger, it costs seven billion dollars more. Um,

769
00:39:19,840 --> 00:39:23,200
Speaker 1: it does take beautiful pictures, right, everybody loves the Hubble pictures.

770
00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:25,520
Speaker 1: So did you detect any kind of sentinus in her

771
00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:28,360
Speaker 1: voice when she talked about the retiring Spitzer, Um, I

772
00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:30,440
Speaker 1: think a little bit. I think she was worried that

773
00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:34,960
Speaker 1: maybe James Webb could still implode, uh you know, not physically,

774
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:37,319
Speaker 1: but like as a project, you know, it could just

775
00:39:37,360 --> 00:39:40,760
Speaker 1: still not happen. And you know, there's always this legacy

776
00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:43,480
Speaker 1: in science there are projects where people sort of tried

777
00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:46,160
Speaker 1: to make it too big and it didn't quite work.

778
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,040
Speaker 1: Out like the super Conducting super Collider you know, uh,

779
00:39:49,719 --> 00:39:52,319
Speaker 1: sort of flew too close to the sky and never

780
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:55,400
Speaker 1: actually happened, and so people wondering like, it's James Webb

781
00:39:55,719 --> 00:39:57,799
Speaker 1: just big enough to be awesome and actually go up

782
00:39:57,840 --> 00:40:00,280
Speaker 1: and work, or is it too big, too complex, hated

783
00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:02,840
Speaker 1: and it's not actually gonna happen flying too close to

784
00:40:02,880 --> 00:40:05,080
Speaker 1: the sun. Yeah. Well, I think this is all just

785
00:40:05,280 --> 00:40:08,880
Speaker 1: a big lesson. I think in um, how you name things, Daniel,

786
00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:12,160
Speaker 1: don't leave it up to the public. They picked Pitzer.

787
00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:14,680
Speaker 1: I mean I think really, hobles more popular because it

788
00:40:14,760 --> 00:40:18,640
Speaker 1: has to catch your name. You say hobble three times fast,

789
00:40:18,680 --> 00:40:21,839
Speaker 1: so hobble blah ho hooole right, and it sounds fun,

790
00:40:21,960 --> 00:40:24,800
Speaker 1: it's even fun to say it. But Spitzer Space telescope

791
00:40:24,840 --> 00:40:28,560
Speaker 1: three times that's a that's a harder sell. Wow, all

792
00:40:28,560 --> 00:40:33,400
Speaker 1: those Spitzer lovers out there, you know you're offending them, man, Sorry,

793
00:40:34,560 --> 00:40:37,719
Speaker 1: uh no, Well, thank you to the Spitzer Telescope. We

794
00:40:37,840 --> 00:40:40,880
Speaker 1: bid you farewell. Thank you for all the amazing signs

795
00:40:40,920 --> 00:40:44,080
Speaker 1: you've you've given us in this view into the universe

796
00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:47,080
Speaker 1: that we couldn't get before. And thank you to all

797
00:40:47,080 --> 00:40:49,560
Speaker 1: the scientists who helped develop it, to the engineers who

798
00:40:49,560 --> 00:40:52,399
Speaker 1: made it work, to the crew at NASA who kept

799
00:40:52,440 --> 00:40:55,239
Speaker 1: that thing running, and to all the scientists who are

800
00:40:55,280 --> 00:40:59,080
Speaker 1: still analyzing that data and giving us incredible insights into

801
00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:02,080
Speaker 1: the early universe and our own solar system. Right because,

802
00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:04,640
Speaker 1: as Jupiter would say, if you like it, find a

803
00:41:04,719 --> 00:41:12,080
Speaker 1: ring on it. I got nothing on that, man. That

804
00:41:13,680 --> 00:41:17,399
Speaker 1: Let's wrap it. That wraps it up right there, all right. Well,

805
00:41:17,400 --> 00:41:20,040
Speaker 1: thank you folks for listening in. We hope you enjoyed

806
00:41:20,080 --> 00:41:24,080
Speaker 1: that this little trip down into the family of space telescopes.

807
00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:34,239
Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us. See you next time. Before you

808
00:41:34,360 --> 00:41:37,200
Speaker 1: still have a question after listening to all these explanations,

809
00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:40,240
Speaker 1: please drop us the line. We'd love to hear from you.

810
00:41:40,239 --> 00:41:43,080
Speaker 1: You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

811
00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:46,480
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or email us at

812
00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:50,520
Speaker 1: Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

813
00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:53,239
Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained. The Universe is

814
00:41:53,280 --> 00:41:56,759
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast from

815
00:41:56,800 --> 00:42:00,560
Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

816
00:42:00,680 --> 00:42:11,759
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H m

817
00:42:12,040 --> 00:42:12,160
Speaker 1: hm