1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,640 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. Today's episode contains not just one, 2 00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:06,840 Speaker 1: but two nuggets of history. These are coming from the 3 00:00:06,880 --> 00:00:09,320 Speaker 1: T D I h C Vault, so you'll also here 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: to hosts. Consider it a double feature. Enjoy the show. 5 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: Welcome to this Day in History Class from how Stuff 6 00:00:16,400 --> 00:00:18,599 Speaker 1: Works dot com and from the desk of Stuff you 7 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: missed in History Class. It's the show where we explore 8 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:23,239 Speaker 1: the past one day at a time with a quick 9 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:30,560 Speaker 1: look at what happened today in history. Welcome to the podcast. 10 00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:33,960 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and it's August. On this day 11 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:37,400 Speaker 1: in nineteen fifteen, Leo Frank was lynched after his death 12 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,440 Speaker 1: sentence in the murder of Mary Fagin was commuted to 13 00:00:40,520 --> 00:00:44,159 Speaker 1: life in prison. Mary Fagan was thirteen and she worked 14 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:48,280 Speaker 1: at the National Pencil Company in Marietta, Georgia. Child labor 15 00:00:48,440 --> 00:00:51,000 Speaker 1: was still pretty common at this point. At the turn 16 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:54,200 Speaker 1: of the twentieth century, fewer than thirty states had laws 17 00:00:54,400 --> 00:00:57,840 Speaker 1: on the books related to child labor. The first federal 18 00:00:57,960 --> 00:01:02,040 Speaker 1: laws about child labor were path after this event happened, 19 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:05,680 Speaker 1: and then we're struck down as unconstitutional. It wasn't until 20 00:01:05,720 --> 00:01:08,280 Speaker 1: the Fair Labor Standards Act of eighteen thirty eight that 21 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:12,200 Speaker 1: minimum ages were set for working. There was sixteen for 22 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:15,800 Speaker 1: working during school hours and fourteen for some after school jobs, 23 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:19,760 Speaker 1: and eighteen for jobs that were dangerous. On April nineteen, 24 00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:23,080 Speaker 1: thirteen year old Mary Fagan stopped at the factory to 25 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:25,759 Speaker 1: pick up her pay. It was a dollar and twenty 26 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: cents for one day of work, and Leo Frank was 27 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:31,479 Speaker 1: the factory's co owner and it's superintendent, and he said 28 00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:34,080 Speaker 1: that he paid her and that she left, but she 29 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 1: was never seen alive again. A night watchman named new 30 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 1: Lee found her body early the next morning while he 31 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:44,840 Speaker 1: was on his way to the segregated toilet, and when 32 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:48,200 Speaker 1: he reported it, he was arrested himself and then held 33 00:01:48,240 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: without charges for months. Authorities though took Leo Frank to 34 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:56,200 Speaker 1: see the body, he seemed nervous and uncomfortable, and he 35 00:01:56,240 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: was arrested on April nineteen. This trial was incredibly long. 36 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:05,480 Speaker 1: It was infused with racism and anti semitism. It was 37 00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:09,919 Speaker 1: covered in a highly sensationalized way in the press. There 38 00:02:09,960 --> 00:02:12,720 Speaker 1: was a black janitor named Jim Conley who became the 39 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:16,600 Speaker 1: key witness. He had actually given four different versions of 40 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:21,359 Speaker 1: his story in four different affidavits, each of them contradicted 41 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:25,040 Speaker 1: the one before it, but on the stand as the 42 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 1: key witness against Leo Frank, he stuck to his testimony. 43 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:32,400 Speaker 1: He said that he had participated in this crime, but 44 00:02:32,520 --> 00:02:36,200 Speaker 1: that Frank was the killer. Frank was convicted on September 45 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:40,960 Speaker 1: and Conley was later convicted as an accessory. After the fact, 46 00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:44,720 Speaker 1: Frank was sentenced to death, although after a long legal fight, 47 00:02:44,800 --> 00:02:47,040 Speaker 1: the governor commuted as sentenced to life in prison. And 48 00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:52,760 Speaker 1: that happened on This act by the governor sparked a 49 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 1: huge wave of anti semitism in the area. Leo Frank 50 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:59,440 Speaker 1: was Jewish and during the trial crowds had been standing 51 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:03,040 Speaker 1: outside the courthouse chanting things like hang the Jew. There 52 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:05,840 Speaker 1: had been anti Semitic stereotypes that were part of the 53 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:09,280 Speaker 1: testimony in court, and then after his sentence was commuted, 54 00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:12,120 Speaker 1: there was this huge wave of vandalism and harassment of 55 00:03:12,200 --> 00:03:16,440 Speaker 1: Jewish homes and businesses. Frank was sent to prison in Millageville, Georgia, 56 00:03:16,639 --> 00:03:20,079 Speaker 1: and there another prisoner cut his throat. While he was 57 00:03:20,120 --> 00:03:23,079 Speaker 1: still recovering, a vigilante mob showed up at the prison. 58 00:03:23,200 --> 00:03:25,240 Speaker 1: They took him out of his cell. In August sixteenth 59 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:28,280 Speaker 1: of nineteen fifteen, and they hanged him the next morning. 60 00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:32,360 Speaker 1: Regardless of the question of guilt. Was trial was a 61 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:37,080 Speaker 1: clear misharriage of justice, and his murder his lynching meant that, 62 00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:39,640 Speaker 1: in addition to losing his life, he lost the ability 63 00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:43,600 Speaker 1: to pursue any kind of appeal. And then in two Alonso, 64 00:03:43,680 --> 00:03:46,720 Speaker 1: man who had worked in the pencil factory, came forward 65 00:03:46,760 --> 00:03:49,720 Speaker 1: to say that he had seen Jim Conny, that was 66 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:54,600 Speaker 1: the star witness against Frank, carrying Fagin's body. He was 67 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:58,760 Speaker 1: eighty three in two and he made this statement. On 68 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:01,960 Speaker 1: March eleventh of teen eight six, the Georgia State Board 69 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,400 Speaker 1: of Pardon in Paroles posthumously pardoned Leo Frank, but it 70 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:09,120 Speaker 1: didn't absolve him of guilt. Instead of acknowledged that the 71 00:04:09,200 --> 00:04:12,520 Speaker 1: state had failed to protect him from this vigilante mob 72 00:04:12,560 --> 00:04:16,520 Speaker 1: that lynched him, he had lost the chance to appeal 73 00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,120 Speaker 1: his verdict because he had been murdered. That was part 74 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:23,000 Speaker 1: of this pardon also, and pardon also acknowledged that none 75 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:25,279 Speaker 1: of the men who were part of this murder were 76 00:04:25,320 --> 00:04:29,120 Speaker 1: ever brought to justice. Vacan's murder and Frank's trial and 77 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:33,599 Speaker 1: lynching sparked the formation or renewal of a couple of 78 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:37,040 Speaker 1: organizations in the United States. One was the Anti Defamation League, 79 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,000 Speaker 1: the other was the ku Klux Klan, which resurged in 80 00:04:40,080 --> 00:04:43,000 Speaker 1: nineteen fifteen. You can learn more about the lynching of 81 00:04:43,080 --> 00:04:46,440 Speaker 1: Leo Frank in the augusteleven episode of Stephie Miss in 82 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:49,960 Speaker 1: History Class. Thanks to Tari Harrison for her audio skills 83 00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:52,800 Speaker 1: and all these episodes. You can subscribe to This Day 84 00:04:52,839 --> 00:04:56,520 Speaker 1: in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever 85 00:04:56,560 --> 00:05:00,080 Speaker 1: else you get your podcasts. Coming tomorrow, a restrict of 86 00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:12,400 Speaker 1: rule struck down. Hi, I'm Eves and welcome to This 87 00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:15,479 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a show that uncovers a little 88 00:05:15,480 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 1: bit more about history every day. The day was auguste 89 00:05:26,880 --> 00:05:32,920 Speaker 1: eighty seven. Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born in Saint Anne's Bay, Jamaica. 90 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:38,000 Speaker 1: Garvey was an orator, journalist, and activists who was a 91 00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:44,200 Speaker 1: proponent of black nationalism, Pan Africanism, and segregation. Garvey was 92 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:48,040 Speaker 1: the youngest of eleven children. His dad was a Stonemason 93 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:52,480 Speaker 1: and his mother was a servant. As a child, Garvey 94 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:55,760 Speaker 1: developed a love for books. He went to school in 95 00:05:55,839 --> 00:05:59,080 Speaker 1: Jamaica until he was fourteen years old. When he left 96 00:05:59,120 --> 00:06:03,680 Speaker 1: school and of eventually moved to Kingston. He became a 97 00:06:03,720 --> 00:06:09,400 Speaker 1: printer's apprentice, and he also developed speaking, debate, and journalistic skills. 98 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:14,280 Speaker 1: While working in Kingston, he became a trade unionist and 99 00:06:14,440 --> 00:06:18,440 Speaker 1: took part in a printer strike. The strike was unsuccessful, 100 00:06:18,839 --> 00:06:24,240 Speaker 1: but Garvey became increasingly interested in activism and politics. In 101 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:28,719 Speaker 1: the early nineteen tens, many Jamaican people facing financial hardship 102 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:32,760 Speaker 1: were heading to Central and South America for work. Garvey 103 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:36,839 Speaker 1: was one of them. In Costa Rica, he wrote about 104 00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:41,560 Speaker 1: the poor conditions that black workers were facing in nineteen twelve. 105 00:06:41,960 --> 00:06:47,080 Speaker 1: After returning to Jamaica briefly, he moved to London. There 106 00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:50,720 Speaker 1: he studied law and philosophy at the University of London's 107 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:55,200 Speaker 1: Birkbeck College. He also met with black intellectuals and laborers 108 00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:59,839 Speaker 1: who described the treatment they faced under colonial rule, and 109 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:02,719 Speaker 1: he worked for the Pan African and Pan Asian journal 110 00:07:02,800 --> 00:07:08,280 Speaker 1: called African Times and orient Review. Booker T. Washington's autobiography 111 00:07:08,440 --> 00:07:12,360 Speaker 1: Up from Slavery influenced his growing racial awareness and his 112 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:16,640 Speaker 1: work on race issues. Garvey went back to Jamaica in 113 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:21,840 Speaker 1: nineteen fourteen with new views on Africa, race, and European colonization. 114 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:26,840 Speaker 1: On August one of that year, he founded the Universal 115 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 1: Negro Improvement and Conservation Association and African Communities League, or 116 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:35,800 Speaker 1: the U n i A. The U n i a 117 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:40,760 Speaker 1: s motto was one God, one Aim, one destiny. Garvey 118 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:44,760 Speaker 1: wanted to build an agricultural and industrial training school modeled 119 00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:48,960 Speaker 1: after Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute, but he was not 120 00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 1: getting the support he needed in Jamaica, so he turned 121 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: to the United States to get the money and backing 122 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:59,160 Speaker 1: he desired. By the time Garvey got to New York 123 00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:04,400 Speaker 1: in nineteen six, Booker T. Washington had died. Harlem wasn't 124 00:08:04,440 --> 00:08:08,080 Speaker 1: that receptive of garvey speeches in the beginning, But while 125 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:12,520 Speaker 1: he initially had a reformist outlook and advocated for racial accommodation, 126 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:17,920 Speaker 1: once he got to America he became more revolutionary. The 127 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:22,520 Speaker 1: time was characterized by black migration, segregation, and racial violence. 128 00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:26,120 Speaker 1: Through garvey speeches and the U n i AS publication 129 00:08:26,480 --> 00:08:30,680 Speaker 1: called the Girl World, the organization's message of private business 130 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:35,160 Speaker 1: and industry spread as he toured the U S giving lectures. 131 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:38,080 Speaker 1: He urged black people to be proud of their race 132 00:08:38,440 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: and to return to Africa. The U n I A 133 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:45,600 Speaker 1: grew rapidly, appealing to black people who were tired of 134 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:51,120 Speaker 1: colonial rule and racial dispossession. He established the Negro Factories 135 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:56,280 Speaker 1: Corporation and the Black Star Line, a shipping company. He 136 00:08:56,360 --> 00:09:02,239 Speaker 1: also launched restaurants, grocery stores, of publishing, how a millinary, laundries, 137 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:06,360 Speaker 1: and a hotel. Garveys sought to build a nation state 138 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:10,959 Speaker 1: in Africa for certain African Americans. Black people migrating north 139 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:14,199 Speaker 1: from the South, as well as black veterans, made up 140 00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:17,959 Speaker 1: a lot of Garvey's audience. At the nineteen twenty u 141 00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:22,080 Speaker 1: n i A Convention, Garvey issued the Declaration of Rights 142 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:25,520 Speaker 1: of the Negro Peoples of the World, which contained a 143 00:09:25,559 --> 00:09:30,080 Speaker 1: Bill of rights, declared black equality, and had resolutions on 144 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:35,240 Speaker 1: creating independent legal and educational systems. But as the U 145 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:39,560 Speaker 1: n i A and Garvey became more popular worldwide, many 146 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:43,760 Speaker 1: people opposed them, including W. E. B. Du Bois, A, 147 00:09:43,960 --> 00:09:47,880 Speaker 1: Philip Randolph, and J. Egger Hoover. In the Bureau of Investigation, 148 00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:54,480 Speaker 1: Socialist and communist conspiracies were being tossed around. Garvey's radicalism 149 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:58,400 Speaker 1: was worrisome too many, and Garby was a segregationist who 150 00:09:58,440 --> 00:10:01,920 Speaker 1: met with the kool Klux Klan as they shared views 151 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 1: on the issue of racial separation. Because of debt and mismanagement, 152 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: the Black Star Line went bankrupt, and in nineteen two 153 00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,920 Speaker 1: Garvey was convicted of male fraud and sentenced to five 154 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:19,600 Speaker 1: years in prison. President Calvin Coolidge commuted his sentence under 155 00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:24,560 Speaker 1: the terms that Garvey would be deported. He returned to Jamaica, 156 00:10:24,960 --> 00:10:27,320 Speaker 1: picking back up with his U n i A efforts 157 00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:31,880 Speaker 1: and getting involved in local politics. His movement continued in 158 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: the United States, but the organization struggled to gain ground 159 00:10:36,080 --> 00:10:39,880 Speaker 1: in Jamaica and branches in the US began to break apart. 160 00:10:40,880 --> 00:10:44,320 Speaker 1: In nineteen thirty five, Garvey moved to London, and he 161 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:49,160 Speaker 1: continued to write and travel to conventions. He also established 162 00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:52,920 Speaker 1: the School of African Philosophy in Toronto, but he could 163 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:56,360 Speaker 1: not find the success he did in the US. He 164 00:10:56,440 --> 00:10:59,840 Speaker 1: died in London in nineteen forty from complications of strokes, 165 00:11:00,320 --> 00:11:04,679 Speaker 1: never having been to Africa. Though his legacy is controversial 166 00:11:04,760 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: for his advocacy of separatism and black nationalism, Garvey is 167 00:11:09,120 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 1: also celebrated for his focus on black freedom and pride. 168 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:16,719 Speaker 1: I'm Eves Jeffcote and hopefully you know a little more 169 00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:20,959 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. You can find 170 00:11:21,040 --> 00:11:25,480 Speaker 1: us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at t d i 171 00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:32,400 Speaker 1: HC podcast. Come back tomorrow for another tidbit from history. 172 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,480 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 173 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,120 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.