WEBVTT - Short Stuff: Why do kangaroos hop?

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<v Speaker 1>Hey, and welcome to the Short Stuff. I'm Josh, and

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<v Speaker 1>there's Chuck and Jerry's here for Dave, where we're just

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<v Speaker 1>hopping along talking about kangaroos and how they hop.

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<v Speaker 2>That's right. I want to thank our old colleague Kristin

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<v Speaker 2>Conger for writing this article from How Stuff Works back in.

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<v Speaker 1>The day and creator of Unlady Like the podcast too.

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<v Speaker 2>As well as Jennifer Horton wrote another article that I used.

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<v Speaker 1>Great to hear Jennifer and then take.

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<v Speaker 2>The San Diego Zoo website and nat Geo all pitched

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<v Speaker 2>in for this one.

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<v Speaker 1>I thought this was a particularly well researched short stuff,

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<v Speaker 1>so I should have known that Jennifer Horton and Kristin

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<v Speaker 1>Conger had something to do with it.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah. So we're talking about kangaroos a little bit, mainly

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<v Speaker 2>going to get to how and why they hop, but

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<v Speaker 2>we should start out by talking about the fact that

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<v Speaker 2>rus are marsupials or pouched mammals, because they have a marsupium,

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<v Speaker 2>which is a little pouch where their little joey develop.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah. We talked to think a lot about this in

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<v Speaker 1>the Naked Mole Rat episode where essentially like the marsupial

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<v Speaker 1>fetus does not develop as long inside the body of

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<v Speaker 1>the mom as it does inside the pouch. Essentially, at

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<v Speaker 1>some point it's what you would call born, but really

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<v Speaker 1>it's just crawling out of the birth canal outside into

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<v Speaker 1>the world for a second, and into the pouch. And

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<v Speaker 1>then the little Joey latches onto a nipple in there,

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<v Speaker 1>and the nipple grows three times in size, just like

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<v Speaker 1>the grench's heart, and so the little Joey couldn't let

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<v Speaker 1>go of the nipple even if he or she wanted

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<v Speaker 1>to until they develop a little further. It's quite ingenious.

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<v Speaker 1>Hats off natural selection. That's a great one.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, that's maybe the fact of the podcast for me.

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<v Speaker 2>That's kind of nutty.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh, I'm sorry I took that. I didn't realize that

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<v Speaker 1>it was.

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<v Speaker 2>What do I have to always take the fact of

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<v Speaker 2>the show?

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<v Speaker 1>I like to, you know, I.

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<v Speaker 2>Mean, I know it's in my contract and not yours,

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<v Speaker 2>but I'm willing to give every now and then.

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<v Speaker 1>That's very generous of you, think you.

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<v Speaker 2>All right, So Australia is obviously what people you know,

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<v Speaker 2>what comes to mind when you think of marsupials in general,

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<v Speaker 2>because koalas and kangaroos. But we have done a great

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<v Speaker 2>episode on the opossum, which live all over the place,

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<v Speaker 2>especially North Central and South America. But we're talking about

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<v Speaker 2>kangaroos and wallabies here because they don't have four legs

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<v Speaker 2>like our opossum friends. They have two big old feet

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<v Speaker 2>and two little littler arms.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's a great way to think about it. They

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<v Speaker 1>don't have four legs. They have two legs and two arms.

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<v Speaker 1>And it makes sense like if you've ever seen a kangaroo,

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<v Speaker 1>or you just bring one to mind, if you're capable

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<v Speaker 1>of using your mind's eye. They're sitting on their feet

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<v Speaker 1>and they're standing or sitting up right, and they're little

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<v Speaker 1>almost Titanica arms are just kind of hanging out there,

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<v Speaker 1>not doing much of.

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<v Speaker 2>Anything, Yeah, except boxing, probably the kangaroo. The first sightings

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<v Speaker 2>apparently traced back to a Dutch merchant named Francisco Pelsert

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<v Speaker 2>who got shipwrecked off the coast of Australian sixteen twenty nine,

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<v Speaker 2>and about one hundred and fifty years later they were

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<v Speaker 2>pretty well known throughout Europe and by seventeen ninety one

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<v Speaker 2>they had brought those things over to London.

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<v Speaker 1>England, here's the fact of the podcast for me, Chuck, Okay,

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<v Speaker 1>can I take this one too? Or should I tee

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<v Speaker 1>you up?

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<v Speaker 2>No? Double up? Baby.

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<v Speaker 1>So the name kangaroo the word, as far as anyone

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<v Speaker 1>is able to say, we don't know for sure. It's

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<v Speaker 1>apparently an Aboriginal word for I don't know. Isn't that awesome?

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<v Speaker 1>I don't know.

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<v Speaker 2>That's pretty funny, it is. Here's the deal, though, is

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<v Speaker 2>kangaroos are the only large mammals to hop. And that's

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<v Speaker 2>basically as like they're you know, bunnies will hop a

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<v Speaker 2>little bit, but the kangaroo moves around primarily by hopping,

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<v Speaker 2>and I guess you wouldn't consider a bunny a large

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<v Speaker 2>mammal anyway. Here's the deal. If you go back to

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<v Speaker 2>twenty five million years ago and look at the fossil record,

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<v Speaker 2>they didn't hop because Australia was a rainforest at the time.

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<v Speaker 2>So those kangaroos were climbing around for a long long time.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, So they actually developed what ends up helping them

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<v Speaker 1>hop long before they actually started to hop. We called

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<v Speaker 1>it the fourth toe. If you look at a kangaroo's foot,

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<v Speaker 1>you can see how it's how it's hopping, and Chuck,

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<v Speaker 1>I think I've kind of set us up for an

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<v Speaker 1>ad break and we're gonna come back and finally talk

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<v Speaker 1>about how kangaroos hop. What do you think?

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<v Speaker 3>All right, let's do it shop shop stop.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, where I left off, Chuck, I was talking about

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<v Speaker 1>the fourth toe, and this is the this is the

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<v Speaker 1>design element that allows the kangaroo to hop. Because if

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<v Speaker 1>you look at a kangaroo's foot, the first toe, looking

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<v Speaker 1>at the kangaroos foot from the inside of the foot outward,

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<v Speaker 1>the first toes pretty puny, might not even be there.

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<v Speaker 1>The second and third toes they're okay, they're like smallish

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<v Speaker 1>and they each have a nail, but they seem to

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<v Speaker 1>be fused together to like web toes. Almost Then when

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<v Speaker 1>you get oh, yeah, I didn't know she had web toes.

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<v Speaker 1>Is she a fast swimmer?

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<v Speaker 2>That's what everyone always asked. It's just the second third

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<v Speaker 2>toe on one foot or had always been stuck together.

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<v Speaker 1>But surely it would have to give you an advantage

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<v Speaker 1>to some degree. I don't know.

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<v Speaker 2>I can't remember the last time I swam with her.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, next time you get a chance to race her

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<v Speaker 1>and let me know how it turns. Out all right.

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<v Speaker 1>Finally we get to the fourth toe, and the fourth

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<v Speaker 1>toe is like this, this massive beast of a toe,

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<v Speaker 1>and it's in line with the the leg bones of

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<v Speaker 1>the kangaroo's legs, and this is where the actual hopping begins.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, that's an actual adaptation, and like you said, that

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<v Speaker 2>preceded their ability to hop. So I'm not even sure

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<v Speaker 2>what the deal is with why they adapted that to

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<v Speaker 2>begin with. But I mean, maybe it's just because they

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<v Speaker 2>went from rainforest to sort of dry, grassy planes and

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<v Speaker 2>they needed to get around more, and they don't know

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<v Speaker 2>learned it eventually. They do have a fit though, we

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<v Speaker 2>should mention that provides a little bit of support. But

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<v Speaker 2>if you look up like the foot of the hind leg,

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<v Speaker 2>like you know, from behind, they have these really I

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<v Speaker 2>mean you can't see because it's on the inside, but

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<v Speaker 2>they have these really strong elastic tendons that store energy

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<v Speaker 2>up for those massive, massive jumps.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, like a spring. When they go downward, all of

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<v Speaker 1>that tendon gets a bunch of energy, kinetic energy stored

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<v Speaker 1>in it, and then when they bounce upward, it gets

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<v Speaker 1>it's released, and it can send them flying. Chuck. I

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<v Speaker 1>had no idea how far they can hop and how

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<v Speaker 1>fast did you?

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, but it's always fun to relearn that, you know,

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<v Speaker 2>because it's pretty astounding.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, so they can go up to fifteen to twenty

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<v Speaker 1>miles per hour. Yeah, and for those of you in

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<v Speaker 1>Australia who don't know, that's about twenty four to thirty

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<v Speaker 1>two kilometers per hour. That's fast. That's like golf cart

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<v Speaker 1>speeds at top speeds.

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<v Speaker 2>Even that's faster than a golf cart.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and then it can propel itself about twenty five

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<v Speaker 1>feet forward, almost seven or more than seven and a

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<v Speaker 1>half meters and six feet high. Yeah, nearly two meters high.

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<v Speaker 1>So we could jump right over either of us chuck.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, absolutely. I mean you're taller than I am, so

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<v Speaker 2>you might get your forehead grazed.

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<v Speaker 1>It could just barely clear me. I'm five foot eleven

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<v Speaker 1>and a half if I'm fully honest.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, they would look at me and just be like,

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<v Speaker 2>no problem, shorty.

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<v Speaker 1>They just free willy right over you.

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<v Speaker 2>I used to be five to ten, now I'm more

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<v Speaker 2>like five to nine. I'm shrinking, as we all argue, yeah,

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<v Speaker 2>what is up with that? You shrink?

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<v Speaker 1>You know are? But I mean does that mean our

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<v Speaker 1>vertebra are fusing together, or like our knees are getting shorter.

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<v Speaker 1>Have we compacted the shin bones and our legs and

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<v Speaker 1>that's what's doing it? That doesn't make any sense.

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<v Speaker 2>To well, we should do an episode like a shorty

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<v Speaker 2>maybe on the shrinking as you age, because that's it's

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<v Speaker 2>definitely a thing. That's why, like you see an old

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<v Speaker 2>man that has these giant ears, they didn't always look

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<v Speaker 2>that way.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh I didn't know that. Yeah, wow, what a development.

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<v Speaker 2>All right, So back to the kangaroo, we need to

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<v Speaker 2>talk about their tails a little bit because they have

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<v Speaker 2>those huge tails that act as a counterbalance to the

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<v Speaker 2>hind feet. So if you look at a kangaroo hop,

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<v Speaker 2>that tail moves down like in mid air, that tail

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<v Speaker 2>is moving down to meet kind of where the feet are,

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<v Speaker 2>and when they land, the tail raises, so it kind

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<v Speaker 2>of just does this little opposite motion to balance everything out.

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<v Speaker 1>And it makes a really satisfying, boring sound.

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<v Speaker 2>Of course.

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<v Speaker 1>So what's great about this? You said that the kangaroo

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<v Speaker 1>is the only land animal that or an only large

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<v Speaker 1>mammal that hops, and the reason why it hops is

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<v Speaker 1>because it's actually a tremendous adaptation for moving quickly across

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<v Speaker 1>land in a really efficient manner because the way that

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<v Speaker 1>the kangaroo is built, the bast they hop, the less

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<v Speaker 1>energy they have to expend. It's a pretty beautiful system.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it's pretty crazy and one of the most efficient

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<v Speaker 2>travelers in the animal kingdom overall. You know that, Like

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<v Speaker 2>you said, they had that great range. And part of

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<v Speaker 2>what's going on with their efficiency is is they have

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<v Speaker 2>a like when they're bending down to jump and then

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<v Speaker 2>leaping up, that's contracting and suppressing their respiratory system, which

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<v Speaker 2>actually is like makes it more efficient. It makes those

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<v Speaker 2>stomach muscles contract and expand and just forces air in

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<v Speaker 2>and out without like having to do so, you know,

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<v Speaker 2>by using your own energy.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and they also have to use less muscle energy

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<v Speaker 1>in their legs because when they jump really far high

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<v Speaker 1>and fast, when they land, those super elastic tendons that

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<v Speaker 1>help them hop just contract even further, and that means

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<v Speaker 1>that they expand or spraying i think is the technical term,

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<v Speaker 1>even further. So when they get going, they really can

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<v Speaker 1>just they can just keep going a while. They're also

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<v Speaker 1>their heart is really attuned to this kind of endurance

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<v Speaker 1>workout right. Yeah, it's when they're not going fast. When

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<v Speaker 1>they're just kind of hopping from place to place in grazing,

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<v Speaker 1>that's when it's harder and they have to end up

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<v Speaker 1>using their tail to kind of balance themselves as basically

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<v Speaker 1>like a well a third foot.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah yeah, why does it say fifth in here?

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<v Speaker 1>That's so weird? I know, because they specifically said that

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<v Speaker 1>their two front arms.

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<v Speaker 2>You know, hey, well maybe i'll get in touch with

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<v Speaker 2>the color. It gives me a good reason get in

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<v Speaker 2>touch with her. Say what the hell did you mean

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<v Speaker 2>this fifth leg thing all those years ago?

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<v Speaker 1>You're going to ruin her week?

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<v Speaker 2>She's like, who is this?

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<v Speaker 1>Right?

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<v Speaker 2>I guess we'll close quickly, just on a little you know,

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<v Speaker 2>I mentioned the wallaby the slight differences between the wallaby

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<v Speaker 2>and the rue. Mainly it's the kangaroo is just a

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<v Speaker 2>lot bigger. They have a lot more link between their

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<v Speaker 2>ankles and their knees, and they're just taller. They can

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<v Speaker 2>be like eight feet tall, whereas a wallaby is maybe

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<v Speaker 2>like three feet a little over.

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<v Speaker 1>Can you really say it any other way than that?

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<v Speaker 2>I don't think so.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, why would you anyway? Yeah, this is probably

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<v Speaker 1>long after your wheelhouse, But did you ever watch Rocco's

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<v Speaker 1>Modern Life.

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<v Speaker 2>Never heard of it.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a great cartoon. Yeah, it's a cute little cartoon.

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<v Speaker 1>It was on Nickelodeon and Rocco was a wallaby.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh nice.

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<v Speaker 1>Did you ever watch Dark Winged Duck?

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<v Speaker 2>Never heard of it?

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<v Speaker 1>No, that's not it. What was the Duck with Jason

0:11:57.280 --> 0:11:59.360
<v Speaker 1>Alexander as the duck?

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<v Speaker 2>Oh, I don't think. I don't think I know of

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<v Speaker 2>such a show.

0:12:02.800 --> 0:12:07.280
<v Speaker 1>It was like a raunchy com like superhero duck show that.

0:12:08.120 --> 0:12:10.719
<v Speaker 1>It's pretty good. Whatever the name of it was. Look

0:12:10.760 --> 0:12:13.920
<v Speaker 1>it up. Jason Alexander, George f and Seinfeld played the

0:12:14.320 --> 0:12:14.800
<v Speaker 1>main duck.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh wow, and that was a good one too.

0:12:17.120 --> 0:12:19.120
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. I think Dark Wing Duck is like a Duck

0:12:19.200 --> 0:12:21.920
<v Speaker 1>Tails spin off. That's not what I'm talking about.

0:12:22.160 --> 0:12:24.520
<v Speaker 2>All right, Well, I mean if we're recommending animated shows,

0:12:24.520 --> 0:12:26.280
<v Speaker 2>I might as well. And we're in Australia, I gotta

0:12:26.320 --> 0:12:27.880
<v Speaker 2>recommend Bluie again. Still watch that?

0:12:28.600 --> 0:12:32.760
<v Speaker 1>Okay? I never watched that one. Yeah, So, stepping out

0:12:32.760 --> 0:12:36.560
<v Speaker 1>of the animated shows, but continuing with the recommendation, I

0:12:36.559 --> 0:12:41.240
<v Speaker 1>watched the Jake Gillenhall movie Enemy last night. Oh yeah,

0:12:41.400 --> 0:12:45.720
<v Speaker 1>it was Denis. Have you seen it?

0:12:46.000 --> 0:12:47.240
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I saw back back then.

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<v Speaker 1>Man, it is a good movie.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, crazy ending, yes, but.

0:12:53.280 --> 0:12:55.080
<v Speaker 1>So like it was one of those movies that I

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<v Speaker 1>was like just sitting there thinking about it afterward, and

0:12:58.360 --> 0:13:02.160
<v Speaker 1>so I love those If you go look them up online,

0:13:02.200 --> 0:13:05.480
<v Speaker 1>there are people who have given great thought to explaining

0:13:05.559 --> 0:13:09.040
<v Speaker 1>these things, and I found, I think, on slash Film

0:13:09.480 --> 0:13:12.480
<v Speaker 1>a really great explanation of what was going on. But

0:13:12.760 --> 0:13:17.480
<v Speaker 1>before warned if you watch Enemy, you may regret reading

0:13:18.600 --> 0:13:21.320
<v Speaker 1>the explanation of it. It's almost to me it was

0:13:21.360 --> 0:13:24.640
<v Speaker 1>better before I knew, and I just had to accept

0:13:24.640 --> 0:13:25.960
<v Speaker 1>it on its own terms.

0:13:26.080 --> 0:13:27.040
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, love that movie.

0:13:28.360 --> 0:13:30.679
<v Speaker 1>All right, Well that's it for Enemy, and that's it

0:13:30.760 --> 0:13:34.800
<v Speaker 1>for obviously kangaroo hopping. Right, that's right. Short, Stuff is that.

0:13:37.600 --> 0:13:37.640
<v Speaker 2>You?

0:13:38.480 --> 0:13:40.760
<v Speaker 3>Stuff You Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio.

0:13:41.280 --> 0:13:44.480
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0:13:44.640 --> 0:13:54.880
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