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Speaker 1: Hell, Little delicious friends, and welcome to Who Did What Now?

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Speaker 1: The history podcast That's not your history class with me,

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Speaker 1: your host Katie Charlewood, History Harlott and reader of books,

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Speaker 1: who is starting this episode with a corrections corner because

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Speaker 1: it is really bloody important. Accountability is where it's at. Lad's. So,

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Speaker 1: I was contacted by a domestic violence prosecutor after my

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Speaker 1: North Berk Witch Trials episode who was absolutely dismayed in

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Speaker 1: my description of manual strangulation as a difficult and drawn

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Speaker 1: out process. So here's the thing about manual strangulation. I'm

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Speaker 1: talking like with your hands, not with a garrote or

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Speaker 1: any other implement which can quicken the process. You can

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Speaker 1: be unconscious in ten seconds, you can be dead within

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Speaker 1: a minute, but you'll definitely be dead within five. And

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Speaker 1: here's the thing. Manual strangulation is the most lethal form

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Speaker 1: of domestic violence short of murder. Right, strangulation then murder,

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Speaker 1: Like that's the jump as executions go, though, death by strangulation,

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Speaker 1: manual strangulation is very specific and weirdly intimate, you know,

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Speaker 1: as an execution it is, though, But when it comes

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Speaker 1: to domestic violence and strangulation, I never want to downplay

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Speaker 1: or misrepresent any of that. So I am going to

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Speaker 1: put a link in the description down below, which is

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Speaker 1: basically to educate you about the acute danger posed by

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Speaker 1: even non fatal strangulation, that there's a strangulation training institute

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Speaker 1: and they've got a really a really interesting infographic on

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Speaker 1: the physiological consequences of strangulation. So check that out. And

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Speaker 1: now that I've done that, now for something completely different.

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Speaker 1: There were so many things happening out in the world

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Speaker 1: that every now and again I am incredible tempted to

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Speaker 1: do a how's doing what now? Like bonus thing and

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Speaker 1: just like tell people, like I'd really love friends to

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Speaker 1: be involved in this, and just tell them when we

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Speaker 1: talk about news events that are happening now, like Exodus

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Speaker 1: eight happening in Portland, like what what? Like? What is happening?

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Speaker 1: And also you can tell I was a cradle Catholic,

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Speaker 1: can't you? And also like the heist a host in

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Speaker 1: broad daylight in the louver, how dark is our timeline?

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Speaker 1: That a major jewel heist of historical historical gems, right

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Speaker 1: artifacts even, and we're just like, oh, what delightful Sunday news,

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Speaker 1: Like everything else is so horrible and terrible and the worst, right,

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Speaker 1: and then this happens and we're like, uh, jolly old show,

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Speaker 1: Like what oh, but there's so much I want to

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Speaker 1: talk about, but we have stuff to do. And I

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Speaker 1: know what you're thinking. You're thinking, Kerriie, quit your jibbl

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Speaker 1: jabba in fact me, in fact you I will. But

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Speaker 1: first we've got to get our source on. Our sources

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Speaker 1: are Witches of the North by Love Helena Williamson, Witchcraft

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Speaker 1: by Marion Gibson, Female Witches and Sammy Sorcerers, and the

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Speaker 1: Witch Trials of Arctic Norway by Rue Bleshagen, John Cunningham

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Speaker 1: by T. J Olsen, Scottish Witches and witch Hunters by

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Speaker 1: Love Helen Williamson, the Witch Trials of finn Mark by

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Speaker 1: Torbion Alm. And of course we have our old favorites,

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Speaker 1: history dot com and biography dot com in coomfortably good.

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Speaker 1: Then let's begin. By the seventeenth century, Scots were emigrating

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Speaker 1: all over the globe, from the New World colonies in

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Speaker 1: America to the Caribbean and even colonies up north of

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Speaker 1: North Medieval trading posts had expanded into towns and villages

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Speaker 1: with less than three thousand people spread over twenty thousand

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Speaker 1: square miles, and colonists were not the only inhabitants though.

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Speaker 1: The indigenous Sami people had lived, hunted, herded and just

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Speaker 1: existed on the islets of Vardo and Vadso so they're

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Speaker 1: on these islets on the Finnmark region in northern Norway.

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Speaker 1: Now Norway was part of Denmark Norway. I think I

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Speaker 1: mentioned this a little bit in the last episode. So

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Speaker 1: from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, the the Norwegian

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Speaker 1: Union was a dual monarchy encompassing the Kingdom of Denmark

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Speaker 1: and the Kingdom of Norway. Now Norway also included several

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Speaker 1: overseas possessions. So you had Iceland, Greenland, the Faro Islands,

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Speaker 1: and then of course there were colonies in India, Africa

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Speaker 1: and the West Indies, so on and so forth. Now

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Speaker 1: remember Greenland is covered in ice and Iceland is very nice.

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Speaker 1: So many colonizers who had emigrated were Catholic and they

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Speaker 1: lived a rather unexcited life together. Right, They just got

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Speaker 1: on with the Sami people. They just existed in the

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Speaker 1: same place, which was shocking, like two people out with

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Speaker 1: these societies and and you'r thinking Catholics were just kind

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Speaker 1: of chilling. Yep, I'm as surprised as you are. Okay.

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Speaker 1: So King James the sixth of Scotland, he was the

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Speaker 1: brother in law to King Christian the fourth and he

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Speaker 1: had decreed anti witchcraft laws, right, so both of them

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Speaker 1: just really hated the concept of witches. And Christian the

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Speaker 1: fourth he had decreed you know this in sixteen seventeen

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Speaker 1: about witches and their accomplices. And this redefined like just

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Speaker 1: the whole concept of witchcraft. So not only was it

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Speaker 1: illegal to be a witch, it was illegal if you

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Speaker 1: didn't report anyone that you believed to be a witch.

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Speaker 1: And it combined variations of demonology, you know, some of

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Speaker 1: the charms and such, and the rest pact with the devil.

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Speaker 1: It combined parts of the Malleus Maleficarum with James's own

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Speaker 1: demonology weaved through it. And this linked witchcraft to folk magic,

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Speaker 1: traditional healing, devil worship and heresy. From sixteen seventeen onwards,

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Speaker 1: all witchery and magic in the kingdoms of Denmark and

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Speaker 1: Norway was punishable by death or for like lesser offenses, exile.

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Speaker 1: When the witch craze reached the extreme northern edge of

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Speaker 1: the country, it was carried there by John Cunningham, a

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Speaker 1: Scottish immigrant see John Cunningham. He was born around fifteen

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Speaker 1: seventy five at the manor Barns in the East Nuke

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Speaker 1: of Fife in Scotland, and that's also sort of in

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Speaker 1: the area of Quail. So he was the illegitimate son

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Speaker 1: of John Cunningham, the Lrd of West Barns. John Cunningham's

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Speaker 1: senior was married at least twice, and at least one

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Speaker 1: of those marriages produced a legitimate air. However, it appears

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Speaker 1: he may not have had a spare anyway, and John

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Speaker 1: Cunningham Junior was legitimized in fifteen ninety five, so when

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Speaker 1: he's like around twenty ish and his father was a

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Speaker 1: layered which meant he had a little power, a little influence,

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Speaker 1: and buckets and buckets and money, which meant he could

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Speaker 1: have easily forked out for a university education for his son,

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Speaker 1: you know, like he did for his other children. But

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Speaker 1: instead John was not given that same privilege as his siblings.

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Speaker 1: And so he went to see to see what he

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Speaker 1: could see CEC. But all that he could see CEC

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Speaker 1: was the bottom of the deep blue CCC. I regret

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Speaker 1: nothing so he manages to impress King James the sixth

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Speaker 1: of Scotland, and so the seaman was highly recommended to

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Speaker 1: James's brother in law, King Christian the fourth of Denmark Norway.

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Speaker 1: In sixteen oh three, James writes a letter of recommendation,

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Speaker 1: a letter that implies that the king knew John Well

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Speaker 1: and requested that Christian the fourth treat him with respect.

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Speaker 1: So the kings, Christian and James, they go on really well,

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Speaker 1: I mean their family, you know, they're kings. They both

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Speaker 1: like nice clothes, the Bible and accusing women of being

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Speaker 1: witches and then killing them, you know, just king things. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: he ends up treating him with the respect that is requested,

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Speaker 1: because it's like James knew him personally, it appears, but

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Speaker 1: I'm not going to read into that. So anyway, John

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Speaker 1: Cunningham is hired by Christian and he is promoted within

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Speaker 1: two years, and for what I assume was assimilation purposes,

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Speaker 1: he changed his name to Hans Knnig. I mean, at

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Speaker 1: least he won't get confused with his dad anymore. Anyway,

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Speaker 1: he's a naval captain now and he's commanding the small

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Speaker 1: fleet of his own, so he's got the ship toast

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Speaker 1: which means comfort, and the ship's din road love, which

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Speaker 1: means red lion, and the captain means cat. This is

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Speaker 1: a ship called the cat. What's your ship called red

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Speaker 1: lion comfort? You know cat? So anyway, as a captain,

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Speaker 1: John is quite impressive, Like the fleet has been sent

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Speaker 1: to re establish contact with Norse settlements in Greenland, and

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Speaker 1: he guides the ships through very dangerous seas like he's

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Speaker 1: got a really cool head on him, like what everyone

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Speaker 1: else is panicking? He's like, I got this all right, chill.

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Speaker 1: So some crew members, however, do find him quote a

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Speaker 1: bit strange, especially after he had a tipple right. At

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Speaker 1: one point he accuses two crewmen of being criminals and

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Speaker 1: just leaves them in Greenland, like with some supplies to

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Speaker 1: keep them going, you know, for a bit, like a bit. Again,

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Speaker 1: Greenland is covered in ice with Iceland is very nice.

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Speaker 1: So they're also like charting like the area, and they're

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Speaker 1: naming things you know that probably already have names, Like

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Speaker 1: there's a mountain called Kakatsiak. I've probably horribly butchered there,

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Speaker 1: but they change it to Mount Cunningham. I like that mountain. Yep,

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Speaker 1: that's Mount Cunningham now cool. So far from naming places

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Speaker 1: is dumping men on the coast and making people uncomfortable

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Speaker 1: whenever he drank. John also managed to kidnap for indigenous people,

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Speaker 1: which I feel like I shouldn't have to say this,

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Speaker 1: but kidnapping people, especially indigenous people, is wrong. Don't do that. Unsurprisingly,

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Speaker 1: a skirmish occurs because the native people of Greenland, they

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Speaker 1: don't want them kidnapping their people. I ends up firing

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Speaker 1: cannons at them. It's stock now like, and he's he's

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Speaker 1: just there stealing these people because he's a dick. I

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Speaker 1: guess naturally these men weren't super keen on being stolen

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Speaker 1: from their homeland, you know, and trafficked, and so they

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Speaker 1: start causing problems on the ship. To assert his dominance,

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Speaker 1: John shoot one and surprise, surprise, no more issues occur

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Speaker 1: on board now once they returned to Denmark. By the way, right,

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Speaker 1: any information about these greenlandals just who gone. They just

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Speaker 1: disappear from the records, which usually means something bad happened. Right,

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Speaker 1: There's nothing anywhere at all. They're just like taken. So

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Speaker 1: John he continues his naval career, exploring around Greenland. He

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Speaker 1: reaches the land that is known as Canada but becomes

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Speaker 1: known as Canada at one point, and like he's just

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Speaker 1: you know, scooting around the globe. He's earning his stripes

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Speaker 1: for Denmark Norway. He patrolled the North Sea and was

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Speaker 1: a captain during the Kalmar War. And again we have

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Speaker 1: to slip it to some context here. Basically, the Kalmar

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Speaker 1: War ran from like sixteen eleven to sixteen thirteen, so

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Speaker 1: two years. And the long and short of it is

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Speaker 1: is that Sweden did not want to pay sound dues

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Speaker 1: to Denmark Norway. Denmark Norway controlled the strait between the

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Speaker 1: Baltic Sea and the North Sea, and it charged a

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Speaker 1: toll to use it, and so Sweden decided that they

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Speaker 1: were gonna try and avoid that by traveling through Lapland.

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Speaker 1: Now Lapland was sparsely populated, and that's also where Santa lives.

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Speaker 1: So King Carl the ninth of Sweden declared himself King

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Speaker 1: of the Lapse in Nordland. So yeah, the indigenous people,

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Speaker 1: by the way, around these areas, they were known as

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Speaker 1: Finns and laps, okay, And so here's Lapland and he's like,

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Speaker 1: this is mine now, so he declares himself king and

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Speaker 1: then he he starts collecting taxes in Norwegian territory and

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Speaker 1: there was a land grab and then Denmark Norway declared war.

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Speaker 1: They're like, you can't have this, this is ours. So

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Speaker 1: John's involved in that. And two years after the commer War,

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Speaker 1: John is sent to Spitzbergen, which is an island off

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Speaker 1: the north of Norway. Right, and here's he's one of

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Speaker 1: the commanders of a naval exhibition to demand tolls from

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Speaker 1: foreign whalers because they're like, you can't be whaling inertsies,

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Speaker 1: give us the money. And the following year he captains

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Speaker 1: another ship is part of an exhibition to read Norwegian

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Speaker 1: territories of whalers and pirates. Her So John slash hands

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Speaker 1: here was really cementing his position as a loyal subject

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Speaker 1: of Denmark Norway, a man who could be trusted to

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Speaker 1: enforce the Dano Norwegian king's laws and the like John Cunningham.

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Speaker 1: He's in his forties now and with his harsh personality,

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Speaker 1: life experience, and of course his naval and colonial leadership

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Speaker 1: made him the perfect candidate for the finn Mark governorship.

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Speaker 1: What's interesting actually is that quite a lot of the

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Speaker 1: royal officials of Northern Norway were typically foreign nationals. Like

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Speaker 1: it was a very deliberate choice by the king, Like

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Speaker 1: why probably because they were more likely to go the

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Speaker 1: extra mile and prove themselves to the king, like don't

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Speaker 1: get rid of his well, do the right thing or

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Speaker 1: the wrong thing? More so actually, so in fifteen ninety nine,

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Speaker 1: King Christian had visited Finn and he was not happy

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Speaker 1: the Sami and the Catholic settlers were living harmoniously together,

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Speaker 1: like they just kind of got on with it, and

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Speaker 1: so on the return journey, the fleet sails into a

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Speaker 1: storm on a treacherous sea, and of course it's blamed

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Speaker 1: on magic. Then they discover a member of the crew

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Speaker 1: has just straight up stolen a Sami woman's cat. Naturally,

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Speaker 1: they are convinced that the cat is evil and it

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Speaker 1: is carrying a curse because it was stolen, and the

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Speaker 1: plan is to just dump the cat overboard, but like

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Speaker 1: what if that angers the witch? Is more, the King

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Speaker 1: orders that the cat be sent adrift with a month's

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Speaker 1: supply of food in like a raft. Right, Here's here's

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Speaker 1: a horrible fact for you. The majority of people that

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Speaker 1: try to ferry themselves off of an island on a

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Speaker 1: makeshift raft or whatever, having much higher risk of dying

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Speaker 1: than those waiting to be rescued. Right, cats, I don't

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Speaker 1: know if you know this, don't have opposable thumbs, and

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Speaker 1: so I'm not entirely sure how great they'd be at sailing.

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Speaker 1: And so they put the cat and the raft with

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Speaker 1: food and it goes into the distance. And then once

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Speaker 1: the cat is out of sight, the weather gets better.

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Speaker 1: So they're like, clearly it was the cat, right, So

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Speaker 1: the flight does make it back home despite the evil

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Speaker 1: Sammie magic. Right, there is this belief that the Sami

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Speaker 1: could control the wind and stuff, and so like they

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Speaker 1: made the storm happen. It's like okay, so like this

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Speaker 1: is this is an event really, So less than two

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Speaker 1: years later, the governor of Finnmark dies suddenly, and his

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Speaker 1: sudden death is blamed on the Sami people and their magic.

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Speaker 1: To be clear, King Christian was convinced that the Sami

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Speaker 1: had magically murdered the previous Finmark governor. Now this isn't

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Speaker 1: altogether surprising when you consider that his brother in law,

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Speaker 1: like along with his brother in law, he believed that

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Speaker 1: there was an international conspiracy of witches out to get

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Speaker 1: kings right right in Finnmark, right. Some Sami were nomadic,

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Speaker 1: trekking into the mountains following reindeer or caribou. Others lived

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Speaker 1: permanently in feored villages. All of them were no stranger

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Speaker 1: to Southern incomers, those who settled and those just passing through.

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Speaker 1: And unlike other indigenous peoples, the Sami rarely caught the

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Speaker 1: Southern European diseases like the plague. Like they're fairly hardy,

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Speaker 1: you know. And they had their own culture, their own

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Speaker 1: languages and their own traditions. Like there were like so

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Speaker 1: many different languages and dialects, and most of them are

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Speaker 1: probably just wittered away now because you know, colonization. The

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Speaker 1: spirits and deities and the Sami religion were connected to nature,

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Speaker 1: spirits ancestors and included divination and to the Christian King

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Speaker 1: Christian this was barbaric, as if in a man in

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Speaker 1: a robe leading a group to chant in unison before

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Speaker 1: and after consuming the flesh and blood of an undead

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Speaker 1: deity isn't fucking weird? Yeah, I am talking about the

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Speaker 1: Eucharist in Christianity. You're welcome, Sammy Sears were thought to

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Speaker 1: cast evil spells on others, and this leads to a

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Speaker 1: bunch of ethnographers like Olos Magnus, who had never even

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Speaker 1: met a Sawmi person, and Peter Klausenfries to claim that

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Speaker 1: the Sammi were evil, tempered, dangerous enemies steeped in demonic

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Speaker 1: paganism and witchcraft. It should be no surprise, then, that

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Speaker 1: the first person to be tried as a witch after

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Speaker 1: Cunningham's promotion to governor was a Sammie woman. King Cush

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Speaker 1: in the Fourth Decree had made a sea of witch

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Speaker 1: trials likely, but John Cunningham's leadership made it a certainty.

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Speaker 1: The King wanted this district, made up of indigenous peoples

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Speaker 1: and settlers fishing and farming and just you know, living

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Speaker 1: side by side, to be crushed into a good little

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Speaker 1: tax paying Protestant islet, conforming to the colonial rule. As

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Speaker 1: discussed in the previous episode in the North Berwick witch Trials,

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Speaker 1: accusing people of magic and persecuting them was not a

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Speaker 1: new occurrence. It had been happening for quite some time.

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Speaker 1: So John settles right in in Finnmark. He's governing, he's

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Speaker 1: raising taxes, he's watching out for pirates, building Castle Vanhos

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Speaker 1: and teaching people about witches, so like, there's this whole

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Speaker 1: thing with the devil. So like, in all of the

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Speaker 1: previous witch trials in Norway, none of the confessions mentioned

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Speaker 1: the devil. It just wasn't a thing, right, So they

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Speaker 1: would mention all of these other stuff, but never the devil.

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Speaker 1: But Cunningham here he's held about James's demonology and how

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Speaker 1: witches cavot with the devil, so like he brings that

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Speaker 1: concept here. So when King Christian's decree comes about in

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Speaker 1: sixteen seventeen, which was, for by the way, the one

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Speaker 1: hundred anniversary of the Lutheran Reformation, just a weird way

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Speaker 1: to commemorate that. But still, like, I'm not entirely sure

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Speaker 1: that when Martin Luther was nailing his treaties to the

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Speaker 1: door of the church that he was like, whoa in

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Speaker 1: a century's time. I do really hope they use this

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Speaker 1: as an excuse to murder women. I feel like that

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Speaker 1: might not be the case. So he's like, in this decree,

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Speaker 1: so it's like bad witches get killed, good witches get

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Speaker 1: their property seized and then get banished, banish it. And

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Speaker 1: here we've got jaw with his broad demonological theory and

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Speaker 1: the vague knowledge at least of the Scottish witch confessions,

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Speaker 1: like he grew up just across the road from it, really,

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Speaker 1: I mean he's across the river, right, And he would

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Speaker 1: have been a young man, a teenager when this was

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Speaker 1: kicking off, so there's no way he wouldn't have heard

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Speaker 1: about it, right. This would have been very much around

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Speaker 1: in his vicinity, you know, which brings me to an

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Speaker 1: event on Christmas Eve in sixteen seventeen. We're more than

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Speaker 1: forty men from the Finnmark fishing fleet. They were fishing

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Speaker 1: off east Finnmark in their Nordlanders, which are fishing boats.

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Speaker 1: So the Nordlander fishing boat is sort of a similar

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Speaker 1: design to a Viking long ship. It's light, it's narrow

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Speaker 1: and strong, and it's got like a shallow profile and

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Speaker 1: a short keel. So if the nets are over the

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Speaker 1: side and they get hit by a rough sea, they

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Speaker 1: could very easily just flip over, which is exactly what happened.

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Speaker 1: And these were men used to these waters with generational

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Speaker 1: knowledge and experiences, and this was a freak of nature,

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Speaker 1: an unexpected accident. This violent storm sinks ten ships and

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Speaker 1: killed forty men, leaving grief filled villages in its aftermath,

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Speaker 1: and at the time it was just accepted as horrible tragedy.

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Speaker 1: But we will come back to this. The first witch

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Speaker 1: trial after John's announcement as governor was that of Fund

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Speaker 1: care or Carrie the Fin also known as Karen edis Data,

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Speaker 1: a naming method of the colonial power. How shocking, Carrie

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Speaker 1: was accused of witchcraft and using her magical ways to

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Speaker 1: kill two men.

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Speaker 2: He had it coming, He had it coming, He had

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Speaker 2: it coming anyway. Under Bailiff Sulfren Nielsen, a ten man

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Speaker 2: jury Surprising tried Carrie on the thirteenth of May sixteen twenty.

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Speaker 2: She was accused of murdering Abraham Nielsen of hop because

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Speaker 2: he went to take a p at sea and went

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Speaker 2: over the rail of his ship and dripped. She was

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Speaker 2: always accused of drowning Henrik from Mgang, which is the

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Speaker 2: same village as.

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Speaker 1: Carrie was from. So Carrie allegedly had a feud with

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Speaker 1: Henrik because she asked to borrow a pot and he refused,

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Speaker 1: so obviously she had to drown him. Abraham Nielsen, now

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Speaker 1: that's a little bit more convoluted. His maid was pregnant

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Speaker 1: and had been shagging a dude called Johannes, who Carrie

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00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:06,359
Speaker 1: was known to have been having a sexual relationship with.

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Speaker 1: So Abraham and Johannas they get into an altercation and

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Speaker 1: Abraham is demanding that Johannes Mary has made and be,

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Speaker 1: you know, like a decent man. He's like, you did this,

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Speaker 1: you know, have to support her and do your judy,

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Speaker 1: and Johanna's is like, I will give her stuff if

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00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:34,080
Speaker 1: I find it, and he's like so noncommittal and kind

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Speaker 1: of like maybe I guess. And Abraham Nielsen is pissed, right,

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Speaker 1: He's so mad at this just apathy in this situation

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Speaker 1: that he takes a swing at Johannes. And Carrie she's

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Speaker 1: watching the whole thing, She's watching it all unfold and

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Speaker 1: now she's angry. So she jumps in in the middle

353
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Speaker 1: of this argument to pretend Johannes and then threatens Abraham.

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Speaker 1: Now she says something about like a devil getting him

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Speaker 1: or something, and a few days later Abraham falls to

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Speaker 1: his death. And so he falls into Beat's word I think,

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Speaker 1: and wee here's the kicker the boats on his hands

358
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Speaker 1: connics boat John Cunningham. At the trial, Johannes claims that

359
00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:41,520
Speaker 1: Carrie bewatched him into sleeping with her. I'm sorry what

360
00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:47,880
Speaker 1: so he claims that she used her magic to seduce him,

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Speaker 1: and that she knew all about the ship and Abraham's

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00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:59,600
Speaker 1: death before it had returned to port. Johannis is a

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Speaker 1: sneak little shit. He cheats on Carrie, impregnates women who

364
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Speaker 1: he abandons, and then accuses his girlfriend, all a crime

365
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Speaker 1: that will absolutely get her killed, all because she was

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Speaker 1: trying to protect him. Carrie is also accused of making

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Speaker 1: Anders Rasmussen's wife have a gammi leg until she paid

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Speaker 1: for repairs that she owed her. The all male jury,

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Speaker 1: made up of settlers, in having no sami on it whatsoever.

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Speaker 1: We're told not to give the the addict until one

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00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:44,560
Speaker 1: last test was performed. Bailiff's Suffrin Nielsen had Carrie swum

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Speaker 1: in the harbor, an ordeal for the accused dunking. It's

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Speaker 1: basically dunking. She's thrown into the Arctic water. So here's

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Speaker 1: the thing. Swimming was not something that modest, respectable settler

375
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Speaker 1: ladies did, right. It was seen as something peculiar in audience. Swim,

376
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Speaker 1: They didn't float, didn't do any of that. Jatz right,

377
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Speaker 1: And of course, by this ordeal, if she floats, she's guilty.

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Speaker 1: If she sinks, she's innocent but dead, and if she

379
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Speaker 1: weighs the same as a duck. So Carrie is thrown

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Speaker 1: into the icy waters and says fuck this for game

381
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Speaker 1: of Soldiers, and manages to thrash and kick and keep

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00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:42,280
Speaker 1: herself from sinking beneath the waves just long enough to

383
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Speaker 1: be convicted of witchcraft. But she's not done in Norway.

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Speaker 1: It's after the conviction that the torture begins. So Carrie

385
00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:57,840
Speaker 1: is put on the rack and she's tortured until she confessed.

386
00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:03,320
Speaker 1: She confessed to meeting a spirit as a girl. A

387
00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:07,280
Speaker 1: headless ghost had given her keys that if she accepted,

388
00:31:07,560 --> 00:31:12,480
Speaker 1: would make her a witch. She's a fin right. She

389
00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:15,880
Speaker 1: lives in a lavo tent, which is like not too

390
00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:19,880
Speaker 1: dissimilar to like a Lakota tepee, but it's domed in

391
00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:25,520
Speaker 1: flatter and the fuck does she need keys for? Instead,

392
00:31:25,960 --> 00:31:29,440
Speaker 1: she accepts a decorated ribbon, and now she's a witch.

393
00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:35,360
Speaker 1: Her accusers tortured her into changing her story so that

394
00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:40,680
Speaker 1: the ghost or the spirit was now the devil, and

395
00:31:40,800 --> 00:31:47,120
Speaker 1: this this is fucking horrible. She confesses that the devil

396
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:51,880
Speaker 1: had tortured her to insanity, stretching her limbs and assaulting

397
00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:58,600
Speaker 1: her till she bled until she did his bidding. But

398
00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:02,280
Speaker 1: it wasn't the devil's her limbs on the rack, but

399
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:08,200
Speaker 1: her Christian accusers saw for Nielsen on behalf of John

400
00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:14,160
Speaker 1: Cunningham and King Christian. At the end of this torture,

401
00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 1: after obtaining the answers they wanted, the innocent Sammy Herder

402
00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:25,840
Speaker 1: was burned to death as a witch. In Norway, witches

403
00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:31,600
Speaker 1: were burned alive. In France, Germany, Switzerland and Scotland, witches

404
00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:38,280
Speaker 1: were typically strangled then burned, but no in Norway burned alive.

405
00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:44,840
Speaker 1: But before she was executed, Carrie named two more witches,

406
00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:52,840
Speaker 1: lizbed Nile's data and Maldon Nielsen and from languefiod Lisbeth

407
00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:56,600
Speaker 1: was tried on the twenty eighth of April sixteen twenty one,

408
00:32:57,360 --> 00:33:03,200
Speaker 1: and she quote knew which and had no second thoughts

409
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:07,120
Speaker 1: about killing a man or two. She was also tested

410
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:12,040
Speaker 1: by swimming when she was tortured. Lizbeth claimed that Carrie

411
00:33:12,120 --> 00:33:15,320
Speaker 1: taught her the magic of stealing milk from animals and

412
00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:20,960
Speaker 1: that the devil appeared as a goat. Now in this region,

413
00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:26,280
Speaker 1: goats weren't common, right, that was something brought from down south.

414
00:33:27,080 --> 00:33:32,080
Speaker 1: So this is where part of that ideology, the iconography

415
00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:38,200
Speaker 1: of the goat devil, where that connection is just really

416
00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:43,160
Speaker 1: reaffirmed because they've just brought up here. She even confesses

417
00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:46,960
Speaker 1: to being an accomplice in the magical drownings of Abraham

418
00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:51,000
Speaker 1: and Henrik. She even goes on to say that a

419
00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:53,720
Speaker 1: coven had met to drink and dance into the long

420
00:33:53,840 --> 00:33:58,760
Speaker 1: night at the Arctic Circle July. And so she confesses

421
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,720
Speaker 1: to all this, and then Lisbeth was burned alive like

422
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:09,279
Speaker 1: her stepsister Carrie. So remember the tragic fishing accident of

423
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:14,200
Speaker 1: the coast of East Finnmark Park in sixteen seventeen, Well

424
00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:18,520
Speaker 1: a thought comes to pass, What if it hadn't been

425
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:22,160
Speaker 1: an accident after all? What if it was an act

426
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:33,160
Speaker 1: of malevolent witchcraft? Was witchcraft the cause of the terrible

427
00:34:33,160 --> 00:34:39,840
Speaker 1: fishing tragedy in sixteen seventeen? Well, suspicion fell upon eleven

428
00:34:40,239 --> 00:34:47,600
Speaker 1: women married Dragon's data, Kirsten Soren's data, gury Old's data

429
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:56,880
Speaker 1: from lil Ikeoy, Gury's old data from stove ikeoroy Raglihilda

430
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:03,520
Speaker 1: Olive's daughter Siri and Ilsa nodes data, Anne Lad's data,

431
00:35:04,719 --> 00:35:11,840
Speaker 1: Married Old's data, carry Olive Stata, and Mitza Furgus data.

432
00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:16,319
Speaker 1: I'm gonna apologize now for all of the names that

433
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:22,200
Speaker 1: I struggled to say. I'm very sorry. Married Drogo's data

434
00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:26,319
Speaker 1: was interrogated and tortured, after which she proclaimed that the

435
00:35:26,360 --> 00:35:30,239
Speaker 1: devil had led her into witchcraft, which also conveniently led

436
00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:35,279
Speaker 1: to her neighbor Kirsty saw in Statu's house. Kirsty was

437
00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:41,480
Speaker 1: allegedly a coven leader, originally from Helsinga in Denmark, and

438
00:35:41,560 --> 00:35:44,239
Speaker 1: had worked as a servant in Norway in the town

439
00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:50,479
Speaker 1: of Bergen. Shortly after marrying Andals Johansson, the couple moved

440
00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:54,520
Speaker 1: to Finnmark in fifteen ninety seven. He was a merchant

441
00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:58,760
Speaker 1: and had ambition, so they moved up there with thoughts

442
00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:02,480
Speaker 1: of just where can till staff trading and so on.

443
00:36:03,960 --> 00:36:08,280
Speaker 1: In sixteen twenty one, Andals is doing well for himself

444
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:12,600
Speaker 1: and the couple are steady. Krusty's fifty seven at this

445
00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:18,799
Speaker 1: point and had previously been suspected of witchcraft, like she

446
00:36:18,960 --> 00:36:22,520
Speaker 1: was accused of killing four cows, a charge that would

447
00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:26,680
Speaker 1: only really come up four years later. Back to marry

448
00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:30,720
Speaker 1: for a secon, though the devil bites her and turns

449
00:36:30,719 --> 00:36:34,280
Speaker 1: her into a raven, and she flies to a coven

450
00:36:34,360 --> 00:36:39,120
Speaker 1: meeting outside of Bergen, and all of the coven had

451
00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:45,360
Speaker 1: traveled as animals ravens, foxes, cats, dogs, a duck, billed plarabus,

452
00:36:45,480 --> 00:36:50,200
Speaker 1: so on and so forth. They had a sabbath and

453
00:36:50,239 --> 00:36:54,840
Speaker 1: then flew back to Finnmark, all except Kirsty, who sailed

454
00:36:56,680 --> 00:36:58,840
Speaker 1: for reasons. I don't know what that reason was, but

455
00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:04,360
Speaker 1: apparently she did. Mary admits to this event and also

456
00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:10,040
Speaker 1: magically causing the violent storm on Christmas Eve sixteen seventeen.

457
00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:15,640
Speaker 1: Not only did she confess to that, but also that

458
00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:19,399
Speaker 1: the women shagged other men when their husbands were out

459
00:37:19,440 --> 00:37:21,880
Speaker 1: at sea. I mean, I get in for a penny,

460
00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:26,480
Speaker 1: in for a pound, but like you can just stop now,

461
00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:32,960
Speaker 1: you can stop. More accusations are made, and those accused

462
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:37,919
Speaker 1: are held in a dungeon in the Vado's fortress right

463
00:37:38,560 --> 00:37:44,280
Speaker 1: called and I shit you not the witch's whole. Elsie

464
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:48,319
Speaker 1: Nodes Starter was accused of being seen with demons in

465
00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:55,560
Speaker 1: the shapes of dogs and cats. A woman was seen

466
00:37:55,640 --> 00:38:00,959
Speaker 1: with demons in the shapes of dogs and cats. Has

467
00:38:01,120 --> 00:38:05,600
Speaker 1: anyone considered that maybe she was just neil dogs and cats.

468
00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:10,080
Speaker 1: Maybe she liked animal Maybe she always carried bacon in

469
00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:16,560
Speaker 1: her pocket. Whom's to say? She claims innocence until of

470
00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:22,600
Speaker 1: course she's tortured. So at this point, at this point,

471
00:38:22,680 --> 00:38:28,080
Speaker 1: so far, twelve women had been burned to death for

472
00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:32,839
Speaker 1: causing the storm of sixteen seventeen. Carrie and Lizabeth, by

473
00:38:32,880 --> 00:38:36,919
Speaker 1: the way, were accused retroactively, right, they were like, oh,

474
00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:41,879
Speaker 1: that was also them, they were involved in this. Then

475
00:38:41,960 --> 00:38:48,600
Speaker 1: we have number thirteen, Custe sourans Data, who was again

476
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:54,200
Speaker 1: allegedly'es a coven leader. She had been reported for arguing

477
00:38:54,320 --> 00:38:57,400
Speaker 1: with anders Blom. Like one of the fishermen who died

478
00:38:57,520 --> 00:39:04,000
Speaker 1: on Christmas Eve four years earlier. Kirsty, according to her neighbors,

479
00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:09,320
Speaker 1: had been assaulted by anders Blom, and so she enlisted

480
00:39:09,320 --> 00:39:12,680
Speaker 1: the help of her coven to exact revenge upon him.

481
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:18,600
Speaker 1: This trial, unlike the trails of Carrie and Lisbeth, had

482
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:25,040
Speaker 1: the unfortunate point of having Hands Conning or John Cunningham present.

483
00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:30,640
Speaker 1: Her trail, occurred at the Vardigo's fortress on the twenty

484
00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:35,840
Speaker 1: sixth and the twenty eighth of April sixteen twenty one.

485
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:40,160
Speaker 1: New that had to be terrifying. The governor seated with

486
00:39:40,239 --> 00:39:44,200
Speaker 1: the jury and the bailiff, and he took charge like

487
00:39:44,239 --> 00:39:48,280
Speaker 1: they were all deferring to him. And at first Custy

488
00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:52,640
Speaker 1: denied everything in that she was a victim of slander.

489
00:39:55,280 --> 00:40:00,120
Speaker 1: Then the court threatened to swum her at sea. But

490
00:40:00,200 --> 00:40:06,520
Speaker 1: it's April, and this woman knows the sea is absolutely Baltic, right,

491
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:11,520
Speaker 1: and so she confesses because she knows that she's dead

492
00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:13,640
Speaker 1: if she's in that water, one way or the other.

493
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:21,400
Speaker 1: And she tells the illustrious hands Conning what he wants

494
00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:27,120
Speaker 1: to hear. She tells him that she was HEARDing geese,

495
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:30,239
Speaker 1: but of course it's geese. It's geese that are the

496
00:40:30,239 --> 00:40:36,600
Speaker 1: true agents of the devil Dun Dundunn. So she's HEARDing

497
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:39,799
Speaker 1: geese and that's when the devil appeared to her as

498
00:40:39,840 --> 00:40:44,120
Speaker 1: a dog and told her to serve him. She's like

499
00:40:44,320 --> 00:40:48,480
Speaker 1: sixteen years old and asks her employer. She's like a

500
00:40:48,640 --> 00:40:51,000
Speaker 1: maid for an old lady, and she's like, what do

501
00:40:51,080 --> 00:40:54,120
Speaker 1: I do? And this old lady's like, take the deal.

502
00:40:55,160 --> 00:41:00,360
Speaker 1: While I'm assuming making an old timey world's original. Well,

503
00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:06,520
Speaker 1: let's just pause for a moment and remember that John

504
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:11,560
Speaker 1: Cunningham grew up in the Quail of Fife. He was

505
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:16,120
Speaker 1: fifteen when the North Berwick witch Trails happened. And what

506
00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:21,279
Speaker 1: a crazy random happenstance that Kirsty is admitting to a

507
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:28,480
Speaker 1: demon dog, just like Agnes Samson did. Kirsty claimed not

508
00:41:28,719 --> 00:41:33,480
Speaker 1: to have used her magic for a whole decade, but

509
00:41:33,719 --> 00:41:39,359
Speaker 1: John wanted blood under his hand. She confessed to using

510
00:41:39,400 --> 00:41:43,279
Speaker 1: witchcraft on her neighbors in fin Mark. She admitted to

511
00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:49,600
Speaker 1: the Sabbath to flying through the air and murder on

512
00:41:49,680 --> 00:41:53,240
Speaker 1: the twenty seventh of April, right, so the trail's twenty sixth.

513
00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:58,879
Speaker 1: She then is tortured on the twenty seventh, so she's

514
00:41:58,880 --> 00:42:05,719
Speaker 1: on the rack. She's tortured, and on the twenty eighth,

515
00:42:06,160 --> 00:42:10,279
Speaker 1: the broken fifty seven year old woman was back in

516
00:42:10,440 --> 00:42:17,120
Speaker 1: court confessing to more witchy crimes. She admits to conspiring

517
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:22,880
Speaker 1: with witches and causing the deadly storm four years prior. Kirsty,

518
00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:31,640
Speaker 1: like Lizbeth and Carrie, is found guilty. John ensures that

519
00:42:31,680 --> 00:42:37,360
Speaker 1: she gets her punishment and Kirstie's Sorenstatter is burned alive

520
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:42,920
Speaker 1: and Kirsty was the last person to be executed in

521
00:42:43,040 --> 00:42:50,719
Speaker 1: sixteen twenty one. But John Cunningham he would continue to accuse, prosecute,

522
00:42:50,760 --> 00:42:54,239
Speaker 1: and burn a few witches a year to keep him

523
00:42:54,239 --> 00:42:58,959
Speaker 1: in Christian the Fourth's good graces. Now, in a move

524
00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:03,800
Speaker 1: that surprises absolutely no one, the saw many people started

525
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:08,440
Speaker 1: moving away from settlers, migrating north or even westward towards

526
00:43:08,480 --> 00:43:14,080
Speaker 1: the New World. The colonial aspect of witchcraft would always

527
00:43:14,120 --> 00:43:17,319
Speaker 1: be a threat, hanging over people who just wanted to

528
00:43:17,440 --> 00:43:25,520
Speaker 1: live their lives, a minority persecuted by colonial powers. The

529
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:30,200
Speaker 1: majority of women accused were settlers, but the impact and

530
00:43:30,280 --> 00:43:36,040
Speaker 1: the accusations they were rooted in bigotry and racism. And

531
00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:40,440
Speaker 1: John he continued this warm witches and continued serving as

532
00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:45,480
Speaker 1: governor up until his death in sixteen fifty one. Like

533
00:43:47,760 --> 00:43:50,560
Speaker 1: so like at one point, actually, and I forgot to mention,

534
00:43:50,719 --> 00:43:56,799
Speaker 1: this is that John Cunningham breaks his foot, right, he

535
00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:02,160
Speaker 1: just breaks his foot, and he accuses witches of causing it, Like,

536
00:44:02,360 --> 00:44:07,359
Speaker 1: not him, not him being a clumsy motherfucker. No, clearly witches. Right,

537
00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:12,360
Speaker 1: And the women accused they say they did it because

538
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:16,200
Speaker 1: he was being an asshole. Like it's not verbatim, but

539
00:44:16,239 --> 00:44:19,759
Speaker 1: that's my paraphrasing it for you. They're like, fuck this

540
00:44:19,840 --> 00:44:22,560
Speaker 1: for a game of soldiers and they break his foot, right,

541
00:44:22,640 --> 00:44:26,120
Speaker 1: that's that's what the other like, We did it because

542
00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:30,399
Speaker 1: you're just an awful ofphan, scum of a human right.

543
00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:37,200
Speaker 1: As governor of finn Mark, John Cunningham accused fifty two

544
00:44:37,239 --> 00:44:41,360
Speaker 1: people of being witches, and forty one of those accused

545
00:44:41,840 --> 00:44:48,440
Speaker 1: were executed. I'm no mathematician, but those are not good odds.

546
00:44:50,080 --> 00:44:53,239
Speaker 1: Witch hunting and finn Mark didn't even end with his

547
00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:58,200
Speaker 1: death though. The next two governors, Danish Jorgon Fries and

548
00:44:58,360 --> 00:45:05,040
Speaker 1: Norwegian Christopher Orning, we're also really into finding witches and

549
00:45:05,120 --> 00:45:09,600
Speaker 1: burning them alive. Over the course of the witch trials

550
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:14,000
Speaker 1: in Norway, finn Mark had one hundred and thirty five

551
00:45:14,040 --> 00:45:18,400
Speaker 1: witch trials over ninety two years, and one hundred and

552
00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:23,839
Speaker 1: eleven women were killed. Four point five percent of the

553
00:45:23,880 --> 00:45:31,640
Speaker 1: population were accused of being witches. Finn Mark had sixteen

554
00:45:31,680 --> 00:45:36,800
Speaker 1: percent of all Norwegian witchcraft trials and thirty one percent

555
00:45:37,560 --> 00:45:44,680
Speaker 1: of the death sentences. Now you can bring isolation into this.

556
00:45:44,840 --> 00:45:48,479
Speaker 1: You can blame religious fever. You can also blame deep

557
00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:56,240
Speaker 1: wooded fucking misogyny. Right, and this is used to destroy,

558
00:45:56,320 --> 00:46:01,799
Speaker 1: to overtake, to crush it like a good little Protestant

559
00:46:02,719 --> 00:46:06,480
Speaker 1: region right paying its saccess, doing what it wanted, following

560
00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:14,880
Speaker 1: society's rules and the colonial rule, and anyone who didn't

561
00:46:14,880 --> 00:46:18,480
Speaker 1: fit in that was gone one way or the other,

562
00:46:19,160 --> 00:46:22,920
Speaker 1: whether they migrated away because the land that was theirs

563
00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:27,799
Speaker 1: was just taken, or they were just murdered. So I

564
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:35,080
Speaker 1: mean banishing happened to but mainly murdered. And so ends

565
00:46:35,120 --> 00:46:41,239
Speaker 1: our story of the Vardo Wedge Trials. This may be

566
00:46:41,360 --> 00:46:45,400
Speaker 1: the shortest episode I actually recorded on Witchcraft Trials, I

567
00:46:45,400 --> 00:46:49,120
Speaker 1: think thus far. Like I was getting so angry writing

568
00:46:49,160 --> 00:46:51,560
Speaker 1: this because I write it all my hand, is that

569
00:46:51,719 --> 00:46:55,120
Speaker 1: I didn't realize how many words I'd skipped in pure age.

570
00:46:55,840 --> 00:46:58,840
Speaker 1: So I'm just like, oh, there's supposed to be the here,

571
00:46:58,200 --> 00:47:01,680
Speaker 1: there's no A, there's no whatever, and so some of

572
00:47:01,719 --> 00:47:05,360
Speaker 1: this senence is I said, they might not make feel sense.

573
00:47:07,320 --> 00:47:09,520
Speaker 1: Oh I know what I meant to say, and it

574
00:47:09,520 --> 00:47:11,160
Speaker 1: came out right in my head, but I'm not sure

575
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:14,879
Speaker 1: if those words left my mouth correctly. If you want

576
00:47:14,880 --> 00:47:18,560
Speaker 1: to hear me say things correctly and incorrectly, come to

577
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:21,960
Speaker 1: see me in London now. More dates for other places

578
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:26,200
Speaker 1: are going to be coming out soon, but London is soon.

579
00:47:26,480 --> 00:47:28,920
Speaker 1: It's the closest one. It's November eighth, and it is

580
00:47:29,040 --> 00:47:34,040
Speaker 1: my birthday next month. So if anyone wants to get

581
00:47:34,080 --> 00:47:38,320
Speaker 1: me those American Dutchess Burgundy boots, they'd just been released,

582
00:47:38,320 --> 00:47:43,080
Speaker 1: I wouldn't say no. No. That being said, I like coursets,

583
00:47:43,520 --> 00:47:46,640
Speaker 1: although I'm trying to find some like fancier ones than

584
00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:50,440
Speaker 1: the ones I normally get because my shape we're currently

585
00:47:50,560 --> 00:47:54,040
Speaker 1: is like from what Kerry did. So recommendations please for

586
00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:59,080
Speaker 1: those for like you know, sixy cool like I want

587
00:47:59,080 --> 00:48:01,399
Speaker 1: them still to be course, it's like I will take

588
00:48:01,760 --> 00:48:05,320
Speaker 1: burlesque of course. It's I don't mind forking out for them.

589
00:48:05,520 --> 00:48:07,400
Speaker 1: That being said, ip anyone wants to treat me, I

590
00:48:07,440 --> 00:48:13,080
Speaker 1: wouldn't say. Now, I use my witchcraft on you did little.

591
00:48:14,719 --> 00:48:18,520
Speaker 1: So yeah, that is that, And I think it's recommendation time.

592
00:48:19,360 --> 00:48:27,359
Speaker 1: Ooh for watching, like you know what, for watching? I

593
00:48:27,360 --> 00:48:31,359
Speaker 1: think everyone should watch Bed Knobs and Broomsticks. I saw

594
00:48:31,960 --> 00:48:34,920
Speaker 1: I actually went to see, Oh my goodness, actually went

595
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:38,680
Speaker 1: to go see Live a Solvolong Murder. She wrote, it

596
00:48:38,719 --> 00:48:40,680
Speaker 1: was a really good time. I had a great time.

597
00:48:41,719 --> 00:48:45,120
Speaker 1: But yeah, watch bed Knobs and Broomsticks Because Angela Lansbury

598
00:48:45,239 --> 00:48:48,480
Speaker 1: plays a witch and the whole reason she's doing stuff

599
00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:51,760
Speaker 1: is she's going to fight Nazis, and I think that's

600
00:48:51,960 --> 00:48:58,080
Speaker 1: just a good role model for anyone. For listening, you

601
00:48:58,120 --> 00:49:02,240
Speaker 1: know what I listened to this week actually tickled to death.

602
00:49:02,480 --> 00:49:08,760
Speaker 1: It's like a horror movie questiono Thing podcast. It's very

603
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:13,279
Speaker 1: fun and a little unhinged and I'm absolutely here for it,

604
00:49:13,320 --> 00:49:18,120
Speaker 1: So like, go listen to that. And for reading, you

605
00:49:18,120 --> 00:49:22,040
Speaker 1: know what, I have a beautiful, beautiful book by Willow Winschem.

606
00:49:22,520 --> 00:49:26,759
Speaker 1: It's called the Story of Witches, Folklore, History and Superstision.

607
00:49:27,880 --> 00:49:32,200
Speaker 1: Go read that, okay, And with that I shall bed

608
00:49:32,280 --> 00:49:37,080
Speaker 1: you good evening. Adios au revoir of Waiters. There my friends,

609
00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:37,919
Speaker 1: Bye bye,