1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,000 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm tra 3 00:00:14,120 --> 00:00:18,000 Speaker 1: CV Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. This is Part two 4 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:22,919 Speaker 1: of the latest installment of Unearthed. We have in this 5 00:00:23,040 --> 00:00:27,080 Speaker 1: second part this week so many books and letters. I 6 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:29,960 Speaker 1: don't think we've ever had this many things to file 7 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:33,239 Speaker 1: under books and letters in one episode before. There are 8 00:00:33,280 --> 00:00:35,160 Speaker 1: so many we have to take a break in the middle. 9 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:40,800 Speaker 1: We've also got some shipwrecks and some Neanderthals, and we're starting, 10 00:00:41,120 --> 00:00:44,239 Speaker 1: as always with the things, the random things that I 11 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:48,640 Speaker 1: call potpoury, and we're gonna jump right in with toilets. 12 00:00:49,640 --> 00:00:53,600 Speaker 1: We have talked about Roman latrines carrying evidence of pathogens 13 00:00:53,680 --> 00:00:59,040 Speaker 1: on other installments of Unearthed, especially parasites like tapeworm. There's 14 00:00:59,080 --> 00:01:01,920 Speaker 1: a lot of interesting finds that happen in these places. 15 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 1: A team in Poland has examined human waste remains from 16 00:01:05,920 --> 00:01:09,440 Speaker 1: Roman toilets dating back to the second through the fourth 17 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:14,720 Speaker 1: century CE and found the expected parasites, but they also 18 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:19,560 Speaker 1: found the Protozoan parasite cryptos Paridium, which until now has 19 00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:23,440 Speaker 1: been believed to have originated in Central America. It's being 20 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:28,040 Speaker 1: described as the earliest reliable evidence of cryptosparritium in the region, 21 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:31,720 Speaker 1: and of course evidence that it was in Europe prior 22 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:35,280 Speaker 1: to contact with the Americas. When I first saw the 23 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:40,080 Speaker 1: headline that was something like researchers find parasites and Roman toilets, 24 00:01:40,120 --> 00:01:45,280 Speaker 1: I was like, no, can't, we are aware the Romans 25 00:01:45,319 --> 00:01:48,360 Speaker 1: were full of parasites. But then I said, Okay, this 26 00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:54,520 Speaker 1: one's actually interesting and new. Next, researchers have identified a 27 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:58,600 Speaker 1: glass bottle found in York, England in nineteen eighty three 28 00:01:58,720 --> 00:02:02,520 Speaker 1: or nineteen eighty four, which dates back to the second century, 29 00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:08,960 Speaker 1: as a coal bottle kohl, the substance used to line 30 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:14,000 Speaker 1: the eyes in Egyptian culture. This is the first and 31 00:02:14,080 --> 00:02:18,080 Speaker 1: only one of these ever found in Roman Britain. The 32 00:02:18,160 --> 00:02:21,240 Speaker 1: style matches bottles that were made in Egypt, and coal 33 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:25,040 Speaker 1: was used almost exclusively in Egypt and Sudan in this era. 34 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:28,680 Speaker 1: It also was not really traded far beyond that region. 35 00:02:29,440 --> 00:02:32,120 Speaker 1: The bottle shape and size make it really impractical for 36 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: most other uses, so conclusion it is a coal bottle. 37 00:02:37,080 --> 00:02:40,400 Speaker 1: How did it get there? The area where this was 38 00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:43,760 Speaker 1: found was a rubbish dump in the second century, but 39 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:47,480 Speaker 1: it is as Tracy said, unclear exactly how it would 40 00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:50,720 Speaker 1: have ended up there. It is possible that it belonged 41 00:02:50,760 --> 00:02:54,400 Speaker 1: to a Roman soldier, either one from Egypt or one 42 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:57,680 Speaker 1: who had spent a significant amount of time there before 43 00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:01,720 Speaker 1: arriving in Britain. Kind of a good reminder that while 44 00:03:01,760 --> 00:03:03,960 Speaker 1: this we don't know for sure how it got there, 45 00:03:04,120 --> 00:03:08,200 Speaker 1: the Roman Empire was a multicultural, multi ethnic empire and 46 00:03:08,240 --> 00:03:15,640 Speaker 1: that included Roman Britain. Next, researchers examining Ming Dynasty surgical 47 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:19,800 Speaker 1: tools dating back about six hundred years have discovered that 48 00:03:19,880 --> 00:03:23,200 Speaker 1: they were treated with a numbing agent. This was a 49 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:27,800 Speaker 1: topical anesthetic that was likely made from plant secretions. That 50 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:31,959 Speaker 1: residue on the tool contained trace amounts of aconatine, which 51 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:36,119 Speaker 1: is found in plants like monkshood and wolf Spain. Creating 52 00:03:36,200 --> 00:03:39,400 Speaker 1: this anesthetic would have required people to figure out how 53 00:03:39,440 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: to extract these toxic compounds from the plants without harming themselves, 54 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:48,280 Speaker 1: and then how to reduce their toxicity so that they 55 00:03:48,320 --> 00:03:54,400 Speaker 1: created a numbing substance without that substance causing other issues 56 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:59,600 Speaker 1: like poisoning the patient. According to this research, this weakening 57 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: process was done by soaking the plants in urine black 58 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:08,680 Speaker 1: soybean soup or vinegar. And lastly, according to research published 59 00:04:08,720 --> 00:04:12,280 Speaker 1: in the Journal I Science, Cardinal Giovanni de Medici and 60 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:17,440 Speaker 1: Grand Duke Francesco de Medici both died of malaria. This 61 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:19,839 Speaker 1: was already believed to be their cause of death, but 62 00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:23,320 Speaker 1: there were also persistent arguments that the two men had 63 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,919 Speaker 1: really been poisoned, because the mediciese are just associated with poison. 64 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:31,960 Speaker 1: Researchers came to this conclusion by analyzing the brothers skeletons, 65 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:37,360 Speaker 1: finding evidence of two different species of malaria parasite. One 66 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:41,560 Speaker 1: was a novel strain of Plasmodium falcaparum, which causes the 67 00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:45,800 Speaker 1: deadliest form of human malaria today. I guess it's within 68 00:04:45,839 --> 00:04:49,520 Speaker 1: the realm of possibility that they had malaria and were poisoned. 69 00:04:49,920 --> 00:04:54,400 Speaker 1: The malaria was actually poisoned, and Brom just making it. 70 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,279 Speaker 1: People love to like they love the cloud of mystery 71 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:02,960 Speaker 1: and drama around the medicies, and I think that feeds it. Yeah. 72 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:05,000 Speaker 1: Now we're going to move on to so many books 73 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 1: and letters that, as I said at the top of 74 00:05:06,960 --> 00:05:08,440 Speaker 1: the show, we're going to have to take a break. 75 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:12,560 Speaker 1: Part way through a papyrus fragment from the archives of 76 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:16,840 Speaker 1: the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology in Cairo have been 77 00:05:16,880 --> 00:05:23,960 Speaker 1: found to contain thirty previously unpublished verses by Empedocles. Empedocles 78 00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:27,119 Speaker 1: was a pre Socratic philosopher who lived around the fifth 79 00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:31,520 Speaker 1: century BCE. These verses have now been published in a book. 80 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:34,960 Speaker 1: Its title is in French but means Empedocles of Cairo, 81 00:05:35,640 --> 00:05:40,040 Speaker 1: along with the translation and a commentary. This previously unknown 82 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:43,560 Speaker 1: fragment is the first original text that we have from 83 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:47,400 Speaker 1: edpedocles work, rather than a summary or a quotation from 84 00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:52,320 Speaker 1: a later philosopher like Plato or Aristotle. Analysis of the 85 00:05:52,360 --> 00:05:55,360 Speaker 1: original text suggests that it's the source of a passage 86 00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:59,120 Speaker 1: Plutarch wrote in the second century CE, and that it 87 00:05:59,200 --> 00:06:04,680 Speaker 1: also influences other philosophers, again including Plato and Aristotle. A 88 00:06:04,800 --> 00:06:08,120 Speaker 1: press release from the University of the Edge characterized the 89 00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:11,239 Speaker 1: importance of this find in this way that I really 90 00:06:11,279 --> 00:06:15,279 Speaker 1: love quote. Imagine that in a few centuries time all 91 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:19,320 Speaker 1: that remains of Victor Hugo are excerpts from lemisrob in 92 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:24,200 Speaker 1: school textbooks, the musical Notre Dame de Perie and the 93 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:28,240 Speaker 1: program for a performance of the play. Or Noting the 94 00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:31,640 Speaker 1: discovery of a few pages from an original edition of 95 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:36,560 Speaker 1: Hugo's work would then be a momentous event. And speaking 96 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:41,880 Speaker 1: of previously unpublished writings, Professor Christiente Orno of the University 97 00:06:41,920 --> 00:06:46,840 Speaker 1: of Wurtzburg discovered two previously unknown sermons by Augustine of 98 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:51,359 Speaker 1: Hippo while deciphering a twelfth century manuscript housed in a 99 00:06:51,400 --> 00:06:56,040 Speaker 1: monastery in Poland. The manuscript was known to contain works 100 00:06:56,080 --> 00:06:58,960 Speaker 1: by Saint Augustine, but not that two of the six 101 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:03,800 Speaker 1: works were previously undiscovered. An edition of these texts is 102 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:08,479 Speaker 1: expected to be published sometime this year next. Two fragments 103 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:11,840 Speaker 1: of a steely were found at the Wilsong Palace in 104 00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:15,280 Speaker 1: what's now yung Ju, South Korea. One of them was 105 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:18,520 Speaker 1: found at the palace site in nineteen thirty seven, and 106 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:22,400 Speaker 1: the other was found during excavations of a moat surrounding 107 00:07:22,480 --> 00:07:26,400 Speaker 1: the palace in twenty twenty. In twenty twenty four, researchers 108 00:07:26,440 --> 00:07:29,760 Speaker 1: noted that there were some similarities between those two pieces, 109 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:33,600 Speaker 1: and further research revealed that they were made of similar stone, 110 00:07:34,280 --> 00:07:36,880 Speaker 1: and ultimately a three D scan of each of the 111 00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:39,600 Speaker 1: two fragments showed that they had a broken edge and 112 00:07:39,640 --> 00:07:43,400 Speaker 1: they would fit back together like puzzle pieces. This steely 113 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,080 Speaker 1: dates back to the Scilly Kingdom around the fourth or 114 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:50,040 Speaker 1: fifth century, and fitting these two pieces together has allowed 115 00:07:50,080 --> 00:07:54,320 Speaker 1: researchers to read a character that was previously illegible because 116 00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:57,960 Speaker 1: it was broken in two. It is not enough, though, 117 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: for a full interpretation of the steel. It is a 118 00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:04,640 Speaker 1: small bit of a larger inscription, with only a few 119 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:11,520 Speaker 1: characters visible. The ones that are included are words like tribute, white, heaven, 120 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:15,040 Speaker 1: and call, which was the character that had been broken 121 00:08:15,120 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: through the middle. These fragments are on display at the 122 00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:24,400 Speaker 1: Gyanju National Museum until August. Archaeologists in Egypt have found 123 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:27,600 Speaker 1: a fragment of Homer's Iliad under the wrappings of a 124 00:08:27,720 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: mummy that was found during excavations in late twenty twenty five. 125 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:36,160 Speaker 1: This piece of Homer's Iliad appears to have been intentionally 126 00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:39,880 Speaker 1: included in the mummification process, making it the first known 127 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:43,520 Speaker 1: Greek literary text to be used in such a way. 128 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:47,400 Speaker 1: This particular passage is from book two of the Iliad, 129 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:51,480 Speaker 1: in a section known as the Catalog of Ships. Right now, 130 00:08:51,559 --> 00:08:55,360 Speaker 1: the reason for its use in the mummification process is unclear. 131 00:08:56,120 --> 00:08:59,040 Speaker 1: The team leading the work gave a statement to Smithsonian 132 00:08:59,080 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: Magazine saying they were studying and proposing various hypotheses. I 133 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:07,280 Speaker 1: personally hope it just turns out he loved it. Yeah. 134 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:12,040 Speaker 1: My hypothesis is this person really really loved either Homer 135 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:17,680 Speaker 1: or boats Uh huh. Next. Three historians have worked together 136 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:21,680 Speaker 1: to decipher a secret diplomatic letter dating back to the 137 00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:25,319 Speaker 1: end of the fifteenth century. This letter was written by 138 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:29,520 Speaker 1: Toledo nobleman Pedro de Ayala, who was a diplomat in 139 00:09:29,640 --> 00:09:32,960 Speaker 1: service to fernand the second of Aragon and Isabella the 140 00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:37,120 Speaker 1: First of Castile, and he wrote this letter from Scotland 141 00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 1: in fourteen ninety six after being sent there to try 142 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:44,840 Speaker 1: to negotiate a peace agreement between Scotland and England. This 143 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:48,920 Speaker 1: letter is eleven pages long. Now that it's been deciphered, 144 00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:51,640 Speaker 1: we know it contains all kinds of information about the 145 00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:54,280 Speaker 1: court of Henry the seventh of England and James the 146 00:09:54,320 --> 00:09:58,000 Speaker 1: fourth of Scotland, and the voyages of John Cabot to 147 00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:02,199 Speaker 1: North America, as well as other subject This text, when 148 00:10:02,240 --> 00:10:06,280 Speaker 1: it was written was partially encrypted using symbols, and the 149 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:11,480 Speaker 1: same letters were sometimes represented by multiple different symbols, which 150 00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:16,440 Speaker 1: made the deciphering process challenging. This research has been published 151 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 1: as an open access paper in the Journal of Renaissance Studies. 152 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:25,480 Speaker 1: Speaking of Letters, eight letters from John Keats to Fanny 153 00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:29,200 Speaker 1: Brawn were discovered to be missing back in nineteen eighty nine, 154 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:31,719 Speaker 1: and they have now been found and returned to the 155 00:10:31,760 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: Whitney family. The letters had been previously in a volume 156 00:10:36,240 --> 00:10:39,600 Speaker 1: owned by John Hay Whitney, who died in nineteen eighty two, 157 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:42,680 Speaker 1: and they were part of a set of letters that 158 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:46,280 Speaker 1: had been broken up and auctioned off to multiple people 159 00:10:46,640 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 1: back in eighteen eighty five. These letters were rediscovered after 160 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,440 Speaker 1: someone tried to sell a book at B and B 161 00:10:53,600 --> 00:10:57,040 Speaker 1: Rare Books in New York in twenty twenty five. The 162 00:10:57,080 --> 00:10:59,800 Speaker 1: store owners were suspicious and looked up the book in 163 00:10:59,840 --> 00:11:03,520 Speaker 1: a stolen art database called the Art Loss Register, and 164 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:07,160 Speaker 1: also got in touch with Susan J. Wolfson, a literature 165 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:12,680 Speaker 1: professor at Princeton, New York's Antiquities Trafficking Unit also started 166 00:11:12,720 --> 00:11:16,640 Speaker 1: an investigation, leading to the discovery and return of not 167 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:20,800 Speaker 1: just the John Keats volume, but also sixteen other books 168 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:24,400 Speaker 1: that had been part of the Whitney collection. While the 169 00:11:24,440 --> 00:11:27,760 Speaker 1: investigation is ongoing, the man who tried to sell the book, 170 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:32,160 Speaker 1: said he inherited them from his grandfather, so the circumstances 171 00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:37,320 Speaker 1: of the book's original disappearance are still unclear. Multiple people 172 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:41,199 Speaker 1: involved with this find have described it as very meaningful, 173 00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:44,160 Speaker 1: including Wolfson, who called it the find of a lifetime, 174 00:11:44,679 --> 00:11:48,320 Speaker 1: and various members of the Whitney family. The Keats letters 175 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:51,160 Speaker 1: were auctioned off in June, and according to reporting in 176 00:11:51,240 --> 00:11:55,000 Speaker 1: Smithsonian Magazine, the proceeds were to be donated to the 177 00:11:55,040 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: Whitney Family Foundation. Lucy Monroe of King's College, London had 178 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:04,520 Speaker 1: found documents confirming the location of the house William Shakespeare 179 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: purchased in London in sixteen thirteen, three years before he died. 180 00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:13,800 Speaker 1: These documents include a plan of the Blackfriars Precinct created 181 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:16,920 Speaker 1: in the aftermath of the sixteen sixty six Great Fire 182 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:20,400 Speaker 1: of London. This plan shows the layout and size of 183 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:24,160 Speaker 1: the house, as well as the building surrounding it. Monroe 184 00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:27,000 Speaker 1: also found documents relating to the sale of the property 185 00:12:27,040 --> 00:12:30,920 Speaker 1: by Shakespeare's granddaughter later on, showing that it remained in 186 00:12:30,920 --> 00:12:35,640 Speaker 1: the family until sixteen sixty five. According to this plan, 187 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:39,480 Speaker 1: part of the Blackfriar's House is now the site of 188 00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:43,679 Speaker 1: five Saint Andrew's Hill, and that's the nineteenth century building 189 00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:46,560 Speaker 1: that now has a historical blue plaque that says that 190 00:12:46,600 --> 00:12:51,360 Speaker 1: in sixteen thirteen Shakespeare purchase lodgings near the site. Now 191 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 1: we know that it was actually on the site right there. 192 00:12:56,520 --> 00:12:58,559 Speaker 1: We are going to take a quick sponsor break and 193 00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:10,400 Speaker 1: then we're going to have more books in Letters. Our 194 00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:14,199 Speaker 1: next Book in Letter find is that scholars from Trinity College, 195 00:13:14,280 --> 00:13:18,040 Speaker 1: Dublin who were working at the National Central Library of Rome, 196 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:23,199 Speaker 1: found a previously unknown copy of the oldest known poem 197 00:13:23,320 --> 00:13:27,520 Speaker 1: in the English language, that is Cadman's Hymn. It was 198 00:13:27,559 --> 00:13:31,599 Speaker 1: found in a rediscovered copy of Historia Ecclesiastica, which was 199 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:34,800 Speaker 1: written by the Venerable Beade. The Venerable Bead was a 200 00:13:34,840 --> 00:13:39,199 Speaker 1: monk who lived in the eighth century. This rediscovered manuscript 201 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:41,880 Speaker 1: is a fairly early copy of Beade's work, and it 202 00:13:41,960 --> 00:13:45,280 Speaker 1: was transcribed in the early ninth century. It is the 203 00:13:45,320 --> 00:13:50,120 Speaker 1: third oldest copy of Cadman's Hymn in existence. And this 204 00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:53,440 Speaker 1: is a short poem. It's only nine lines long and 205 00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:57,520 Speaker 1: it's attributed to a cowharder known as Cadman. According to 206 00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:00,560 Speaker 1: the lore around this poem, Cadman was ill literate, and 207 00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:04,760 Speaker 1: this poem was divinely inspired. While it was written in 208 00:14:04,840 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: Old English, many of the surviving copies of it are 209 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:11,920 Speaker 1: in Latin, sometimes with the Old English text included as 210 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:15,800 Speaker 1: a margin note or at the end. Older copies of 211 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: the Venerable Bead's Historia Ecclesiastica include a Latin version of 212 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:23,120 Speaker 1: the poem, but it appears that the transcriber of this 213 00:14:23,240 --> 00:14:27,040 Speaker 1: copy replaced the Latin version with the original Old English one, 214 00:14:27,760 --> 00:14:30,560 Speaker 1: or was copying from a version of the manuscript that 215 00:14:30,640 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 1: had already done that. This suggests that people who were 216 00:14:34,760 --> 00:14:38,280 Speaker 1: copying this text roughly one hundred years after Bed finished 217 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:42,080 Speaker 1: his history, thought the Old English version was important enough 218 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:46,640 Speaker 1: to include, rather than the religious and scholarly default of Latin. 219 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,400 Speaker 1: Next to, the Danish National Museum has embarked on an 220 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:54,840 Speaker 1: effort to digitize and analyze its collection of cuneiform tablets 221 00:14:54,880 --> 00:14:59,840 Speaker 1: in a project called Hidden Treasures the National Museum's cuneiform collection. 222 00:15:01,160 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 1: These tablets come from what's now Iraq and Syria, and 223 00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:07,720 Speaker 1: some of them are at least four thousand years old. 224 00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:13,400 Speaker 1: Until now, the museum's focus has been largely on preserving 225 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:17,080 Speaker 1: these clay tablets, not on deciphering them, so knowledge of 226 00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:20,000 Speaker 1: what's actually written on a lot of them is very recent. 227 00:15:21,040 --> 00:15:23,360 Speaker 1: Some of the ones that have been analyzed so far 228 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:27,600 Speaker 1: include three thousand year old tablets from the city of Hama, 229 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:32,280 Speaker 1: which include a lot of medical treatments, magical incantations, and 230 00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:36,640 Speaker 1: an anti witchcraft ritual. There is a copy of a 231 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:39,960 Speaker 1: list of rulers that includes a reference to the legendary 232 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:43,400 Speaker 1: king Gilgamesh from the Epic of Gilgamesh, and there's also 233 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:48,360 Speaker 1: a receipt for beer. Researchers at North Carolina State University 234 00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:53,440 Speaker 1: have developed a non destructive method for analyzing parchment manuscripts. 235 00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:58,160 Speaker 1: Parchment is made from animal skins, so cellular material can 236 00:15:58,160 --> 00:16:01,280 Speaker 1: provide a lot of information about what kind of animal 237 00:16:01,280 --> 00:16:04,240 Speaker 1: the skin came from, and when and where the animal 238 00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:08,160 Speaker 1: lived over time. This can also contribute to knowledge of 239 00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: animal husbandry practices in the places where the parchment was prepared. 240 00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:16,960 Speaker 1: This technique involves swabbing parchment with the same sort of 241 00:16:17,080 --> 00:16:20,680 Speaker 1: brush that's used to collect cellular material from humans during 242 00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:24,480 Speaker 1: PAP tests. If you've had a PAP test and you're 243 00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:27,440 Speaker 1: in disbelief that this is a non destructive method, I 244 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:29,840 Speaker 1: know it does not feel good. A lot of the time, 245 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:34,480 Speaker 1: but it is collecting the cellular material without harming the parchment, 246 00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:39,840 Speaker 1: so the fears about causing damage to manuscripts has really 247 00:16:39,880 --> 00:16:42,680 Speaker 1: been a barrier to this kind of research into their 248 00:16:42,720 --> 00:16:46,520 Speaker 1: materials before now, so researchers are hopeful that this project, 249 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:51,680 Speaker 1: which involved non destructive sampling from ninety one different parchment manuscripts, 250 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:55,800 Speaker 1: will help gain some trust in this method. It's more 251 00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:59,600 Speaker 1: bathroom talk for me. Archaeologists in Germany have found a 252 00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:04,320 Speaker 1: note book in a medieval latrine. So unlike today's paper notebooks, 253 00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:06,720 Speaker 1: which would probably be ruined if you drop them in 254 00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:10,040 Speaker 1: a latrine, don't do that. This one was made from 255 00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:13,960 Speaker 1: leather and wood, very tightly bound, and eight of its 256 00:17:14,040 --> 00:17:18,280 Speaker 1: ten pages were coded in wax. This wax would have 257 00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:21,560 Speaker 1: made the pages erasable, so the person using them could 258 00:17:21,560 --> 00:17:24,600 Speaker 1: mark their notes with the stylus and then refresh the 259 00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:28,520 Speaker 1: wax to reuse the page, and they also, as a consequence, 260 00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:31,240 Speaker 1: helped preserve the notebook while it was in that latrine. 261 00:17:31,760 --> 00:17:34,639 Speaker 1: This notebook is small, It's about the size of the 262 00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:38,800 Speaker 1: palm of the hand. The pages are largely still legible, 263 00:17:38,920 --> 00:17:41,560 Speaker 1: and the notebook seems to have belonged to a merchant 264 00:17:41,840 --> 00:17:45,720 Speaker 1: in what's now Paderborn roughly seven hundred years ago. The 265 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:48,480 Speaker 1: pages are written in Latin in a cursive style that 266 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:52,040 Speaker 1: was popular from about the late thirteenth to early fourteenth centuries. 267 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:56,320 Speaker 1: Researchers are hoping to analyze the visible text and to 268 00:17:56,400 --> 00:18:00,600 Speaker 1: see whether earlier layers of wax might still be legible 269 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:04,040 Speaker 1: if they use the right imaging technologies. They are also 270 00:18:04,119 --> 00:18:07,240 Speaker 1: going to research the leather binding, which is decorated with 271 00:18:07,359 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: embossed Lili's. Researchers from Heidelberg University have deciphered a Roman 272 00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:16,919 Speaker 1: cursed tablet made of lead, dating back to about the 273 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,120 Speaker 1: second century and found in what is now the Netherlands. 274 00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:23,439 Speaker 1: Its text is not in Latin, like most of the 275 00:18:23,520 --> 00:18:26,760 Speaker 1: cursed tablets that have been found in Northern Europe. It's 276 00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:31,919 Speaker 1: in Ancient Greek written in an Egyptian style. The text 277 00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:36,400 Speaker 1: was deciphered with the help of reflectance transformation imaging, which 278 00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:40,840 Speaker 1: involves taking multiple pictures of something through different lighting conditions, 279 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:44,399 Speaker 1: and then those images can be combined into one that 280 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:47,879 Speaker 1: can be adjusted with different variations in the lighting to 281 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:51,800 Speaker 1: see different parts of the surface and variations in the surface. 282 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:55,120 Speaker 1: So that includes things like the etchings on this tablet, 283 00:18:55,119 --> 00:18:58,800 Speaker 1: which are incredibly hard to see with the unaided eye. 284 00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:02,040 Speaker 1: Looking at pictures of this thing, I almost mistook it 285 00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:06,480 Speaker 1: for leather because it is so worn. This cursed tablet 286 00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:10,840 Speaker 1: includes magical symbols along with the names of two women 287 00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:14,440 Speaker 1: and two men who are referred to as fellow slaves. 288 00:19:15,119 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 1: It's not clear whether the four enslaved people were working 289 00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:23,440 Speaker 1: together to curse someone, or if this is an account 290 00:19:23,640 --> 00:19:27,280 Speaker 1: of the curse being against the four of them. The 291 00:19:27,359 --> 00:19:29,920 Speaker 1: plan for this tablet is for it to be displayed 292 00:19:29,960 --> 00:19:32,639 Speaker 1: at the Herelin Museum and for the text to be 293 00:19:32,720 --> 00:19:35,920 Speaker 1: made part of a scholarly publication so that it's available 294 00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:40,760 Speaker 1: for other people to study. The idea of virtually unrolling 295 00:19:40,920 --> 00:19:44,160 Speaker 1: scrolls has come up on several installments of on Earth. 296 00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:48,760 Speaker 1: That's using CT scanning, X rays and other imaging techniques, 297 00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:52,080 Speaker 1: along with other technologies to read what is written on 298 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:55,840 Speaker 1: scrolls that are too delicate or damage to physically unroll 299 00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:59,639 Speaker 1: without destroying them. One that made the news in June 300 00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:02,359 Speaker 1: was just scroll that was badly damaged in the eruption 301 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:06,439 Speaker 1: of Mount Vesuvius in the year seventy nine. This is 302 00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:09,800 Speaker 1: the first time that researchers have fully unwrapped a whole 303 00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:13,879 Speaker 1: scroll and recovered all the text from it, although analysis 304 00:20:13,920 --> 00:20:17,480 Speaker 1: of that text is still in progress. We talked about 305 00:20:17,520 --> 00:20:21,840 Speaker 1: the partial unrolling of this scroll back in twenty twenty three. 306 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:26,359 Speaker 1: The virtually unrolled scroll has text covering about one point 307 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:30,879 Speaker 1: five meters or four point nine feet written across twenty columns. 308 00:20:31,560 --> 00:20:34,480 Speaker 1: It is being described and a lot of reporting as 309 00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:38,560 Speaker 1: having been deciphered with AI, and this is a great 310 00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:42,119 Speaker 1: example of how blanket use of the term AI is 311 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:45,400 Speaker 1: kind of muddying the distinctions between all the different kinds 312 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,320 Speaker 1: of technology that are described with this label. This is 313 00:20:49,440 --> 00:20:53,119 Speaker 1: not in any way a case of researchers putting an 314 00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:56,680 Speaker 1: inscription through a chatbot and having it spit out a translation. 315 00:20:57,720 --> 00:21:02,359 Speaker 1: Researchers trained the AI to recognize ink that the unaided 316 00:21:02,440 --> 00:21:07,240 Speaker 1: I cannot easily differentiate from the charred surface of the scroll, 317 00:21:08,080 --> 00:21:12,000 Speaker 1: and then once the AI had figured out which parts 318 00:21:12,040 --> 00:21:16,280 Speaker 1: of it were inc eight qualified paparologists, all of them 319 00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:22,120 Speaker 1: being actual human beings, analyzed those renderings. Computer science professor 320 00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:24,840 Speaker 1: Brent Seals, who's been a big part of the Vesuvius 321 00:21:24,920 --> 00:21:27,040 Speaker 1: challenge that this work is part of, put it this 322 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:30,639 Speaker 1: way quote. This is no longer just about imaging or 323 00:21:30,720 --> 00:21:35,240 Speaker 1: machine learning. Now we need experts who can read, edit, 324 00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:39,199 Speaker 1: and understand what they are saying. Our last bit of 325 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:43,080 Speaker 1: books and letters is also a music find. The National 326 00:21:43,119 --> 00:21:47,040 Speaker 1: Library of France has found a previously unknown manuscript by 327 00:21:47,119 --> 00:21:51,960 Speaker 1: volfgang Amadeus Mozart, written in collaboration with a student in 328 00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:57,119 Speaker 1: a stack of anonymous manuscripts. This discovery came about thanks 329 00:21:57,119 --> 00:22:01,720 Speaker 1: to curator Francois Pierre Goy examined the manuscript and thinking 330 00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:06,359 Speaker 1: something seemed familiar about it. Goy had been recently examining 331 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:10,399 Speaker 1: manuscripts that were known to be Mozart's work, get started 332 00:22:10,440 --> 00:22:14,720 Speaker 1: to look a little familiar. This manuscript likely dates back 333 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:18,560 Speaker 1: to when Mozart was tutoring Marie Luise Philippine de Bonnier 334 00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:22,159 Speaker 1: de Guin, whose father thought that she could be trained 335 00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:25,560 Speaker 1: to be a composer. She played the harp and her 336 00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:28,359 Speaker 1: father played the flute, and he wanted pieces that the 337 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:32,080 Speaker 1: two of them could play together. The National Library of 338 00:22:32,119 --> 00:22:36,240 Speaker 1: France announced this find on June nineteenth, and the compositions 339 00:22:36,280 --> 00:22:39,040 Speaker 1: made their debut three days later in a performance that 340 00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:44,920 Speaker 1: was broadcast on Radio France. Harpis Nicolatuliez and floutist Mattild 341 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:49,080 Speaker 1: Carderini had to rehearse in secret to prepare for this performance. 342 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:52,960 Speaker 1: Armann Brenzing, the director of the Mozart Library at the 343 00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:57,680 Speaker 1: International MOZARTIAM Foundation in Salzburg, Austria, told The New York 344 00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:02,119 Speaker 1: Times that this is the most important Mozart discovery in decades. 345 00:23:03,119 --> 00:23:05,639 Speaker 1: I really love the idea of the musicians having to 346 00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: secretly rehearse this before it was announced so no one 347 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:12,760 Speaker 1: can hear it. But then now we're moving on from 348 00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:17,560 Speaker 1: the books and letters to the shipwrecks. Marine archaeologists have 349 00:23:17,720 --> 00:23:20,520 Speaker 1: found the Danibrog, which was sunk in the Battle of 350 00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:24,879 Speaker 1: Copenhagen in eighteen oh one. As was the case with 351 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:27,600 Speaker 1: some of the fines off of Copenhagen that we talked 352 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:31,280 Speaker 1: about in our last installment of Unearthed, this was at 353 00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:34,080 Speaker 1: the site of new housing which is going to be 354 00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:37,560 Speaker 1: built on an island that will be made in Copenhagen Harbor. 355 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:41,880 Speaker 1: So divers are working to recover as many artifacts from 356 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:44,840 Speaker 1: this ship as possible before the whole area becomes a 357 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:49,280 Speaker 1: construction site. Next, the University of Cadiz has embarked on 358 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:53,320 Speaker 1: a project called Project Heracles to identify shipwrecks in a 359 00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:55,879 Speaker 1: bay near the north end of the Strait of Gibraltar. 360 00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:59,640 Speaker 1: This area is home to the Pillars of Hercules, thus 361 00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:03,880 Speaker 1: the project's name. As of April, the project had identified 362 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,359 Speaker 1: one hundred and fifty one archaeological sites in the bay 363 00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:11,920 Speaker 1: and one hundred thirty four of them were shipwrecks. So far, 364 00:24:12,119 --> 00:24:15,760 Speaker 1: thirty four of the shipwrecks have been documented. Twenty three 365 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:18,720 Speaker 1: of those are Roman ships, twenty four are from the 366 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:22,960 Speaker 1: early Modern period, and others are kind of scattered across history. 367 00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:26,679 Speaker 1: The oldest dates to the Punic era in the fifth 368 00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:31,640 Speaker 1: century BCE. The researchers are making virtual models and three 369 00:24:31,680 --> 00:24:34,440 Speaker 1: hundred and sixty degree videos of the sites to make 370 00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:37,840 Speaker 1: them more accessible to the public, and of course this 371 00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:43,120 Speaker 1: is an ongoing project. Next divers off the coast of Cornwall, England, 372 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:47,480 Speaker 1: may have discovered the US Coast Guard cutter Tampa, which 373 00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:51,240 Speaker 1: sank in nineteen eighteen after being torpedoed by a German submarine. 374 00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,160 Speaker 1: The Tampa had been escorting other ships back and forth 375 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:59,159 Speaker 1: between Gibraltar and the UK when it was sunk one 376 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:02,160 Speaker 1: hundred and thirty one, when sailors were on board the Tampa, 377 00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:05,320 Speaker 1: making this the largest loss of life for the US 378 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:10,240 Speaker 1: Navy due to marine combat during World War One. Divers 379 00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:12,359 Speaker 1: had been looking for the ship and had gone on 380 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:17,040 Speaker 1: nine unsuccessful dives before finding it in April. The ship 381 00:25:17,119 --> 00:25:19,480 Speaker 1: is in deep water, so they were not able to 382 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,280 Speaker 1: stay very long before needing to return to the surface, 383 00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:26,760 Speaker 1: probably less than fifteen minutes. It is hoped that future 384 00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:30,080 Speaker 1: dives will be able to collect more evidence and conclusively 385 00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,720 Speaker 1: determine the ship's identity. Yeah, it basically took them so 386 00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:36,920 Speaker 1: long to acclimate to the depths that they were getting 387 00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:38,879 Speaker 1: to that once they were down there, they did not 388 00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:43,239 Speaker 1: have a lot of time left. The USS Herring was 389 00:25:43,480 --> 00:25:46,880 Speaker 1: sunk by a Japanese shore battery in nineteen forty four 390 00:25:47,080 --> 00:25:51,560 Speaker 1: after attacking and sinking two Japanese merchant ships. The Herring 391 00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:54,240 Speaker 1: was a submarine and all eighty three of its crew 392 00:25:54,240 --> 00:25:58,680 Speaker 1: members were killed when it sank. A Russian expedition found 393 00:25:58,760 --> 00:26:01,560 Speaker 1: a vessel that was believed to be the Herring in 394 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:05,520 Speaker 1: twenty seventeen, and the US Naval History and Heritage Command 395 00:26:05,720 --> 00:26:10,679 Speaker 1: confirmed the ship's identity this year and in slightly different 396 00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:15,320 Speaker 1: and very cool shipwreck news, Scientists at Alto University in 397 00:26:15,359 --> 00:26:20,040 Speaker 1: Finland have used surplus pieces of a seventeenth century shipwreck 398 00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:24,440 Speaker 1: to make dresses. The wreck was found in twenty nineteen 399 00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:27,639 Speaker 1: under the parking lot of a hotel that was being renovated. 400 00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:31,560 Speaker 1: Wood from the wreck was expected to be discarded, so 401 00:26:32,520 --> 00:26:36,280 Speaker 1: researchers salvage that would, processed it into a silky fiber 402 00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:39,520 Speaker 1: using a process called ion cell, and then spun that 403 00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:45,119 Speaker 1: fiber into yarn. The dresses were machine knit as one intact, 404 00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,119 Speaker 1: seamless piece, with the pattern made with the help of 405 00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:53,160 Speaker 1: an evolutionary algorithm software tool. Another thing in this installment 406 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,240 Speaker 1: of on Earth that's under the label of AI but 407 00:26:56,359 --> 00:27:01,240 Speaker 1: similarly not a large language bottle chatbot. So yeah, these 408 00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:05,639 Speaker 1: are like two identical Maxi dresses. One was sent to 409 00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:10,399 Speaker 1: the Ulu Art Museum for an exhibition called Tomorrow's Wardrobe, 410 00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:13,240 Speaker 1: which I looked at briefly and is full of a 411 00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:17,119 Speaker 1: number of very cool and funky dresses. The other was 412 00:27:17,160 --> 00:27:21,879 Speaker 1: sent to Alto University for a forthcoming exhibit called Designs 413 00:27:21,920 --> 00:27:26,040 Speaker 1: for a Cooler Planet. Otherwood from the wreck has also 414 00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:29,440 Speaker 1: been used to create a hand shaped art exhibit called 415 00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:33,520 Speaker 1: Atti's Palm. We are gonna pause here for one more 416 00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:36,560 Speaker 1: sponsor break before we wrap up on Earth for the quarter. 417 00:27:46,280 --> 00:27:51,000 Speaker 1: There was so much research about Neanderthals over the last 418 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:55,080 Speaker 1: few months. Of all the extinct species of humans, Neanderthals 419 00:27:55,119 --> 00:27:58,240 Speaker 1: are our closest relative, and they come up almost every 420 00:27:58,280 --> 00:28:00,679 Speaker 1: episode of On Earth, but I don't think we have 421 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:06,760 Speaker 1: ever had this many different papers and articles in one session. First, 422 00:28:07,119 --> 00:28:11,000 Speaker 1: researchers in Germany have re examined findings from an amateur 423 00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:14,720 Speaker 1: archaeological dig that was carried out in nineteen forty eight. 424 00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:17,680 Speaker 1: One of the things that was found was an eight 425 00:28:17,760 --> 00:28:21,159 Speaker 1: foot long wooden sphere between the ribs of the skeleton 426 00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:25,520 Speaker 1: of a straight tusked elephant. This find dated back one 427 00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,000 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty five thousand years, at which point only 428 00:28:29,080 --> 00:28:32,040 Speaker 1: Neanderthals were known to live in the area, so of 429 00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:35,720 Speaker 1: course it had to be a Neanderthal spear. The spine 430 00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:39,440 Speaker 1: was kind of controversial, though, especially since an amateur carried 431 00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:44,800 Speaker 1: it out. An obvious interpretation was that Neanderthals had hunted 432 00:28:44,840 --> 00:28:47,680 Speaker 1: the elephant and had used that spear to kill it, 433 00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:52,520 Speaker 1: But at that time researchers also thought of Neanderthals's primitive 434 00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:56,360 Speaker 1: scavengers not capable of hunting, so some argued that the 435 00:28:56,440 --> 00:29:00,840 Speaker 1: spear was really a digging tool and that its discovery 436 00:29:00,880 --> 00:29:05,240 Speaker 1: with the bones was just a coincidence. This new research, 437 00:29:05,360 --> 00:29:09,640 Speaker 1: published in the journal's Scientific Reports, has found cut marks 438 00:29:09,640 --> 00:29:13,040 Speaker 1: on the elephant's ribs and spines, suggesting that it was 439 00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:17,600 Speaker 1: butchered while it was fresh. Analysis of the teeth suggests 440 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,360 Speaker 1: that the elephant died at the age of about thirty, 441 00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:24,520 Speaker 1: meaning it was an adult in its prime. We have 442 00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:29,120 Speaker 1: also talked about other research suggesting that Neanderthal's eight elephant meat. 443 00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:33,160 Speaker 1: All of this adds up to suggest the interpretation that 444 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:37,520 Speaker 1: Neanderthals intentionally hunted this elephant, meaning the spear was probably 445 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:41,040 Speaker 1: a hunting weapon, not a digging tool that just happened 446 00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:44,880 Speaker 1: to wind up near some elephant bones. In addition to 447 00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:49,240 Speaker 1: the outdated idea that Neanderthals were primitive scavengers, there's been 448 00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: a general perception that they were less intelligent than Homo sapiens. 449 00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:57,680 Speaker 1: A couple of recent studies challenged this idea as well. 450 00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:02,080 Speaker 1: One study published in side Ice Advances builds on earlier 451 00:30:02,160 --> 00:30:06,560 Speaker 1: work about human genetics and language abilities. This led to 452 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:11,520 Speaker 1: research into the human genome and genetic regulatory elements known 453 00:30:11,560 --> 00:30:16,080 Speaker 1: as human ancestor quickly evolved regions that have an outsized 454 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:20,920 Speaker 1: influence on language ability. It turns out that the Neanderthal 455 00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:25,120 Speaker 1: genome includes some of these same genetic elements, the same 456 00:30:25,160 --> 00:30:27,840 Speaker 1: ones that are in human beings today, so they were 457 00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:33,080 Speaker 1: present before Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens diverged from a common ancestor. 458 00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:36,920 Speaker 1: That means the capability for language might also be a 459 00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: lot older that was previously thought. Other research published in 460 00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:45,280 Speaker 1: the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that 461 00:30:45,440 --> 00:30:49,960 Speaker 1: while Homo sapiens and Neanderthals had differently shaped skulls, that 462 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:54,760 Speaker 1: doesn't mean Neanderthals had significantly different brains or cognitive abilities 463 00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: than the Homo sapiens that existed at the same time. 464 00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:01,600 Speaker 1: The researchers point out that there's a lot of variation 465 00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:06,640 Speaker 1: in today's brain anatomy. They compared the brains of ethnic Han, 466 00:31:06,760 --> 00:31:10,880 Speaker 1: Chinese people, and Americans with European ancestry, finding that in 467 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,040 Speaker 1: most regions of the brain there is a bigger difference 468 00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:17,800 Speaker 1: between people of Chinese and European ancestry than there would 469 00:31:17,840 --> 00:31:22,640 Speaker 1: have been between Neanderthals and early modern humans. And another 470 00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:28,240 Speaker 1: study published in Royal Society Open Science examined ancient baby 471 00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:32,520 Speaker 1: teeth and bones and concluded that Neanderthals grew and developed 472 00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:35,800 Speaker 1: in their very early years similarly to the way modern 473 00:31:35,880 --> 00:31:40,680 Speaker 1: humans do, suggesting there might also be other similarities. Next, 474 00:31:41,080 --> 00:31:46,040 Speaker 1: another paper published in Scientific Reports concludes that Neanderthals hunted 475 00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:50,680 Speaker 1: European pond turtles primarily not for their meat, but for 476 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:54,640 Speaker 1: their shells, which they used to make tools. The shells 477 00:31:54,680 --> 00:31:58,080 Speaker 1: that were analyzed had scrape and cut marks on the insides, 478 00:31:58,520 --> 00:32:02,120 Speaker 1: suggesting that the meat and organs were thoroughly removed and 479 00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:05,920 Speaker 1: the insides of the shells were cleaned. But these turtles 480 00:32:05,920 --> 00:32:09,000 Speaker 1: are very small, so this process wouldn't have yielded much 481 00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:12,240 Speaker 1: edible meat, leading to the idea that they probably were 482 00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:16,120 Speaker 1: not a major food source. The resulting shells could have 483 00:32:16,160 --> 00:32:19,840 Speaker 1: been useful as containers or scoops, and turtle shells have 484 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:24,080 Speaker 1: been found in locations that Neanderthals probably used for rendering Greece. 485 00:32:24,960 --> 00:32:28,600 Speaker 1: This paper also documents the hunting of turtles much farther 486 00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:32,600 Speaker 1: north than was previously known. The idea that a particular 487 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:36,560 Speaker 1: food source wouldn't have yielded much food comes up relatively 488 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:39,600 Speaker 1: often in these kinds of articles, so it's like, Oh, 489 00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:41,960 Speaker 1: these clams would have been really small, it would have 490 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:45,280 Speaker 1: been really inefficient to be trying to get the meat 491 00:32:45,320 --> 00:32:48,560 Speaker 1: from them. And I don't know if I fully believed 492 00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:52,600 Speaker 1: that argument, because maybe the turtles were really delicious, maybe 493 00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:54,760 Speaker 1: it was in fashion sort of to have turtle. We 494 00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:57,800 Speaker 1: don't really know, but that's sort of the general conclusion here. 495 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:04,280 Speaker 1: Something else Neanderthals may have used as tools was rhinoceros teeth. 496 00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:08,720 Speaker 1: This conclusion comes from the study of fossil rhinoceros teeth 497 00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:13,920 Speaker 1: that had unusual marks and fractures. This research involved analyzing 498 00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:18,000 Speaker 1: those fossilized teeth as well as experiments done with modern 499 00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:23,080 Speaker 1: rhinoceros teeth, including using the modern teeth to retouched stone 500 00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:26,560 Speaker 1: tools and for things like napping and for other tasks. 501 00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:32,600 Speaker 1: Researchers concluded that Neanderthals probably used rhinoceros teeth primarily as 502 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:36,480 Speaker 1: percussion tools, and that they preferred using the teeth of 503 00:33:36,720 --> 00:33:41,440 Speaker 1: older animals, possibly because those older teeth were flatter due 504 00:33:41,480 --> 00:33:44,960 Speaker 1: to wear and that made them easier to handle. Research 505 00:33:45,040 --> 00:33:49,000 Speaker 1: published in the journal Plus one suggests that Neanderthals had 506 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:53,320 Speaker 1: the understanding and the manual dexterity to treat tooth infections 507 00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:58,120 Speaker 1: by drilling into a tooth and removing diseased pulp. This 508 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:02,920 Speaker 1: conclusion comes from examining of one nearly sixty thousand year 509 00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:06,520 Speaker 1: old molar. A hole drilled into the center of the 510 00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:10,520 Speaker 1: tooth goes into the pulp cavity, and the microscopic grooves 511 00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:13,360 Speaker 1: in the hole are similar to ones made by stone 512 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:16,880 Speaker 1: point tools found in the same cave as the tooth. 513 00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:20,400 Speaker 1: The tooth also has wear patterns that would have been 514 00:34:20,440 --> 00:34:23,480 Speaker 1: made after the tooth was drilled while the person was 515 00:34:23,560 --> 00:34:27,439 Speaker 1: still alive, suggesting they lived for some time after going 516 00:34:27,480 --> 00:34:32,120 Speaker 1: through this procedure or enduring this procedure since it would 517 00:34:32,120 --> 00:34:36,040 Speaker 1: have been very, very painful. If this interpretation is correct, 518 00:34:36,080 --> 00:34:39,920 Speaker 1: this is the world's oldest successful dental treatment that we 519 00:34:40,040 --> 00:34:44,799 Speaker 1: know of. An ongoing topic of research into Neanderthals is 520 00:34:44,840 --> 00:34:49,800 Speaker 1: what exactly caused them to become extinct. A modeling study 521 00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:54,440 Speaker 1: published in Quaternary Science Reviews suggests that neither changes in 522 00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:58,920 Speaker 1: the climate nor increased competition with Homo sapiens can fully 523 00:34:59,040 --> 00:35:04,719 Speaker 1: account for neanders Tall's extinction. Instead, it concludes that increased 524 00:35:04,920 --> 00:35:08,520 Speaker 1: networks among groups of Homo Sapiens might have given them 525 00:35:08,560 --> 00:35:12,640 Speaker 1: an advantage that the Neanderthals did not have. With greater 526 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:16,799 Speaker 1: networks of allies and relatives, groups of Homo sapiens who 527 00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:20,960 Speaker 1: started to struggle due to something like climate or natural disasters, 528 00:35:21,040 --> 00:35:24,799 Speaker 1: or demographic changes or some other reason would have had 529 00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:28,239 Speaker 1: more options for places they could go, communities they could 530 00:35:28,320 --> 00:35:32,160 Speaker 1: join and find support. That kind of thing. Arianne Burke, 531 00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:35,400 Speaker 1: a professor in the Department of Anthropology at universi de 532 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:39,319 Speaker 1: de Montreal and head of the Quebec based Hominin Dispersal's 533 00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:44,360 Speaker 1: research group, led this study. In Burke's words, quote, these 534 00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:47,640 Speaker 1: networks act as a safety net. They allow for the 535 00:35:47,680 --> 00:35:52,120 Speaker 1: exchange of information on resources and animal migrations, the forming 536 00:35:52,160 --> 00:35:56,360 Speaker 1: of partnerships, and temporary access to other territories in the 537 00:35:56,400 --> 00:36:00,440 Speaker 1: event of a crisis. Research published in the PC of 538 00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:03,960 Speaker 1: the National Academy of Sciences comes to a slightly different 539 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:09,280 Speaker 1: conclusion about the Neanderthal extinction, and that's the declining genetic 540 00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,840 Speaker 1: diversity may have played a role. This lack of genetic 541 00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:17,120 Speaker 1: diversity could have made different groups of Neanderthals more susceptible 542 00:36:17,160 --> 00:36:21,000 Speaker 1: to those same kinds of changes in climate or natural disasters. 543 00:36:21,160 --> 00:36:24,959 Speaker 1: That were referenced in the earlier study. This conclusion comes 544 00:36:24,960 --> 00:36:29,480 Speaker 1: from analysis of mitochondrial DNA among Neanderthals at six sites 545 00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:33,880 Speaker 1: in Belgium, France, Germany, and Serbia. On the other hand, 546 00:36:34,160 --> 00:36:38,239 Speaker 1: other research published in the journal Nature examined genetic data 547 00:36:38,280 --> 00:36:41,560 Speaker 1: from twenty seven Neanderthals from what's now Belgium and France 548 00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:45,640 Speaker 1: from shortly before they became extinct and concluded that they 549 00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:49,600 Speaker 1: were more diverse than was previously thought. Yeah, I did 550 00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,280 Speaker 1: not try to compare those two studies line by line, 551 00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:56,200 Speaker 1: but came to slightly different conclusions. We have one final 552 00:36:56,280 --> 00:36:59,439 Speaker 1: thing before we wrap up. On the fourth of July, 553 00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:03,000 Speaker 1: the United States Domestic Policy Council issued one hundred and 554 00:37:03,080 --> 00:37:07,280 Speaker 1: sixty two page report called Saving America's Story. How ideological 555 00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:12,000 Speaker 1: capture at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History 556 00:37:12,040 --> 00:37:17,000 Speaker 1: erases our heritage. Since this happened in July, it is 557 00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:19,560 Speaker 1: normally something that we would talk about in our next 558 00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:22,560 Speaker 1: installment of Unearthed, But given the scope of this and 559 00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,600 Speaker 1: the connections to things that we have already been talking 560 00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:29,120 Speaker 1: about on Unearthed, it seemed weird to just not mention 561 00:37:29,239 --> 00:37:32,480 Speaker 1: it at all. I have not read this report in 562 00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:36,640 Speaker 1: its entirety, because again it was issued on July fourth, 563 00:37:36,680 --> 00:37:39,279 Speaker 1: and I heard about it on July fifth, and we 564 00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:44,480 Speaker 1: are recording this installment of Unearthed on July seventh. I 565 00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:48,759 Speaker 1: spent the entirety of July sixth writing about all of 566 00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:51,680 Speaker 1: the things that I had already flagged to talk about. 567 00:37:51,719 --> 00:37:54,600 Speaker 1: There was no time left for AE hundred and sixty 568 00:37:54,680 --> 00:37:59,120 Speaker 1: two page Smithsonian Report rabbit Hole. It was a long, 569 00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:02,759 Speaker 1: long day just with the work that already needed to 570 00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,840 Speaker 1: be done. Besides that, But here is the crux to 571 00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:10,680 Speaker 1: quote from the report. Quote, as this report shows, the 572 00:38:10,960 --> 00:38:16,600 Speaker 1: Museum purportedly presents America as a problematic country, irredeemably conceived, 573 00:38:16,719 --> 00:38:20,000 Speaker 1: founded by deeply flawed men, and still operating today as 574 00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:24,280 Speaker 1: an instrument of systemic racism and oppression. In the museum's 575 00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:32,600 Speaker 1: currents telling, the country is above all defined by white supremacy, slavery, conquest, exclusion, hierarchy, racism, xenophobia, misogyny, 576 00:38:32,640 --> 00:38:36,759 Speaker 1: and systemic injustice. The report identifies a broad pattern. The 577 00:38:36,840 --> 00:38:41,800 Speaker 1: founders are minimized, if not entirely excluded, Traditional patriotic narratives 578 00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:45,120 Speaker 1: are treated with suspicion, if not outright contempt, and the 579 00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:48,680 Speaker 1: basic symbols and stories that once helped unify Americans are 580 00:38:48,719 --> 00:38:51,680 Speaker 1: presented not as reasons for gratitude and inspiration, but as 581 00:38:51,719 --> 00:38:57,480 Speaker 1: objects to be inherently questioned, dismantled, problematized, and reinterpreted to 582 00:38:57,600 --> 00:39:02,359 Speaker 1: achieve ideological ends. So, to reiterate something that we said 583 00:39:02,360 --> 00:39:04,680 Speaker 1: more than a year ago when we started talking about 584 00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:08,879 Speaker 1: the restoring truth and sanity to American History Executive Order, 585 00:39:09,120 --> 00:39:14,400 Speaker 1: this idea that the purpose of history is patriotism and 586 00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:20,480 Speaker 1: national pride, as suggested by that passage, that is an ideology. 587 00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:25,279 Speaker 1: The kinds of changes that are being promoted through these 588 00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:29,480 Speaker 1: kinds of publications and government orders are attempts to erase 589 00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:33,160 Speaker 1: our heritage. There is only one heritage that is of 590 00:39:33,280 --> 00:39:37,680 Speaker 1: interest to the people who wrote this paper. What's being 591 00:39:37,719 --> 00:39:41,000 Speaker 1: erased with the kinds of changes that are made to 592 00:39:41,080 --> 00:39:44,560 Speaker 1: these museums and other sites is largely the heritage of 593 00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:47,640 Speaker 1: anybody who is not white, or Christian, or probably male. 594 00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,560 Speaker 1: As I said, I've not read this entire thing, but 595 00:39:51,640 --> 00:39:53,279 Speaker 1: the bits that I did look at in order to 596 00:39:53,320 --> 00:39:56,440 Speaker 1: write this paragraph are full of bad faith readings and 597 00:39:56,520 --> 00:39:59,319 Speaker 1: cherry picked out of context examples. So I just want 598 00:39:59,360 --> 00:40:02,840 Speaker 1: to say straightforwar. We stand with the Smithsonian, and we 599 00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:06,560 Speaker 1: stand with all of the historians and archivists and librarians 600 00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,480 Speaker 1: and researchers and teachers who are out there trying to 601 00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:13,279 Speaker 1: do accurate and nuanced and non whitewashed history in the 602 00:40:13,320 --> 00:40:17,960 Speaker 1: face of all of this nonsense. Amen, I also feel like, 603 00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:21,960 Speaker 1: I know I invoke William Blake all the time, but 604 00:40:22,560 --> 00:40:25,640 Speaker 1: his whole thing of like you cannot be truly good 605 00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:28,160 Speaker 1: unless you have known evil. Like if you are just 606 00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:30,640 Speaker 1: a good and innocent thing that is never tempted and 607 00:40:30,719 --> 00:40:36,479 Speaker 1: never faces you know dark things or does anything bad, 608 00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:42,120 Speaker 1: that's really meaningless. What makes people great is rising above 609 00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:44,920 Speaker 1: all of that and like living through it and knowing 610 00:40:44,960 --> 00:40:47,840 Speaker 1: they want to be better. So essentially this is like 611 00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:52,480 Speaker 1: would you like the most bland, pap version of this 612 00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:57,760 Speaker 1: that offers no ideological growth in terms of like how 613 00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:01,120 Speaker 1: we could be better than our forbear and learn from 614 00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:04,920 Speaker 1: their mistakes and overall the country gets better and better. Yeah, 615 00:41:04,960 --> 00:41:08,719 Speaker 1: it's just like this is for four year olds. Come on. Yeah. 616 00:41:08,760 --> 00:41:12,080 Speaker 1: One of the things that this report explicitly takes objection 617 00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:15,600 Speaker 1: to is somebody saying that loving America is complicated, And 618 00:41:15,640 --> 00:41:18,600 Speaker 1: I'm like, if loving America is not complicated for you. 619 00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:22,759 Speaker 1: I don't understand what you're doing like I just don't. 620 00:41:23,040 --> 00:41:30,520 Speaker 1: I just don't I have. I didn't pick this on 621 00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:32,920 Speaker 1: purpose to go along with that final statement. It just 622 00:41:32,960 --> 00:41:36,960 Speaker 1: happens to be the next unread listener mail that I 623 00:41:37,040 --> 00:41:39,520 Speaker 1: have in the in the stack, and it is from Kiki, 624 00:41:39,719 --> 00:41:44,239 Speaker 1: and it is about Shenandoah National Park and black Work. 625 00:41:44,880 --> 00:41:49,120 Speaker 1: We discussed the many complexities of the establishment of Shenandoah 626 00:41:49,239 --> 00:41:53,600 Speaker 1: National Park in that episode. I love our national parks 627 00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:58,600 Speaker 1: so much, there are also complexities in their history that 628 00:41:58,680 --> 00:42:03,640 Speaker 1: make loving them complicated. So Kiki wrote, hello to you both. 629 00:42:04,280 --> 00:42:06,719 Speaker 1: I'm writing today because I finally have some pictures of 630 00:42:06,760 --> 00:42:09,680 Speaker 1: fun of the memorials for those displaced by the park. 631 00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:13,560 Speaker 1: This one is in Augusta County outside Grand Caverns. I 632 00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:15,400 Speaker 1: took my six and four year old to see the 633 00:42:15,440 --> 00:42:17,799 Speaker 1: caverns and then we headed back home via the Blue 634 00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:21,479 Speaker 1: Ridge Parkway. They loved the whole trip, even the mountain road. 635 00:42:21,680 --> 00:42:24,160 Speaker 1: They were not as interested in the history as I hoped, 636 00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:26,319 Speaker 1: and due to a problem with my backup battery, I 637 00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:28,800 Speaker 1: was not able to play your shows during the trip. 638 00:42:28,960 --> 00:42:32,480 Speaker 1: This time, they both want to see more caverns, so 639 00:42:32,520 --> 00:42:34,640 Speaker 1: I'm sure I'll get another chance to play them the 640 00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:38,840 Speaker 1: episodes soon. When I was an elementary school late nineteen nineties, 641 00:42:38,880 --> 00:42:41,319 Speaker 1: we had a day camp with another school system and 642 00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:44,000 Speaker 1: we're busted out to Madison County in Virginia, where we 643 00:42:44,080 --> 00:42:48,000 Speaker 1: learned about science, music, history, and art within whatever theme 644 00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:50,319 Speaker 1: they picked. One year, I was lucky enough to be 645 00:42:50,320 --> 00:42:53,000 Speaker 1: in the history class, and we learned about the Shenandoah 646 00:42:53,120 --> 00:42:56,160 Speaker 1: Valley and spent time learning about the creation of the 647 00:42:56,160 --> 00:43:00,120 Speaker 1: Shenandoah National Park. We spoke with rangers and visited one 648 00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:02,920 Speaker 1: of the few houses not torn down inside the park. 649 00:43:03,320 --> 00:43:05,759 Speaker 1: It was extremely interesting, and I'm glad to say it 650 00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:08,799 Speaker 1: was not something I missed in history class. Finally, I'm 651 00:43:08,800 --> 00:43:10,680 Speaker 1: doing a catchup right now, and I just listened to 652 00:43:10,719 --> 00:43:13,759 Speaker 1: your embroidery episodes. I was amazed to hear about blackwork 653 00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:17,160 Speaker 1: because I just watched a video of someone hand embroidering it. 654 00:43:17,719 --> 00:43:22,200 Speaker 1: Here's a link to Bernadette Banner recreating Renaissance underwear complete 655 00:43:22,239 --> 00:43:25,000 Speaker 1: with blackwork collar. I don't know if you to are fans, 656 00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:28,560 Speaker 1: but she makes such lovely recreations for pat tax have 657 00:43:28,719 --> 00:43:31,919 Speaker 1: this meme of our new cat Yari who literally ran 658 00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:34,680 Speaker 1: into our house in May demanding hugs and is now 659 00:43:34,719 --> 00:43:36,640 Speaker 1: the best kiddie we could hope for. He's named for 660 00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:40,360 Speaker 1: a cat like cryptid beast from New Zealand. Hope that 661 00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:43,720 Speaker 1: heat is not getting you down this summer, your faithful listener, Kiki. 662 00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:47,040 Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Kiki for this email. Thank you 663 00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:52,439 Speaker 1: for adorable kitty cat pictures. The cat distribution system really 664 00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:55,960 Speaker 1: went hard on that one. Yeah, I like the cat 665 00:43:56,080 --> 00:43:59,200 Speaker 1: just running inside the house. The cat that I had 666 00:43:59,239 --> 00:44:01,719 Speaker 1: for many, many years is starting from my childhood, is 667 00:44:01,760 --> 00:44:04,279 Speaker 1: a cat who just arrived in our backyard one day 668 00:44:06,360 --> 00:44:10,960 Speaker 1: for whatever reason. Outlook is really just not wanting to 669 00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:14,600 Speaker 1: open the pictures at full size. They're right there, but oh, 670 00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:19,400 Speaker 1: here we go. So it is a plaque that is 671 00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:23,920 Speaker 1: the Augusta Memorial. It's in memory of Augusta County families 672 00:44:24,280 --> 00:44:28,560 Speaker 1: who were displaced in the creation of Shenandoah National Park, 673 00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:31,879 Speaker 1: and then a couple of other sites that have other 674 00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:36,120 Speaker 1: interpretive information. In an adorable kitty cat making, I'm going 675 00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:39,360 Speaker 1: to say a kind of goofy face. I love it best. 676 00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:44,279 Speaker 1: So thank you, thank you so much, Kiki. If you 677 00:44:44,320 --> 00:44:46,040 Speaker 1: would like to send us a note, we're at History 678 00:44:46,080 --> 00:44:50,879 Speaker 1: podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can find the very 679 00:44:51,040 --> 00:44:54,520 Speaker 1: long source list of these unearthed episodes at our website 680 00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:57,440 Speaker 1: which is Missed Inhistory dot com, and you can subscribe 681 00:44:57,480 --> 00:44:59,759 Speaker 1: to our show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else 682 00:44:59,760 --> 00:45:08,200 Speaker 1: too to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History 683 00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:12,600 Speaker 1: Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 684 00:45:12,760 --> 00:45:16,320 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 685 00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:17,360 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.