WEBVTT - How does a diving bell work? 0:00:01.160 --> 0:00:04.640 Welcome to you stuff you should know fromhouse stuff Works 0:00:04.640 --> 0:00:13.040 dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh 0:00:13.039 --> 0:00:16.479 Clark and Charles W. Chuck Bryant is with me. Um, 0:00:16.520 --> 0:00:20.120 which means it's time for stuff you should know. That's right, man, 0:00:20.160 --> 0:00:22.680 I got all confused right there, you're about to say. Listener, 0:00:24.120 --> 0:00:28.600 it's a little close for comfort. Our shortest show ever. Yes, 0:00:28.960 --> 0:00:33.519 how introductions work? How you doing? I'm well, sir, How 0:00:33.520 --> 0:00:36.239 are you? I'm good. It's a little warm in here 0:00:36.240 --> 0:00:38.960 today in um, I feel I feel like this is 0:00:39.159 --> 0:00:42.680 to him, like a room that we're in is always 0:00:42.960 --> 0:00:46.000 sort of warm and off putting. Well, there's like eighteen 0:00:46.080 --> 0:00:49.559 NIKEA lamps in here, and I guess it feels like 0:00:49.600 --> 0:00:52.159 it's warmer than usual. They generate some heat and that's 0:00:52.159 --> 0:00:59.320 how they power Switzerland Sweden with Sweden Sweden. Yeah, yeah, sorry, 0:00:59.640 --> 0:01:03.360 sweet is. Yeah, I know people are like good lord Chuck. Yeah, 0:01:03.440 --> 0:01:08.120 you got a map as a desk bells. Yeah, you 0:01:08.120 --> 0:01:12.400 have a tan map down to so um Chuck. I 0:01:12.440 --> 0:01:15.600 want to dive into a subject that I believe you 0:01:15.600 --> 0:01:20.720 know something about. Okay, it's called diving bells. That's the subject, 0:01:20.920 --> 0:01:23.759 and I know you know about it because this article 0:01:23.840 --> 0:01:27.040 that we're basing this off of, is it Chuck Bryant jam, Yeah, 0:01:27.120 --> 0:01:29.479 I forgot all about this and I got about halfway 0:01:29.480 --> 0:01:31.520 through it, and I was like that sounds like something 0:01:31.520 --> 0:01:35.200 I'd say, Oh, really, you didn't realize that you've written it. Nope, 0:01:35.240 --> 0:01:38.040 totally forgot. And then it wasn't halfway through, but it 0:01:38.160 --> 0:01:42.040 was probably somewhere in the intro, that silly clever intro, 0:01:42.840 --> 0:01:45.560 which was really not clever. Oh, I don't know. I 0:01:45.560 --> 0:01:47.280 feel like I used to start all of my articles 0:01:47.319 --> 0:01:51.320 like I was writing a middle school term paper. Oh 0:01:51.440 --> 0:01:53.800 was it the uh where they're talking about how there's 0:01:53.840 --> 0:01:57.360 not very many images of our early attempts to scuba 0:01:57.400 --> 0:02:02.440 dive because quote of the lack of availability of underwater 0:02:02.480 --> 0:02:05.400 filming techniques at the time. Yeah. Yeah, it sounds like filler. 0:02:07.760 --> 0:02:11.760 Very very very very very remember in summer school with 0:02:11.880 --> 0:02:15.639 Chainsaw and Dave Uh yeah, the Mark Arman movie. Yeah, 0:02:15.680 --> 0:02:17.760 they had to write like a three word essay or 0:02:17.840 --> 0:02:20.600 something like that and somebody they admired, and I think 0:02:20.639 --> 0:02:25.280 it was Toby Hooper and or it was the or 0:02:25.320 --> 0:02:27.200 a special effects there, but they said like he was 0:02:27.360 --> 0:02:30.799 very very very very very very very I remember those 0:02:30.880 --> 0:02:34.040 days counting the words. Yeah, that's not what this is. No, 0:02:34.440 --> 0:02:37.240 this is a great article on diving bells. It's kind 0:02:37.280 --> 0:02:39.920 of interesting, you know, the precursor to scuba diving. If 0:02:39.960 --> 0:02:45.320 any of you folks out there, scuba enthusiasts you have, uh, 0:02:45.440 --> 0:02:47.919 you know, there's a trail that was blazed many years before, 0:02:48.200 --> 0:02:52.520 littered with dead bodies and big iron casks. Yeah, not 0:02:52.600 --> 0:02:55.480 just dead bodies, but crippled bodies too. Like, a lot 0:02:55.520 --> 0:02:57.800 of bad stuff can happen to you, and a lot 0:02:57.880 --> 0:03:01.080 of bad stuff did happen to people before we really 0:03:01.160 --> 0:03:05.600 understood the physics of Yeah, I mean, people still lose 0:03:05.639 --> 0:03:11.359 their lives obviously in the pursuit of um, just forwarding technology, 0:03:11.400 --> 0:03:14.240 but um not like they used to people. You're like, 0:03:14.840 --> 0:03:16.840 we really owe a debt to the people who figured 0:03:16.840 --> 0:03:19.720 out everything that we have and lost their lives doing it. Well, 0:03:19.720 --> 0:03:23.640 what's spectacularly amazing to me is that not everyone died 0:03:24.040 --> 0:03:29.280 trying to use diving bells. And we're talking like years ago. Yeah, 0:03:29.280 --> 0:03:32.440 it wasn't you know in the early nine right, Yeah, Yeah, 0:03:32.480 --> 0:03:37.360 Apparently by the twelve hundreds, the concept of diving bells 0:03:37.400 --> 0:03:42.720 were so I guess entrenched in societies around the world, 0:03:42.760 --> 0:03:45.640 civilizations around the world, that they were just routinely used 0:03:45.680 --> 0:03:49.240 for all sorts of different stuff. Yeah, Aristotle wrote about it. Yeah, 0:03:49.320 --> 0:03:51.400 back in the fourth century BC. Right, Yeah, that's a 0:03:51.400 --> 0:03:53.800 long time ago. So he was he was the first, 0:03:53.960 --> 0:03:58.240 I take it to mention diving bells. Who to describe them? Right? Yeah? 0:03:58.240 --> 0:03:59.920 Should we read that quote? I think it's a good 0:04:00.280 --> 0:04:06.120 but you have to read it in an aristotlely voice. Aristotelean, Um, well, 0:04:06.160 --> 0:04:10.120 I really have no idea what ancient Greeks sounded like. Well, 0:04:10.440 --> 0:04:13.080 the key is that no one does, so you can 0:04:13.120 --> 0:04:17.279 just make it up. They enable divers to respire equally 0:04:17.320 --> 0:04:20.400 well by letting down a cauldron, but this does not 0:04:20.560 --> 0:04:23.599 fill with water, but retains the air, for it is 0:04:23.600 --> 0:04:28.640 forced straight down into the vatas I just added a German. Yeah, 0:04:29.960 --> 0:04:31.760 I was gonna say there was an eighty five percent 0:04:31.880 --> 0:04:34.160 chance that the Greeks were gonna sound like Sean Connery 0:04:34.440 --> 0:04:40.239 coming out of you. Yeah, that wasn't Sean Connery. Um 0:04:40.279 --> 0:04:42.920 so yeah, So Aristotle's talking about this, and the very 0:04:42.920 --> 0:04:46.320 fact that he's talking about diving bells proves at least 0:04:46.320 --> 0:04:49.000 that the idea was in place at the time. Yeah, 0:04:49.000 --> 0:04:52.520 there's some legends that, um, Alexander the Great, who was 0:04:52.560 --> 0:04:56.440 actually a student of Aristotle's, used a diving bell. Yeah, 0:04:56.480 --> 0:05:00.320 there's there's pictures drawings of you know, Alexander a Great, 0:05:00.320 --> 0:05:02.919 like laying down or sitting down beneath the water in 0:05:03.560 --> 0:05:06.120 some sort of a you know, diving bell or or 0:05:06.160 --> 0:05:09.120 like a barrel or magic bubble some Sorry, yeah, but 0:05:09.360 --> 0:05:11.279 we don't know if that means he just talked about 0:05:11.279 --> 0:05:13.840 it a lot and like draw pictures of me doing this, 0:05:15.120 --> 0:05:18.360 or if he actually tried it. Um, we're just not sure. Well, 0:05:18.360 --> 0:05:20.960 so supposedly he used it one when he was eleven, 0:05:21.080 --> 0:05:23.960 but then again as an older man during the Siege 0:05:23.960 --> 0:05:27.720 of Tire in a three thirty two b c Um 0:05:27.839 --> 0:05:29.839 And I looked that up and it looked like it 0:05:29.920 --> 0:05:34.000 seems pretty reasonable, Like apparently there was some underwater obstructions 0:05:34.440 --> 0:05:38.240 around Tire and he had some underwater divers removing him, 0:05:38.279 --> 0:05:40.599 so he used a diving bell to go check on 0:05:40.680 --> 0:05:44.400 their work. Not the most fantastical tale anyone could tell 0:05:44.480 --> 0:05:46.800 if they were just making stuff up about him using 0:05:46.800 --> 0:05:49.680 a diving bell. So I kind of buy that one, Yeah, 0:05:49.760 --> 0:05:51.640 I could buy it. And of course da Vinci sketched 0:05:51.640 --> 0:05:55.239 them out because he invented everything. Even if he didn't 0:05:55.240 --> 0:05:59.480 properly invented, he at least sketched out ideas. You know, well, yeah, 0:05:59.560 --> 0:06:01.719 he had a lot of great ideas that have come 0:06:01.760 --> 0:06:08.680 to life now. The star Trek phaser really okay. But 0:06:08.920 --> 0:06:12.920 Aristotle he kind of hints at the basic physics behind 0:06:12.920 --> 0:06:15.800 the diving bell. He says that you have a capsule 0:06:16.240 --> 0:06:19.799 that you're forcing straight down into a water the water, 0:06:20.760 --> 0:06:24.520 and um, the air bubble, whatever air was inside is 0:06:24.520 --> 0:06:28.039 pressed upwards so long as the vessel is concave right, yeah, 0:06:28.120 --> 0:06:30.600 and so long as it is straight down. Like you said, 0:06:30.640 --> 0:06:32.760 you don't want this thing because you know, if you've 0:06:32.800 --> 0:06:37.039 ever played in the bathtub, and I know you do, 0:06:36.839 --> 0:06:38.719 you you know, if you take a cup and invert 0:06:38.760 --> 0:06:41.520 it and just push it straight down, there's gonna be water. 0:06:41.600 --> 0:06:43.920 And then if you want to make make it poop, 0:06:44.480 --> 0:06:47.479 you tilted on a side and the air comes out 0:06:47.480 --> 0:06:50.360 in little bubbles. That's true, you know, because a poop 0:06:50.400 --> 0:06:53.039 or shoot a duck. It shoots a duck. But I 0:06:53.040 --> 0:06:54.840 think every kid has done stuff like that, and that's 0:06:54.960 --> 0:06:57.440 essentially what all a diving bell is. Yeah, it's just 0:06:57.520 --> 0:07:00.640 really heavy. Yeah, because when you have a up above 0:07:00.720 --> 0:07:04.800 water upside down has air in it. When it contacts 0:07:04.839 --> 0:07:07.640 the water, the air can escape any longer because of 0:07:07.720 --> 0:07:10.440 the water surface tension, and then when you push it up, 0:07:10.520 --> 0:07:13.760 the water compresses the air. That's right. So that's all 0:07:13.800 --> 0:07:15.200 you have, like you said, at the top of a 0:07:15.280 --> 0:07:18.880 diving belt, inside is compressed air and human beings can 0:07:18.920 --> 0:07:21.080 breathe that. Yeah. It doesn't have to be concave though, 0:07:21.120 --> 0:07:25.240 does it. I don't think so. But later I think, well, 0:07:25.280 --> 0:07:27.160 I think there needs to be some sort of point 0:07:27.800 --> 0:07:30.400 that the air can be pressed up into, but maybe not. 0:07:31.320 --> 0:07:35.000 I've seen here they're concave, so maybe that's the best 0:07:35.040 --> 0:07:37.720 designed for a diving belt. But yeah, not everybody's used 0:07:38.280 --> 0:07:41.000 concave designs. Yeah, but I mean many were shaped like 0:07:41.080 --> 0:07:46.200 bells somewhere, barrels like whiskey barrels, um somewhere, wooden, many 0:07:46.240 --> 0:07:50.040 were iron um. There were They were trying all sorts 0:07:50.040 --> 0:07:52.000 of things basically just to see if it works right, 0:07:52.040 --> 0:07:54.840 and they figured out like, the heavier the better, because 0:07:54.880 --> 0:07:57.240 this thing had to be able to go down to 0:07:57.320 --> 0:08:00.440 the to the bottom of the sea, whatever depth that was, 0:08:00.560 --> 0:08:03.160 and not tip over. Yeah, it couldn't tip over, and 0:08:03.240 --> 0:08:05.760 it had to be balanced too, so you had to 0:08:05.840 --> 0:08:09.200 have ballasts. If you weren't using an iron diving bellet, 0:08:09.400 --> 0:08:12.440 you had to put weights on it and they had 0:08:12.440 --> 0:08:14.400 to be balanced or else it would tip over. It 0:08:14.440 --> 0:08:16.680 was a big deal. Yeah, And I think the key 0:08:16.720 --> 0:08:22.240 here is this is breathable air, right like Um, It 0:08:22.280 --> 0:08:24.080 depends on how deep you are and how big your 0:08:24.080 --> 0:08:27.520 bell is, obviously, but I think one example I gave 0:08:27.600 --> 0:08:29.440 in here was if you have a ten foot tall 0:08:29.640 --> 0:08:36.160 bell down, that's only about eleven inches of air. Um. Now, 0:08:36.280 --> 0:08:37.800 I don't think they were going that deep back then, 0:08:39.120 --> 0:08:41.839 or at least they were not smart to do. So, No, 0:08:42.000 --> 0:08:46.520 those are the ones that died, that's right. So one 0:08:46.520 --> 0:08:49.440 of the other problems that these people faced aside from dying, 0:08:49.559 --> 0:08:51.560 because they went too deep and ended up with just 0:08:51.600 --> 0:08:55.400 eleven inches of air. Yeah. Now we should point out 0:08:55.400 --> 0:08:59.800 that before we go any further physically speaking, that that 0:09:00.600 --> 0:09:05.000 by volume, that's eleven inches of air. But that's still 0:09:05.040 --> 0:09:08.120 the same amount of air that filled up the diving 0:09:08.160 --> 0:09:12.880 bell above water. So right, it's compressed, So you have 0:09:12.960 --> 0:09:15.960 compressed there, so all those oxygen molecules are still there. 0:09:15.960 --> 0:09:19.960 They're just in compressed format. The problem is if you're 0:09:19.960 --> 0:09:23.680 in there, you're compressed too, right, And when you're in 0:09:23.720 --> 0:09:28.719 that state of compression, UM, the oxygen and the nitrogen 0:09:29.160 --> 0:09:34.360 in your bloodstream get compressed as well and they dissolve, 0:09:35.120 --> 0:09:38.120 which isn't a problem with the oxygen because the tissues 0:09:38.160 --> 0:09:40.840 are surrounding tissues absorbed that oxygen and they love it. 0:09:40.840 --> 0:09:45.319 It's like yelling to them. But the nitrogen remains dissolved 0:09:45.400 --> 0:09:49.920 in the blood until you decompress. Then you have a problem. 0:09:50.480 --> 0:09:53.320 Then you have a radio head out one. Do they 0:09:53.320 --> 0:09:56.760 have one called the Bents? Yeah, I didn't know. It's 0:09:56.800 --> 0:09:59.520 great one. It was the one that preceded okay computer 0:10:00.240 --> 0:10:02.719 sort of. Did they make a bad album ever? No, 0:10:03.720 --> 0:10:07.320 that's a good point. Yeah, that's what the Bends is, 0:10:07.440 --> 0:10:11.040 and that can um when the when the nitrogen UH 0:10:11.280 --> 0:10:15.760 tries to escape, it forms little bubbles that block blood vessels, 0:10:15.800 --> 0:10:17.480 and that's why you can have a stroke or a 0:10:17.480 --> 0:10:20.640 heart attack if you ascend too quickly, and it can 0:10:20.679 --> 0:10:25.120 go to your joints and cause excruciating pain. I imagine crippling. 0:10:25.160 --> 0:10:30.559 Remember I mentioned being crippled before. Yeah, you've suffered the bens. No, no, no, 0:10:30.600 --> 0:10:33.280 Earlier I said, like, you said that she's littered with 0:10:33.320 --> 0:10:35.720 dead bodies and and crippled bodies. I feel like we 0:10:35.800 --> 0:10:40.000 talked about my my life long crippling. Well, momentarily I 0:10:40.080 --> 0:10:43.720 thought you meant then, Okay, I thought I remembered many 0:10:43.760 --> 0:10:49.440 moons ago you mentioning Scooba diving something about the bens. 0:10:48.080 --> 0:10:52.680 I've never had the bend. Okay, Yeah, of poor Scuba Cat. Yeah, 0:10:52.720 --> 0:10:55.520 if he'd gotten the bens, I don't know. Wonder Scooba 0:10:55.520 --> 0:10:58.960 Cat still around. I don't know who's kind of old already, 0:10:59.080 --> 0:11:02.600 wasn't he? I don't remember? Boy, that was a winner. 0:11:05.360 --> 0:11:08.120 So uh yeah, when you come up too quickly, the 0:11:08.200 --> 0:11:13.480 nitrogen in your blood undissolves, forms bubbles, blocks your blood vessels, 0:11:13.840 --> 0:11:18.040 blocks your joints, causes tremendous pain, strokes, death, all that stuff. Right, 0:11:18.160 --> 0:11:22.199 So when you're an ancient bell diver, I guess is 0:11:22.240 --> 0:11:26.079 what you call just that, right? A bell diver seems right? Um, 0:11:26.120 --> 0:11:29.680 And you were down for very long, too deep, and 0:11:29.679 --> 0:11:31.600 you came up too quickly, you're in a lot of trouble, 0:11:31.640 --> 0:11:33.599 that's right. And they made end up even understood the 0:11:33.600 --> 0:11:36.400 bents at that point. Imagine they didn't. They're like he 0:11:36.520 --> 0:11:40.480 just got the diving bell sickness right again. Yeah, it 0:11:40.559 --> 0:11:46.080 was because he sinned or something like that. He upset Zeus. 0:11:46.120 --> 0:11:48.480 So things when I went on like this for quite 0:11:48.480 --> 0:11:51.720 a while, UM, through the Renaissance into the sixteenth century, 0:11:51.760 --> 0:11:53.760 people were using these diving bells. It was all well 0:11:53.800 --> 0:11:56.600 and good. They were having a blast down there, having parties. 0:11:57.320 --> 0:12:01.240 And then at some point people were like, you know what, 0:12:01.600 --> 0:12:04.520 I bet we could make this better, right, you know, 0:12:04.960 --> 0:12:07.439 these guys keep running out of air down there and dying, 0:12:08.200 --> 0:12:09.600 or they run out of air and they have to 0:12:09.640 --> 0:12:11.360 come up too quick and they get the bend. So 0:12:11.400 --> 0:12:14.959 how can we improve this? Or they're only fourteen feet 0:12:15.000 --> 0:12:18.360 down sitting in a bell and what's the point, which 0:12:18.440 --> 0:12:21.000 is magnificent, but the ship that we need to get 0:12:21.040 --> 0:12:23.679 to is a hundred feet down. Yeah, exactly, like they 0:12:23.720 --> 0:12:27.160 needed this. They wanted to have applications they could use 0:12:27.240 --> 0:12:31.600 like two build things or repair things or get you know, 0:12:31.720 --> 0:12:35.400 pirates booty exactly. And speaking of pirates, check Sparrow does 0:12:35.480 --> 0:12:40.559 this with a canoe in the first UM Pirates of 0:12:40.600 --> 0:12:43.840 the Caribbean. Yeah, he turns a canoe upside down and 0:12:43.880 --> 0:12:47.440 like walks along the ocean bottom and I don't remember 0:12:47.480 --> 0:12:51.960 how he pulls the canoe down. Technically speaking, it's possible 0:12:52.000 --> 0:12:54.520 if he pulled it straight down, I think the magic 0:12:54.559 --> 0:12:57.760 of Disney, but I don't think it's it's physically possible 0:12:57.800 --> 0:13:00.280 what he did. Just just want to make or than 0:13:00.280 --> 0:13:04.720 anybody who really liked that part pooh poo it okay, 0:13:05.280 --> 0:13:08.240 so uh. In the late sixteen hundreds, it was a 0:13:08.280 --> 0:13:12.679 Frenchman named Dennis Papine and m He was one of 0:13:12.760 --> 0:13:14.319 the first dudes that said, you know what, I think 0:13:14.360 --> 0:13:18.120 we can get some fresh air into there, and very 0:13:18.160 --> 0:13:22.960 smartly and simply he used hoses and bellows that you know, 0:13:23.000 --> 0:13:26.880 the bellows were outside obviously up on you know, the boat, 0:13:27.600 --> 0:13:30.160 and they had dudes manning the bellows and pumping fresh 0:13:30.160 --> 0:13:32.439 air in there. Yeah, and it wasn't even like difficult. 0:13:32.480 --> 0:13:35.280 You didn't even have to navigate like where to put 0:13:35.320 --> 0:13:37.560 the hole in the top of the diving The hose 0:13:37.720 --> 0:13:42.280 literally just goes under the bottom and up inside and 0:13:42.320 --> 0:13:45.280 then the air just presses up super easy. Yeah, so 0:13:45.320 --> 0:13:47.360 you've got fresh air now. Yeah, they can stay down 0:13:47.400 --> 0:13:50.439 there longer. That's all that's solved, basically, But it's still 0:13:50.600 --> 0:13:55.600 not pressurized. The air they're pumping in isn't pressurized, that's true. 0:13:55.600 --> 0:13:57.800 So they couldn't go any deeper. They could just stay 0:13:57.800 --> 0:13:59.480 down there and do whatever the heck they were doing 0:14:00.080 --> 0:14:03.080 sitting in these cast iron bells. Right, So we we 0:14:03.200 --> 0:14:07.559 invent diving bells in at least the fifth century b C. 0:14:08.840 --> 0:14:13.000 We have to wait until the sevent century a d 0:14:13.880 --> 0:14:17.400 Before we make a real innovation to them. Now we 0:14:17.440 --> 0:14:20.600 have a whole other obstacle pressurizing these things. How long 0:14:20.640 --> 0:14:23.200 do we have to wait to overcome that? One? A year? 0:14:24.640 --> 0:14:27.920 It's true. Uh, And it took an Englishman to do so. 0:14:28.120 --> 0:14:35.320 Edmund halle Um. He basically attached these wooden barrels, he's 0:14:35.360 --> 0:14:38.880 weighted wooden barrels to the diving bell and they could 0:14:38.880 --> 0:14:42.600 be brought up and down, and they contained air at 0:14:42.600 --> 0:14:45.360 the bottom of each of these as a whole. Uh, 0:14:45.400 --> 0:14:47.520 that allowed water to come in, forcing the air up. 0:14:47.560 --> 0:14:49.880 And at the top was a hose that ran from 0:14:49.920 --> 0:14:53.800 that barrel to the bottom of the diving bell, and 0:14:53.840 --> 0:14:57.280 there was a faucet. So basically, whenever it was it's 0:14:57.280 --> 0:14:59.840 sort of like having air tanks down there. Whenever they 0:15:00.080 --> 0:15:03.480 to um more pressure, you know, if they were trying 0:15:03.520 --> 0:15:06.000 to equalize things. They would just turn their little faucet 0:15:06.120 --> 0:15:08.920 and allow air in, and once the barrel was empty, 0:15:09.240 --> 0:15:13.960 they would pull the barrels up, um I guess refill 0:15:14.080 --> 0:15:17.560 them with air, which probably meant just opening the top 0:15:17.600 --> 0:15:20.680 and then closing it again it's filled up, and then 0:15:20.840 --> 0:15:23.880 lower it back down there and all of a sudden 0:15:24.320 --> 0:15:26.720 you could control the pressure. And that was the same 0:15:26.920 --> 0:15:32.320 um Halle who uh named a comment after himself. It 0:15:32.560 --> 0:15:35.200 was no way that guy was all over the place 0:15:35.240 --> 0:15:38.200 renaissance man. Yeah, yeah, that's where that word comes. There's 0:15:38.200 --> 0:15:42.120 a post renaissance renaissance man. That's so. Yeah. So now 0:15:42.120 --> 0:15:46.080 we have pressurized diving bells, right yeah, and basically equal 0:15:46.120 --> 0:15:48.200 to that of the surrounding water. So that means you 0:15:48.200 --> 0:15:51.200 can go deeper and stay down longer. You can you 0:15:51.200 --> 0:15:53.360 you run out, like if the water starts to creep up, 0:15:53.360 --> 0:15:56.360 you just add more pressurized air and it pushes the 0:15:56.360 --> 0:15:59.480 water back down like it keeps the water at baby, 0:15:59.480 --> 0:16:01.560 because it's at the same pressure. So to the water, 0:16:02.720 --> 0:16:05.160 whatever is inside the diving bell might as well just 0:16:05.200 --> 0:16:09.560 be more water. It doesn't have this crazy urge to 0:16:09.680 --> 0:16:12.280 fill the diving bell up any longer because there's something 0:16:12.320 --> 0:16:14.720 they're just kind of goes along. It's happy way to 0:16:14.840 --> 0:16:17.480 the Mariana Trench. It's right. And I bet there was 0:16:17.520 --> 0:16:20.920 some seventeenth century David Blaine that very shortly afterward it 0:16:21.000 --> 0:16:23.600 was like, I can stay down here for two months, 0:16:24.240 --> 0:16:28.640 and people like, who cares? Well? The horrible thing was, uh, 0:16:28.640 --> 0:16:33.240 when you added pressurized air. Again, you're pressurizing. That's just 0:16:33.280 --> 0:16:36.520 the diving belt, but the people. Yeah, so to become 0:16:36.600 --> 0:16:38.600 pressurized to go down in a diving bell was a 0:16:38.640 --> 0:16:42.160 pretty horrific thing to endure in and of itself. Yeah, 0:16:42.200 --> 0:16:46.240 I guess um when they built the Brooklyn Bridge to 0:16:47.080 --> 0:16:53.200 you know, the two towers that that, I guess that. Yeah, 0:16:53.680 --> 0:16:56.120 those are down almost to the bedrock. They were going 0:16:56.160 --> 0:16:57.480 to go down the bed rock, and then they found 0:16:57.480 --> 0:17:01.000 out like there's some pretty stable aggregate defeat above bedrocks, 0:17:01.040 --> 0:17:05.359 so they just planted them on those. But um, to 0:17:05.600 --> 0:17:09.400 construct those, they had to drop these huge casans, which 0:17:09.400 --> 0:17:14.880 are basically like giant structural diving bells, and they pressurized 0:17:14.960 --> 0:17:17.200 them and it kept the water of the river out, 0:17:17.560 --> 0:17:20.359 so like literally the river's just flowing around this stuff. 0:17:21.320 --> 0:17:24.439 But there's men working in these things and they'd have 0:17:24.520 --> 0:17:27.720 to pressurize before going in them, and it was just 0:17:27.800 --> 0:17:30.280 like this. Their ear drums would burst once in a 0:17:30.359 --> 0:17:33.960 while as they were being pressure because it wasn't like gently, 0:17:34.080 --> 0:17:36.640 it was like, you know, I guess it was better 0:17:36.680 --> 0:17:39.960 than just walking right into the casson, but it was 0:17:40.160 --> 0:17:42.800 still pretty rough. And then they go and working there 0:17:42.800 --> 0:17:44.960 for a couple of hours and then come out and 0:17:45.080 --> 0:17:48.720 hopefully not get decompression sickness to bends. But actually the 0:17:49.200 --> 0:17:53.400 project manager, the son of the designer of the Brooklyn Bridge, 0:17:53.680 --> 0:17:57.440 Washington Row Billy is the Sun, he suffered a lifelong 0:17:57.440 --> 0:18:01.480 crippling from decompression sickness after going and inspecting some of 0:18:01.520 --> 0:18:03.160 the work in one of the Kim something coming out 0:18:03.200 --> 0:18:05.879 too quickly. Well know, a lot of people died, and like, uh, 0:18:06.720 --> 0:18:09.399 I enjoy walking across the Brooklyn Bridge, as many New 0:18:09.440 --> 0:18:11.719 Yorkers do, and you should think about that next time 0:18:11.760 --> 0:18:14.120 you're doing so. Yeah, that like people gave up their 0:18:14.160 --> 0:18:17.840 lives too, so you could like say snarky things and 0:18:17.920 --> 0:18:21.240 Instagram photos of yourself and all the other things that 0:18:21.280 --> 0:18:24.399 you do. Um, there's a really great Kim Burns documentary 0:18:24.400 --> 0:18:27.080 on the construction of Brooklyn Bridge. Who I haven't seen 0:18:27.119 --> 0:18:30.160 that one. It's good. It's like a straight up PBS one. 0:18:30.320 --> 0:18:33.760 No frills. Well, he's not about frills. He just moves 0:18:33.800 --> 0:18:37.560 pictures like around and hands in and out. This may 0:18:37.560 --> 0:18:41.360 be his least frilly. Okay, yeah, I'm not knocking Kimburns. 0:18:41.359 --> 0:18:43.479 I like a good Kimburns. Well you'll probably like this 0:18:43.520 --> 0:18:47.200 one though. So uh. A hundred years after being able 0:18:47.200 --> 0:18:50.520 to control the pressure with bellows and that the barrels, 0:18:50.520 --> 0:18:53.800 I'm sorry, um and English and other Englishman, a scientists 0:18:53.880 --> 0:18:57.240 named John Smeaton invented an actual diving air pump in 0:18:58.720 --> 0:19:01.639 and it was on the surface obviously, and took like 0:19:01.920 --> 0:19:05.560 four guys to operate it. Um. And it was basically 0:19:05.560 --> 0:19:10.280 like Dennis Peppine's original plan, but it was just mechanized. 0:19:11.560 --> 0:19:14.760 So they were able to build like big ones like people. 0:19:15.680 --> 0:19:18.000 There's many's like twelve people could go down and rush 0:19:18.000 --> 0:19:20.639 things and like have a party if they wanted to. 0:19:21.040 --> 0:19:24.400 They made windows eventually, Yeah, they put electricity in them. 0:19:24.640 --> 0:19:29.400 Yeah that's a little scary for that time period. Oh yeah, 0:19:29.400 --> 0:19:30.720 wouldn't I don't know, I don't know if I would 0:19:30.720 --> 0:19:33.400 have trusted that. Yeah, I wouldn't be you know, seventeen 0:19:33.480 --> 0:19:37.360 or early and we just discovered electricity. Now, let's put 0:19:37.359 --> 0:19:39.560 it in under water. And they used them for, like 0:19:39.600 --> 0:19:43.560 you said, building bridges and repairing docks, and early saboteurs 0:19:43.720 --> 0:19:47.640 would sneak up underwater to um cut the anchor lines 0:19:47.680 --> 0:19:51.240 of enemy ships. Really, that's a very handy use. And 0:19:52.760 --> 0:19:55.800 so you dug up a cool story about um was 0:19:55.840 --> 0:19:59.440 that this year it was just this May. Yeah, a 0:19:59.480 --> 0:20:02.320 guy named Perrison O'Kenny at twenty nine year old Nigerian 0:20:02.320 --> 0:20:05.440 boat cook was on a tugboat, a Chevron tug boat 0:20:06.000 --> 0:20:09.679 and in the Atlantic and it capsized and he was 0:20:09.800 --> 0:20:14.120 eventually through all this, you know, capsizing and tumbling around 0:20:14.160 --> 0:20:16.800 and water flowing in and sinking a hundred feet yeah, 0:20:16.840 --> 0:20:20.880 and sinking of course, ended up in a bathroom trapped 0:20:21.760 --> 0:20:24.879 with air. Yeah, sort of like the same concept of 0:20:24.920 --> 0:20:28.800 a diving bell. And people wondered he'd survived after sixty hours. 0:20:28.800 --> 0:20:32.159 That's a good sixty hours. But physicists were like, well, 0:20:32.160 --> 0:20:34.560 w how did this happen? Yeah, but you probably shouldn't 0:20:34.560 --> 0:20:36.119 have been able to live that long down there, right, 0:20:36.160 --> 0:20:39.119 they were. The press reported that he had something like 0:20:39.240 --> 0:20:43.640 four ft of air something like that, and um, yeah, 0:20:43.680 --> 0:20:45.960 the the chamber that he was in was only about 0:20:46.000 --> 0:20:51.600 four ft high, So sixty hours of air shouldn't have worked. 0:20:52.640 --> 0:20:54.879 It shouldn't have kept him alive because about it, like, 0:20:55.119 --> 0:20:57.880 you're breathing, even if it is pressurized there, you're breathing air, 0:20:58.359 --> 0:21:02.760 you're also exhaling carbon dioxide, and when the the ratio 0:21:02.800 --> 0:21:06.560 of carbon dioxide or the percentage of it gets above five, 0:21:07.600 --> 0:21:10.760 things start to go horribly awry and you die shortly 0:21:10.800 --> 0:21:14.080 after that. Yeah, I didn't realize that lack of oxygen 0:21:14.160 --> 0:21:16.600 isn't what kills people. It's too much CEO two. Yeah, 0:21:16.640 --> 0:21:19.520 that's pretty interesting. Yeah, it can happen when you're on 0:21:19.560 --> 0:21:24.000 a ventilator. UM. That's apparently a big risk. When you 0:21:24.200 --> 0:21:27.680 innobate somebody's the ox the CEO to build up, you 0:21:27.680 --> 0:21:30.760 can kill him. So anyway, why didn't this guy die? Well, 0:21:30.840 --> 0:21:35.320 it turns out with pressurized air, especially when it's um 0:21:35.320 --> 0:21:39.760 pressurized against cold water, c O two is readily absorbed 0:21:39.840 --> 0:21:42.919 by that water around it. So when he was exhaling, 0:21:43.119 --> 0:21:45.639 the oxygen was remaining, but the c O two is 0:21:45.680 --> 0:21:49.240 basically being wicked away. And since that c O two 0:21:49.359 --> 0:21:52.560 or the the air bubble that he was in was pressurized. 0:21:52.600 --> 0:21:56.160 He was a hundred feet underwater um which actually helped him. Right, 0:21:56.240 --> 0:21:59.119 he had a lot of oxygen. A bunch of oxygen 0:21:59.200 --> 0:22:01.840 was just pushed into this little area. But the CEO 0:22:01.920 --> 0:22:04.720 two is being wicked awayne That's how he managed to survive. Yeah. 0:22:04.720 --> 0:22:07.240 It said for every ten ms you descend um one 0:22:07.280 --> 0:22:11.280 atmosphere is pressure of pressure is added and it makes 0:22:11.320 --> 0:22:16.560 it more dense, according to some lawmaker named Boil, according 0:22:16.600 --> 0:22:19.840 to Boyle's law. And so since he was thirty meters below, 0:22:20.480 --> 0:22:24.639 it became more dense by times four. And so that 0:22:24.680 --> 0:22:28.280 meant that he didn't need as much air as you 0:22:28.320 --> 0:22:31.560 would think for someone that's under underwater. And you know, 0:22:32.320 --> 0:22:35.480 so how much did he need, like you need a 0:22:35.560 --> 0:22:39.119 day of air? So he only needed six cubic meters 0:22:39.119 --> 0:22:41.440 in the end because of the temperature of the water 0:22:41.480 --> 0:22:43.760 and how deep he was. Right, and and also, I mean, 0:22:43.760 --> 0:22:47.639 don't remember this a lot of air compressed into the 0:22:47.640 --> 0:22:50.840 same amount of area. All those molecules are still present, Yeah, 0:22:50.880 --> 0:22:53.800 they're just in a smaller amount of area. They also 0:22:53.840 --> 0:22:56.359 think though, that it was connected to another air pocket, 0:22:57.160 --> 0:23:00.440 which probably helped even still, the guy survived in an 0:23:00.480 --> 0:23:05.080 impromptu inadvertent diving bell a hundred feet below the surface 0:23:05.119 --> 0:23:08.760 for sixty hours. Dude in the dark under the ocean 0:23:08.840 --> 0:23:11.560 with his head next to a toilet man, and they 0:23:11.600 --> 0:23:14.439 said that he could hear the sea life scavenging on 0:23:14.520 --> 0:23:21.359