1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:05,440 Speaker 1: events in history, one from me and one from former 3 00:00:05,480 --> 00:00:13,000 Speaker 1: host Tracy V. Wilson on with the show Welcome to 4 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,720 Speaker 1: this day in History Class. It's July eight. Jonathan Edwards 5 00:00:16,720 --> 00:00:19,639 Speaker 1: published as most famous sermon, which was Sinners in the 6 00:00:19,680 --> 00:00:21,920 Speaker 1: Hands of an Angry God on this day in seventeen 7 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:25,079 Speaker 1: forty one. This played out during the First Great Awakening 8 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:28,080 Speaker 1: that happened from the seventeen thirties to seventeen forties, and 9 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:30,640 Speaker 1: it was a response to the Enlightenment. In the Age 10 00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:34,080 Speaker 1: of Reason, culture and the American colonies had been shifting 11 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:37,159 Speaker 1: more towards secularism, and while there were a lot of 12 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:41,560 Speaker 1: religious denominations in the colonies, church attendants was dropping. People 13 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:44,680 Speaker 1: were more focused on rational thought and taking a more 14 00:00:44,800 --> 00:00:48,280 Speaker 1: distanced view of religion. This really set the stage though, 15 00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:52,559 Speaker 1: for the Great Awakening, which it's hallmarks were traveling preachers 16 00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:55,960 Speaker 1: and ministers whose work was really rooted in Calvinism. A 17 00:00:56,040 --> 00:00:58,800 Speaker 1: lot of the common themes were the need for all 18 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:02,760 Speaker 1: people to seek salvation immediately and urgently, and the total 19 00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:05,720 Speaker 1: sovereignty of God and the need for a very personal 20 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:09,600 Speaker 1: relationship with Christianity. So these concepts might bring to mind 21 00:01:10,280 --> 00:01:14,080 Speaker 1: traveling ministers whose whole experiences maybe having been raised in 22 00:01:14,120 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: a very religious household and having had a lot of 23 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:20,720 Speaker 1: personal intense study in the Bible and in religion, but 24 00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:24,560 Speaker 1: not necessarily in a formal way. And while Jonathan Edwards 25 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:28,479 Speaker 1: did have a family that was deeply religious, he also 26 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:32,000 Speaker 1: was educated at Yale. He graduated from there in seventeen 27 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:35,160 Speaker 1: twenty and then continued to study divinity in the area 28 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:37,800 Speaker 1: and went on to earn a master's degree. He also 29 00:01:37,880 --> 00:01:41,280 Speaker 1: served with multiple congregations, and he taught Mohican children at 30 00:01:41,319 --> 00:01:44,560 Speaker 1: a mission school. As for this sermon of his, he 31 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:47,319 Speaker 1: was the pastor of the Church of Christ in Northampton, 32 00:01:47,319 --> 00:01:50,920 Speaker 1: Massachusetts when he delivered it, and he delivered it there 33 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:55,080 Speaker 1: in Northampton before the publication date that we normally site 34 00:01:55,080 --> 00:01:58,400 Speaker 1: with this particular sermon. It starts out with this verse 35 00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:01,720 Speaker 1: from the Book of Deuteronomy. Their foot shall slide in 36 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:05,600 Speaker 1: due time. This is describing the Israelites and sort of 37 00:02:05,640 --> 00:02:10,480 Speaker 1: the idea that they are ultimately going to slide into sin. 38 00:02:10,600 --> 00:02:13,760 Speaker 1: It's just inevitably going to happen. Here's a quote from 39 00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:16,440 Speaker 1: it quote, there is no want of power in God 40 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:19,799 Speaker 1: to cast wicked men into hell at any moment. Men's 41 00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:22,560 Speaker 1: hands can't be strong enough. When God rises up, the 42 00:02:22,639 --> 00:02:25,480 Speaker 1: strongest have no power to resist him, nor can any 43 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:28,440 Speaker 1: deliver out of his hands. From there, he goes on 44 00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:31,320 Speaker 1: to say that these wicked Israelites who were referred to 45 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:35,200 Speaker 1: in that Deuteronomy verse, they deserve to be cast into hell. 46 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:38,760 Speaker 1: They are already sentenced to being cast into hell. There's 47 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:41,359 Speaker 1: a lot of anger and wrath and torment and the 48 00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:45,120 Speaker 1: devil being ready to seize these sinners. All of this 49 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:48,519 Speaker 1: language makes people think of Jonathan Edwards as his fiery, 50 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:53,440 Speaker 1: passionate preacher, just terrifying his congregation with the idea of 51 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:58,080 Speaker 1: eternal damnation as this ever looming, ever present threat. But 52 00:02:58,639 --> 00:03:01,000 Speaker 1: a lot of his preaching was really calm and subdued. 53 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:05,360 Speaker 1: Even this sermon, with its very fiery language, was apparently 54 00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: delivered with this very uh just passionate, detached, calm demeanor. 55 00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:17,240 Speaker 1: That's not only though his most famous sermon, that's one 56 00:03:17,240 --> 00:03:19,919 Speaker 1: of the most famous of the entire Great Awakening. So 57 00:03:20,120 --> 00:03:22,840 Speaker 1: even though this one up being so famous, Jonathan Edwards 58 00:03:22,919 --> 00:03:26,400 Speaker 1: actually wound up rubbing his Northampton congregation the wrong way. 59 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:29,600 Speaker 1: He was dismissed and preached a farewell sermon there on 60 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:32,040 Speaker 1: July first of seventeen fifty. He did go on to 61 00:03:32,080 --> 00:03:34,640 Speaker 1: do a lot of other work with other congregations, and 62 00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:39,040 Speaker 1: from a religious and a spiritual standpoint, he was hugely influential. 63 00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:43,400 Speaker 1: In general, today's evangelical religions in the United States have 64 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:45,360 Speaker 1: a lot in common with what was going on with 65 00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:48,320 Speaker 1: the Great Awakening. Is similar focus on the need for 66 00:03:48,360 --> 00:03:51,320 Speaker 1: salvation and the need for a personal experience, and a 67 00:03:51,400 --> 00:03:54,680 Speaker 1: need for a personal relationship with God and with Christianity. 68 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:57,240 Speaker 1: He also wrote tons and tons of other sermons. Even 69 00:03:57,240 --> 00:03:59,520 Speaker 1: though this is the most famous one, there are huge 70 00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:01,640 Speaker 1: va hims of his work, and almost all of it 71 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: still exists, with the bone Key rare book in Manuscript 72 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:08,320 Speaker 1: Library at Yale having almost of his complete works in 73 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 1: his collection. In addition to all of that, like others 74 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:14,280 Speaker 1: of his time, he both condemned the cruelty of the 75 00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:18,320 Speaker 1: slave trade and also enslaved people himself, and at the 76 00:04:18,440 --> 00:04:20,360 Speaker 1: very end of his life he was the president of 77 00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:23,560 Speaker 1: Princeton for a brief time before dying of smallpox. That 78 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:27,120 Speaker 1: might actually have been contracted from a deliberate exposure method 79 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:29,640 Speaker 1: that was used to try to get people immune to 80 00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:34,120 Speaker 1: smallpox before the actual existence of vaccines. Thanks to Eves, 81 00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:36,880 Speaker 1: Jeff Cote for her research work on today's episode, and 82 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:39,680 Speaker 1: Tatari Harrison for her editing work on all these episodes. 83 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:42,440 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on 84 00:04:42,480 --> 00:04:46,600 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts. 85 00:04:47,040 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 1: Tune in tomorrow for a revolution. Hi, I'm Eves, and 86 00:05:00,279 --> 00:05:03,200 Speaker 1: welcome to This Day in History Class, a show that 87 00:05:03,279 --> 00:05:14,400 Speaker 1: uncovers a little bit more about history every day. The 88 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:20,200 Speaker 1: day was July eighth, ninety seven. Roswell Army Airfield Public 89 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:24,240 Speaker 1: information Officer Walter HoTT issued a press release saying that 90 00:05:24,279 --> 00:05:28,799 Speaker 1: the mysterious wreckage a rancher discovered was an unidentified flying object. 91 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:32,640 Speaker 1: The military debunch theories that the wreckage was a flying 92 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:35,520 Speaker 1: saucer and said it was just a weather balloon and 93 00:05:35,640 --> 00:05:41,000 Speaker 1: related materials. Despite this, some people believed then and believed now, 94 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:45,559 Speaker 1: that the debris came from an alien spaceship. In ninety seven, 95 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:48,839 Speaker 1: a rancher named w. W. Mc brazil and his son 96 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:52,719 Speaker 1: Vernon were about seventy five miles outside of Roswell, New Mexico, 97 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:55,800 Speaker 1: when they saw some unusual debris on their ranch land 98 00:05:55,880 --> 00:05:59,680 Speaker 1: after a storm. It consisted of a bunch of metallic 99 00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:03,560 Speaker 1: stick held together with tape, plastic and foil, reflectors and 100 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:08,760 Speaker 1: scraps of shining material. On July four, brasl gathered the 101 00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:11,240 Speaker 1: wreckage and a few days later took it to Sheriff 102 00:06:11,279 --> 00:06:15,680 Speaker 1: George Wilcox. The sheriff didn't know what the materials were either, 103 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:18,840 Speaker 1: so he reached out to Colonel William Blanchard, who was 104 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 1: a commander of the Roswell Army air Fields five O 105 00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:25,839 Speaker 1: nine Composite Group, but when he didn't know the question 106 00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:28,080 Speaker 1: of what the strange wreckage was was sent up to 107 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:33,080 Speaker 1: General Roger W. Raymy and Fort Worth, Texas. Blanchard also 108 00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:36,520 Speaker 1: sent intelligence officer Major Jesse Marcel to the site where 109 00:06:36,520 --> 00:06:40,359 Speaker 1: the wreckage was to collect more of the materials. On 110 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:43,680 Speaker 1: July eighth, the roswellt Army Airfield issued a press release. 111 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:47,600 Speaker 1: It said, in part, the many rumors regarding the flying 112 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:51,560 Speaker 1: disc became a reality yesterday when the Intelligence Office of 113 00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:53,960 Speaker 1: the five O nine Bomb Group of the Eighth Air 114 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:58,480 Speaker 1: Force Roswell Army Airfield was fortunate enough to gain possession 115 00:06:58,480 --> 00:07:00,920 Speaker 1: of a disc through the coopera ration of one of 116 00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:04,200 Speaker 1: the local ranchers in the Sheriff's Office of James County. 117 00:07:04,839 --> 00:07:07,679 Speaker 1: That same day, the Roswell Daily Record ran a story 118 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: on the discovery. The article was titled r. A. A. 119 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:15,840 Speaker 1: F captures flying saucer on ranch in Roswell region. The 120 00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:19,440 Speaker 1: story began with this sentence. The Intelligence Office of the 121 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: five on ninth Bombardment Group at Roswell Army Airfield announced 122 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:25,760 Speaker 1: at noon today that the field has come into the 123 00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:29,720 Speaker 1: possession of a flying saucer. But the next day, the 124 00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:32,480 Speaker 1: War Department published a statement that the debris was not 125 00:07:32,600 --> 00:07:37,000 Speaker 1: from a flying saucer but from a weather balloon. But 126 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:41,120 Speaker 1: not everyone believed this explanation. Many people were convinced that 127 00:07:41,120 --> 00:07:44,720 Speaker 1: the wreckage was somehow linked to aliens. Skepticism grew when 128 00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:47,880 Speaker 1: the Air Force conducted tests by dropping dummies from balloons, 129 00:07:48,280 --> 00:07:51,360 Speaker 1: leading people to believe they had seen alien corpses and 130 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:55,400 Speaker 1: the government was just covering things up. Decades after the 131 00:07:55,480 --> 00:07:58,920 Speaker 1: nineteen forty seven discovery, people were still coming forward with 132 00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 1: alien related story worries about the Roswell incident. The incident 133 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:05,760 Speaker 1: had become such a huge topic of debate that the 134 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: Air Force decided to address misconceptions rumors in theories by 135 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:15,120 Speaker 1: declassifying and compiling documents to explain what happened. In nineteen 136 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:18,680 Speaker 1: forty seven, the Air Force published the thousand page The 137 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:22,400 Speaker 1: Roswell Report, Fact Versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert 138 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: in nineteen four, and in nineteen seven it published the 139 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 1: Roswell Report Case Closed. It said that the aliens people 140 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:34,839 Speaker 1: claimed to see we're just test dummies, and the conspiracy 141 00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:38,040 Speaker 1: surrounding the Roswell incident was heightened by the Cold War 142 00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: and Sci Fi sensibilities. The military said the debris was 143 00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:45,439 Speaker 1: part of Project Mogul, a government program that launched high 144 00:08:45,520 --> 00:08:49,120 Speaker 1: altitude balloons in the hopes of monitoring Soviet nuclear tests. 145 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:53,520 Speaker 1: The wreckage, that had been dubbed a flying saucer decades earlier, 146 00:08:53,880 --> 00:08:58,000 Speaker 1: were the leftovers of neopreme balloons, radar reflectors, and sonic 147 00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:01,880 Speaker 1: equipment launched from the Alama Gordo Ace. At the time 148 00:09:01,920 --> 00:09:05,000 Speaker 1: of the incident, the project was highly classified and the 149 00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:07,480 Speaker 1: government had to lie and say the debris was from 150 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:11,520 Speaker 1: a weather balloon. But Roswell, New Mexico is still a 151 00:09:11,520 --> 00:09:15,520 Speaker 1: place of interest for UFO enthusiasts and conspiracy theorists who 152 00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:20,080 Speaker 1: are interested in the Roswell Incident. I'm Eves jeffco and 153 00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 154 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:26,280 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. And if you haven't gotten your fill 155 00:09:26,320 --> 00:09:29,840 Speaker 1: of history after listening to today's episode, you can follow 156 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:34,360 Speaker 1: us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at t d i 157 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:39,959 Speaker 1: h C podcast. Thanks for showing up. We'll meet here 158 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:51,840 Speaker 1: again tomorrow. For more podcasts from My Heart Radio, visit 159 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:54,360 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 160 00:09:54,360 --> 00:09:55,520 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.