1 00:00:08,640 --> 00:00:13,080 Speaker 1: Hey, Kelly, how do you feel about moving? It always 2 00:00:13,119 --> 00:00:15,280 Speaker 1: seems like it's going to be exciting, but it's always 3 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:19,119 Speaker 1: a drag. No. Right, It's like there's always one more 4 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:23,040 Speaker 1: box of stuff, and by mathematical induction, that means we 5 00:00:23,079 --> 00:00:26,480 Speaker 1: all have infinite totally checks out. I mean I have 6 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:30,040 Speaker 1: like infinite back pain from my last move. Sometimes I 7 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:32,040 Speaker 1: wish I had a mobile home so that I wouldn't 8 00:00:32,080 --> 00:00:34,239 Speaker 1: have to pack everything up every time. That is a 9 00:00:34,280 --> 00:00:37,240 Speaker 1: genius solution. I mean, you move more stuff, but you 10 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:39,800 Speaker 1: do less work because you take your whole house with 11 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:43,839 Speaker 1: you exactly. I wonder if it's scales. I'm thinking like 12 00:00:44,120 --> 00:00:49,080 Speaker 1: mobile neighborhoods, mobile cities, maybe like mobile planets. Earth is 13 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:52,800 Speaker 1: just one big mobile home. Man, I didn't realize we 14 00:00:52,840 --> 00:01:11,600 Speaker 1: lived in a cosmic trailer park. I'm Daniel, I'm a 15 00:01:11,640 --> 00:01:16,039 Speaker 1: particle physicist, and I once moved across the Atlantic eleven 16 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:21,840 Speaker 1: times in four years. Seriously, seriously. This was when I 17 00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:24,400 Speaker 1: was a junior professor and just getting started at the 18 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:27,080 Speaker 1: Large Hadron Collider and teaching on the West coast of 19 00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:29,760 Speaker 1: the United States. So we actually had a house in 20 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:31,760 Speaker 1: France and a house in California, and we had to 21 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:33,640 Speaker 1: go back and forth and back and forth, and back 22 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:35,000 Speaker 1: and forth and back and forth and back and forth. 23 00:01:35,160 --> 00:01:37,520 Speaker 1: It almost drove my family crazy. Oh my gosh, did 24 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:40,720 Speaker 1: you have kids at that point? We had two young children, 25 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:44,280 Speaker 1: one of the whom was born in Switzerland. Oh my goodness. 26 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:47,400 Speaker 1: I know. It's amazing I'm not divorced. It is. It is. 27 00:01:48,520 --> 00:01:51,200 Speaker 1: I shouldn't have said it is so quickly, but well, 28 00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:54,080 Speaker 1: I'm Kelly Wiener Smith and I'm a parasitologist, and it's 29 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:56,560 Speaker 1: amazing that I'm not divorced. Also because I moved my 30 00:01:56,640 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 1: husband four times during my PhD to different states. But 31 00:02:00,880 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: you know, I used to think that was bad. And 32 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:04,240 Speaker 1: now I'm going to go downstairs and tell Zack later 33 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:06,920 Speaker 1: how easy he has it. So thank you for that. 34 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:09,639 Speaker 1: That's good. That's my goal is to make other marriages 35 00:02:09,800 --> 00:02:13,880 Speaker 1: look good. We appreciate it. Well. Welcome to the podcast 36 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:17,200 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, in which we talk 37 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:19,919 Speaker 1: about all the crazy and amazing things that we find 38 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,720 Speaker 1: out there in the universe, moving here and there, taking 39 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:25,680 Speaker 1: our brains from the tiniest little particles down to the 40 00:02:25,760 --> 00:02:28,760 Speaker 1: quantum realm to the vast planets of the outer Solar 41 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:32,200 Speaker 1: system and all the way to super clusters. Our goal 42 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:35,040 Speaker 1: is to embrace everything we know and that we don't 43 00:02:35,080 --> 00:02:38,400 Speaker 1: know and explain all of it to you. And as 44 00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:40,320 Speaker 1: you might have guests today on the program, Jorge is 45 00:02:40,320 --> 00:02:43,120 Speaker 1: not here, so we have our fabulous guest host, Kelly 46 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:46,120 Speaker 1: Weener Smith joining us to talk about all these things 47 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:49,359 Speaker 1: and ask good questions. Hey, Daniel, I'm excited to be back. 48 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:52,440 Speaker 1: I had fun lost time. Awesome, great, well, thanks very 49 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:55,120 Speaker 1: much for joining us. So we started off joking about 50 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: moving houses and moving planets. But this is something I 51 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:01,840 Speaker 1: think is actually really interesting, is thinking about how the 52 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:05,320 Speaker 1: planets in our solar system got where they are and 53 00:03:05,480 --> 00:03:08,680 Speaker 1: whether or not they have ever moved. I personally love 54 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:10,880 Speaker 1: this question because it's one of those questions that, like 55 00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: the fact that we have anything that even vaguely resembles 56 00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:16,480 Speaker 1: an answer, makes me sort of proud to be a human. Like, 57 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:18,760 Speaker 1: how can we even think about these sorts of questions 58 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:21,080 Speaker 1: and collect data to answer these questions. It just seems 59 00:03:21,080 --> 00:03:23,360 Speaker 1: so mind blowing to begin with the fact that we 60 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:26,800 Speaker 1: have any answers, even preliminary answers, blows my mind. Well, 61 00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:29,240 Speaker 1: I think it's super fascinating that we even know to 62 00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:32,560 Speaker 1: ask these questions, right, Like, you look at the Solar 63 00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:34,920 Speaker 1: system and we have the planets, and they don't seem 64 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:37,800 Speaker 1: to be changing from year to year. We have thousands 65 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:40,680 Speaker 1: of years of astronomical records and so it seems sort 66 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:43,880 Speaker 1: of stable. So it's sort of absurd even to ask, like, 67 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:48,240 Speaker 1: could the planets have ever been in another configuration? Could 68 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:51,280 Speaker 1: the solar system have looked different? It's like very natural 69 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:53,680 Speaker 1: to think, oh, things are going around the Sun. They've 70 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:55,840 Speaker 1: been going around the Sun. Of course they were always 71 00:03:55,880 --> 00:03:59,160 Speaker 1: in the same orientation. But something that's happened over the 72 00:03:59,240 --> 00:04:02,120 Speaker 1: last just couple of decades is that we've had a 73 00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:06,200 Speaker 1: chance to glimpse other solar systems. For thousands of years, 74 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:09,280 Speaker 1: we've only ever seen ours. We had like one example. 75 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:12,120 Speaker 1: Now we're seeing lots and lots of other solar systems, 76 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: and this gives us a clue that solar systems can 77 00:04:15,120 --> 00:04:17,960 Speaker 1: look different and that there might be a lot of activity, 78 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:21,040 Speaker 1: that they're actually quite volatile. That is super exciting. So 79 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:23,159 Speaker 1: for our sample size for these like how many solar 80 00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:25,480 Speaker 1: systems can we see in enough detail where we can 81 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:27,680 Speaker 1: like count all of the planets and get a bit 82 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:29,680 Speaker 1: of a sense for what those planets are, like, are 83 00:04:29,720 --> 00:04:32,960 Speaker 1: we talking hundreds, thousands, millions? How big is our data 84 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:36,080 Speaker 1: set here? It's exciting because it's growing so rapidly, Like 85 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:39,080 Speaker 1: the first exoplanets were discovered just a few decades ago, 86 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:43,200 Speaker 1: and now we have thousands, not yet millions. Someday astronomers 87 00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:45,080 Speaker 1: will get to play with the datas that have millions 88 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:47,880 Speaker 1: of solar systems and ask really detailed questions. But we 89 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:50,720 Speaker 1: have thousands of solar systems that we can look at 90 00:04:50,839 --> 00:04:53,080 Speaker 1: and we see weird stuff in those solar systems that 91 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:55,279 Speaker 1: we don't see in our solar system and that makes 92 00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: us wonder, like, wait a second, are those solar systems weird? 93 00:04:58,200 --> 00:05:00,800 Speaker 1: Or is our Solar system weird? I need to know 94 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:04,720 Speaker 1: the answer, And so today on the podcast will be 95 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:13,960 Speaker 1: asking the question has our Solar system look different? In particular, 96 00:05:14,200 --> 00:05:18,120 Speaker 1: did Jupiter ones have a different orbit? And that's a 97 00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:20,400 Speaker 1: pretty huge question, right because Jupiter is like the biggest 98 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:23,400 Speaker 1: planet out there, so where it goes has a big impact. 99 00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:25,679 Speaker 1: From one point of view, you could imagine it's basically 100 00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:28,560 Speaker 1: the only planet other than the Sun. Jupiter has like 101 00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:32,480 Speaker 1: of all the mass in the Solar system. Everything else 102 00:05:32,600 --> 00:05:35,840 Speaker 1: is basically a detail compared to Jupiter. So yeah, it's 103 00:05:35,839 --> 00:05:38,279 Speaker 1: a big deal. If Jupiter had been in a different place, 104 00:05:38,480 --> 00:05:41,560 Speaker 1: everything would be different, and so as usual, I was 105 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:44,919 Speaker 1: curious whether people had this in their minds, like, have 106 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:48,280 Speaker 1: people imagine the possibility that Jupiter could be in a 107 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:50,760 Speaker 1: different place? Is that something people have thought about, have 108 00:05:50,960 --> 00:05:53,520 Speaker 1: heard about? So I went out there to the wilds 109 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:56,039 Speaker 1: of the Internet and I asked people, Hey, do you 110 00:05:56,040 --> 00:05:58,800 Speaker 1: know the answer to this tough physics question that astronomers 111 00:05:58,839 --> 00:06:02,400 Speaker 1: are struggling over. Use no preparation, no googling allowed, Just 112 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:04,840 Speaker 1: tell me off the top of your head. Here's what 113 00:06:04,920 --> 00:06:09,960 Speaker 1: people had to say. I guess No, there were impacts 114 00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:17,960 Speaker 1: off I guess asteroids and or comets, and I may 115 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:21,599 Speaker 1: be even bigger objects in the past. So I think 116 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:28,279 Speaker 1: the orbit of Jupiter was a different one two beion 117 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:31,800 Speaker 1: years ago. No, I think it was, but I think 118 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:34,080 Speaker 1: it used to be a lot closer and then it 119 00:06:34,279 --> 00:06:39,560 Speaker 1: moved out through collisions and the collisions, I think Jupiter 120 00:06:39,680 --> 00:06:43,240 Speaker 1: used to be in a different orbit. I know Uranus 121 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:47,000 Speaker 1: rotates about its access in a way that sideways compared 122 00:06:47,040 --> 00:06:51,120 Speaker 1: to the other planets. Well, I'm not sure if what 123 00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:54,960 Speaker 1: I think happened, is that Uranus and Jupiter collies at 124 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:58,479 Speaker 1: some point. I suspect that Jupiter has been in its 125 00:06:58,560 --> 00:07:04,200 Speaker 1: current orbit for quite some time, speaking on you know, 126 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:07,640 Speaker 1: the scale of the formation of our Solar system, but 127 00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:09,880 Speaker 1: I would not at all be surprised if it had 128 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: moved around somewhat during the early formation period of our 129 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:20,880 Speaker 1: solar system. Would say, yes, well, nothing is permanent, so 130 00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: I guess it's at the origin it was part of 131 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:30,680 Speaker 1: the the Sun or giant cloud of gas. But to me, well, 132 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:35,000 Speaker 1: it's quite stable orbits, and I don't see why each change, 133 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:37,600 Speaker 1: except for minor changes such as a collision with that 134 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:44,800 Speaker 1: other objects. But I would say yes, no, no, Um. 135 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:51,200 Speaker 1: Jupiter at some point was sitting towards the Sun, but 136 00:07:51,600 --> 00:08:01,200 Speaker 1: it's kinda got locked in by Saturn, probably interaction with 137 00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:08,440 Speaker 1: settled um, something like that. I don't know, you caught me. 138 00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:11,760 Speaker 1: I'll guard here. I don't think that Jupiter has always 139 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:13,880 Speaker 1: been in its current orbit. I think it formed much 140 00:08:13,920 --> 00:08:17,240 Speaker 1: closer to the Sun, and as it migrated out into 141 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:19,840 Speaker 1: the Solar System, it cleared a lot of the debris 142 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:24,320 Speaker 1: and comets and asteroids and dust and everything out of 143 00:08:24,360 --> 00:08:26,920 Speaker 1: its way um and made things a little bit more 144 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:30,080 Speaker 1: stable here in the inner Solar system, so life could form. 145 00:08:30,400 --> 00:08:32,320 Speaker 1: But I don't think that it started out where it 146 00:08:32,320 --> 00:08:35,640 Speaker 1: currently is. Somebody say no, but I guess, being it's 147 00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:38,480 Speaker 1: so big, it could well have picked up a lot 148 00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:42,120 Speaker 1: of stuff through its time, and as it um, you know, 149 00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:44,920 Speaker 1: it picks up more stuff gets impacted, and I guess 150 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 1: it's gravitational forces would interact with other planets and stuff around, 151 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:52,239 Speaker 1: so therefore it get knocked off and moved off its 152 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:57,439 Speaker 1: little but quite regularly. Maybe, I think almost certainly no. UM. 153 00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:00,600 Speaker 1: I think the current model of how those those system 154 00:09:00,679 --> 00:09:07,679 Speaker 1: was formed UM actually relies on Jupiter migrating inward closer 155 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:11,440 Speaker 1: to the Sun and then further away. I believe Jupiter 156 00:09:11,600 --> 00:09:15,200 Speaker 1: has moved from its original orbit. I think the original 157 00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:18,720 Speaker 1: orbit was closer to the Sun. All right, Wow, those 158 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:22,600 Speaker 1: are some great answers from our listeners. When you heard 159 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:25,560 Speaker 1: that this was even a question that people were thinking about, 160 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:29,120 Speaker 1: did you have a like, oh my gosh moment or 161 00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:31,839 Speaker 1: did it just seem like an obvious question for you 162 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:34,400 Speaker 1: to be asking. I had an oh my gosh moment 163 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:36,880 Speaker 1: and a hope because I thought, oh, that would be 164 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:40,880 Speaker 1: super cool if Jupiter wasn't always in its current orbit. 165 00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:43,439 Speaker 1: Because one of the fun things for me in science 166 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:46,920 Speaker 1: is revealing surprises. Right If you ask a question and 167 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:49,000 Speaker 1: then the answer is yeah, it's kind of boring Jupiter 168 00:09:49,080 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: has always been there. That's not nearly as fun as 169 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:54,080 Speaker 1: Oh my gosh, it turns out there's a crazy history 170 00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:56,840 Speaker 1: here and we have revealed it. Like you were saying earlier, 171 00:09:56,840 --> 00:10:00,320 Speaker 1: it's incredible that we could, like by gathering small lose 172 00:10:00,679 --> 00:10:05,120 Speaker 1: left by these crazy cosmic events, actually reconstruct something that 173 00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: happened billions of years ago. It's like solving a billion 174 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:10,599 Speaker 1: year old murder mystery. As a biologist, every once in 175 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:12,800 Speaker 1: a while we will have discussions about like what makes 176 00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:16,160 Speaker 1: humans different than other animals, And you know, clearly being 177 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:18,960 Speaker 1: able to think about questions like this is one of 178 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,040 Speaker 1: those things that like, certainly we're the only species who's 179 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:27,240 Speaker 1: wondering that on our planet exactly. So it's super fun. 180 00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: And I was really hoping that the answer would be 181 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:32,600 Speaker 1: something crazy. So it's pretty interesting to learn about. And 182 00:10:32,760 --> 00:10:37,160 Speaker 1: I've also really been enjoying following this Excel planet discovery 183 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:41,000 Speaker 1: seeing these other solar systems, these other like potential homes 184 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:43,920 Speaker 1: for aliens where life could be really different because the 185 00:10:43,960 --> 00:10:46,760 Speaker 1: planets are so different from ours. You know, we're sort 186 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:49,559 Speaker 1: of like trapped in this colloquial way of thinking that 187 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:52,000 Speaker 1: our kinds of planets are the kinds of planets you have, 188 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:55,040 Speaker 1: like small rocky planets and the inner Solar system and 189 00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:57,880 Speaker 1: big gas giants and the outside and now it's possible 190 00:10:57,920 --> 00:11:02,000 Speaker 1: to imagine other kinds of areas. So is our configuration 191 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: a typical configuration. It turns out it's not. When we 192 00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:08,240 Speaker 1: look at other solar systems, we see something really weird. 193 00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:10,960 Speaker 1: First of all, we see that most solar systems have 194 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:14,000 Speaker 1: a lot more planets very close to their star, Like 195 00:11:14,280 --> 00:11:17,960 Speaker 1: between Mercury and the Sun there's basically nothing, But in 196 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:21,080 Speaker 1: other solar systems there are lots of planets packed in there. 197 00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:25,079 Speaker 1: And in particular, we find these things called hot jupiters. 198 00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:27,720 Speaker 1: Not hot because they're like you know, big on Instagram 199 00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:31,440 Speaker 1: or they're really curvy, hot because they're really close to 200 00:11:31,559 --> 00:11:34,320 Speaker 1: the Sun. Like, we find these planets in other solar 201 00:11:34,320 --> 00:11:38,520 Speaker 1: systems that are really big, like Jupiter size and gas planets, 202 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 1: but they orbit the star in just like hours or days, 203 00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:45,440 Speaker 1: and like a fraction of the distance between the Sun 204 00:11:45,520 --> 00:11:48,560 Speaker 1: and mercury. So that's a really weird phenomenon to see. 205 00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:51,560 Speaker 1: Shouldn't they like suck each other into each other pretty quickly? 206 00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:53,520 Speaker 1: What's the good physics word for that? How do they 207 00:11:53,559 --> 00:11:56,520 Speaker 1: stay separated if they're both huge and attracting each other 208 00:11:56,520 --> 00:11:58,800 Speaker 1: and are so close now, suck each other in is 209 00:11:58,840 --> 00:12:01,800 Speaker 1: exactly they're all right physics word to use, And that's 210 00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:04,120 Speaker 1: exactly the question people are asking. They're like, hold on 211 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:06,400 Speaker 1: a second, how do you get such a big planet 212 00:12:06,640 --> 00:12:09,400 Speaker 1: so close to the Sun? Can it last very long? 213 00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:12,480 Speaker 1: Are we seeing something just before it dies? Or can 214 00:12:12,520 --> 00:12:15,480 Speaker 1: that be a stable configuration? And the models suggests that 215 00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:17,600 Speaker 1: they can't have been born that close to the Sun 216 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:20,040 Speaker 1: and they can't last there very long. And that's the 217 00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:23,760 Speaker 1: clue that got everybody talking and thinking about whether planets 218 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 1: are moving, because they suspect that these hot jupiters form 219 00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:29,520 Speaker 1: further out and then get sucked in, and so we're 220 00:12:29,559 --> 00:12:32,480 Speaker 1: witnessing sort of like the end of the life cycle 221 00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:35,080 Speaker 1: of these planets before they either get torn apart or 222 00:12:35,160 --> 00:12:37,840 Speaker 1: pulled in. And that's a clue that, like solar systems 223 00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:40,760 Speaker 1: are volatile, there is stuff going on. It's not just 224 00:12:40,840 --> 00:12:44,000 Speaker 1: everybody sedately driving in their lane for billions of years? 225 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:46,760 Speaker 1: Is Jupiter going to get sucked into our Sun? Not 226 00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:50,600 Speaker 1: before the Sun explodes? Right? Are you worried about Jupiter? 227 00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:53,120 Speaker 1: Have you invested in real estate on Jupiter? Well, you know, 228 00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:55,679 Speaker 1: I was thinking about it. We've been reading about space settlements, 229 00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:58,120 Speaker 1: but no, obviously not nobody's gonna go live on Jupiter. 230 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:00,600 Speaker 1: But maybe it's moons. I went to read I fantastic 231 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:04,120 Speaker 1: series and science fiction novels about a civilization in the 232 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:06,920 Speaker 1: upper clouds of Jupiter. I think it was called Bio 233 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:10,240 Speaker 1: of a Space Tyrant Man. I loved those books when 234 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:13,479 Speaker 1: I was a teenager. It was so like fantastically imagined. 235 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:15,720 Speaker 1: So I hope that one day humans do get to 236 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:17,040 Speaker 1: live on Jupiter, and I hope that we get to 237 00:13:17,080 --> 00:13:19,880 Speaker 1: keep Jupiter because I like it. I mean, Jupiter is pretty. 238 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:22,679 Speaker 1: For all the press that like Mars gets recently, Jupiter 239 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:25,199 Speaker 1: is a gorgeous planet. So maybe we should start by 240 00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:27,960 Speaker 1: thinking about our solar system and understanding of what we 241 00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:31,160 Speaker 1: know about Jupiter, like where it was made, how it 242 00:13:31,280 --> 00:13:33,600 Speaker 1: got formed, and that can give us a clue for 243 00:13:33,679 --> 00:13:37,040 Speaker 1: like why people think there might have been crazy stuff 244 00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:39,880 Speaker 1: going on in our solar system. At the very beginning 245 00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:42,600 Speaker 1: of time. Alright, so tell me about how Jupiter got 246 00:13:42,640 --> 00:13:44,800 Speaker 1: to be where it is. Yes, so we think Jupiter 247 00:13:44,880 --> 00:13:48,520 Speaker 1: is probably born out in the outer Solar system. There's 248 00:13:48,559 --> 00:13:51,240 Speaker 1: this point in the Solar system called the ice line, 249 00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:55,480 Speaker 1: where beyond that it's cold enough for ice to form 250 00:13:55,640 --> 00:13:58,320 Speaker 1: and to stay melted and basically be like a rock 251 00:13:58,559 --> 00:14:01,800 Speaker 1: that you can use and building planetary cores. And it's 252 00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,480 Speaker 1: about like three and a half AU. Will remember a 253 00:14:04,679 --> 00:14:08,520 Speaker 1: U isn't one astronomical units the distance between the Sun 254 00:14:08,640 --> 00:14:11,439 Speaker 1: and the Earth, So three and a half times the 255 00:14:11,559 --> 00:14:13,800 Speaker 1: radius of the Earth. Beyond that is the ice line, 256 00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:16,520 Speaker 1: or some people call it the snow line, and out 257 00:14:16,559 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: there it's easier to make big planets because there's ice 258 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:23,320 Speaker 1: available to add to your core. So we think that 259 00:14:23,560 --> 00:14:26,880 Speaker 1: the way the Solar system started obviously, have a big 260 00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:30,000 Speaker 1: blob of gas and dust and some shock wave comes 261 00:14:30,040 --> 00:14:32,200 Speaker 1: through it and you get the spark that begins the 262 00:14:32,200 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 1: formation of the whole Solar system, which basically means the Sun. 263 00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:37,880 Speaker 1: But the Sun has gathered together a huge amount of 264 00:14:37,880 --> 00:14:41,160 Speaker 1: gas and it has around it a big swirling disk, 265 00:14:41,480 --> 00:14:43,720 Speaker 1: and that's the disc that's going to provide the material 266 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:47,200 Speaker 1: that forms all of the planets now out past the 267 00:14:47,240 --> 00:14:51,000 Speaker 1: snow line, there's also ice in there. So the ice 268 00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: and the rock and the dust gathered together to make 269 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:57,760 Speaker 1: these protoplanetary cores. They start pulling themselves together and that 270 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:01,040 Speaker 1: sort of seeds the planets. And so we ended up 271 00:15:01,080 --> 00:15:05,840 Speaker 1: with what four planets out past the ice line? Is 272 00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:08,640 Speaker 1: that pretty common? Like that number and like the size 273 00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:10,160 Speaker 1: of our planets does that match up with what we 274 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:12,760 Speaker 1: see in other solar systems. We don't know the answer 275 00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:15,040 Speaker 1: to that yet, we haven't seen enough. But also remember 276 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:17,040 Speaker 1: that we can see a bunch of solar systems, but 277 00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:19,360 Speaker 1: we're not that great at seeing all of them. And 278 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,240 Speaker 1: there's certain kinds of solar systems that are easier to see. 279 00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:25,880 Speaker 1: Like it's easier to see big planets that are closer 280 00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:29,520 Speaker 1: to their Sun because they block more of the Sun's light. 281 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:32,080 Speaker 1: The way we see these exoplanets is that they block 282 00:15:32,160 --> 00:15:34,920 Speaker 1: the light of their Sun or they tug gravitationally on 283 00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:37,800 Speaker 1: the Sun. So big planets are easier to see. Close 284 00:15:37,840 --> 00:15:40,560 Speaker 1: up planets are easier to see, so far out planets 285 00:15:40,640 --> 00:15:43,880 Speaker 1: harder to spot. Far out small planets harder to spot. 286 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:46,800 Speaker 1: Does that mean that like super slow moving things we 287 00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:49,240 Speaker 1: probably don't have good data on yet because we wouldn't 288 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:51,280 Speaker 1: have had a chance to see them pass in front 289 00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:53,480 Speaker 1: of the sun or tug it as it moves around 290 00:15:53,520 --> 00:15:56,280 Speaker 1: to the side. That's exactly right, Yeah, we have to 291 00:15:56,320 --> 00:15:59,080 Speaker 1: watch these things cross their sun, and so basically it's 292 00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:01,200 Speaker 1: best if you can see and pass a few times 293 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:03,560 Speaker 1: so you can see like a regular interval, so the 294 00:16:03,600 --> 00:16:06,600 Speaker 1: equivalent of several of their years. But if their years 295 00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:09,360 Speaker 1: take like, you know, a hundred earth years to go around, 296 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:11,600 Speaker 1: then we're not going to have had time to see it. 297 00:16:11,640 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: So slow moving things, small things, things far from their 298 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:17,720 Speaker 1: son are harder to see. So that's a long way 299 00:16:17,760 --> 00:16:20,440 Speaker 1: of saying we don't have an unbiased picture of what's 300 00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:22,480 Speaker 1: going on in these other solar systems. And we have 301 00:16:22,520 --> 00:16:25,000 Speaker 1: to try to play this game of wondering, like, well, 302 00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:26,920 Speaker 1: if we see only one of them, do we imagine 303 00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:29,160 Speaker 1: that there are a thousand? Or if we only see 304 00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:30,880 Speaker 1: two of those, do we imagine there are a hundred. 305 00:16:30,920 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: We have to estimate like how good we are seeing them, 306 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:36,240 Speaker 1: so we can like invert that and imagine what's actually 307 00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:38,760 Speaker 1: there that we're missing. But there's a lot that we're missing. 308 00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:42,120 Speaker 1: Still interesting Yeah, it's really fascinating. And so that's why 309 00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:44,960 Speaker 1: we focus on our solar system because it's here, it's relevant, 310 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:47,000 Speaker 1: and it's one that we can study in great detail. 311 00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:49,280 Speaker 1: But those other solar systems do give us a lot 312 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: of clues. Back to jo Butter, we think that it 313 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:54,920 Speaker 1: must have had to form and the outer Solar System 314 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,640 Speaker 1: because that's basically the only place to make these big 315 00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:00,920 Speaker 1: gas giants. I mean, you need now of ice and 316 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: enough rock to pull together to make this big core 317 00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:06,600 Speaker 1: to grab a bunch of gas. Remember, everything in the 318 00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:09,480 Speaker 1: Solar system is competing with the Sun. In the inner 319 00:17:09,520 --> 00:17:11,960 Speaker 1: Solar system, is not that much gas left because the 320 00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:13,840 Speaker 1: Sun has slurped it all up. So to make a 321 00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:16,280 Speaker 1: gas giant, really have to be far enough away from 322 00:17:16,280 --> 00:17:18,840 Speaker 1: the Sun to get any of the gas, and you 323 00:17:18,880 --> 00:17:21,199 Speaker 1: have to be past the snow line, so you can 324 00:17:21,240 --> 00:17:24,320 Speaker 1: have ice accumulated in your core and get big enough 325 00:17:24,320 --> 00:17:26,400 Speaker 1: that you can grab some of the gas before all 326 00:17:26,480 --> 00:17:30,880 Speaker 1: spirals into the Sun. Anyway, Okay, so Jupiter was formed 327 00:17:30,920 --> 00:17:33,439 Speaker 1: in the outer Solar System and it's still in the 328 00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:37,160 Speaker 1: outer Solar system. So after the break, let's talk about 329 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:54,600 Speaker 1: why we think it moved. Okay, so Jupiter is where 330 00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:56,679 Speaker 1: we would expect it to be, given how we expect 331 00:17:56,720 --> 00:17:59,879 Speaker 1: that it formed, So why would we suspect that it 332 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:02,359 Speaker 1: had moved at any point. Yeah, it seems at first 333 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:04,640 Speaker 1: like it might be a simple story. Right, Jupiter had 334 00:18:04,680 --> 00:18:07,600 Speaker 1: to form somewhere in the neighborhood where it is today, 335 00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:10,159 Speaker 1: and so the simplest explanation is, well, maybe it just 336 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:12,840 Speaker 1: formed there and stayed there. Why do we imagine it 337 00:18:12,920 --> 00:18:15,560 Speaker 1: ever took a tour in the inner Solar System? And 338 00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:18,520 Speaker 1: the reason is that the inner Solar System looks weird, 339 00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:22,480 Speaker 1: like we can't explain the Inner Solar System in that picture. 340 00:18:22,480 --> 00:18:25,199 Speaker 1: Our models of how the Solar System came together. We 341 00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:27,840 Speaker 1: run a bunch of like simulations and try to explain 342 00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:31,040 Speaker 1: how we got Venus and Earth and Mars. None of 343 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:33,720 Speaker 1: the models that we run actually match up with what 344 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:37,200 Speaker 1: we see. How are they different? Well, in particular, Mars 345 00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:40,320 Speaker 1: is really weird, Like Mars is a nice little planet, 346 00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:43,600 Speaker 1: but it's really small, Like Mars is like ten percent 347 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:47,120 Speaker 1: of the mass of the Earth. That's a really small planet. 348 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:49,800 Speaker 1: And in all our models of the Solar System, Mars 349 00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:52,119 Speaker 1: should be a lot bigger, like as you get further 350 00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:55,240 Speaker 1: out from the Sun, there's more material available because the 351 00:18:55,240 --> 00:18:57,960 Speaker 1: Sun hasn't stolen at all, and so you expect a 352 00:18:58,080 --> 00:19:00,440 Speaker 1: planet forming around there to be like about the size 353 00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:02,480 Speaker 1: of the Earth or even bigger. You know, as you 354 00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:05,040 Speaker 1: go to the outer Solar System, things get bigger, right, 355 00:19:05,080 --> 00:19:08,680 Speaker 1: So why is Mars so tiny? Why is it so little? 356 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:10,840 Speaker 1: So as you get farther out in the Solar System, 357 00:19:10,880 --> 00:19:13,080 Speaker 1: things should get bigger. But Jupiter is the biggest and 358 00:19:13,080 --> 00:19:15,679 Speaker 1: it's not the most far out, So why is Saturn 359 00:19:15,720 --> 00:19:18,200 Speaker 1: smaller than Jupiter? Then? Oh, yeah, that's a great question. 360 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:20,600 Speaker 1: There's a whole other fun story about a sounder Jupiter, 361 00:19:20,640 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: maybe switching locations and the whole dance of Uranus and 362 00:19:24,119 --> 00:19:26,440 Speaker 1: Neptune that they might have done. But you're right, there's 363 00:19:26,440 --> 00:19:28,600 Speaker 1: a balance there because you want to be far enough 364 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:31,160 Speaker 1: away from the Sun so it doesn't steal all the material, 365 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:33,320 Speaker 1: but as you get even further away from the Sun 366 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:36,440 Speaker 1: you run out of material also, right, Obviously there aren't 367 00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:39,359 Speaker 1: like super giant planets twice as far away as Jupiter, 368 00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,160 Speaker 1: and so this is something of like a peak location there. 369 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:44,400 Speaker 1: Jupiter is probably sitting right there in the spot where 370 00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:46,920 Speaker 1: you can make the biggest planet. But the question remains 371 00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:49,480 Speaker 1: like why is Mars so a little what happened to 372 00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:52,919 Speaker 1: make Mars so tiny? And it's not just Mars? Like 373 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:55,960 Speaker 1: the asteroid belt is also kind of weird, like we 374 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 1: don't really understand how it formed the way it did. Again, 375 00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:01,439 Speaker 1: we run these model let's start from just the gas cloud, 376 00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:03,760 Speaker 1: and you don't get an asteroid belt that looks the 377 00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:07,160 Speaker 1: way it does. Specifically, our asteroid belt is weird because 378 00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:09,879 Speaker 1: it has both like rocky objects that seems like they 379 00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 1: came from the inner Solar System. Plus they have a 380 00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,000 Speaker 1: bunch of icy objects, the kinds of things you would 381 00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:18,000 Speaker 1: find like in the Kuiper Belt or deeper further out 382 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,800 Speaker 1: in the Solar system. So there're these like pieces of 383 00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:23,080 Speaker 1: evidence you were talking earlier about like how could we 384 00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:26,080 Speaker 1: possibly find clues about things that happened so long ago? 385 00:20:26,359 --> 00:20:28,800 Speaker 1: Like these are the things that have puzzled scientists for 386 00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:32,280 Speaker 1: a long time. So is the asteroid belt inside the 387 00:20:32,320 --> 00:20:35,720 Speaker 1: ice line or on the Jupiter side of the ice line? Yeah, 388 00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:38,240 Speaker 1: the asteroid belt is really weird. Actually part of his 389 00:20:38,440 --> 00:20:41,440 Speaker 1: inside the ice line, the part that's like closer to Mars, 390 00:20:41,480 --> 00:20:44,280 Speaker 1: remember it sits between Mars and Jupiter. But it also 391 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:46,680 Speaker 1: extends kind of far out, and part of it actually 392 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:50,600 Speaker 1: is in orbit with Jupiter. Like it's not all between 393 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:53,919 Speaker 1: Mars and Jupiter. There's these big blobs of asteroids that 394 00:20:53,960 --> 00:20:57,000 Speaker 1: are in Jupiter's orbit just sort of like rotated away 395 00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,520 Speaker 1: from them, like you know, thirty degrees around the thirty 396 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:02,040 Speaker 1: degrees the other direction, and stuff is sort of like 397 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:04,840 Speaker 1: sloshing back and forth. So some of it's definitely out 398 00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:07,840 Speaker 1: there past the ice line and can stay frozen, and 399 00:21:07,880 --> 00:21:11,440 Speaker 1: some of it's a little bit closer. Interest. Yeah, and 400 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:14,520 Speaker 1: so we have these mysteries, and I love that. This 401 00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:16,920 Speaker 1: is like the way we do science. You know, we say, well, 402 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:19,280 Speaker 1: we think we understand how the solar system works, but 403 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,600 Speaker 1: let's double check. Let's run a bunch of models and 404 00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:26,000 Speaker 1: see if what we get matches up with what we 405 00:21:26,119 --> 00:21:29,440 Speaker 1: actually expected. And when you see those weird deviations, when 406 00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:32,080 Speaker 1: you see something that doesn't make sense, that's when you 407 00:21:32,119 --> 00:21:34,560 Speaker 1: know you might have found something. So it's like when 408 00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:38,320 Speaker 1: your model doesn't work is a potential discovery moment. It 409 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:41,280 Speaker 1: isn't that how we figured out how humans figured out 410 00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:43,480 Speaker 1: that was it? Neptune was out there, something was not 411 00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:45,760 Speaker 1: working mathematically, so there had to be another planet out 412 00:21:45,760 --> 00:21:49,280 Speaker 1: there exactly. Yeah, there's all these times when something hasn't 413 00:21:49,320 --> 00:21:51,240 Speaker 1: quite worked, just like you're saying, the orbits of the 414 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:53,920 Speaker 1: planets don't quite make sense, and that's been a clue. 415 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,600 Speaker 1: Is to like a huge discovery, but always makes me 416 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:59,280 Speaker 1: think about like all the other times when your model 417 00:21:59,320 --> 00:22:01,159 Speaker 1: doesn't work and it just because like you have a 418 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:04,359 Speaker 1: bug where you did something stupid, you know, and you 419 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:07,640 Speaker 1: can't be like, oh my gosh, maybe I've discovered something fantastic. 420 00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:10,480 Speaker 1: Sort of frustrating part of science. Yeah, usually for me, 421 00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:13,000 Speaker 1: it's just a bug, but I'll keep all me out hope. 422 00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:16,040 Speaker 1: We have that experience all the time. It's a large 423 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:18,480 Speaker 1: hage on collider because we're always on the lookout for 424 00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:22,359 Speaker 1: something unexplained, something new, something weird, some new particle that 425 00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:25,399 Speaker 1: we've just created, or mini black hole or something, and 426 00:22:25,480 --> 00:22:28,440 Speaker 1: it might be evidenced by some deviation in the data 427 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:31,320 Speaker 1: compared to what we expect. But we see that all 428 00:22:31,359 --> 00:22:34,920 Speaker 1: the time, especially young students make mistakes and they see 429 00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:37,120 Speaker 1: something weird, like oh my gosh, did I discover something 430 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:39,199 Speaker 1: like yeah, well, you discovered that you don't know how 431 00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:42,639 Speaker 1: to run this program correctly. You discovered that you're missing 432 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:46,280 Speaker 1: a bracket. But yeah, exactly, you discovered that bugs are 433 00:22:46,320 --> 00:22:48,960 Speaker 1: easy to insert in programs, but you also you don't 434 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:51,640 Speaker 1: want to squash their enthusiasm. Right, It's wonderful to see 435 00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:54,520 Speaker 1: this in young scientists, to imagine that they could be 436 00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:57,359 Speaker 1: the ones making some discovering this could be a historic moment. 437 00:22:57,480 --> 00:22:59,280 Speaker 1: So I like to tell them stories like this, because 438 00:22:59,320 --> 00:23:02,040 Speaker 1: it does act really happens sometimes, Right, Sometimes we run 439 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:04,639 Speaker 1: these models and we see something weird and it means 440 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:07,760 Speaker 1: something real about the universe. Awesome. We can all keep 441 00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:11,080 Speaker 1: our fingers across the will have those amazing moments where 442 00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:13,399 Speaker 1: it's not you not being smart enough, it's actually the 443 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:16,639 Speaker 1: universe revealing herself to you. And so we're trying to understand, 444 00:23:16,680 --> 00:23:19,080 Speaker 1: like how our solar system got to be weird the 445 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:20,840 Speaker 1: way it is. Why don't we have a bunch of 446 00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:24,639 Speaker 1: other planets close to the star? Why is mar so small? 447 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:27,040 Speaker 1: Why is the asteroid belt the way it is? This 448 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,200 Speaker 1: weird mix of rocky and icy objects. So we've taken 449 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,400 Speaker 1: clues from these other solar systems that have big planets 450 00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:37,280 Speaker 1: really close to their stars. One idea initially was like 451 00:23:37,480 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 1: maybe Jupiters formed close to the Sun. And then like 452 00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:43,840 Speaker 1: drifted out and along the way sort of messed up 453 00:23:43,880 --> 00:23:46,480 Speaker 1: things in the Solar system. But you just told us 454 00:23:46,760 --> 00:23:48,600 Speaker 1: that it needed to be out there where there's ice 455 00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:51,000 Speaker 1: in order to form. Could it have possibly formed near 456 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:53,640 Speaker 1: the Earth? So people spend a while trying to cook 457 00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:56,560 Speaker 1: up these models and wondering like maybe there's a way 458 00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,560 Speaker 1: to have a hot jupiter that survives, or maybe there's 459 00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:01,960 Speaker 1: a way to form a planet really close to the star. 460 00:24:02,080 --> 00:24:04,960 Speaker 1: Maybe there are other methods. So you know, this idea 461 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:08,119 Speaker 1: of how you form a jupiter is sort of one model, 462 00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:10,680 Speaker 1: but there are other models. There's like, you know, gravitational 463 00:24:10,720 --> 00:24:13,280 Speaker 1: instabilities that maybe stuff smashed together to make like an 464 00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:16,600 Speaker 1: unusually large object, which then like gathered together a bunch 465 00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:18,520 Speaker 1: of stuff. And people have been working on these things 466 00:24:18,520 --> 00:24:20,520 Speaker 1: and trying to put them together, and you know, this 467 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:24,240 Speaker 1: is the kind of creativity that's inspired by basically a mystery. 468 00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:26,920 Speaker 1: But it doesn't seem to really be working, Like there's 469 00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:30,720 Speaker 1: just not enough gas and not enough mass close to 470 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:33,639 Speaker 1: the star, and also it's just too warm, Like a 471 00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:35,840 Speaker 1: lot of this stuff, if you did happen to form 472 00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:39,040 Speaker 1: a big object, would get blown apart by the sun. 473 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:42,280 Speaker 1: The Sun just like boil the gas off of that planet. 474 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:45,119 Speaker 1: And it also probably just like holding apart by the 475 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:47,800 Speaker 1: tidal forces. Remember that the Sun has a lot of 476 00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:50,639 Speaker 1: gravity and it tugs on everything. But if you're a 477 00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:53,240 Speaker 1: really big object, it's going to tug on the part 478 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:55,399 Speaker 1: of you that's closer to the star more than it 479 00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:57,440 Speaker 1: tugs on the part of you that's far from the star. 480 00:24:57,960 --> 00:25:00,360 Speaker 1: And that's effectively the same thing as trying to pull 481 00:25:00,440 --> 00:25:03,440 Speaker 1: you apart. And that's why, for example, you get close 482 00:25:03,440 --> 00:25:06,280 Speaker 1: to a black hole, you won't survive, because you'll get 483 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:09,840 Speaker 1: pulled apart by the relative difference in the gravity at 484 00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:13,400 Speaker 1: your feet and at your head. It's called spaghettification, one 485 00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:16,480 Speaker 1: of the best physics words out there. And so now 486 00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:20,280 Speaker 1: imagine like making a big gas giant. You've accomplished the impossible. 487 00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:22,720 Speaker 1: You've formed a gas giant close to your star. What's 488 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:25,200 Speaker 1: going to happen The star pretty quickly is going to 489 00:25:25,320 --> 00:25:29,040 Speaker 1: spaghettify Jupiter. And like, that's a lot of spaghetti. I'm 490 00:25:29,080 --> 00:25:32,600 Speaker 1: there for that. I love spaghetti. So are people still 491 00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:36,040 Speaker 1: work on that question or have scientists pretty much decided like, okay, 492 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:38,840 Speaker 1: this is not the answer. There's always somebody is still 493 00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:40,960 Speaker 1: working on that question. Right. There are people out there 494 00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:43,040 Speaker 1: who think that it might have been possible to make 495 00:25:43,080 --> 00:25:45,000 Speaker 1: a Jupiter close to the star, and they're working on 496 00:25:45,080 --> 00:25:48,000 Speaker 1: their models, and in that line of thinking, they're hoping 497 00:25:48,440 --> 00:25:51,199 Speaker 1: that you've made this jupiter close to the star and 498 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:54,760 Speaker 1: that it's somehow we don't know how, then drifted out 499 00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:58,000 Speaker 1: to the outer Solar System and in doing so has 500 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:00,560 Speaker 1: perturbed the asteroid belt and in doing so has like 501 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,040 Speaker 1: stolen a lot of the material that might have made Mars. 502 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:06,199 Speaker 1: But I don't think that it's a mainstream idea. I mean, 503 00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:09,119 Speaker 1: there's always somebody out there, you know, smoking a banana, 504 00:26:09,119 --> 00:26:11,679 Speaker 1: appeals and thinking about it. And I encourage that, and 505 00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:14,840 Speaker 1: that kind of creativity is wonderful, and you know, diversity 506 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:18,600 Speaker 1: of ideas is also very very important for the scientific method. 507 00:26:18,760 --> 00:26:21,280 Speaker 1: But I don't think the leading idea is that you 508 00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:23,919 Speaker 1: form a hot jupiter close to the Sun and that 509 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 1: it then drifts out into the outer Solar system. Okay, 510 00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:31,160 Speaker 1: so it started in the outer Solar System and then 511 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: it went on a cool vacation towards the Sun and 512 00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:38,400 Speaker 1: decided it preferred skiing. Yeah, And so we don't think 513 00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:40,959 Speaker 1: that this idea of it's starting an inner solar system 514 00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:45,000 Speaker 1: and moving out makes much sense. And another clue is 515 00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,000 Speaker 1: that when we look at these other solar systems, the 516 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:50,440 Speaker 1: ones that have hot jupiters, and we wonder, like, how 517 00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:53,360 Speaker 1: are they made and how could that survive? There's some 518 00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:56,600 Speaker 1: evidence that we're looking at our really young solar systems, 519 00:26:56,760 --> 00:26:59,639 Speaker 1: solo systems that haven't been around for very long. And 520 00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:03,320 Speaker 1: so one explanation for how hot jupiters even exist is 521 00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:06,280 Speaker 1: that they're transient, that they're gonna be absorbed by the 522 00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:09,280 Speaker 1: star that we're seeing them before they get spaghettified and 523 00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:12,000 Speaker 1: sucked in and basically just become part of the star. 524 00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:15,760 Speaker 1: Because we don't tend to see hot jupiters in older 525 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:19,199 Speaker 1: solar systems. Ah, so it started in the outer solar system, 526 00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:21,280 Speaker 1: it got sucked in, and we are seeing it at 527 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:23,480 Speaker 1: a point where it is sort of in the process 528 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:26,680 Speaker 1: of soon to be absorbed by the sun. Is that right? 529 00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:29,240 Speaker 1: That's the leading explanation for why we are seeing hot 530 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:31,880 Speaker 1: jupiters in other solar systems. But you know, of course 531 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:35,040 Speaker 1: that doesn't answer the question of our solar system because 532 00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,520 Speaker 1: we don't have a hot Jupiter, right, But we still 533 00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:40,879 Speaker 1: have to explain what happened in the inner Solar System. 534 00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:43,720 Speaker 1: So we have Jupiter starting in the outer Solar System, 535 00:27:43,760 --> 00:27:46,040 Speaker 1: we think that makes more sense. We don't have it 536 00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:48,639 Speaker 1: currently in the Inner Solar System. So then there's this 537 00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:51,040 Speaker 1: question of like, well, how could it have perturbed things 538 00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:53,280 Speaker 1: in the inner Solar System? You know, it's sort of 539 00:27:53,320 --> 00:27:55,480 Speaker 1: like got an alibi. It's like I was born here 540 00:27:55,560 --> 00:27:58,680 Speaker 1: and I'm still here. Why are you looking at me? Right? Okay, 541 00:27:58,720 --> 00:28:00,760 Speaker 1: So the progress we've made so far are is that 542 00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,280 Speaker 1: there's an explanation that we don't think is right. So 543 00:28:04,680 --> 00:28:07,919 Speaker 1: let's try another explanation and see if we can maybe 544 00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:10,040 Speaker 1: solve some of the problems with what's happening with Mars 545 00:28:10,040 --> 00:28:25,680 Speaker 1: and the asteroid belt after we take a break. Okay, 546 00:28:25,680 --> 00:28:28,159 Speaker 1: So we feel pretty confident that Jupiter started in the 547 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:30,720 Speaker 1: outer Solar System and it didn't start in the Inner 548 00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,640 Speaker 1: Solar System and then move out. So if it started 549 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:36,040 Speaker 1: in the outer Solar System and it's still there, now, 550 00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:39,440 Speaker 1: does that mean at some point Jupiter sort of toyed 551 00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:42,440 Speaker 1: with the idea of a summer vacation and then decided 552 00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:44,880 Speaker 1: it preferred the cold and went back to go skiing. 553 00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:47,080 Speaker 1: Did it come to the Sun and then leave. I know, 554 00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:49,959 Speaker 1: this is that moment in the Murder mystery where you're like, 555 00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:53,280 Speaker 1: this person was home all evening. Hold on a second 556 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,480 Speaker 1: to actually have a way to account for all their whereabouts. 557 00:28:56,520 --> 00:28:58,640 Speaker 1: Could they have snuck out and committed the murder and 558 00:28:58,640 --> 00:29:01,800 Speaker 1: then come back in time? How fast are those trains? 559 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:04,400 Speaker 1: We can't leave Jupiter in the outer Solar System for 560 00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:07,480 Speaker 1: its whole history. But now we have a crazier idea, 561 00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:11,800 Speaker 1: which is maybe Jupiter did trend into the inner Solar 562 00:29:11,840 --> 00:29:14,920 Speaker 1: System just like all those other hot jupiters were seeing 563 00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:18,560 Speaker 1: in other solar systems, but that it stopped and it 564 00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:21,400 Speaker 1: turned around and it went back out to the outer 565 00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:25,560 Speaker 1: Solar system. So this is called the Grand Tach hypothesis. 566 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:29,000 Speaker 1: Seeing Jupiter's like a sailboat that like sailed into the 567 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:31,760 Speaker 1: inner Solar System and then sailed back out. This is 568 00:29:31,760 --> 00:29:34,160 Speaker 1: blowing my mind. So let's break it into two parts. 569 00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:36,520 Speaker 1: I guess, So, how did it get pulled in? Just 570 00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:39,720 Speaker 1: through the typical gravity pulled it in? Yeah, so you 571 00:29:39,760 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: have to cast your mind back to the very very 572 00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:44,680 Speaker 1: early days of the Solar system. Solar system we think 573 00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,760 Speaker 1: is about four or five billion years old and we're 574 00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:50,600 Speaker 1: talking about things that happened in the first few million years. 575 00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:53,360 Speaker 1: You shouldn't be imagining a bunch of planets around the star. 576 00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:56,040 Speaker 1: You should be imagining a star and then a huge 577 00:29:56,320 --> 00:29:59,400 Speaker 1: disc of gas and dust, and then inside that gas 578 00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:02,280 Speaker 1: and dusk, we're forming planets. But they're not like clear, 579 00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:05,320 Speaker 1: they're not like totally separated. If you were doing astronomy 580 00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:07,840 Speaker 1: back then, you would have a really hard time seeing 581 00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:10,360 Speaker 1: any planets because there's so much gas and dust everywhere. 582 00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:12,800 Speaker 1: So the beginning of the story in the first few 583 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:16,040 Speaker 1: million years is that, like proto Jupiter has formed, but 584 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:18,360 Speaker 1: it's not as far out as it is now. It's 585 00:30:18,360 --> 00:30:21,160 Speaker 1: only like three and a half au like right there 586 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:23,200 Speaker 1: on the snow line. As we were saying earlier, like 587 00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:26,160 Speaker 1: the peak place to make a gas giant is just 588 00:30:26,280 --> 00:30:28,719 Speaker 1: pass where things freeze, so you can gather ice and 589 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,120 Speaker 1: rocks and dust, but not so far out that things 590 00:30:31,120 --> 00:30:34,920 Speaker 1: are getting dilute. So Jubiter forms there and then it 591 00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:38,520 Speaker 1: drifts into the inner Solar system. As you're asking, like 592 00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:41,320 Speaker 1: what makes that happen, it's it just the Sun's gravity, 593 00:30:41,640 --> 00:30:44,760 Speaker 1: and you know anything can orbit stable. The Sun obviously 594 00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:47,040 Speaker 1: has a lot of gravity, but The reason, like the 595 00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:49,960 Speaker 1: Earth is not falling into the Sun right now is 596 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:51,440 Speaker 1: that we have a lot of speed. We're in a 597 00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:55,320 Speaker 1: stable orbit. So we think Jupiter probably wasn't a stable orbit. 598 00:30:55,360 --> 00:30:58,520 Speaker 1: But remember it wasn't on its own. It's still surrounded 599 00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:01,080 Speaker 1: by a lot of gas and us that hasn't gotten 600 00:31:01,120 --> 00:31:04,120 Speaker 1: pulled into any planet. So the idea is that it 601 00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,840 Speaker 1: interacted with that gas and dust, which basically slowed it 602 00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:10,520 Speaker 1: down and started falling in towards the Sun. That must 603 00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:14,200 Speaker 1: have been very scary for Jupiter. I know, it's like 604 00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:17,520 Speaker 1: this inextricable fall, right, you know that you're like rolling 605 00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:20,440 Speaker 1: in towards this huge burning ball of plasma and there's 606 00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:23,960 Speaker 1: basically nothing you can do about it. So very dramatic moment. 607 00:31:24,320 --> 00:31:27,160 Speaker 1: And these gases eventually, you know, spiraled in and they 608 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,360 Speaker 1: fell into the Sun, and Jupiter was spiraling and also 609 00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:33,239 Speaker 1: and so the idea is that it passed through the 610 00:31:33,280 --> 00:31:37,200 Speaker 1: inner Solar System and along the way it gobbled up 611 00:31:37,240 --> 00:31:41,160 Speaker 1: a lot of material which eventually would have otherwise led 612 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:44,320 Speaker 1: to a larger Mars. How far in did it go? 613 00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:47,360 Speaker 1: Did it get like Earth close or just Mars close, 614 00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,160 Speaker 1: not quite Earth close. We think that it came into 615 00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,160 Speaker 1: like about one and a half a you. And that's 616 00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:55,880 Speaker 1: why we still have Earth as a pretty reasonable size, 617 00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:58,959 Speaker 1: because Jupiter came in and it either like gobbled up 618 00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:02,000 Speaker 1: the material to make ours or scattered it and threw 619 00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:04,640 Speaker 1: it into the sun. But these things in the inner 620 00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:07,280 Speaker 1: Solar system were a bit more protected. Okay, so part 621 00:32:07,320 --> 00:32:09,680 Speaker 1: of Jupiter should have been in Mars. It's like those twins, 622 00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:11,080 Speaker 1: you know, where like one of them eat the other 623 00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:13,360 Speaker 1: one and you still have like a jaw or whatever 624 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,560 Speaker 1: inside the body of the adult. Those are the craziest stories. 625 00:32:16,640 --> 00:32:19,160 Speaker 1: I don't think they're actually eating the other one, but yes, 626 00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:21,840 Speaker 1: I know where you're going with that. Well, you don't 627 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:23,880 Speaker 1: believe in the evil twin theory that twins can eat 628 00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:25,880 Speaker 1: each other in the roomb. I was reading about this 629 00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:28,200 Speaker 1: the other day, and I think it's they like absorb 630 00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:32,200 Speaker 1: eating suggests a bit more intention that I think is 631 00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:34,280 Speaker 1: actually happening in there. You know, I'm going to use 632 00:32:34,280 --> 00:32:36,400 Speaker 1: that next time I eat my kids cookies. I'm like, 633 00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:39,360 Speaker 1: I didn't eat your cookies, I just absorbed them. And 634 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:43,880 Speaker 1: Kelly the biologist, she tells me that's different. And then 635 00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:46,080 Speaker 1: your children remind you that you are not a fetus. 636 00:32:46,120 --> 00:32:48,920 Speaker 1: You're a grown man. You can make decisions, and so 637 00:32:49,040 --> 00:32:50,440 Speaker 1: you know, let them know that they can call me 638 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:53,080 Speaker 1: if they need back up. All right, I'll give them 639 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:57,440 Speaker 1: your number. Anyways, So Jupiter's out there like unintentionally absorbing 640 00:32:57,440 --> 00:33:00,480 Speaker 1: the materials that Mars would have needed to get larger 641 00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:03,240 Speaker 1: and scattering a bunch of other stuff, and so it 642 00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:06,640 Speaker 1: came into about one and a half a U. And 643 00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:08,960 Speaker 1: that actually explains a lot about what's going on in 644 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:11,440 Speaker 1: our inner Solar system. That's why there are no like 645 00:33:11,560 --> 00:33:14,600 Speaker 1: other rocky planets after Mars. We think there might have 646 00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:17,720 Speaker 1: also been other planets out there that were forming that 647 00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:20,400 Speaker 1: Jupiter just like nudged into the Sun. So why did 648 00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:22,600 Speaker 1: it nudge them into the Sun as opposed to pulling 649 00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:25,000 Speaker 1: it into Jupiter. Yeah, we don't know. It could have 650 00:33:25,040 --> 00:33:27,640 Speaker 1: been either fate, right, this is very chaotic, and so 651 00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:30,520 Speaker 1: it depends exactly on how big they were and how 652 00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:32,840 Speaker 1: they were aligned, and so the fate of these planets 653 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,560 Speaker 1: could be like fall into the Sun or get absorbed 654 00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:38,200 Speaker 1: by Jupiter, or even get tossed out of the Solar 655 00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:41,440 Speaker 1: system entirely. Like Jupiter is a big bully, right, It's 656 00:33:41,480 --> 00:33:44,320 Speaker 1: so much bigger than Earth and Mars, and it comes 657 00:33:44,320 --> 00:33:47,520 Speaker 1: in and it doesn't take very much to really disrupt 658 00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:51,400 Speaker 1: the inner Solar System. Okay, so how does this describe 659 00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,480 Speaker 1: what happened or does this help explain what happened with 660 00:33:54,560 --> 00:33:57,520 Speaker 1: the asteroid belt. Yeah, so it actually all really fits 661 00:33:57,560 --> 00:34:01,000 Speaker 1: together beautifully, because to explain the after oid belt, you 662 00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:04,720 Speaker 1: need Jupiter to get back out to where it was. Right. 663 00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:07,600 Speaker 1: The asteroid belt has rocky stuff in it from the 664 00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:10,239 Speaker 1: inner Solar System, but also I see stuff from the 665 00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:13,360 Speaker 1: outer Solar System, and so if you could somehow turn 666 00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:17,000 Speaker 1: Jupiter around, right, we've seen all these other solar systems. 667 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:20,719 Speaker 1: Also that these big gas giants sometimes fall slowly in 668 00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:23,080 Speaker 1: towards the star, and we think that in most cases 669 00:34:23,120 --> 00:34:26,040 Speaker 1: probably they just end up inside the star. They didn't 670 00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,880 Speaker 1: happen in our case. So we need Jupiter move somehow 671 00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:31,759 Speaker 1: to the outer Solar System, and in doing so we 672 00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:34,400 Speaker 1: think that it will have disrupted the asteroid belt and 673 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:37,399 Speaker 1: also disrupted the Kuiper Belt, like pulled some of those 674 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:40,800 Speaker 1: objects towards the inner Solar System, so that the asteroid 675 00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:43,360 Speaker 1: belt then has like a weird mixture of these like 676 00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:47,040 Speaker 1: further out objects and these inner objects. And that's why 677 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:50,160 Speaker 1: we see these like icy objects and rocky objects in 678 00:34:50,200 --> 00:34:52,759 Speaker 1: our asteroid belt. If we can get Jupiter to go 679 00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:56,759 Speaker 1: in and then come back out, that's fascinating. So now, 680 00:34:56,760 --> 00:35:00,200 Speaker 1: how you told us that Jupiter probably slowed down own 681 00:35:00,239 --> 00:35:03,200 Speaker 1: and that's what caused it to get pulled in. So 682 00:35:03,280 --> 00:35:07,120 Speaker 1: for Jupiter to go back out again, what is required 683 00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:09,399 Speaker 1: for that? Doesn't have to start speeding up and then 684 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,240 Speaker 1: also kind of get nudged. Why did it leave? Well, Jupiter, 685 00:35:13,360 --> 00:35:17,000 Speaker 1: we think probably was saved by its friend Saturn, because 686 00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:19,920 Speaker 1: Saturn has the same fate, right, Saturn, also a big 687 00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:24,360 Speaker 1: gas giant, also probably surrounded by big swarming clouds of gas, 688 00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:28,360 Speaker 1: getting slowed down drifting in towards the Inner Solar System. 689 00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:31,280 Speaker 1: To imagine Jupiter like the big brother and then Saturn 690 00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:33,799 Speaker 1: like the younger sister or the younger brother, following in 691 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:36,360 Speaker 1: behind it, having sort of the same fate and seeing 692 00:35:36,360 --> 00:35:39,399 Speaker 1: what's happening to Jupiter. But the calculations suggests that it's 693 00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:42,440 Speaker 1: possible that as these two things get close to the 694 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,560 Speaker 1: Inner Solar System that they then start tugging on each other, 695 00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:49,960 Speaker 1: and that their gravitational interaction makes this weird resonance where 696 00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:52,640 Speaker 1: they're pushing on each other and they're passing around the Sun. 697 00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:54,799 Speaker 1: They're tugging on each other in the same way. So 698 00:35:54,840 --> 00:35:57,640 Speaker 1: they do this like weird dance. Like imagine two people 699 00:35:57,719 --> 00:36:01,040 Speaker 1: spinning and both letting go and they flown out of 700 00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,440 Speaker 1: the inner Solar System. I know, it's crazy. It's like 701 00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:06,719 Speaker 1: Saturn like dove in after Jupiter and saved them both. Right, 702 00:36:07,080 --> 00:36:09,480 Speaker 1: they could have ended very badly. Yeah, there's got to 703 00:36:09,520 --> 00:36:11,400 Speaker 1: be a buddy comedy that could be written about this 704 00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:16,759 Speaker 1: or something that's wild exactly. And so that's maybe the 705 00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:20,120 Speaker 1: story that Jupiter started in the outer Solar system, got 706 00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:22,960 Speaker 1: tugged in as it's got slowed down by all this gas, 707 00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:26,360 Speaker 1: and then got saved by Saturn. And that would explain 708 00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:29,399 Speaker 1: why Mars is so small, and it would explain why 709 00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:32,920 Speaker 1: the asteroid belt has the weird composition that it does have. 710 00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:35,799 Speaker 1: And so is that the only explanation we have for 711 00:36:35,840 --> 00:36:38,600 Speaker 1: how Jupiter got thrown back out again? Or is that 712 00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:42,120 Speaker 1: just the top explanation right now? That's the top explanation. 713 00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:44,640 Speaker 1: And we don't think that it's very likely. I mean 714 00:36:44,680 --> 00:36:46,799 Speaker 1: we think that in most cases, when you have a 715 00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:50,080 Speaker 1: big gas giant that falls towards your star, it ends 716 00:36:50,080 --> 00:36:52,440 Speaker 1: in the way you would expect that it falls towards 717 00:36:52,480 --> 00:36:55,480 Speaker 1: the star and gets gobbled up, And so most solar 718 00:36:55,520 --> 00:36:57,960 Speaker 1: systems that have basically a Jupiter, we think that it 719 00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:00,600 Speaker 1: doesn't last for very long. So that means our solar 720 00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:05,040 Speaker 1: system is probably weird, right, that we're unusual for keeping 721 00:37:05,080 --> 00:37:07,319 Speaker 1: this big gas giant and having it back in the 722 00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:10,040 Speaker 1: outer Solar system in a stable way after all the 723 00:37:10,080 --> 00:37:12,799 Speaker 1: gas and dust have cleared out. Now Jupiter can go 724 00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:15,200 Speaker 1: back out to the past the ice line and hang 725 00:37:15,239 --> 00:37:17,480 Speaker 1: out for billions of years. That would suggest that the 726 00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:20,080 Speaker 1: reason we're weird is because we also have a Saturn. 727 00:37:20,640 --> 00:37:24,400 Speaker 1: So do other solar systems without hot jupiters also have 728 00:37:24,520 --> 00:37:27,560 Speaker 1: a Saturn equivalent? Yeah, great question. I don't think we 729 00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:30,000 Speaker 1: know the answer to that, because these planets are much 730 00:37:30,040 --> 00:37:33,320 Speaker 1: harder to spot, right, We're talking about things five six 731 00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:38,000 Speaker 1: seven a U that only passed their son every few years. Right, Like, 732 00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:41,320 Speaker 1: if you were observing our Solar system from really far away, 733 00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,320 Speaker 1: Jupiter and Sounder would not be that easy to spot 734 00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,240 Speaker 1: because while they're pretty big, they're also really far away 735 00:37:47,239 --> 00:37:49,640 Speaker 1: from the Sun and it takes them years and years 736 00:37:49,680 --> 00:37:52,000 Speaker 1: to orbit, so you would have to be watching our 737 00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:55,120 Speaker 1: solar system for a long time with a really good 738 00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:58,319 Speaker 1: telescope before you discovered Jupiter and Saturn. So that's not 739 00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:00,960 Speaker 1: something that we're really sort of good at knowing about 740 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:03,919 Speaker 1: other solar systems. Yet so far, we mostly know what's 741 00:38:03,920 --> 00:38:06,600 Speaker 1: going on in the inner Solar system for big, fast 742 00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:10,400 Speaker 1: moving planets around their star. So astronomers have like incredible 743 00:38:10,440 --> 00:38:12,520 Speaker 1: job security because we're gonna need to watch for hundreds 744 00:38:12,560 --> 00:38:15,600 Speaker 1: of years to get these data and tuarly the government's 745 00:38:15,640 --> 00:38:18,000 Speaker 1: going to pay for all of it, exactly. Yeah, And 746 00:38:18,040 --> 00:38:20,759 Speaker 1: it's incredible what we have learned so far. You know, 747 00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:23,480 Speaker 1: we've learned so much about how our solar system is 748 00:38:23,520 --> 00:38:26,759 Speaker 1: weird to compare to the other solar systems that's out there, 749 00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:29,280 Speaker 1: and that's sort of like cool, like, hey, our solar 750 00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:32,399 Speaker 1: system is awesome and special. It's also a little bit 751 00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:35,680 Speaker 1: disheartening because if you believe in aliens, or you want 752 00:38:35,719 --> 00:38:37,520 Speaker 1: to believe in aliens, and you want to think that 753 00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:40,399 Speaker 1: there are lots of opportunities for life out there, it 754 00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:43,440 Speaker 1: makes the story a little bit harder because to have 755 00:38:43,480 --> 00:38:46,640 Speaker 1: a solar system like ours and a planet like ours, 756 00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:49,360 Speaker 1: you need this sort of special thing to happen, this 757 00:38:49,640 --> 00:38:52,440 Speaker 1: dance of the two gas giants to clear out the 758 00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:56,520 Speaker 1: inner Solar System and then also save themselves and being 759 00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:58,960 Speaker 1: the outer Solar system. You know, we think that Jupiter 760 00:38:59,239 --> 00:39:01,400 Speaker 1: probably protect the Earth from a lot of sort of 761 00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:04,759 Speaker 1: incoming bombardment because it's so big. It's like hoovering up 762 00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:07,520 Speaker 1: all the comets and other stuff. So it's a special 763 00:39:07,560 --> 00:39:11,440 Speaker 1: configuration we have. You've kind of bummed me out. You know. 764 00:39:11,480 --> 00:39:13,839 Speaker 1: At the beginning of this conversation, when we were talking 765 00:39:13,840 --> 00:39:16,680 Speaker 1: about how big our data set is, I was thinking, 766 00:39:16,719 --> 00:39:18,680 Speaker 1: all right, that's got to be good for the Drake equation. 767 00:39:18,719 --> 00:39:21,640 Speaker 1: You know, we're like adding all of these possible solar 768 00:39:21,640 --> 00:39:23,960 Speaker 1: systems that might have earthlike planets. But now what you're 769 00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:26,920 Speaker 1: telling me is probably a lot of the ones that 770 00:39:26,960 --> 00:39:29,920 Speaker 1: are out there don't have earthlike planets. And now I'm 771 00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:32,160 Speaker 1: kind of bummed, yeah, a little bit. And we've been 772 00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:35,000 Speaker 1: excited to find what we thought were earthlike planets in 773 00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:38,440 Speaker 1: these other solar systems, ones about the right radius, about 774 00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:40,719 Speaker 1: the right distance from the star. But what we don't 775 00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:43,160 Speaker 1: know is if they really have the right composition to 776 00:39:43,320 --> 00:39:46,440 Speaker 1: be an Earth. You know, it might be that Jupiter 777 00:39:46,560 --> 00:39:48,480 Speaker 1: came through the Inner Solar System and it cleared out 778 00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:51,520 Speaker 1: a lot of gas, etcetera, etcetera, And so we ended 779 00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:54,160 Speaker 1: up with a planet just the right combination of stuff 780 00:39:54,320 --> 00:39:57,120 Speaker 1: to have life. If Jupiter hadn't come through the Inner 781 00:39:57,120 --> 00:39:59,600 Speaker 1: Solar System, Earth might have been a little bit bigger 782 00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:01,759 Speaker 1: and then might have been more gas, So we might 783 00:40:01,760 --> 00:40:03,839 Speaker 1: have ended up with a very different composition. You can 784 00:40:03,880 --> 00:40:07,440 Speaker 1: imagine like a super Earth that's like choked in hydrogen 785 00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:10,399 Speaker 1: instead of having the atmosphere that we have you other way, 786 00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:13,480 Speaker 1: like Venus is just like choked in CEO two. It's 787 00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:16,400 Speaker 1: very oppressive. And so it might be a lot of 788 00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:19,319 Speaker 1: the planets we're seeing in these other Solar systems are 789 00:40:19,480 --> 00:40:22,400 Speaker 1: not actually sort of habitable in the way that we 790 00:40:22,440 --> 00:40:25,359 Speaker 1: would hope for. They're not really copies of Earth. They 791 00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:27,920 Speaker 1: might have the right size roughly and being roughly the 792 00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:30,279 Speaker 1: right position, but that doesn't mean to have the same 793 00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:36,800 Speaker 1: conditions as Earth. Man, we're lucky. Oh we're special. We're special. 794 00:40:36,840 --> 00:40:39,279 Speaker 1: I'm gonna go with lucky. But maybe life is better 795 00:40:39,320 --> 00:40:42,160 Speaker 1: if you go with special. So did Jupiter go like 796 00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:44,359 Speaker 1: back to where it came from or did it end 797 00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:46,440 Speaker 1: up a little closer a little farther out than where 798 00:40:46,480 --> 00:40:48,640 Speaker 1: it was before. It ended up a little farther out. 799 00:40:48,640 --> 00:40:50,480 Speaker 1: It like it wanted to go out. In the excerpts, 800 00:40:50,520 --> 00:40:52,120 Speaker 1: you know, it was born in the suburbs, and it 801 00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:54,160 Speaker 1: came to the inner city, and then it decided in 802 00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:57,280 Speaker 1: its retirement it wanted to live further out. So it 803 00:40:57,320 --> 00:40:59,799 Speaker 1: started out at three and a half a U. Came 804 00:40:59,840 --> 00:41:02,239 Speaker 1: in and probably about one and a half and now 805 00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:05,440 Speaker 1: it's comfortably out around five point two a U. I 806 00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:07,719 Speaker 1: can totally understand how Jupiter feels. I was born in 807 00:41:07,760 --> 00:41:10,200 Speaker 1: the suburbs and then I moved to a big city 808 00:41:10,280 --> 00:41:12,600 Speaker 1: and now I live out in the country where nobody 809 00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:16,160 Speaker 1: else is. So I feel your Jupiter. Well, it thanks 810 00:41:16,200 --> 00:41:18,799 Speaker 1: a lot to feel Jupiter. And the story doesn't end there. 811 00:41:19,120 --> 00:41:21,440 Speaker 1: What we talked about is like the first few million 812 00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:24,080 Speaker 1: years of the Solar System. But there's still a lot 813 00:41:24,120 --> 00:41:27,680 Speaker 1: of interesting planetary dynamics that need to be explained. Like 814 00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:32,040 Speaker 1: we think that maybe Uranus and Neptune switched places at 815 00:41:32,080 --> 00:41:35,200 Speaker 1: some point, and that Jupiter and Saturn may not have 816 00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:37,600 Speaker 1: sort of ended up where they are now, that it 817 00:41:37,640 --> 00:41:39,279 Speaker 1: may have taken a little while, and they may have 818 00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:42,840 Speaker 1: also done some later migrations we're talking like five hundred 819 00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:45,640 Speaker 1: million years after the start of the Solar system, So 820 00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:47,839 Speaker 1: we like to think about the Solar system is sort 821 00:41:47,880 --> 00:41:49,600 Speaker 1: of like it is what it is, and it's been 822 00:41:49,640 --> 00:41:51,920 Speaker 1: what it's been. But if you did it like in 823 00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:54,719 Speaker 1: time lapse over like hundreds of millions of years, it 824 00:41:54,760 --> 00:41:57,319 Speaker 1: would seem pretty chaotic. It would seem like, wow, there's 825 00:41:57,320 --> 00:42:00,400 Speaker 1: really something happening there. So that this idea of Jupiter 826 00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:04,960 Speaker 1: moving in and out, is this like totally accepted by 827 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:09,120 Speaker 1: the mainstream or is this just sort of a theory 828 00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:13,200 Speaker 1: that some people ascribe to. How broadly is this idea accepted? Yeah, 829 00:42:13,239 --> 00:42:16,520 Speaker 1: it's somewhere in between. The astronomers I spoke to think 830 00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:20,600 Speaker 1: it's like probably the most plausible explanation. But you know, 831 00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:22,799 Speaker 1: there's a lot of details still to get right, and 832 00:42:22,840 --> 00:42:25,080 Speaker 1: our models are just going to keep getting better and better, 833 00:42:25,120 --> 00:42:27,719 Speaker 1: and then we could ask more and more detailed questions. 834 00:42:27,880 --> 00:42:30,680 Speaker 1: And right now the models explain Mars, but as we 835 00:42:30,760 --> 00:42:32,960 Speaker 1: make those models better, we can ask more specific questions 836 00:42:32,960 --> 00:42:35,480 Speaker 1: about like why does Mars have the composition that it 837 00:42:35,560 --> 00:42:38,319 Speaker 1: does and why does it get exactly this small and 838 00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:41,480 Speaker 1: not larger? And maybe as we do those studies we'll 839 00:42:41,520 --> 00:42:44,160 Speaker 1: find discrepancies and things that don't work, and then we'll 840 00:42:44,160 --> 00:42:47,120 Speaker 1: need to modify this model. Or maybe there's some other 841 00:42:47,239 --> 00:42:50,040 Speaker 1: crazy part of this story that we haven't even thought 842 00:42:50,040 --> 00:42:52,800 Speaker 1: of yet that could be revealed by some little detail 843 00:42:53,160 --> 00:42:56,839 Speaker 1: that some student uncovers. So, given the gaps in our 844 00:42:56,960 --> 00:42:59,439 Speaker 1: data sets, which are caused by things that are hard 845 00:42:59,480 --> 00:43:02,880 Speaker 1: to remove, like really really slow moving planets, what do 846 00:43:02,920 --> 00:43:05,640 Speaker 1: you think the chance is that by the time you 847 00:43:05,719 --> 00:43:09,160 Speaker 1: and I are, you know, retiring, that will be able 848 00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:12,239 Speaker 1: to say, like, definitely, that's what Jupiter. You know, maybe 849 00:43:12,239 --> 00:43:14,360 Speaker 1: we'll never be able to say definitely, but we feel 850 00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:17,120 Speaker 1: super confident that that's what Jupiter did. Is this a 851 00:43:17,160 --> 00:43:19,200 Speaker 1: problem that could get solved soon or are we looking 852 00:43:19,239 --> 00:43:21,880 Speaker 1: at decades and decades before we can really get a 853 00:43:21,880 --> 00:43:24,400 Speaker 1: good answer. Well, that depends, Kelly, how long until you 854 00:43:24,480 --> 00:43:27,520 Speaker 1: plan to retire. I'm not sure I'm ever going to retire. 855 00:43:27,640 --> 00:43:29,920 Speaker 1: But you know, the the average age of a woman 856 00:43:29,960 --> 00:43:32,800 Speaker 1: in the US when they die is what seven seventy 857 00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:35,839 Speaker 1: seven something like that, So that time scale, I think 858 00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:38,600 Speaker 1: that our understanding of our solar system and other solar 859 00:43:38,600 --> 00:43:42,759 Speaker 1: systems is going to be continually revolutionized, basically every ten 860 00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:46,120 Speaker 1: years for the next hundred years, because we are just 861 00:43:46,239 --> 00:43:49,200 Speaker 1: at the very beginning of understanding how these things work, 862 00:43:49,440 --> 00:43:52,120 Speaker 1: because we have just started to look and to see 863 00:43:52,280 --> 00:43:54,799 Speaker 1: these other planets, and we're going to find lots more 864 00:43:54,840 --> 00:43:57,960 Speaker 1: surprises once we developed telescopes that are better at these things. 865 00:43:58,320 --> 00:44:01,240 Speaker 1: Was James web launches and t to us more about 866 00:44:01,320 --> 00:44:05,080 Speaker 1: cold planets. James Webb's an infrared telescope that can see 867 00:44:05,120 --> 00:44:07,120 Speaker 1: things that are not just quite as hot, that can 868 00:44:07,120 --> 00:44:11,600 Speaker 1: see like cold disks of protoplanetary formation and actually maybe 869 00:44:11,600 --> 00:44:15,080 Speaker 1: individual planets that glow in the infrared. So we have 870 00:44:15,160 --> 00:44:18,640 Speaker 1: a lot more information coming, and if the universe holds 871 00:44:18,680 --> 00:44:22,000 Speaker 1: true to its reputation, it will be filled with surprises 872 00:44:22,080 --> 00:44:26,040 Speaker 1: that upend our ideas. So probably by the time we retire, 873 00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:29,400 Speaker 1: people will look back at these ideas as quaint and goofy, 874 00:44:29,719 --> 00:44:31,800 Speaker 1: and then we'll have a much more interesting idea, probably 875 00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:35,120 Speaker 1: filled with dramatic events we haven't even considered. You know, 876 00:44:35,239 --> 00:44:37,960 Speaker 1: it's a really fascinating time to be alive with the 877 00:44:38,040 --> 00:44:39,959 Speaker 1: kind of data that we're able to collect right now, 878 00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:41,759 Speaker 1: It really is. It's a kind of time that makes 879 00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:44,320 Speaker 1: me just want to like live another ten years because 880 00:44:44,560 --> 00:44:47,560 Speaker 1: the things we're learning are just blowing our minds. You know. 881 00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:50,279 Speaker 1: It makes me wonder, like, what would a children's book 882 00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:53,759 Speaker 1: about the Solar system say in a hundred years, right, Like, 883 00:44:54,080 --> 00:44:56,880 Speaker 1: I would love, I would kill to travel forward in 884 00:44:56,920 --> 00:45:01,600 Speaker 1: time and steal children's books about science. Well, this suggests 885 00:45:01,600 --> 00:45:03,960 Speaker 1: that biology needs more funding because we need people to 886 00:45:04,160 --> 00:45:07,840 Speaker 1: be working on the problem of immortality. Don't give me that. 887 00:45:07,880 --> 00:45:09,759 Speaker 1: On my campus, we have like ten times as many 888 00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:13,359 Speaker 1: biologists as businists already. Alright, alright, fair enough, but I 889 00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:16,000 Speaker 1: love biologists literally, I mean, I'm married to one. So 890 00:45:16,040 --> 00:45:19,200 Speaker 1: I'm definitely pro biology. More funding for all the sciences 891 00:45:19,360 --> 00:45:22,600 Speaker 1: so we can unravel these amazing mysteries of the universe. 892 00:45:22,920 --> 00:45:25,799 Speaker 1: There you go, agreed. Alright, something we can agree on. 893 00:45:26,239 --> 00:45:28,880 Speaker 1: So thank you everybody for joining us on this tour 894 00:45:29,160 --> 00:45:32,280 Speaker 1: of the early days of our solar system, the dramatic 895 00:45:32,360 --> 00:45:35,080 Speaker 1: story of Jupiter's visit to the inner Solar System and 896 00:45:35,120 --> 00:45:37,960 Speaker 1: how it might explain everything that we're seeing, all the 897 00:45:38,080 --> 00:45:40,759 Speaker 1: mysteries about the size of Mars and the composition of 898 00:45:40,840 --> 00:45:43,560 Speaker 1: the asteroid belt. Thank you very much for sharing your 899 00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,120 Speaker 1: curiosity with us. And thank you again to Kelly, our 900 00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:49,240 Speaker 1: wonderful guest host for joining us on today's episode, Thanks 901 00:45:49,239 --> 00:45:51,120 Speaker 1: for having me on the show, and thanks for listening everyone. 902 00:45:51,160 --> 00:46:00,360 Speaker 1: It was a lot of fun, alright, tune in next time. Yeah, 903 00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:04,040 Speaker 1: thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain 904 00:46:04,080 --> 00:46:07,040 Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. Or 905 00:46:07,120 --> 00:46:10,040 Speaker 1: more podcast from my heart Radio, visit the I heart 906 00:46:10,120 --> 00:46:13,719 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 907 00:46:13,760 --> 00:46:16,400 Speaker 1: favorite shows. H