1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,920 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:14,440 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 4 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:17,120 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. 5 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:20,560 Speaker 2: I'm not sure how time has already rolled us around 6 00:00:20,560 --> 00:00:23,240 Speaker 2: to this point, but here we are with our quarterly 7 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:27,160 Speaker 2: Unearthed episodes. Again, if you're new to the show, this 8 00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:29,440 Speaker 2: is when we talk about things that have been literally 9 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:33,519 Speaker 2: and figuratively unearthed over the last few months. And as usual, 10 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:36,000 Speaker 2: this Unearthed is a two parter, and this time around, 11 00:00:36,040 --> 00:00:38,159 Speaker 2: I want to start by acknowledging that while I was 12 00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:40,960 Speaker 2: working on these episodes, I was struggling. I'm still struggling, 13 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:42,720 Speaker 2: to be honest, and normally this is the kind of 14 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:45,880 Speaker 2: stuff that we would talk about in our Friday behind 15 00:00:45,880 --> 00:00:49,040 Speaker 2: the scenes, but not today. It's not what we're doing today. First, 16 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:53,240 Speaker 2: the day I started working on these episodes, Plain closed, 17 00:00:53,280 --> 00:00:57,400 Speaker 2: Federal agents grabbed PhD student Remesa oz Turk off the 18 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:00,880 Speaker 2: street in Somerville, Massachusetts, and as she was on her 19 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:04,280 Speaker 2: way to break her Ramadan fast. I lived in Somerville 20 00:01:04,319 --> 00:01:07,760 Speaker 2: for five years and Tuft's University, which is where she 21 00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:11,280 Speaker 2: was studying, that was in walking distance of my apartment 22 00:01:11,319 --> 00:01:14,680 Speaker 2: in Somerville. So even though I don't live in Somerville anymore, 23 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:18,240 Speaker 2: she feels like my neighbor. So that happened on March 24 00:01:18,280 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 2: twenty fifth. It was still weighing heavily on my mind 25 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,920 Speaker 2: on March twenty seventh, when President Trump issued an executive 26 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:30,119 Speaker 2: order called Restoring Truth and Sanity to American History, which 27 00:01:30,120 --> 00:01:34,720 Speaker 2: among other things, characterizes the Smithsonian Institution in its museums 28 00:01:34,800 --> 00:01:40,200 Speaker 2: as needing to be saved from quote improper ideology. Basically 29 00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:43,240 Speaker 2: following the descriptions and the language in this executive order, 30 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:48,360 Speaker 2: our podcast is insane and full of improper ideology because 31 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:52,400 Speaker 2: we talk about ways that racism and sexism and oppression 32 00:01:52,560 --> 00:01:56,280 Speaker 2: have always been part of American history. And that followed 33 00:01:56,960 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 2: another executive order called Ending Radical Indoctrination in K through 34 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 2: twelfth Schooling that was on January twenty ninth. Then those 35 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:08,560 Speaker 2: two executive orders have a lot of common themes. Based 36 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:12,120 Speaker 2: on that January twenty ninth one, our podcast is also 37 00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:14,800 Speaker 2: not appropriate for use in K through twelve schools for 38 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 2: pretty much the same reason that it's quote insane, and 39 00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:22,760 Speaker 2: also because we recognize that trans people exist, and we 40 00:02:22,840 --> 00:02:26,880 Speaker 2: try to talk about trans people with respect compassion and dignity. 41 00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,760 Speaker 2: I sound angry because I am. The next thing that 42 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:35,080 Speaker 2: also happened just recently was the continuing the reduction of 43 00:02:35,120 --> 00:02:38,880 Speaker 2: the Federal Bureaucracy executive order from March to the fourteenth. 44 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:43,600 Speaker 2: That one eliminated the Institute of Museum and Library Services 45 00:02:43,639 --> 00:02:47,800 Speaker 2: to the maximum extent allowed by law. That's like a 46 00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:51,480 Speaker 2: way to shut it down without going through Congress to 47 00:02:51,600 --> 00:02:54,800 Speaker 2: shut it down, which would normally be how that would work. 48 00:02:56,000 --> 00:03:00,000 Speaker 2: It was reported that the entire staff of the Institute 49 00:03:00,200 --> 00:03:04,720 Speaker 2: of Museum and Library Services was placed on leave as 50 00:03:04,840 --> 00:03:07,359 Speaker 2: I was doing the final read through of this outline 51 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:10,840 Speaker 2: before sending it to Holly last night. There've also been 52 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:15,040 Speaker 2: other executive orders and actions by the Department of Government 53 00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:19,399 Speaker 2: Efficiency that have cut other funding for scientists and other researchers. 54 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:22,520 Speaker 2: And then there's the removing the names and accomplishments of 55 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:26,160 Speaker 2: black people and Indigenous people and Japanese Americans and women 56 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:31,639 Speaker 2: and LGBTQ people and others from an array of historical 57 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:35,840 Speaker 2: sites and museums and Arlington National Cemetery and on and 58 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 2: on in the wake of executive orders about ending DEI. 59 00:03:40,640 --> 00:03:42,920 Speaker 2: This is not even a tenth of what has been 60 00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:46,160 Speaker 2: going on with this federal administration, and it might not even. 61 00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:49,040 Speaker 1: Be a tenth of only the things. 62 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:52,280 Speaker 2: That have directly impacted my friends and family in negative ways. 63 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:55,720 Speaker 2: But this is some of what's been happening that has 64 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:59,520 Speaker 2: most directly been connected to our work, and it's made 65 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:03,560 Speaker 2: it kind of hard to focus. We do a lot 66 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:08,600 Speaker 2: of episodes that contextualize current political and social issues, and 67 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:11,720 Speaker 2: a lot of what we talk about is inherently political, 68 00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:15,400 Speaker 2: but we have not really made a ton of explicitly 69 00:04:15,560 --> 00:04:22,000 Speaker 2: political statements on the show. Even without explicitly political statements, 70 00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:24,920 Speaker 2: it really should be obvious to anybody who listens to 71 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:27,960 Speaker 2: us that our approach is rooted in a core belief 72 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 2: that oppression is bad, and we're all human beings and 73 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:34,560 Speaker 2: we all deserve dignity and equal rights, and a lot 74 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:37,719 Speaker 2: of history all over the world has not really lived 75 00:04:37,839 --> 00:04:41,000 Speaker 2: up to that ideal. That is also true of the present. 76 00:04:41,080 --> 00:04:43,479 Speaker 2: But this is a history podcast and not a current 77 00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:48,880 Speaker 2: events show. These executive orders and other directives are calling 78 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:51,600 Speaker 2: for a view of history that is focused only on 79 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:55,240 Speaker 2: patriotism and the idea of American greatness. But you can 80 00:04:55,320 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 2: only arrive at such an interpretation of history by willfully 81 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:05,080 Speaker 2: ign a lot of stuff. It is not anti American 82 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:09,000 Speaker 2: to acknowledge these realities, and it is absurd to try 83 00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:12,599 Speaker 2: to pretend that they don't exist and don't still influence 84 00:05:12,680 --> 00:05:17,719 Speaker 2: the world today. Executive orders are not laws, and we 85 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,920 Speaker 2: are not federal employees, So in terms of what we 86 00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:24,120 Speaker 2: write and say on the show, we can just say no, 87 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:27,640 Speaker 2: we will not be doing that. But also we rely 88 00:05:27,839 --> 00:05:31,280 Speaker 2: on the work of museums and libraries and researchers from 89 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:35,080 Speaker 2: a range of disciplines, including the sciences, for our show. 90 00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 2: That doesn't just apply to Unearthed, but it especially applies 91 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 2: to Unearthed because these episodes draw so heavily from newly 92 00:05:44,360 --> 00:05:49,040 Speaker 2: published research. Basically, I tried to pull these episodes together 93 00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:51,880 Speaker 2: while the institutions I rely on to do it and 94 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:55,680 Speaker 2: the people who work at those institutions were actively under attack. 95 00:05:56,320 --> 00:05:58,960 Speaker 2: I don't know what will happen to these episodes as 96 00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:01,760 Speaker 2: researchers in the US the United States lose their funding, 97 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:05,560 Speaker 2: and as that loss of funding ripples through the entire 98 00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:10,360 Speaker 2: academic community here, and as universities and other institutions scale 99 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 2: back on work that's focused on people who are not cisgender, 100 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:17,640 Speaker 2: straight white men. Because of these executive orders about Dei. 101 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:21,800 Speaker 2: It is obvious to me, though, that we will be 102 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:26,120 Speaker 2: poorer for it. That was the longest introduction I've ever 103 00:06:26,120 --> 00:06:28,360 Speaker 2: written for one of our shows, and as far as 104 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:31,159 Speaker 2: what was unearthed this quarter, we're starting as we usually 105 00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:35,080 Speaker 2: do with the updates. So in May of twenty twenty four, 106 00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:38,800 Speaker 2: we did an episode on Filipino food scientist Maria Rosa, 107 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:43,680 Speaker 2: whose most famous food invention today is banana ketchup. That 108 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:47,279 Speaker 2: episode ends very sadly because Arosa was killed in the 109 00:06:47,279 --> 00:06:51,479 Speaker 2: Battle of Manila in nineteen forty five. When we recorded that, 110 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:54,760 Speaker 2: her burial place was not exactly known because she was 111 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:57,960 Speaker 2: buried in a mass grave at Malate Catholic School with 112 00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:01,800 Speaker 2: others who were killed over the course of the That 113 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 2: has now changed after a five year project involving that 114 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:08,920 Speaker 2: mass grave, which was underway as we recorded our episode 115 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:13,080 Speaker 2: on her. On February thirteenth, Orosa and others were laid 116 00:07:13,160 --> 00:07:16,119 Speaker 2: to rest in the crypt of the Sant Agustin Church 117 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:19,600 Speaker 2: in Manila after a funeral mass that honored her and 118 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:22,880 Speaker 2: other World War Two heroes. The other people who were 119 00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:26,400 Speaker 2: re interred with her included a doctor at the hospital 120 00:07:26,440 --> 00:07:30,920 Speaker 2: where she was working, along with hospital volunteers and civilian patients. 121 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:35,000 Speaker 2: The identity of Eurosa's remains had been confirmed through both 122 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:39,679 Speaker 2: DNA testing and physical examination. Also, thank you to listener 123 00:07:39,760 --> 00:07:42,840 Speaker 2: Dandy for sending us this story. It was not really 124 00:07:42,880 --> 00:07:46,680 Speaker 2: widely reported beyond the Philippines, and I don't really think 125 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:49,640 Speaker 2: I would would have heard about it without that listener email. 126 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: We did a two parter on Harriet Tubman in June 127 00:07:53,200 --> 00:07:56,080 Speaker 1: of twenty sixteen, and in twenty twenty three we talked 128 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:59,000 Speaker 1: about archaeological work being done at the likely site of 129 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:02,280 Speaker 1: the home of her father Ben Ross. At the time 130 00:08:02,360 --> 00:08:06,640 Speaker 1: that work was ongoing. Now, the Maryland Department of Transportation 131 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:11,400 Speaker 1: has launched a virtual museum detailing their findings and showcasing 132 00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:14,920 Speaker 1: some of the objects from the site. It's an unwieldy 133 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:18,320 Speaker 1: URL to read off, but it's easily findable by searching 134 00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:23,480 Speaker 1: Ben Ross home Place. This archaeological site is in Blackwater 135 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:26,920 Speaker 1: National Wildlife Refuge, and one of the reasons for a 136 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,680 Speaker 1: virtual museum is that the site of the home place 137 00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:33,680 Speaker 1: is not an area that's accessible to the public. Also, 138 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:37,120 Speaker 1: the whole area is at risk of destruction due to 139 00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:40,360 Speaker 1: sea level rise. They wanted to really preserve and document it. 140 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:44,959 Speaker 1: The virtual museum has pages for the home place, the archaeology, 141 00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:50,760 Speaker 1: kitchen items, personal items, and Native people's artifacts. The Native 142 00:08:50,800 --> 00:08:53,400 Speaker 1: people's artifacts are things that are mostly very very small. 143 00:08:53,400 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 1: They're like fragments of pottery, projectile points, and flaked stones. Next, 144 00:08:58,760 --> 00:09:01,840 Speaker 1: we talked about the Viking era Galloway Horde in one 145 00:09:01,880 --> 00:09:05,959 Speaker 1: of last year's installments of Unearthed. A metal detectorist found 146 00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:09,160 Speaker 1: this hord in Scotland back in twenty fourteen, and research 147 00:09:09,280 --> 00:09:13,520 Speaker 1: into it has been ongoing. There's a lot that's still unknown, 148 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 1: like why the horde of metal objects also includes wrapped 149 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:20,560 Speaker 1: balls of dirt. We don't know who it belonged to 150 00:09:20,920 --> 00:09:26,360 Speaker 1: or why it was buried. This horde contains four armorings 151 00:09:26,559 --> 00:09:29,360 Speaker 1: that are marked with runs, and that had led to 152 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:32,640 Speaker 1: some speculation that this was the combined wealth of. 153 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:36,760 Speaker 2: Four different parties. But only three of those armbands had 154 00:09:36,840 --> 00:09:40,319 Speaker 2: old English name elements in the runes. The fourth band, 155 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:45,120 Speaker 2: which has the longest runic inscription, had not been decipherable. 156 00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:50,400 Speaker 1: There's still some uncertainty about this fourth armband, but one 157 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:54,240 Speaker 1: possible interpretation is that they're basically saying the horde was 158 00:09:54,320 --> 00:09:59,319 Speaker 1: community property. That interpretation only works though if part of 159 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:03,920 Speaker 1: the inscription is misspelled. But researchers have been pointing out 160 00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:07,520 Speaker 1: that we shouldn't necessarily assume that every region and dialect 161 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:10,680 Speaker 1: was using the same spellings of words. We see this 162 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:11,840 Speaker 1: in English all the time. 163 00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:14,439 Speaker 2: Yeah, we've talked about times that spellings of things were 164 00:10:14,440 --> 00:10:18,520 Speaker 2: not standardized, or sometimes people just misspell things when spellings 165 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:22,040 Speaker 2: are standardized. We're going to take us quick sponsor break 166 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:34,320 Speaker 2: and then have some more updates. There's been some new 167 00:10:34,440 --> 00:10:38,040 Speaker 2: stuff unearthed at Pompeii, which was the subject of a 168 00:10:38,080 --> 00:10:40,480 Speaker 2: two thousand and nine episode of the show and is 169 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:46,119 Speaker 2: just also a regular feature on Unearthed. First in Pompeii, 170 00:10:46,600 --> 00:10:50,080 Speaker 2: homes with private baths were really only for the rich, 171 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,840 Speaker 2: and the bath complex that has just been discovered there 172 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:58,000 Speaker 2: was for the really rich. There are only three other 173 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:00,839 Speaker 2: villas in Pompeii that have been to discovered so far 174 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:06,000 Speaker 2: that have comparable bath facilities, and it's still being studied, 175 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:09,120 Speaker 2: but it's likely that this one is even bigger than those. 176 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:13,679 Speaker 2: It may have belonged to Alis Rustius Verus, who was 177 00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:18,000 Speaker 2: a politician and would have hosted large numbers of guests 178 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:18,520 Speaker 2: at home. 179 00:11:19,320 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 1: This was a multi room complex. It had a changing 180 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:27,480 Speaker 1: room that could accommodate about thirty people, plus separate rooms 181 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:31,000 Speaker 1: for hot, warm, and cold bathing, which people would progress 182 00:11:31,080 --> 00:11:35,200 Speaker 1: through from hot to cold. That final cold room had 183 00:11:35,240 --> 00:11:38,280 Speaker 1: a plunge pool more than a meter deep, and of 184 00:11:38,360 --> 00:11:42,439 Speaker 1: course all of these rooms were impressively decorated, including frescoed 185 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: walls and inlaid marble floors. This bathing facility was also 186 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:50,160 Speaker 1: connected to the banquet hall, so it seems likely that 187 00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: if guests came for a banquet, they might also be 188 00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:59,000 Speaker 1: treated to a luxury bathing experience. In another Pompeii discovery, 189 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:03,000 Speaker 1: a set of frescoes depicting the initiation rights of the 190 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:05,679 Speaker 1: cult of Dionysus has been found on the walls of 191 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:09,760 Speaker 1: a banquet hall. These frescoes are really enormous. They're depicted 192 00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:12,640 Speaker 1: at almost life size and they cover three walls of 193 00:12:12,679 --> 00:12:16,560 Speaker 1: the room. They depict the person who's being initiated into 194 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:19,000 Speaker 1: the cult, as well as several women. Some of the 195 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 1: women are dancing, and some of them are dressed as hunters. 196 00:12:22,480 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 1: The hunters carry a goat and its entrails, and there 197 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:30,199 Speaker 1: are also satyrs with flutes and wine. These depictions were 198 00:12:30,240 --> 00:12:35,200 Speaker 1: probably created sometime between forty and thirty BCE, and they 199 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:38,439 Speaker 1: are similar to those at Pompey's Villa of the Mysteries, 200 00:12:38,480 --> 00:12:41,560 Speaker 1: which is not very far away. While they're shown in 201 00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:45,640 Speaker 1: these frescoes, these rites were also secret, so these newly 202 00:12:45,720 --> 00:12:49,560 Speaker 1: discovered frescoes corroborate some of what we know about religious 203 00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,120 Speaker 1: practices in the cult of Dionysus. 204 00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,400 Speaker 2: Moving on, in March of twenty twenty, we talked about 205 00:12:56,400 --> 00:13:00,920 Speaker 2: the discovery of some glassy matter at Pompeii, which turned 206 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:04,880 Speaker 2: out to be part of a person's brain. Subsequent research 207 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:09,640 Speaker 2: concluded that this glassy matter contained neurons, and research that 208 00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:13,400 Speaker 2: was published in February offers a hypothesis on how that 209 00:13:13,679 --> 00:13:17,080 Speaker 2: glassy material came to be, like how does someone's brain 210 00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:21,120 Speaker 2: turn into glass? According to the researchers, the only way 211 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:23,720 Speaker 2: this could have happened would have been for the person's 212 00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:28,480 Speaker 2: brains who have been exposed to extremely high temperatures hotter 213 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:32,000 Speaker 2: than the pyroclastic flow that buried the city, But that 214 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 2: could only be exposed to those temperatures for an extremely 215 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:39,800 Speaker 2: short time. So their hypothesis is that this person was 216 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:43,679 Speaker 2: exposed to a cloud of superheated ash ahead of that 217 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:48,480 Speaker 2: pyroclastic flow with that ash then dissipating and everything cooling 218 00:13:48,520 --> 00:13:49,439 Speaker 2: off very quickly. 219 00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:52,600 Speaker 1: This is very different from my guess that a James 220 00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:59,360 Speaker 1: Bond's era villain was somehow involved and in Pompeii adjacent news, 221 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:03,520 Speaker 1: Archaia working in the Salerno area have found footprints of 222 00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:07,920 Speaker 1: people and animals running away from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 223 00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:12,000 Speaker 1: not from the eruption that destroyed Pompeii, but from one 224 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:16,559 Speaker 1: that happened around the year two thousand BCE. The footprints 225 00:14:16,559 --> 00:14:20,240 Speaker 1: included those of adults and children, some in bare feet 226 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:25,760 Speaker 1: and some wearing shoes, moving on from Pompeii. Previous hosts 227 00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:28,400 Speaker 1: of the show did an episode on the Bayou Tapestry, 228 00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: which is really an embroidery that was back in twenty eleven, 229 00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:35,000 Speaker 1: and it's also come up on Unearthed, including in our 230 00:14:35,080 --> 00:14:38,560 Speaker 1: Year End twenty twenty four episodes. Two of the scenes 231 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:42,920 Speaker 1: depicted in the Tapestry show King Harold Godwinson at his 232 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:47,920 Speaker 1: residence in West Sussex. Archaeologists working there believe they may 233 00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:52,720 Speaker 1: have found the location of that residence. This conclusion follows 234 00:14:52,840 --> 00:14:56,560 Speaker 1: a lot of different work, including analysis of historical maps 235 00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,400 Speaker 1: and re examination of the findings of some archaeological that 236 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:03,720 Speaker 1: happens back in two thousand and six. One of the 237 00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:07,080 Speaker 1: things that was unearthed in that archaeological work was a 238 00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:11,000 Speaker 1: private latrine, which would not have been common at the time, 239 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:13,520 Speaker 1: and helps back up the idea that this might have 240 00:15:13,560 --> 00:15:17,000 Speaker 1: been one of the structures at Harold's residence, because who 241 00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:21,520 Speaker 1: else besides the king would have had a private latrine. 242 00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:24,200 Speaker 1: There's also a piece of the Bio Tapestry that has 243 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:28,520 Speaker 1: been rediscovered in state archives in northern Germany that's now 244 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:33,200 Speaker 1: being repatriated to France. While this embroidery depicts the Norman 245 00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:36,400 Speaker 1: conquest of Britain, it is considered to be a French 246 00:15:36,440 --> 00:15:40,880 Speaker 1: cultural asset. The Bayou Tapestry is currently undergoing a major 247 00:15:40,920 --> 00:15:44,160 Speaker 1: conservation project, and it's going to be taken off display 248 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:47,240 Speaker 1: later this year because the museum where it is housed 249 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:50,880 Speaker 1: will be undergoing its own renovation. The museum is going 250 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:54,080 Speaker 1: to close on August thirty first, twenty twenty five, and 251 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:58,560 Speaker 1: it's expected to reopen in twenty twenty seven next. There's 252 00:15:58,640 --> 00:16:02,720 Speaker 1: graffiti in the basement of the Lincoln Memorial, also called 253 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:06,200 Speaker 1: the Undercroft. This was first found in nineteen eighty four, 254 00:16:07,160 --> 00:16:10,800 Speaker 1: and according to statements given to The Washington Post earlier 255 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:14,600 Speaker 1: this year, the subject of that graffiti might be past 256 00:16:14,680 --> 00:16:19,080 Speaker 1: podcast subject Theta Bara. We covered her on May fourth, 257 00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: twenty twenty two. The evidence that this is who is 258 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:28,240 Speaker 1: being depicted is described as compelling but circumstantial. This is 259 00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: a drawing done in Carpenter's pencil. It shows someone in 260 00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:36,560 Speaker 1: profile smoking a cigarette with curly hair and pretty pronounced makeup. 261 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:40,520 Speaker 1: Considering that it's done in Carpenter's pencil, including dramatic lipstick 262 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:42,960 Speaker 1: and blush and I makeup, and the next to that 263 00:16:43,080 --> 00:16:47,320 Speaker 1: image is the word vamp in loopy script. Next in 264 00:16:47,360 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: our Spring twenty twenty four on Earth, we talked about 265 00:16:50,120 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 1: the discovery of a bog body in Ballachy, Northern Ireland, 266 00:16:53,680 --> 00:16:57,160 Speaker 1: which was nicknamed the Blachy Boy. When this body was 267 00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: first discovered, people thought it was a recent murder victim, 268 00:17:01,240 --> 00:17:04,080 Speaker 1: but it was estimated to actually be somewhere around two 269 00:17:04,119 --> 00:17:08,960 Speaker 1: thousand years old. Subsequent research has confirmed that approximate date, 270 00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:13,720 Speaker 1: but osteological study suggests that the person was female. A 271 00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:16,920 Speaker 1: significant majority of bog bodies that have been found from 272 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:20,760 Speaker 1: this period are male, which makes this one unusual. They 273 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:24,119 Speaker 1: also found cut marks at the neck vertebrae that suggest 274 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:28,680 Speaker 1: that this person was intentionally decapitated before being put in 275 00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:32,960 Speaker 1: the bog. The skull is not present. Researchers are now 276 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:37,199 Speaker 1: calling this bog body the Bally Maccombs more woman and 277 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:40,960 Speaker 1: in our last update this time around, Josephine Baker, who 278 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,560 Speaker 1: prior hosts it, an episode about on March eighth, twenty ten, 279 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:48,760 Speaker 1: wrote a memoir which was originally published in French in 280 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:52,960 Speaker 1: nineteen forty nine. This is not available in English until now. 281 00:17:53,119 --> 00:17:56,439 Speaker 1: It is titled Fearless and Free. It's been translated, as 282 00:17:56,520 --> 00:17:59,200 Speaker 1: I said, into English for the first time. It has 283 00:17:59,320 --> 00:18:03,360 Speaker 1: been published by Tiny Reparations Books, which is an imprint 284 00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:07,400 Speaker 1: of Penguin Books. Moving along, we have quite a few 285 00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:11,480 Speaker 1: findes related to Egypt in some way. First, a four 286 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,720 Speaker 1: one hundred year old burial in the Sacara Necropolis appears 287 00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:19,280 Speaker 1: to be that of a royal doctor. It's possible that 288 00:18:19,359 --> 00:18:22,560 Speaker 1: this doctor served under Pharaoh Peppi the Second, who was 289 00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:26,680 Speaker 1: also entombed at Sakara. Like many other tombs at Sacara, 290 00:18:26,920 --> 00:18:30,400 Speaker 1: this one had been looted long before archaeologists found it, 291 00:18:30,840 --> 00:18:33,800 Speaker 1: but its intricately painted walls have led to its being 292 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:38,359 Speaker 1: described as an exceptional discovery. In addition to being a 293 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:41,840 Speaker 1: royal doctor, this person was also a dentist and an 294 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:44,800 Speaker 1: expert in medicinal plants and venomous bites. 295 00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:51,320 Speaker 2: Next, an international interdisciplinary team of researchers has concluded that 296 00:18:51,480 --> 00:18:55,560 Speaker 2: skeletal remains that were speculated to be that of Arsenoway 297 00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:59,960 Speaker 2: the Fourth, the half sister of Cleopatra, belonged to someone else. 298 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:04,000 Speaker 2: This person does seem to have died at around the 299 00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:07,480 Speaker 2: same time that Arsnoway did, but it's more likely that 300 00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:11,359 Speaker 2: the skull belongs to a male child, likely between the 301 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:15,719 Speaker 2: ages of eleven and fourteen, with what the paper described 302 00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:22,280 Speaker 2: as showing evidence of developmental disturbances. Those disturbances included asymmetry 303 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:24,680 Speaker 2: in the bones, which could have come from a variety 304 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:28,840 Speaker 2: of different causes. This person also likely came from Italy 305 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:34,280 Speaker 2: or Sardinia rather than Northern Africa. In February, a team 306 00:19:34,359 --> 00:19:38,399 Speaker 2: led by British archaeologist Peers Lytherland discovered the rock cut 307 00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:42,199 Speaker 2: tomb of Tutmos the Second. The tomb itself was largely 308 00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:44,920 Speaker 2: empty because it had been flooded at some point. It 309 00:19:45,040 --> 00:19:48,359 Speaker 2: was built under a waterfall, and this probably happened within 310 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,119 Speaker 2: a few years of it being built, but there is 311 00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:54,480 Speaker 2: still a lot of debris inside, including chunks that have 312 00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:58,600 Speaker 2: fallen from the ceiling, pieces of wall decorations, fragments of 313 00:19:58,600 --> 00:20:03,400 Speaker 2: wooden shafts, and other objects. This includes some alabaster fragments 314 00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:07,080 Speaker 2: with Tutmos's name on them. Tutmos the Second was both 315 00:20:07,119 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 2: half brother and husband to Hedge Shepsit, and we talked 316 00:20:10,280 --> 00:20:13,040 Speaker 2: about both of them in our episode on Hudspsit and 317 00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:17,080 Speaker 2: the Voyage to Punt. Not long after that find was announced, 318 00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:21,119 Speaker 2: Lytherland announced that he may have discovered another tomb, also 319 00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:24,320 Speaker 2: belonging to Tutmos the Second, which may have been the 320 00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:28,000 Speaker 2: one where his mummy and grave goods were housed. I 321 00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:31,440 Speaker 2: wasn't able to find more updates about that second discovery. 322 00:20:32,240 --> 00:20:35,640 Speaker 1: And speaking of HUDs Sheepsit, archaeologists and Luxor have found 323 00:20:35,680 --> 00:20:39,679 Speaker 1: more than one thousand intricately decorated blocks at the entrance 324 00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:42,720 Speaker 1: to her funeral complex, as well as a collection of 325 00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:47,600 Speaker 1: limestone and quartzite tablets. These blocks are brightly decorated with 326 00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:50,639 Speaker 1: paint that is still vivid and are described as showing 327 00:20:50,680 --> 00:20:54,680 Speaker 1: the artistic mastery of this era. In addition to those 328 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:58,880 Speaker 1: tomb discoveries. A different team working at the ancient necropolis 329 00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:02,959 Speaker 1: of a Nubis Mountain and Abydos have found a pharaoh's tomb, 330 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:06,440 Speaker 1: but which pharaoh is not yet known. This tomb is 331 00:21:06,480 --> 00:21:11,120 Speaker 1: about thirty six hundred years old and excavations there are ongoing. 332 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:15,120 Speaker 1: Tracy had really thought that we talked about some research 333 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:18,040 Speaker 1: similar to what we're about to mention recently on the show, 334 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:20,640 Speaker 1: but looking back, she did not see any such thing. 335 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:23,000 Speaker 1: I know, I talked about it on a different project 336 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:27,919 Speaker 1: not that long back. Researchers at University College London have 337 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:32,639 Speaker 1: investigated the aroma of well preserved Egyptian mummies, finding that 338 00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:35,880 Speaker 1: they smell, in the words of the news release, pretty good. 339 00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:40,200 Speaker 1: They were characterized with words like woody, spicy, and sweet, 340 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:44,360 Speaker 1: as well as having some floral notes. This work involved 341 00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:49,040 Speaker 1: chemical analysis and human beings just smelling the mummies. This 342 00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:52,399 Speaker 1: of course doesn't necessarily reflect what they smelled like at 343 00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:53,760 Speaker 1: the time they were mummified. 344 00:21:54,840 --> 00:21:57,080 Speaker 2: This was not just for fun, even though that to 345 00:21:57,119 --> 00:21:59,440 Speaker 2: me does sound like kind of a fun project getting 346 00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:03,040 Speaker 2: people to and if mummies, but odors can help researchers 347 00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:08,000 Speaker 2: determine how well preserved a money is without invasive testing. 348 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:12,600 Speaker 2: And oders can also help pinpoint which substances were used 349 00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:17,160 Speaker 2: in the mummification. And our last Egypt find is kind 350 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:21,439 Speaker 2: of more Egypt adjacent. A leather suitcase belonging to Howard 351 00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:26,000 Speaker 2: Carter has been rediscovered in England. Carter is the person 352 00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:30,240 Speaker 2: who's credited with finding the tomb of King tut. After 353 00:22:30,320 --> 00:22:34,760 Speaker 2: its rediscovery, this leather suitcase sold at auction in February 354 00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:39,800 Speaker 2: for twelve thousand pounds. That's roughly fifteen thousand dollars. Let's 355 00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:42,359 Speaker 2: take another little sponsor break, and then we're going to 356 00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:55,399 Speaker 2: talk about some art. There is so much artwork to 357 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 2: talk about in this installment of Unearthed, just so much. 358 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,359 Speaker 2: I love art, so it's great, so much art to 359 00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:04,919 Speaker 2: talk about that it's going to be the entire rest 360 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:09,200 Speaker 2: of this episode. First, a painting that was bought for 361 00:23:09,359 --> 00:23:12,960 Speaker 2: ten dollars at a thrift store outside of Philadelphia has 362 00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:15,880 Speaker 2: turned out to be the work of William Henry Dorsey. 363 00:23:16,760 --> 00:23:20,080 Speaker 2: Dorsey was a free black man born in Philadelphia in 364 00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:23,439 Speaker 2: eighteen thirty seven, and in addition to being an artist, 365 00:23:23,480 --> 00:23:26,480 Speaker 2: he was a coin collector and a scrapbooker and an 366 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:30,879 Speaker 2: art collector, especially focused on the work of other Black artists. 367 00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:33,840 Speaker 2: I have put him on the list for a future 368 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:36,440 Speaker 2: episode of his own because he sounds very interesting to me. 369 00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 2: This painting depicts a black man fishing by the edge 370 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:42,960 Speaker 2: of a river next to a mill with its own 371 00:23:43,240 --> 00:23:47,160 Speaker 2: water wheel attached. Andy Robbins, who bought this painting at 372 00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:50,040 Speaker 2: the thrift store, has given it to the Historical Society 373 00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:54,080 Speaker 2: of Pennsylvania, where it is now on display. A double 374 00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:58,639 Speaker 2: sided portrait by eighteenth century artist Ammy Phillips was discovered 375 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:01,680 Speaker 2: in an abandoned storage unit back in twenty twenty four, 376 00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:04,560 Speaker 2: but it made headlines at the start of this year 377 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:08,320 Speaker 2: when it went up for auction. It's not known who 378 00:24:08,359 --> 00:24:10,879 Speaker 2: the sitter is, but it's believed that the same person 379 00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:14,679 Speaker 2: is shown on both sides of the painting. Her pose 380 00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:18,080 Speaker 2: is similar on both sides, and there's a small birthmark 381 00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:20,960 Speaker 2: on her face in each of them. She's sitting in 382 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:24,240 Speaker 2: the same chair, wearing the same dress and the same necklace, 383 00:24:24,560 --> 00:24:27,800 Speaker 2: with her left arm on the same book, but the 384 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:31,960 Speaker 2: face doesn't look the same between the two portraits. On 385 00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:35,520 Speaker 2: one side, blondish hair is covered by a bonnet and 386 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:38,359 Speaker 2: on the other, brown hair is up in a bun. 387 00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:42,840 Speaker 2: The face shapes and mouth shapes are different. Are these 388 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:46,880 Speaker 2: two different people or two different versions of the same person. 389 00:24:47,359 --> 00:24:50,720 Speaker 2: It's a bit of a mystery. This artist was an 390 00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:54,880 Speaker 2: itinerant portrait painter who worked in a range of portrait styles, 391 00:24:55,320 --> 00:24:58,199 Speaker 2: and his career spanned for more than fifty years, in 392 00:24:58,280 --> 00:25:02,320 Speaker 2: that time, producing as many a two thousand portraits. 393 00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:04,920 Speaker 1: It could be the original Doublemint twins. 394 00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:07,800 Speaker 2: I was looking at it. I was like, are these 395 00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:11,679 Speaker 2: sisters cousin right? They're just friends, I don't know, or 396 00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:13,560 Speaker 2: the same person in two different drafts. 397 00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:17,520 Speaker 1: Back in twenty twenty three, we did an episode on 398 00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:21,280 Speaker 1: Venetian painter Caniletto, who was known for his large scale 399 00:25:21,359 --> 00:25:25,000 Speaker 1: city scapes which are spectacularly beautiful, and we talked about 400 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:28,320 Speaker 1: how one of his assistants was his nephew, Bernardo Belotto, 401 00:25:28,640 --> 00:25:32,760 Speaker 1: and how Blotto became really skilled at copying Caniletto's technique 402 00:25:33,040 --> 00:25:38,479 Speaker 1: and would sometimes even signed Caniletto's name to his own work. Well, 403 00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:41,919 Speaker 1: one of the paintings that had been attributed to Caniletto 404 00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:45,840 Speaker 1: has now been reattributed to his nephew, that is the 405 00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:49,919 Speaker 1: Grand Canal with San Simeon Piccolo from seventeen thirty seven. 406 00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:55,000 Speaker 2: This determination came through research for a new book called 407 00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:59,040 Speaker 2: Caniletto and Guardi Views of Venice, which was published by 408 00:25:59,080 --> 00:26:03,840 Speaker 2: the Wallace collect Part of this attribution about who actually 409 00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:07,040 Speaker 2: did the painting came from the way the painting uses 410 00:26:07,240 --> 00:26:11,200 Speaker 2: color and light, because Belotto was known for being sort 411 00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:14,720 Speaker 2: of colder and less vibrant in the color that he 412 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:16,119 Speaker 2: used than his uncle was. 413 00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:19,200 Speaker 1: Speaking of artists that we have covered on the show, 414 00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:21,800 Speaker 1: we are now to Lavinia Fontana, who we covered in 415 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:26,399 Speaker 1: twenty twenty two. A miniature portrait of an Italian noble 416 00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:30,040 Speaker 1: woman came up for auction in Texas, which used to 417 00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:35,960 Speaker 1: belong to another past podcast subject, Horace Walpole. Walpole displayed 418 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:40,080 Speaker 1: the painting at Strawberry Hillhouse. It is believed to depict 419 00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:45,240 Speaker 1: Bianca Cappello, grand Duchess, consort of Tuscany and wife of Francesco, 420 00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:48,640 Speaker 1: the first de Medici, who Walpole had a fascination with. 421 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,239 Speaker 2: Walpole also believed this painting had been created by a 422 00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:58,360 Speaker 2: different artist, mannerist painter Bronzino, who lived in the sixteenth century, 423 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:01,600 Speaker 2: But after this portrait was found at auction, it was 424 00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 2: reattributed to Lavinia Fontana. This miniature has been loaned to 425 00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:09,560 Speaker 2: Strawberry Hill House and it will be on display there 426 00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:12,840 Speaker 2: until April twenty third of this year, which is twenty 427 00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:18,800 Speaker 2: twenty five if you're listening when this episode is actually publishing. Also, 428 00:27:19,119 --> 00:27:24,040 Speaker 2: another painting has also been reattributed to Lavinia Fontana. This 429 00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:28,640 Speaker 2: one was previously attributed to Flemish Renaissance artist Peter Porbuss, 430 00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:32,080 Speaker 2: but it was reattributed after an expert spotted the painting 431 00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:35,040 Speaker 2: in a storage room at the Musee de la Chartreuse 432 00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,879 Speaker 2: in Duay, France. This one depicts a family with a 433 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:42,679 Speaker 2: girl passing flowers to her father and a servant behind 434 00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:46,000 Speaker 2: them with a basket of fruit. This painting is going 435 00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:49,439 Speaker 2: to go through restoration before becoming part of the museum's 436 00:27:49,480 --> 00:27:54,800 Speaker 2: permanent collection. Next up, conservators in France have digitized and 437 00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:58,639 Speaker 2: analyzed a set of cathedral wall paintings that have been 438 00:27:58,720 --> 00:28:02,800 Speaker 2: hidden for centuries. These date back to the thirteenth century 439 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:06,600 Speaker 2: and they cover seven bays in the apse of Algers Cathedral, 440 00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:09,680 Speaker 2: and based on research that was involved in this project, 441 00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:14,640 Speaker 2: two different groups originally created them. Then back in fourteen 442 00:28:14,720 --> 00:28:17,879 Speaker 2: fifty one, the cathedral was damaged by a fire and 443 00:28:17,920 --> 00:28:21,920 Speaker 2: the walls were whitewashed That's probably why these paintings were 444 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:26,040 Speaker 2: not destroyed during the French Wars of Religion. Then in 445 00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:29,560 Speaker 2: the eighteenth century, wooden choir stalls were built in front 446 00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:34,360 Speaker 2: of those whitewashed walls. These wall paintings were rediscovered back 447 00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:37,840 Speaker 2: in the nineteen eighties, but it took a decade just 448 00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:41,719 Speaker 2: to remove the whitewash before they could be conserved. This 449 00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:45,480 Speaker 2: whole process was made more difficult and time consuming because 450 00:28:45,520 --> 00:28:49,040 Speaker 2: the choir stalls are backed by tall wooden panels which 451 00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:52,920 Speaker 2: cannot be removed, so everything had to happen in this 452 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:56,400 Speaker 2: very narrow space between the wood panels and the wall. 453 00:28:57,240 --> 00:29:01,680 Speaker 2: It sounds very awkward and tedious the descriptions. It sounds 454 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:04,000 Speaker 2: like that whole thing of like building your spite house 455 00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:06,280 Speaker 2: an inch from the house next to it, Like how 456 00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:08,520 Speaker 2: do you get anything done in there? How are you 457 00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:12,920 Speaker 2: going to repaint that? While ever never h Digitizing these 458 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:16,680 Speaker 2: paintings involved taking more than eight thousand total photographs, which 459 00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:19,360 Speaker 2: then had to be stitched together into one image, and 460 00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:23,840 Speaker 2: that was a whole other, multi year process. These paintings 461 00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:26,640 Speaker 2: depict the life and works of Saint Mauria, who was 462 00:29:26,680 --> 00:29:31,080 Speaker 2: the Bishop of Algier in the fifth century. Next, researchers 463 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:35,040 Speaker 2: working with a thirteenth century fresco in Ferrara, Italy, have 464 00:29:35,120 --> 00:29:38,280 Speaker 2: published research suggesting that one of the things depicted in 465 00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:42,200 Speaker 2: the fresco is a tent from the Islamic world. The 466 00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:44,440 Speaker 2: fresco is in the apse of a church, and it's 467 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:47,560 Speaker 2: believed that it depicts a real tent that was used 468 00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:51,280 Speaker 2: in that church to conceal the altar, either all the 469 00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:56,000 Speaker 2: time or during particular parts of the liturgical year. This 470 00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:59,120 Speaker 2: tent is brightly colored, it's covered in jewels, and the 471 00:29:59,320 --> 00:30:03,200 Speaker 2: round shape it matches the curve of the apse. Its 472 00:30:03,240 --> 00:30:06,960 Speaker 2: borders feature sort of a pseudo Arabic style of inscription, 473 00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:10,640 Speaker 2: and there are color combinations that were really popular in 474 00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:14,640 Speaker 2: thirteenth century and to Lucy's silks. The depiction in the 475 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:19,280 Speaker 2: fresco is similar to surviving fragments of those silks and 476 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:23,880 Speaker 2: to artistic representations of tents like these being used in 477 00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:24,920 Speaker 2: the Islamic world. 478 00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:28,880 Speaker 1: This research suggests that textiles made their way from the 479 00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:33,840 Speaker 1: Islamic world to Christian churches, possibly through the textiles being 480 00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:37,320 Speaker 1: taken as spoils of war and then gifted to churches 481 00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: or church leaders. Popes are known to have gifted altar 482 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:44,840 Speaker 1: curtains to churches going back to at least the ninth century, 483 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:47,640 Speaker 1: so it's possible that this tent was a gift to 484 00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:50,880 Speaker 1: the church from the pope or another high ranking person 485 00:30:50,960 --> 00:30:53,840 Speaker 1: within the church, or this also could have been a 486 00:30:53,880 --> 00:30:57,600 Speaker 1: gift from a wealthy family. Moving on, we have kind 487 00:30:57,640 --> 00:31:00,000 Speaker 1: of a saga about art attribute. 488 00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:05,280 Speaker 2: Back in twenty eighteen, someone who had bought a painting 489 00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:09,480 Speaker 2: at a garage sale in Minnesota for fifty dollars submitted 490 00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:12,800 Speaker 2: an inquiry to the Vang Museum in Amsterdam about whether 491 00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:16,800 Speaker 2: this painting might be that artist's work. The following year, 492 00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:21,080 Speaker 2: the museum said no, it wasn't quote based on stylistic features. 493 00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:25,720 Speaker 2: From there, a data science company called LMI Group bought 494 00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:30,040 Speaker 2: the painting and did its own analysis of it. LMI 495 00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:33,360 Speaker 2: Group was co founded by Maxwell L. Anderson, who's an 496 00:31:33,480 --> 00:31:36,680 Speaker 2: art historian and has served as the director of a 497 00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:38,200 Speaker 2: number of museums. 498 00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:42,560 Speaker 1: LMI Group concluded that the painting was Van Goes work. 499 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:46,360 Speaker 1: The name Elmar is in one corner of the canvas, 500 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:50,120 Speaker 1: which has been adopted as the painting's name, and LMI 501 00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:53,240 Speaker 1: Group speculates that it's a reference to a character in 502 00:31:53,320 --> 00:31:57,120 Speaker 1: Hans Christian Anderson's eighteen forty eight novel The Two Baronesses. 503 00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:02,840 Speaker 1: LMI sent its conclusion to the Vango Museum, which maintained 504 00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:05,680 Speaker 1: that it still did not believe that this work was 505 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:09,680 Speaker 1: van Goes. On January thirty first, LMI Group gave a 506 00:32:09,720 --> 00:32:13,280 Speaker 1: statement that read, in part quote, we are puzzled why 507 00:32:13,360 --> 00:32:16,520 Speaker 1: the Vango Museum invested less than one working day to 508 00:32:16,640 --> 00:32:19,600 Speaker 1: summarily reject the facts presented in our four hundred and 509 00:32:19,640 --> 00:32:24,560 Speaker 1: fifty six page report without offering any explanation, let alone 510 00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:28,280 Speaker 1: studying the painting directly rather than looking at it reproduced 511 00:32:28,360 --> 00:32:32,200 Speaker 1: as a JPEG. LMI Group has published this report on 512 00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:35,320 Speaker 1: its website, and that PDF is indeed more than four 513 00:32:35,360 --> 00:32:39,320 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty pages long. Obviously we cannot go through 514 00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:42,240 Speaker 1: a document that long here, but it looks at where 515 00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:47,640 Speaker 1: the painting would fit in Vango's ouvre, material science DNA analysis, 516 00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:51,080 Speaker 1: including on a hair found on the painting, and the 517 00:32:51,160 --> 00:32:55,560 Speaker 1: comparison of the handwriting used to write Elmar to other 518 00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:58,480 Speaker 1: words that appear on Vango's paintings. 519 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:04,360 Speaker 2: This is currently unresolved, but there are other experts who 520 00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:08,680 Speaker 2: have offered a completely different alternative explanation. And that is 521 00:33:08,720 --> 00:33:11,560 Speaker 2: that Elmar is not a reference to a Hans Christian 522 00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,120 Speaker 2: Andersen character, but is the name of the artist who 523 00:33:14,160 --> 00:33:18,960 Speaker 2: made the painting. That's Danish artist Henning Elmar, who died 524 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:20,000 Speaker 2: in nineteen eighty nine. 525 00:33:21,040 --> 00:33:25,200 Speaker 1: Mysteries, Uh, hopefully we'll find out. A man in northern 526 00:33:25,240 --> 00:33:28,400 Speaker 1: Greece found a headless statue in the trash and turned 527 00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,680 Speaker 1: it over to authorities, and that statue has been confirmed 528 00:33:31,720 --> 00:33:34,760 Speaker 1: to be roughly two thousand years old, dating back to 529 00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:38,480 Speaker 1: the Hellenistic period. It's made of marble, and it's about 530 00:33:38,520 --> 00:33:41,560 Speaker 1: thirty inches tall, and it is missing its head and arms. 531 00:33:42,160 --> 00:33:45,920 Speaker 1: It depicts a woman in flowing garments, and since statues 532 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:48,959 Speaker 1: of human women during this period were more likely to 533 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:53,280 Speaker 1: be made of other materials like wood, this likely represented 534 00:33:53,320 --> 00:33:56,440 Speaker 1: a goddess. Based on its size, it may have been 535 00:33:56,480 --> 00:34:00,640 Speaker 1: a votive statue from a temple. Authorities in Greek including 536 00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:04,120 Speaker 1: the Cultural Heritage Protection Office, are trying to learn more 537 00:34:04,120 --> 00:34:06,560 Speaker 1: about the statue and find out how it came to 538 00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:07,920 Speaker 1: be in the trash. 539 00:34:08,800 --> 00:34:12,160 Speaker 2: Speaking of things found in the trash, an eighteenth century 540 00:34:12,239 --> 00:34:16,880 Speaker 2: sketch by English portrait painter George Romney was pulled out 541 00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:20,759 Speaker 2: of a dumpster in Hudson, New York last year. The 542 00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:23,560 Speaker 2: id on who made this one was not all that difficult. 543 00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:27,600 Speaker 2: In addition to having Romney's signature on it, his studio 544 00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:30,920 Speaker 2: stamp is on the reverse side of the sketch. A 545 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:34,160 Speaker 2: private collector bought this at auction in March. 546 00:34:34,880 --> 00:34:38,640 Speaker 1: This sketch is believed to be of Henrietta Greville, Countess 547 00:34:38,640 --> 00:34:42,160 Speaker 1: of Warwick, possibly in preparation for the oil painting of 548 00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:44,600 Speaker 1: her and her children that he painted in the late 549 00:34:44,680 --> 00:34:49,319 Speaker 1: eighteen seventies. This doesn't look at all like the oil painting, though, 550 00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:52,120 Speaker 1: since it's a very basic sketch, a person who didn't 551 00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:56,680 Speaker 1: recognize the name would probably think this was just scribbles. Yeah, 552 00:34:56,719 --> 00:35:01,400 Speaker 1: if you don't sort of know the context of what 553 00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:03,920 Speaker 1: his work sketches looked like, you could look at it 554 00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:07,080 Speaker 1: and think a child did this, a small child just 555 00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:10,920 Speaker 1: learning how to hold a crayon. It absolutely does not 556 00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:13,200 Speaker 1: surprise me that it would have wound up in the trash. 557 00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:17,879 Speaker 1: In nineteen seventy four, a painting called Woman Carrying the 558 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:21,440 Speaker 1: Embers by Peter Breugel the Younger was discovered to have 559 00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:26,319 Speaker 1: been stolen from the National Museum in Danks, Poland. It 560 00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:30,160 Speaker 1: had been replaced with a magazine cutout, which was discovered 561 00:35:30,239 --> 00:35:34,359 Speaker 1: when a worker accidentally knocked it off the wall. Now 562 00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:37,640 Speaker 1: that painting has been found in the Gouda Museum, where 563 00:35:37,680 --> 00:35:40,200 Speaker 1: it was being described as being on loan from a 564 00:35:40,239 --> 00:35:44,440 Speaker 1: private collection. This discovery was made with the help of 565 00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:48,160 Speaker 1: art detective Arthur Brand and it started after the Dutch 566 00:35:48,239 --> 00:35:52,560 Speaker 1: arts magazine VIND covered an exhibition at the museum. A 567 00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:55,360 Speaker 1: photo of the painting in Vinn looked like a photo 568 00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:59,000 Speaker 1: from an article about the theft, which also involved another painting, 569 00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:03,359 Speaker 1: which i'd been published back in nineteen seventy four. It 570 00:36:03,440 --> 00:36:06,920 Speaker 1: is not currently clear how the theft originally happened or 571 00:36:06,960 --> 00:36:09,920 Speaker 1: how the painting wound up on loan to the Gouda Museum. 572 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:11,960 Speaker 1: I have thoughts. 573 00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:14,879 Speaker 2: Yeah, it does seem very lucky or very lucky that 574 00:36:14,920 --> 00:36:20,040 Speaker 2: somebody recognized the similarity to something from a publication from 575 00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:24,480 Speaker 2: back in the seventies. Next, a portrait that has gone 576 00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:28,280 Speaker 2: on display at Rest Park in England may depict Lady 577 00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:31,560 Speaker 2: Jane Gray and if so, it may be the only 578 00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:35,840 Speaker 2: portrait painted of her before she was executed. Our episode 579 00:36:35,840 --> 00:36:38,520 Speaker 2: on Lady Jane Gray and the nine days she spent 580 00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:42,440 Speaker 2: as Queen ran on March fifth of twenty seventeen. This 581 00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:46,640 Speaker 2: painting was added to the collection at Rest Park Way 582 00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:49,439 Speaker 2: back in the early eighteenth century, and at that time 583 00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:52,480 Speaker 2: it was described as a painting of Lady Jane Gray, 584 00:36:52,640 --> 00:36:55,920 Speaker 2: who had died in fifteen fifty four, but eventually that 585 00:36:56,080 --> 00:37:01,160 Speaker 2: identity was called into question. The English Herita website frames 586 00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:04,479 Speaker 2: this return to the interpretation that it does depict Lady 587 00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:09,720 Speaker 2: Jane Gray as still somewhat speculative. This conclusion has involved 588 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:12,799 Speaker 2: tree ring dating of the wood panels it was painted on, 589 00:37:13,520 --> 00:37:18,080 Speaker 2: X ray, fluorescent studies, and infrared reflexology, plus the work 590 00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:21,799 Speaker 2: of historical experts who have pointed out similarities between the 591 00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:25,520 Speaker 2: painting and portraits that were painted after her death, and 592 00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:31,759 Speaker 2: they use words like compelling and possible. And lastly, we 593 00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:35,080 Speaker 2: have previously talked about how in the ancient Greek world 594 00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:39,920 Speaker 2: marble statues that appear white today were painted in vibrant colors. 595 00:37:40,320 --> 00:37:43,719 Speaker 2: They were also clothed and adorned with jewelry, and according 596 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:47,800 Speaker 2: to recent research, some of them were perfumed. So people's 597 00:37:47,880 --> 00:37:52,760 Speaker 2: experiences with these statues would have been both visual and olfactory. 598 00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:57,440 Speaker 2: That sounds lovely, yeah, would have spelled nice, not overwhelming. 599 00:37:57,480 --> 00:38:00,320 Speaker 2: I could be a little sensitive to fragrances this is, 600 00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:04,840 Speaker 2: so whether I would enjoy that would kind of depend 601 00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:10,640 Speaker 2: on what the fragrances were. So that is the first 602 00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:15,000 Speaker 2: part of our two parter on Unearthed for Today, and 603 00:38:15,040 --> 00:38:17,320 Speaker 2: I have a little listener mail. This is from Joni. 604 00:38:18,520 --> 00:38:24,240 Speaker 2: Joni wrote after our episode on exem Clement and said, hello, 605 00:38:24,360 --> 00:38:26,759 Speaker 2: Holly and Tracy. I love your show and I'm a 606 00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:29,520 Speaker 2: longtime listener. While not a first time writer, I am 607 00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:33,040 Speaker 2: definitely an infrequent one. While I was listening to the 608 00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:36,440 Speaker 2: March tenth episode on exem Clement, you made a comment 609 00:38:36,640 --> 00:38:39,120 Speaker 2: about being a bit confused by her being referred to 610 00:38:39,239 --> 00:38:43,319 Speaker 2: as brother Exam by the other legislators. I don't know 611 00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:46,960 Speaker 2: the real story behind the brother reference, but I do 612 00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:48,960 Speaker 2: have a story from my own past that may or 613 00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:51,200 Speaker 2: may not be relevant. When I was in college, I 614 00:38:51,280 --> 00:38:54,960 Speaker 2: joined a fraternity called Alpha Fi Omega APO is a 615 00:38:55,080 --> 00:38:59,120 Speaker 2: national co ed service fraternity that is focused on leadership, friendship, 616 00:38:59,160 --> 00:39:03,240 Speaker 2: and community serus. All members were called brothers as opposed 617 00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:06,319 Speaker 2: to brothers and sisters, in the spirit of acknowledging that 618 00:39:06,360 --> 00:39:09,600 Speaker 2: we are all equal members. As a woman, I appreciated 619 00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:12,760 Speaker 2: and preferred being called a brother. I have no idea 620 00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:15,120 Speaker 2: if exem Clement would have felt the same way, or 621 00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:18,080 Speaker 2: if the rationale behind her being called brother was the same. 622 00:39:18,120 --> 00:39:20,480 Speaker 2: I just wanted to share that perspective. Thank you so 623 00:39:20,560 --> 00:39:23,800 Speaker 2: much for everything you do. Your podcast is among my favorites. 624 00:39:23,840 --> 00:39:26,480 Speaker 2: I often listen when I am working out or doing 625 00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:29,160 Speaker 2: chores around the house. All the best, Joni, Thank you 626 00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:32,959 Speaker 2: so much for this email. I like that a little 627 00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:33,839 Speaker 2: bit of perspective. 628 00:39:34,280 --> 00:39:36,759 Speaker 1: Yeah, we kind of talked about a similar thing, but 629 00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:39,240 Speaker 1: from a fictional world, because I think I have mentioned 630 00:39:39,239 --> 00:39:42,759 Speaker 1: how on Star Trek people call even the women captain sir. 631 00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:46,160 Speaker 2: Everyone's sir. Yeah, so yes. 632 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:47,840 Speaker 1: Kind of fundamentally the same concept. 633 00:39:49,920 --> 00:39:51,920 Speaker 2: If you'd like to send us a note about this 634 00:39:52,040 --> 00:39:54,799 Speaker 2: or any other podcast, we are at History Podcast at 635 00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:58,680 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio dot com, and you can subscribe to our show 636 00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:01,520 Speaker 2: on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you'd like to 637 00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:09,480 Speaker 2: get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is 638 00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:13,879 Speaker 2: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit 639 00:40:13,920 --> 00:40:17,360 Speaker 2: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 640 00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:18,240 Speaker 2: your favorite shows.