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Speaker 1: Okay, I realized I've never asked you this. Are you

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Speaker 1: left or right handed? Usually draw with my right hand,

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Speaker 1: so I'm sure you've tried to draw with your other hand.

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Speaker 1: What's that like? It's it's pretty tricky. Yeah, if you're

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Speaker 1: used to doing things with one hand, it's hard to switch. Well,

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Speaker 1: what about driving? Have you ever driven on the left

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Speaker 1: side of the road, you mean, on purpose or against

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Speaker 1: the law or following the laws of Well, you know

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Speaker 1: there are some places in the world where they drive

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Speaker 1: on the other side. I have driven in Australia and England. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's pretty tricky, but after a while you get used

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Speaker 1: to it. What would you say is better your left

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Speaker 1: side of the road driving or your left handed drawing. Well,

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Speaker 1: I've fortunately have not had an accident on either side

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Speaker 1: of the road, so the data says that I am

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Speaker 1: equally good. Well, I'm glad you're even handed. That sounds

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Speaker 1: like a left handed compliment, Daniel, I think that's right.

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Speaker 1: Hi am poor handed cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi,

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor. And

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Speaker 1: you see Irvine and I have tried to do math

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Speaker 1: left handed. I mean you write out math with your

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Speaker 1: left hand. Is that what you mean? Yeah? I try

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Speaker 1: to write out math with my left hand or sometimes

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Speaker 1: upside down. Sometimes when I'm teaching math to my kids,

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Speaker 1: I have to write it so that they can see it,

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Speaker 1: which requires a little bit of awkward gymnastics. But if

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Speaker 1: you use your left hand and maybe it's it's it's normal.

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Speaker 1: If I use my left hand and my handwriting looks

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Speaker 1: as sloppy as theirs. I know people who would aspire

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Speaker 1: to be ambidexterous, so they purposely used the mouths even

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Speaker 1: though they're right handed. They use their mouse but their

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Speaker 1: left hand so that they're you know, are able to

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Speaker 1: do both. How would you give my right arm to

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Speaker 1: be ambidextrous. Well, if you give your right arm, then

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Speaker 1: you wouldn't be ambidexterous. Sounds like you're caught in a paradox.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to a podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio, in which we try

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Speaker 1: to tickle the right side of your brain and the

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Speaker 1: left side of your brain. We want to understand the

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Speaker 1: entire universe, the top half, the bottom half, the left side,

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Speaker 1: the right side, and everything in between even the backside,

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Speaker 1: the backside, the front side, the dark side, and the

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Speaker 1: light side. Every side of the universe deserves to be understood,

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Speaker 1: and we think it's possible. And on this podcast we

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Speaker 1: ask those big questions about the nature of reality, the

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Speaker 1: nature of life, why we are all here, what it

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Speaker 1: all means, how long we will be here, and whether

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Speaker 1: we're alone, and we try to explain all of them

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Speaker 1: to you. And today I want to especially explain things

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Speaker 1: to Walter Bloom, a long time listener of the pod

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Speaker 1: from Switzerland, whose girlfriend Victoria wants to wish him a

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Speaker 1: happy thirty eighth birthday. Happy birthday, Walter, Yeah, it is

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Speaker 1: a big universe to explain. It is a wide universe,

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Speaker 1: full of many sides to it, many different ways that

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Speaker 1: you can look at things, and also many different in

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Speaker 1: ways that things can be put together. There are almost

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Speaker 1: an infinite way for a matter to arrange itself. And

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Speaker 1: one of the joys of physics is figuring out how

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Speaker 1: the universe works, because then we get to ask why.

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Speaker 1: When we discover that we are put together out of

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Speaker 1: time of little particles, we get to wonder, like, why

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Speaker 1: is the universe arranged out of these time little particles.

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Speaker 1: Why does it have these patterns? What does that really mean?

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Speaker 1: The joy physics is really that it's setting us up

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Speaker 1: to ask philosophy questions. Oh, is that the main goal

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Speaker 1: of physics just to be a primer, like a trailer

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Speaker 1: to philosophy, just the opening act for philosophy. Example, what

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Speaker 1: you're saying businesses are just there to warm up the crowd.

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Speaker 1: In the end, I think the almost science really is

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Speaker 1: motivated by philosophy questions. You know, at the heart of

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Speaker 1: almost every science question we ask, there is a why question,

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Speaker 1: which is in the end fundamentally philosophical. Yeah, and we

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Speaker 1: ask these questions not just because it's interesting and fascinating

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Speaker 1: and we understand more about the universe. But sometimes these

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Speaker 1: questions and these issues have a big impact on our daily,

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Speaker 1: everyday lives, even maybe on life itself. Yeah, we notice

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Speaker 1: these patterns in the universe. The universe seems to organize

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Speaker 1: itself in this way and not some other way. We

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Speaker 1: noticed sometimes there are symmetries in the universe, like you

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Speaker 1: could rotate everything and the laws of physics wouldn't change.

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Speaker 1: But also sometimes we notice that there are not symmetries

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Speaker 1: in the universe, that the universe has a strong opinion

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Speaker 1: about how things should be done, and the opposite way

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Speaker 1: just does not happen. Time flows forwards and not backwards,

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Speaker 1: and these are the things that inspire our philosophical musings

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Speaker 1: to wonder what it would be like for universe or

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Speaker 1: time flowed backwards, or what it would be like for

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Speaker 1: universe in the mirror of our universe. Yeah, and so

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Speaker 1: our universe likes to put things together in a particular way,

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Speaker 1: and you can trace sometimes that to the very properties

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Speaker 1: of the smallest particles in the universe, the things that

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Speaker 1: everything is made out of, and some of these properties

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Speaker 1: can have a pretty big impact on what gets formed

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Speaker 1: in the universe and even whether we would be here

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Speaker 1: or not. It does seem sometimes like at the smallest

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Speaker 1: level of the universe, US follows really different rules, really

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Speaker 1: strange quantum rules that don't really affect our lives, Like

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Speaker 1: how a particle moves through space is totally different from

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Speaker 1: how a baseball flies through space. But as you say,

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Speaker 1: sometimes there is a connection. Sometimes we can even find

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Speaker 1: a portal from the timeliest particle to our everyday lives.

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Speaker 1: So to be on the podcast, we will be tackling

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Speaker 1: the question does particle spin affect life on Earth? Are

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Speaker 1: we trying to put a positive spin here on life

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Speaker 1: on Earth? I'm trying to put a positive spin on particles.

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Speaker 1: I'm like, look, particles are relevant. Give me money, is

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Speaker 1: what you're saying. Well, you know that's the philosophy that's

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Speaker 1: underlying all of it. And yes, we're trying to make

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Speaker 1: our science relevant. Do you share any of your funding

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Speaker 1: with philosophers? Philosophers really need funding? I mean, how much

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Speaker 1: does paper and pencil cost? Anyway? Isn't that aren't dose

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Speaker 1: the tools of your research as well? Um? Ten billion

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Speaker 1: dollar particle colliders. You can build those out of pencil

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Speaker 1: and paper. You could, You just haven't tried the paper

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Speaker 1: mache particle collider. Put that on the table next time

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Speaker 1: we're discussing the future of the field. Can you demonstrate

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Speaker 1: mathematically that you cannot build a particle collider with paper mache.

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Speaker 1: Let's show the spitball collider. Yeah, let's see what we

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Speaker 1: can learn my colliding spitballs at nearly the speed of light. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's possible, right, it is possible. I have to do

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Speaker 1: some pencil and paper calculations to see what kind of

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Speaker 1: experiments we could do and what we might learn about

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Speaker 1: the universe from a paper machee collider. Yeah, i'll fund

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Speaker 1: out here. Here's five bucks. But this is an interesting question.

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Speaker 1: We're trying to link life on Earth to something as

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Speaker 1: small and maybe and seemingly insignificant as the spin fundamental

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Speaker 1: particle of nature. That's a pretty big leap. It is

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Speaker 1: a pretty big leap, And you might think it sounds

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Speaker 1: a little bit desperate, like is Daniel just trying to

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Speaker 1: be irrelevant to life? But remember that I'm actually doing

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Speaker 1: this research mostly because I think it's irrelevant honestly, because

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Speaker 1: it doesn't affect everyday life on Earth, which means you

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Speaker 1: can't use it to build weapons. Wait, did you just

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Speaker 1: admit your research is irrelevant to all life on Earth.

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Speaker 1: It's irrelevant in the sense that it doesn't have immediate

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Speaker 1: practical applications the way that you admit your research has

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Speaker 1: no immediate practical applications. Oh, absolutely, yes, learning about particles

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Speaker 1: has no immediate practical applications. I can't tell you tomorrow

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Speaker 1: that it's going to improve technology or even next year.

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Speaker 1: It's basic research in the sense that we might discover

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Speaker 1: something crazy and new about the universe. Will down the road,

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Speaker 1: I'm sure will benefit society, but in terms of life

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Speaker 1: immediate impact and you know tomorrow's weapons systems, No, we

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Speaker 1: have no relevance. All right, Well, I guess possible deniabilities

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Speaker 1: is important for some people. But this is an interesting

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Speaker 1: question to wonder if maybe the spin of particles could

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Speaker 1: have affected how life on Earth evolved, or even if

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Speaker 1: life itself evolved at all on this planet. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: a fascinating hypothesis with a little bit of evidence to

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Speaker 1: back it up. Well, as usually, we were wondering how

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Speaker 1: many people have thought about this question. I had thought

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Speaker 1: about maybe the properties of particles having an impact on

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Speaker 1: life on Earth, so it's usual Daniel went out there

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Speaker 1: to ask people do you think particle spin can affect

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Speaker 1: life on Earth? So thank you very much to everybody

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Speaker 1: who participates in this segment of the podcast. We really

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Speaker 1: appreciate hearing your thoughts and I think everybody out there

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Speaker 1: enjoys it as well. If you'd like to share your

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Speaker 1: thoughts on the topic of the day for future episodes,

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Speaker 1: please don't be shy right to us. Two questions at

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge dot com. It's what people have to say.

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Speaker 1: I betterly know what particle spin is, but I could

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Speaker 1: surely say that it does not affect life on other

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Speaker 1: planets from the Solar System. Well, everything is spinning. Particles

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Speaker 1: are spinning, the earthy spinning, the galaxy and spinning. Realms

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Speaker 1: are spinning. Everything is spinning. So yeah, the life is spinning.

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Speaker 1: I'm going to say yes, because it affects the way

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Speaker 1: matter is made up. But I really don't know what

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Speaker 1: would happen if particles spin were to be reversed. I

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Speaker 1: don't know for you would even recognize the effects of that.

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Speaker 1: It will be interpreted maybe a couple of ways outside

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Speaker 1: of like the necessity it's spen make physics work, I

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Speaker 1: would say probably not very much impact life. I don't think.

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Speaker 1: I don't think like DNA is interacting with particles spin.

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Speaker 1: All right, Some people said yes, some people said no.

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Speaker 1: There are strong opinions here. There are positive and negative spins.

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Speaker 1: On one hand, it does seem hard to imagine that

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Speaker 1: the behaviors of tiny little particles could affect something like

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Speaker 1: life on Earth. On the other hand, if you believe reductionism,

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Speaker 1: if you believe that everything in the universe comes out

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Speaker 1: of how tiny little bits are dancing around and tooing

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Speaker 1: and frowing that in principle, everything about life comes down

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Speaker 1: to how particles work. Well, yeah, I mean I guess

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Speaker 1: if particles, for example, didn't feel the electromagnetic force, I mean,

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Speaker 1: the whole universe would be different. Yeah, I'm sitting here

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Speaker 1: trying to imagine what a universe would be like without electromagnetism.

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Speaker 1: I mean, it would be a dark universe for sure, right,

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Speaker 1: there would be no light at all in that universe. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Or I guess even m if the particles had a

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Speaker 1: different mass, it would also change the ole universe, right,

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Speaker 1: like planets would form differently, galaxies would form differently. Who knows,

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Speaker 1: And maybe life can or could have would have formed

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Speaker 1: here on Earth. And yeah, it's a deep mystery why

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Speaker 1: the parameters of the universe seem to be set up

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Speaker 1: to allow life. Although you know, that's just sort of

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Speaker 1: like life that we can imagine. It's possible that if

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Speaker 1: you tweaked all those parameters, you might have completely different chemistry.

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Speaker 1: But that might allow for different kinds of biology, different

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Speaker 1: kinds of life, maybe even different kinds of intelligence. So

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Speaker 1: while the universe does sort of seem fine tuned for us,

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Speaker 1: it might be that other fine tunings are good for

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Speaker 1: other kinds of beings. All right, Well, the question at

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Speaker 1: hand is does particle spin affect life on Earth? And

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Speaker 1: so I guess particle spin is something that is the

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Speaker 1: property of particles. Maybe we can get a little bit

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Speaker 1: into that first. Particle spin is a really fun and

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Speaker 1: super weird property of particles, and it's especially fascinating because

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Speaker 1: the universe seems to have a preference for one kind

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Speaker 1: of spin over another kind of spin. Fundamentally, we don't

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Speaker 1: really know what particle spin is. I mean, you might

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Speaker 1: imagine that it's like a little ball and it's spinning.

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Speaker 1: The problem is that particles are not little balls, and

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Speaker 1: they don't really have surfaces, so we don't think that

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Speaker 1: they are physically spinning. But they do have a property

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Speaker 1: which is very similar to the kind of things we

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Speaker 1: call spin, for like the Earth is spinning and the

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Speaker 1: galaxy is spinning. Particles have properties which have similar mathematical

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Speaker 1: behaviors to spin of like big objects, and so we

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Speaker 1: call it spin even though it's not like technically physically spinning, right,

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Speaker 1: because quantum particles are not like little balls, as you said,

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Speaker 1: they're like little dots basically, and so they have this

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Speaker 1: property called spin. And if it's not related to it

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Speaker 1: actually spinning, why did you call it spin? Or not

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Speaker 1: you specifically, but you know the physics physicism birth did it?

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Speaker 1: Why did they call it spin? They call it spin

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Speaker 1: because even if it isn't actually physically spinning, it is

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Speaker 1: a form of angular momentum. Right, things in the universe

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Speaker 1: can spin, and they can have momentum in the same

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Speaker 1: way that things can have normal momentum. Right, momentum is

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Speaker 1: just like if you push an object, it keeps going,

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Speaker 1: or if you don't push it, it doesn't go anywhere.

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Speaker 1: The same thing holds true for spin. If you spin something,

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Speaker 1: it will keep spinning, like out in space where there

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Speaker 1: isn't any air to slow it down. Or if you

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Speaker 1: don't push an object, it won't spin. Right, It's something

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Speaker 1: floating in space won't spin unless you push it. That's

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Speaker 1: angular momentum, and that's conserved in the universe. That's why

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Speaker 1: if you push something to make it spin, it'll just

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Speaker 1: keep spinning out there in space until something stops it.

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Speaker 1: But you can transfer that angular momentum to something else, right,

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Speaker 1: it can bump into something else and make that spin.

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Speaker 1: We call particles spin spin because it's a kind of

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Speaker 1: angular momentum. You can take anglar momentum and convert it

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Speaker 1: into particle spin and back. So when the universe does

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Speaker 1: its accounting to make sure that angular momentum is conserved,

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Speaker 1: particle spin is part of its balance book, you're allowed

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Speaker 1: to move some angle momentum into that category. So it

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Speaker 1: really is a kind of angular momentum, even if it's

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Speaker 1: a weird quantum kind. But you said that, like regular

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Speaker 1: objects in space and have zero angular momentum or a

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Speaker 1: little bit or a lot of angular momentum, can particles

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Speaker 1: have zero or a lot of angular momentum? And also

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Speaker 1: why not just call it angular momentum? Yes, particles can

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Speaker 1: have different amounts of spin. Of Photons, for example, can

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Speaker 1: have spin up or down or zero. Electrons can only

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Speaker 1: have spin one half or negative one half. They can't

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Speaker 1: have zero spin. They're different kind of particles. So matter

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Speaker 1: particles are all either spin up or spin down by

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Speaker 1: one half, whereas forest particles those can be up or

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Speaker 1: down or zero. Can the same particle have zero and

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Speaker 1: then I give it a spin and then it starts

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Speaker 1: spinning or is it just an inherent property of that

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Speaker 1: particle that's a really interesting philosophy question. Right, Essentially, you're

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Speaker 1: saying a photon moving through the universe with zero spin,

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Speaker 1: if you give it spin, is it's still the same photon. Well,

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Speaker 1: to give it spin, you have to impart angular momentum

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Speaker 1: on it, which means an interaction, and so philosophically it

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Speaker 1: is changed. Right, It's like interacts with some particle, and

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Speaker 1: you think of that as like being absorbed and re emitted.

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Speaker 1: So I think philosophically you can think of it it's

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Speaker 1: like a new particle, or it's at least a new

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Speaker 1: quantum state. But yes, photons can have zero spin, or

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Speaker 1: they can have spin one, or they're gonna have spin

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Speaker 1: minus one m. And the spin it's quantized as well,

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Speaker 1: Like you have a photon with like three point five spin, No,

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Speaker 1: you can't, And you can't have photons with like half

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Speaker 1: a spin or point seven to nine spin. It's absolutely quantized.

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Speaker 1: So photons have three possible states plus one, zero or

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Speaker 1: minus one, and electrons have two states plus a half

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Speaker 1: or minus a half. And that's true for all fer meon's.

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Speaker 1: All fermons are either plus a half or minus a half.

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Speaker 1: They have half integer spins. That's why we call them fermons.

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Speaker 1: They all observe the Firmi exclusion principle, which means they

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Speaker 1: can't be in the same quantum state as each other. Bosons,

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Speaker 1: which have integer spin, they can hang out in the

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Speaker 1: same state, So you can have like a million photons

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Speaker 1: all in the same state. Now, you said earlier that

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Speaker 1: spin is up or down, right, that's kind of the

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Speaker 1: possibility ane's of it. But in a in space there

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Speaker 1: is no up and there's no down. So what does

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Speaker 1: it mean for a spin to be up or down

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Speaker 1: for a particle. Well, in the same way that you

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Speaker 1: can pick any access to calculate ingle momentum, you can

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Speaker 1: pick any access to project the spin. So you have

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Speaker 1: a particle, you pick an access, you say, here's my axis.

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Speaker 1: I want to know if it's spin is up or

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Speaker 1: down along this axis, and you can pick any access

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Speaker 1: you like and call it up or down. Typically, what

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Speaker 1: we do is we choose the axis of the particle's motion,

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Speaker 1: and we ask is the particle spin in the direction

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Speaker 1: of its motion or in the opposite direction of its motion?

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Speaker 1: But isn't. Then then the problem the motion and not

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Speaker 1: the spin. Like if I throw a baseball face up

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Speaker 1: or if I toss a frisbee face up or face down,

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Speaker 1: it's not that it's a whole different frisbee. It's the

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Speaker 1: same frisbee. I just threw it upside down. Yeah. And

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Speaker 1: in the case of particles, you can measure their spin

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Speaker 1: along any direction, or you can measure it along their motion,

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Speaker 1: or you can measure it perpendicular to their motion or

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Speaker 1: in any direction, and you'll always get either plus a

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Speaker 1: half or minus a half or particles. Okay, So it's

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Speaker 1: just some sort of like an arbitrary label. You're saying, like,

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Speaker 1: particles have this thing called spin, and we're gonna there's

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Speaker 1: kind of two kinds of the spin. There's the upspin

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Speaker 1: and there's down spin exactly. And the universe seems to

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Speaker 1: have a preference for particles who spin is pointed away

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Speaker 1: from the direction of their emotion, like an electron is

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Speaker 1: flying through space in the positive ex direction. The universe

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Speaker 1: seems to have a preference for those particles to spin

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Speaker 1: the opposite direction of their motion, for their spin to

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Speaker 1: be sort of like back along the negative X axis.

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Speaker 1: If their motion is in the positive X axis, we

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Speaker 1: call those particles left handed. If their spin is the

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Speaker 1: opposite direction of their motion. I guess it's kind of

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Speaker 1: like a clock. Like a clock can move through space

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Speaker 1: where it's either the face of the clock is facing

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Speaker 1: where it's going, or the face of the clock is

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Speaker 1: facing away from where it's going, or facing back. And

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Speaker 1: so you're saying that particles tend to be the kind

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Speaker 1: where the clock face is facing back. Those kind of

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Speaker 1: particles where the clock is facing backwards with a spin

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Speaker 1: is the opposite direction of motion. We call them left

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Speaker 1: handed particles. In our universe, we have left and right

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Speaker 1: handed versions of most particles, but one of the forces,

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Speaker 1: the weak nuclear force, which is responsible for like beta decay,

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Speaker 1: it will only talk to left handed particles. It does

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Speaker 1: not interact at all with right handed particles. So that's

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Speaker 1: when we mean when we say the universe seems to

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Speaker 1: have a preference for left handed particles. The other forces, electromagnetism,

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Speaker 1: the strong force, they don't care. They're happy to talk

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Speaker 1: to right or left handed particles, but the weak force

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Speaker 1: only talks to left handed particles. So it's almost like

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Speaker 1: the universe um is not ambidexterous, like the universe seems

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Speaker 1: to prefer or at least favor, left handed particles. Over

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Speaker 1: right handed particles. Yeah, and it's a slight preference, right,

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Speaker 1: because remember, the weak force is a feeble force. It

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Speaker 1: is not a powerful force. Does not control the structure

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Speaker 1: of our galaxies, it does not control the structure of

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Speaker 1: your body. It does not control lightning. Right, It's not

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Speaker 1: a very powerful force. And so it's a subtle effect.

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Speaker 1: And this was actually overlooked for years and years and years.

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Speaker 1: Even well after the weak force was discovered, people hadn't

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Speaker 1: really checked to see if it was symmetric, if it

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Speaker 1: talked to both kinds of particles. There was this moment

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Speaker 1: in the middle of last century when people realized, wow,

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Speaker 1: nobody's ever actually checked this to see if the weak

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Speaker 1: force was symmetric. And every thought, of course, it's symmetric.

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Speaker 1: Everything in the universe is symmetric, strong forces, symmetric, electromagnetism

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Speaker 1: is symmetric. It would be bonkers if the weak force

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Speaker 1: was not symmetric. But nobody had checked, and so very

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Speaker 1: quickly a famous scientist at Columbia skipped or Christmas vacation

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Speaker 1: to do this experiment and discover the shocking result that

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Speaker 1: the weak force is not just a little bit anti symmetric,

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Speaker 1: it's completely antisymmetric. It only talks to left handed particles.

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Speaker 1: It was a huge shock wave that went through the

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Speaker 1: physics community about fifty years ago. Yeah, I think we

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Speaker 1: had a whole episode about this experiment that demonstrated the

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Speaker 1: universe has a little bit of a left handed preference,

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Speaker 1: and so this preference has pretty big imp cations and

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Speaker 1: how the universe works and maybe even how life on

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Speaker 1: Earth developed. So let's get into right and left handedness

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Speaker 1: of the universe and life on Earth. But first let's

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Speaker 1: take a quick break. All right, we're asking the question

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Speaker 1: does particle spin affect life on Earth? And so we

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Speaker 1: talked about what spin is. It's a property of particles.

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Speaker 1: Particles can spin up or down. They can be left

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Speaker 1: handed or right handed. And this handedness is something we

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Speaker 1: see all throughout, not just the universe, but nature itself. Right,

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Speaker 1: I mean in Chemis City they talk about hand in

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Speaker 1: this as well of molecules. Yeah, you can apply this

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Speaker 1: principle in general to anything. You can ask if something

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Speaker 1: is left handed or right handed, and basically you're asking

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Speaker 1: would it look the same in the mirror? Right, if

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Speaker 1: you flip something in the mirror, would you get something

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Speaker 1: the same? And You can literally do this experiment in

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Speaker 1: front of yourself with your hands. Like, take your left hand.

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Speaker 1: It's not the same as your right hand right. There's

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Speaker 1: a different orientation of the fingers relative to the thumb.

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Speaker 1: If you put your left hand in the mirror, then

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Speaker 1: it looks like your right hand. Right. The mirror flips

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Speaker 1: your left hand to a right handed sort of shape.

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Speaker 1: But if you just take your right hand, you can't

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Speaker 1: like turn around or twist it in any way to

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Speaker 1: make it look exactly like your left hand. They're different, right.

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Speaker 1: We call that chirality, the one is left handed and

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Speaker 1: one is right handed, that they're not the same, right.

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Speaker 1: I guess if you're doing the mirror experiment, you would

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Speaker 1: see that maybe some parts in your body are symmetric

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Speaker 1: and are are not handed right. Like if you take,

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Speaker 1: for example, your eyeball, if you put it in front

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Speaker 1: of the mirror, you can't tell which eyeball it is,

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Speaker 1: where your right one or your left one right, the

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Speaker 1: one eyeball looks the same in the mirror as in

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Speaker 1: as it does in you. Or for example, I think

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Speaker 1: your your nose right, Your nose is also a symmetric

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Speaker 1: You can't sort of tell which one is the mirror

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Speaker 1: one which is the real nose. But like your right hand,

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Speaker 1: you can't tell which one is, assuming a spherical eyeball.

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Speaker 1: I think that's true, and my nose actually isn't symmetric.

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Speaker 1: I could tell the difference in the mirror because it

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Speaker 1: leans one way instead of the other. That can be fixed. Right,

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Speaker 1: we are in Orange County. I mean basically, everybody's getting

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Speaker 1: some work done these days. In principle and idealized human nose,

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Speaker 1: you're right, is symmetric, and yeah, hands are not symmetric. Right,

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Speaker 1: the real life version of your left hand looks like

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Speaker 1: a right hand in the mirror. Right, And the same

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Speaker 1: can be said about molecules, right, Like, you can arrange

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Speaker 1: a molecule in a way that is symmetric, where it

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Speaker 1: looks the same in the mirror, or you can arrange

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Speaker 1: a molecule in a way that does not look the

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Speaker 1: same in the mirror. An example of a symmetric molecule

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Speaker 1: is like water. Right, water is H two. Oh, you

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Speaker 1: have two hydrogens with an oxygen in the middle. If

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Speaker 1: you flip it, like if you make the left side

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Speaker 1: the right side and vice versa, it looks the same right,

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Speaker 1: it's exactly the same in the mirror, but you can

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Speaker 1: build much more complicated molecules, and chemistry of life specifically

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Speaker 1: is filled with complex molecules built off of these carbon chains,

429
00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:01,800
Speaker 1: and those do have a chirality. They do not look

430
00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:04,719
Speaker 1: the same in the mirror. There are left handed versions

431
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,960
Speaker 1: and right handed versions basically every kind of molecule. So

432
00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:11,680
Speaker 1: if you just say the chemical formula c H four

433
00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:14,479
Speaker 1: for example, that tells you what's in it. It doesn't

434
00:22:14,520 --> 00:22:17,440
Speaker 1: tell you which orientation is it is. It's the left

435
00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:20,440
Speaker 1: handed or the right handed version of that object. Right,

436
00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:22,439
Speaker 1: Like c H four you can take one carbon and

437
00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:26,240
Speaker 1: four hydrogen and put them in together in one way

438
00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:28,560
Speaker 1: or in a way that looks like it's mirror image.

439
00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:30,400
Speaker 1: That's what do you mean? Right? Actually, c H four

440
00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:33,199
Speaker 1: is an example of a molecular probably is symmetric. You

441
00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:35,840
Speaker 1: have the carbon and then the hydrogens are arranged around it.

442
00:22:36,119 --> 00:22:37,800
Speaker 1: So I think it does look symmetric in the mirror.

443
00:22:37,840 --> 00:22:40,400
Speaker 1: But as they get more complicated, you know, for example,

444
00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:42,919
Speaker 1: the meno acids and the building blocks of life, these

445
00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:45,440
Speaker 1: are much more complicated structures. They're not all the same

446
00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:47,600
Speaker 1: in the mirror. Yeah, Like if you take carbon a

447
00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:49,960
Speaker 1: bunch of carbon and a bunch of hydrogen and some

448
00:22:50,040 --> 00:22:52,520
Speaker 1: other atoms. There are two different ways you could maybe

449
00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:54,440
Speaker 1: put them together. You could put them together in one

450
00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:56,800
Speaker 1: way or in a way that looks like it's mirror image,

451
00:22:57,280 --> 00:22:59,800
Speaker 1: which is not the same. Molecular just looks the same

452
00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:02,679
Speaker 1: in the mirror, and it actually kind of affects how

453
00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:05,920
Speaker 1: it interacts with other molecules. Right, Like a right handed

454
00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:10,359
Speaker 1: molecules doesn't do the same things as a left handed molecule. Yeah, Interestingly,

455
00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:13,600
Speaker 1: you can't just mix them. You can't have a bunch

456
00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:15,600
Speaker 1: of left handed molecules and a bunch of right handed

457
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,159
Speaker 1: molecules and assume that they will all act the same.

458
00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:21,439
Speaker 1: Because chemistry is like these little building blocks. He's like

459
00:23:21,480 --> 00:23:24,600
Speaker 1: tiny little machines made out of proteins. They have to

460
00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:27,160
Speaker 1: click together and just the right way to like activate

461
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:29,800
Speaker 1: certain sites to cleave off bits of a molecule. It's

462
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:31,920
Speaker 1: actually trying to shake somebody's hand but using the wrong

463
00:23:31,960 --> 00:23:34,400
Speaker 1: hand it just doesn't sort of fit together, or trying

464
00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:36,879
Speaker 1: to dance where both people are leading. In order for

465
00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:39,959
Speaker 1: the chemistry of life to happen, everything has to match.

466
00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:42,119
Speaker 1: Means you need like all the pieces to have the

467
00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:45,520
Speaker 1: right chirality, so you can't mix and match left and

468
00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:49,440
Speaker 1: right handed chemistry of life. That's why I fastpoint people

469
00:23:49,480 --> 00:23:51,720
Speaker 1: when I meet them these days. It's just too confusing.

470
00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:53,680
Speaker 1: But I was thinking, it's sort of like Tetris, right,

471
00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:56,240
Speaker 1: Like in Tetris, you have pieces, and like every piece

472
00:23:56,240 --> 00:23:58,560
Speaker 1: in Tetris is made out of four blocks, but depending

473
00:23:58,560 --> 00:24:00,320
Speaker 1: on how you put them there is symmetrical or not.

474
00:24:00,359 --> 00:24:02,480
Speaker 1: Like if you have a two white two block, that's

475
00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:04,639
Speaker 1: a metric and you can slide that in anywhere. But

476
00:24:04,680 --> 00:24:06,440
Speaker 1: if you have like an L shaped block, then you

477
00:24:06,520 --> 00:24:09,200
Speaker 1: gotta wait for the right left hand or the right

478
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,240
Speaker 1: side L block to fit a certain spot in your

479
00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:14,800
Speaker 1: touchris pile. And for the chemistry of life to work,

480
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,280
Speaker 1: it seems like you need to be either all one

481
00:24:17,359 --> 00:24:20,840
Speaker 1: chirality or all the opposite chirality. And that's exactly what

482
00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,040
Speaker 1: we see when you take organic molecules and you sort

483
00:24:23,040 --> 00:24:26,280
Speaker 1: of like distill them from living objects, from plants or whatever,

484
00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:30,040
Speaker 1: you see all one chirality. All of life on Earth

485
00:24:30,119 --> 00:24:34,480
Speaker 1: uses left handed amino acids and right handed sugars. There's

486
00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:38,320
Speaker 1: nothing alive on Earth that uses right handed amino acids

487
00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:41,720
Speaker 1: or left handed sugars that form of life just does

488
00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:44,240
Speaker 1: not exist, right, But it's it's like, it's possible to

489
00:24:44,280 --> 00:24:46,920
Speaker 1: make right handed amino acids, but all life on Earth

490
00:24:47,080 --> 00:24:50,520
Speaker 1: seems to use only left handed amino acids. And once

491
00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:53,720
Speaker 1: life got started and life starts to make amino acid,

492
00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:56,400
Speaker 1: it then only makes left kind, which is the kind

493
00:24:56,440 --> 00:25:00,280
Speaker 1: of uses. If you synthesize some organic molecular like to

494
00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:04,160
Speaker 1: make one of the amino acids chemically from basic building blocks,

495
00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:07,240
Speaker 1: you'll end up with both kinds, left handed and right handed.

496
00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:09,119
Speaker 1: But if you pull it out of life, if you

497
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:13,560
Speaker 1: distill it from a living being, you'll only get one chirality, right,

498
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:16,280
Speaker 1: and you're right. We think that life is possible with

499
00:25:16,359 --> 00:25:19,560
Speaker 1: the other orientation. We suspect that it is, though of

500
00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:22,400
Speaker 1: course we don't have any examples. We think the probably

501
00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:25,720
Speaker 1: universe is symmetric and that it would allow for life

502
00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:28,600
Speaker 1: to have both chiralities, but we don't actually know. Well,

503
00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:31,960
Speaker 1: that's interesting to think about, Like maybe there's a version

504
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:35,359
Speaker 1: of humans out there, maybe the multiverse or maybe in

505
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:39,480
Speaker 1: this universe that uses only right handed amino acids, and

506
00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:41,640
Speaker 1: maybe if we met them, I mean, we could shake hands,

507
00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:44,600
Speaker 1: but we couldn't. Maybe like have kids together, right, or

508
00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:47,439
Speaker 1: even eat their food, because our bodies cannot interact with

509
00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:49,840
Speaker 1: that kind of chemistry. I mean, like some of the

510
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:53,480
Speaker 1: artificial sweeteners that are in our foods are really interesting

511
00:25:53,520 --> 00:25:56,159
Speaker 1: because they exploit the fact that, despite being a sugar

512
00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:59,480
Speaker 1: and they do interact with your tongue in a way

513
00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:02,560
Speaker 1: that you can haste them, our bodies can't actually take

514
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:06,040
Speaker 1: them apart to use energy, so we can't metabolize them

515
00:26:06,119 --> 00:26:08,320
Speaker 1: even though we can taste them because they have the

516
00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:13,040
Speaker 1: wrong chirality. Interesting, Yeah, artificial sweet nurse you're saying, used

517
00:26:13,119 --> 00:26:17,919
Speaker 1: the wrong candidness of sugar molecules which activate our taste buds,

518
00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:21,200
Speaker 1: but they can't be processing our stomachs, yeah, because those

519
00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:25,000
Speaker 1: are different processes, right, Tasting something recognizing the sugar your

520
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,479
Speaker 1: tongue doesn't actually break it down and extract the energy,

521
00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:30,280
Speaker 1: and so it's like, oh, yeah, that's sugar plus one

522
00:26:30,359 --> 00:26:32,240
Speaker 1: for you. But then when he gets into your stomach,

523
00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:34,760
Speaker 1: the little machines down there that take things apart and

524
00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:36,920
Speaker 1: actually extract the energy and turn it into a TP

525
00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:38,840
Speaker 1: they're like, I don't know what to do here. My

526
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:41,959
Speaker 1: locks are not fitting into these keys. So it just passes, right,

527
00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:45,000
Speaker 1: through you. Mmm. Interesting, this is something we've known for

528
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,640
Speaker 1: a while, right. This was discovered by Louis Pasteur himself

529
00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:51,520
Speaker 1: more than a hundred and fifty years ago. He synthesized

530
00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:54,000
Speaker 1: a bunch of chemicals and then he also distilled them

531
00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:57,480
Speaker 1: from life, and he noticed this difference. He noticed that

532
00:26:57,560 --> 00:26:59,959
Speaker 1: the ones that came from life had only one chirality,

533
00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:03,080
Speaker 1: and the ones that he synthesized himself had both kinds

534
00:27:03,119 --> 00:27:06,200
Speaker 1: of chirality. So it's been an open puzzle for more

535
00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,439
Speaker 1: than a hundred fifty years of why life has this thing.

536
00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:12,840
Speaker 1: They call it bio chirality. But back then, how do

537
00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:15,600
Speaker 1: we know that a molecule was right handed or left handed? Right?

538
00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:19,119
Speaker 1: We can like X ray it or have super electron microscopes.

539
00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:21,960
Speaker 1: The way he discovered it was that these chiralities interact

540
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:24,359
Speaker 1: with light a little bit differently. The light can have

541
00:27:24,440 --> 00:27:27,959
Speaker 1: different polarizations, which is related to the spin of those photons,

542
00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:31,320
Speaker 1: and that interacts slightly differently with those photons. And so

543
00:27:31,640 --> 00:27:34,720
Speaker 1: that's how he detected that the chemicals that he pulled

544
00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:37,399
Speaker 1: out of life were different from the chemicals that he

545
00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:41,639
Speaker 1: synthesized in the laboratory. And he actually predicted before we

546
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:44,879
Speaker 1: even knew about the weak force or parody violation. He

547
00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:47,720
Speaker 1: predicted that there must be some sort of cosmic particle

548
00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:52,760
Speaker 1: asymmetry which is generating this fundamental asymmetry in life. So

549
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:55,679
Speaker 1: like a hundred years before we discovered parody violation, he

550
00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:59,439
Speaker 1: basically predicted it. Wait one, he was thinking, maybe the

551
00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:03,480
Speaker 1: reason of life and Earth is mostly left handed. One

552
00:28:03,480 --> 00:28:07,479
Speaker 1: type of molecule is something like something from space. He

553
00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:11,440
Speaker 1: was thinking that this asymmetry was revealing a deep asymmetry

554
00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:14,800
Speaker 1: in the universe itself. Right, there must be some sort

555
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:17,639
Speaker 1: of cosmic origin to this. So pastor a road. This

556
00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:21,719
Speaker 1: is in eighteen forties Hero quote. If the foundations of

557
00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:26,120
Speaker 1: life are die symmetric, then because of die symmetric cosmic

558
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:29,840
Speaker 1: forces operating at their origin. This, I think is one

559
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:32,959
Speaker 1: of the links between life on the Earth and the cosmos.

560
00:28:33,359 --> 00:28:36,119
Speaker 1: That is the totality of forces in the universe. So

561
00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:39,800
Speaker 1: that's Pasteur writing in the eighteen hundreds, before we understood

562
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:42,400
Speaker 1: life the quantum nature of these forces or particle spin

563
00:28:42,560 --> 00:28:45,600
Speaker 1: or parody violation at all, he had the sense that

564
00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:49,520
Speaker 1: maybe the handedness of life came somehow from the handedness

565
00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:52,440
Speaker 1: of the universe. Whoa feels like a little bit of

566
00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:57,480
Speaker 1: a stretch there for Li to make that connection. It

567
00:28:57,560 --> 00:28:59,560
Speaker 1: might be one of these things where people write a

568
00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:02,640
Speaker 1: lot and most of their predictions are wrong, but when

569
00:29:02,680 --> 00:29:05,040
Speaker 1: they do hit the jackpot, people later on dig them

570
00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,680
Speaker 1: out and like, hey, look how forward thinking they are,

571
00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:10,080
Speaker 1: you know, the way you can find almost anything you like.

572
00:29:10,160 --> 00:29:12,320
Speaker 1: In the writings of mister Damis, I wonder if it's

573
00:29:12,320 --> 00:29:14,760
Speaker 1: sort of like saying like, maybe in a way he

574
00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:16,920
Speaker 1: would saying I mean, I'm sure no, he was assignist,

575
00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:18,160
Speaker 1: but maybe in a way he's saying like, you know,

576
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:20,640
Speaker 1: maybe God is left handed and that's why he made

577
00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:24,800
Speaker 1: a human, you know, humans in a particular handed or

578
00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:26,960
Speaker 1: like maybe God is right handed, that's why most humans

579
00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:30,400
Speaker 1: are right hand Yeah, that's another great example of asymmetry. Right,

580
00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:34,080
Speaker 1: why are humans mostly right handed and not left handed?

581
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:36,600
Speaker 1: We know that it can work both ways, obviously, but

582
00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:40,200
Speaker 1: why are humans mostly right handed and not mostly left handed?

583
00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:42,360
Speaker 1: It seems like sort of an arbitrary choice, and it

584
00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:44,920
Speaker 1: makes you wonder, like where does that come from? Is

585
00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:47,920
Speaker 1: it just random or is there a fundamental reason at

586
00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,719
Speaker 1: the heart of the universe that's creating this asymmetry that's

587
00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:53,760
Speaker 1: sort of the philosophy question, right, you always want to

588
00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:56,000
Speaker 1: know the why, not just the how, right, right, And

589
00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:57,959
Speaker 1: we all know we're just here to set things up

590
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:01,440
Speaker 1: for the greater discipline of philosophy. But I think, you know,

591
00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:03,680
Speaker 1: if I guess, if half of the humans on Earth

592
00:30:03,720 --> 00:30:05,800
Speaker 1: are right handed and half of them were left handed,

593
00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:08,240
Speaker 1: it would be pretty awkward all the time trying to

594
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:12,040
Speaker 1: shake hands with people. So maybe the whole reason most

595
00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:14,360
Speaker 1: people right hand is just to you know, make things

596
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,000
Speaker 1: more social. Yeah, I think that's beyond my pay grade.

597
00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:19,480
Speaker 1: All right, Well, that's a big question. Why does life

598
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:24,160
Speaker 1: on Earth prefer one kind of handed molecules and not

599
00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:26,440
Speaker 1: the other? I guess one reason is that it could

600
00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:29,200
Speaker 1: have been random, right, Like it just you know, picked

601
00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:33,120
Speaker 1: the left handed molecules and went with that. Yeah, it

602
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:37,520
Speaker 1: could be basically a coin flip billions of years ago.

603
00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:40,600
Speaker 1: It could have gone either direction. But once you pick

604
00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:43,840
Speaker 1: one side, it's like symmetry breaking. Then you just gotta

605
00:30:43,920 --> 00:30:45,680
Speaker 1: go with it. Like if a bunch of people are

606
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:48,520
Speaker 1: seated at a table and you have like glasses placed

607
00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:51,240
Speaker 1: between the plates, is your glass on the left side

608
00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:53,600
Speaker 1: or the right side? As soon as one person picks

609
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:55,600
Speaker 1: their glass on the right side, then everybody's going to

610
00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:57,840
Speaker 1: use the right handed glass. But they could have picked

611
00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:00,560
Speaker 1: the left one and everything would have worked just fine.

612
00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:02,400
Speaker 1: So we don't know if it was just like a

613
00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:05,880
Speaker 1: random event billions of years ago in the primordial soup

614
00:31:06,240 --> 00:31:09,880
Speaker 1: that led us to all have this one handedness, or

615
00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:12,520
Speaker 1: maybe there is a reason. Yeah, I wonder like if

616
00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:15,800
Speaker 1: there was some competition in the early life billions of

617
00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:19,440
Speaker 1: years ago, like maybe a bunch of particles started assembling

618
00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:21,640
Speaker 1: with the left handed way and a bunch of particles

619
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:24,520
Speaker 1: started assembling in a right handed way, and for a while,

620
00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:28,000
Speaker 1: maybe there was life could potentially early on there could

621
00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,480
Speaker 1: have been life with both handedness. It's just that one

622
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:33,080
Speaker 1: somehow beat out the other. Yeah, it could be, or

623
00:31:33,120 --> 00:31:36,120
Speaker 1: it could be that it's selected for either before life

624
00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:39,280
Speaker 1: starts or after. Right, it might be that the processes

625
00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:44,320
Speaker 1: that generate these organic molecules naturally prefer to generate them

626
00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:46,760
Speaker 1: in a right handed or left handed way, like out

627
00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:49,840
Speaker 1: there in space when you have these organic molecules in soups,

628
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,080
Speaker 1: are there equal amounts of left and right handed molecules?

629
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:56,000
Speaker 1: Or is there an asymmetry there before life even gets started?

630
00:31:56,280 --> 00:31:59,160
Speaker 1: And then you can also ask afterwards, if life gets

631
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:02,880
Speaker 1: started equal leave often left and right handed, is there

632
00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:06,640
Speaker 1: some preference for is one more likely to survive? Is

633
00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:09,120
Speaker 1: there something about the universe which gives one of them

634
00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:11,760
Speaker 1: a boost? Right? I think you're asking, maybe God is

635
00:32:11,760 --> 00:32:16,480
Speaker 1: not ambidexterous. Maybe God this my preference for right or

636
00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:18,880
Speaker 1: left handed? And could we see that in the laws

637
00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:21,160
Speaker 1: of the universe. And so let's get into whether or

638
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,600
Speaker 1: not there is a connection between the left handedness of

639
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:28,720
Speaker 1: life and the right handedness of quantum particles. But first

640
00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:43,720
Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. All right, we are doing

641
00:32:43,840 --> 00:32:48,200
Speaker 1: some of the pre work here for philosophers or warming

642
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:51,920
Speaker 1: the crowd up here with some interesting thinking about the

643
00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:55,320
Speaker 1: universe and life on Earth, asking the question can particles

644
00:32:55,360 --> 00:32:58,720
Speaker 1: spin or did particles spin affect life on Earth? And

645
00:32:58,760 --> 00:33:02,280
Speaker 1: so we've talked about how fundamental quantum particles have a spin,

646
00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:05,040
Speaker 1: they have an upper down spin. And we also talked

647
00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:07,840
Speaker 1: about how life on Earth has a preference for left

648
00:33:07,880 --> 00:33:11,360
Speaker 1: handed molecules over right handed amino acid molecules. And so

649
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:14,000
Speaker 1: the question is are these two things related. Does the

650
00:33:14,160 --> 00:33:18,120
Speaker 1: spin of sparticles of fact how molecules form or do

651
00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:22,280
Speaker 1: somehow the laws of physics somehow prefer left handed amino acids.

652
00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:25,080
Speaker 1: Let's get into that connection. It is a really fun question.

653
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:27,760
Speaker 1: And I was reading this very long and detailed paper

654
00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:31,560
Speaker 1: about the connections between particle spin and bio chirality and

655
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:33,120
Speaker 1: actually start out with a bit of a rant, a

656
00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:36,840
Speaker 1: complaint about calling life left handed or right handed, because

657
00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:38,640
Speaker 1: there's all sorts of ways you can define it. So

658
00:33:38,680 --> 00:33:42,360
Speaker 1: they prefer to define the orientation of our chemistry as

659
00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:46,240
Speaker 1: live l i v E and the opposite orientation as

660
00:33:46,360 --> 00:33:50,040
Speaker 1: evil live backwards e v I L. So this whole

661
00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:53,520
Speaker 1: paper talks about normal life versus evil life. And this

662
00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:56,840
Speaker 1: is a physics paper or is this a blog post?

663
00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:01,160
Speaker 1: This is a science paper published in the Prestigious journal.

664
00:34:01,320 --> 00:34:04,600
Speaker 1: And somehow calling life evil or live is better than

665
00:34:04,640 --> 00:34:07,320
Speaker 1: calling it the left handed or right handed. I don't know.

666
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:10,000
Speaker 1: It's a philosophy question. So this is all based kind

667
00:34:10,040 --> 00:34:12,120
Speaker 1: of on on a paper that tries to make connection

668
00:34:12,160 --> 00:34:15,400
Speaker 1: between quantum particle spin and the kind of the corality

669
00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:18,240
Speaker 1: or the handedness of life molecules. Is there a connection

670
00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:20,880
Speaker 1: danial between these two things. So there is a plausible

671
00:34:20,880 --> 00:34:24,960
Speaker 1: mechanism for connecting the preference of the weak force to

672
00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:31,239
Speaker 1: produce left handed particles and life selecting for this kind

673
00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:35,160
Speaker 1: of chirality. There's a plausible mechanism. It's very very thin,

674
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:37,920
Speaker 1: it's a very very slight preference, and it's not something

675
00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:41,240
Speaker 1: we've proven, but it is possible, and it comes down

676
00:34:41,239 --> 00:34:45,879
Speaker 1: to particles from space. Right. Cosmic rays are these particles

677
00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:48,560
Speaker 1: that hit the Earth at very very high speeds and

678
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,239
Speaker 1: they come from like the centers of other galaxies, or

679
00:34:51,280 --> 00:34:56,960
Speaker 1: they come from our Sun, and they're just normal particles, protons, electrons, positrons.

680
00:34:57,040 --> 00:34:59,520
Speaker 1: Sometimes they hit the top of the atmosphere and they

681
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,840
Speaker 1: create big shower of particles. Because a particle hits the

682
00:35:02,880 --> 00:35:05,279
Speaker 1: atmosphere is sort of like a meteor hitting the atmosphere.

683
00:35:05,520 --> 00:35:08,320
Speaker 1: It heats up and slows down and spreads out its energy,

684
00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:11,000
Speaker 1: so you get a big shower of particles on the surface.

685
00:35:11,239 --> 00:35:13,319
Speaker 1: And this is something very normal. It's something we've been

686
00:35:13,360 --> 00:35:16,200
Speaker 1: experiencing as living beings on the surface of the Earth

687
00:35:16,440 --> 00:35:18,719
Speaker 1: for a very very long time. Cosmic rates hit the

688
00:35:18,719 --> 00:35:22,200
Speaker 1: atmosphere and create essentially radiation on the surface of the

689
00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:26,160
Speaker 1: Earth that interacts with us and interacts with our organic chemistry,

690
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:29,239
Speaker 1: specifically our d n A. Right. We sort of can't

691
00:35:29,239 --> 00:35:32,000
Speaker 1: see it on our on our regular skies, but you

692
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:33,560
Speaker 1: can sort of see it in the northern lights, right.

693
00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:36,000
Speaker 1: That's kind of what the northern lights are. Particles hitting

694
00:35:36,040 --> 00:35:39,040
Speaker 1: the atmosphere. Yeah, Particles hitting the atmosphere and in that

695
00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:42,680
Speaker 1: case getting shunted up to the poles by the magnetic fields.

696
00:35:42,680 --> 00:35:44,640
Speaker 1: One of the reason that we don't have more radiation

697
00:35:44,719 --> 00:35:46,600
Speaker 1: here on the surface of the Earth is our atmosphere.

698
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,279
Speaker 1: The second reason is our magnetic field acts sort of

699
00:35:49,320 --> 00:35:51,760
Speaker 1: like a shield, but some of it does get through

700
00:35:52,080 --> 00:35:54,439
Speaker 1: and gets down to the surface and affects the way

701
00:35:54,520 --> 00:35:59,200
Speaker 1: life operates. You know. A crucial element of evolution is mutation. Right.

702
00:35:59,239 --> 00:36:01,960
Speaker 1: You don't want just to copy the genes of the parents.

703
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,320
Speaker 1: You want to try something new, which requires either making

704
00:36:05,320 --> 00:36:08,279
Speaker 1: a mistake when you're transcribing the DNA from the parent

705
00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:12,840
Speaker 1: to the child, or having a mistake introduced from for example,

706
00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:15,800
Speaker 1: a cosmic ray. A mu on passing through your DNA,

707
00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,680
Speaker 1: for example, could alter the chemistry of it in the

708
00:36:18,719 --> 00:36:21,640
Speaker 1: same way that like radiation can give you cancer by

709
00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:24,560
Speaker 1: changing the fundamental operation of your cells, it can also

710
00:36:24,680 --> 00:36:27,080
Speaker 1: change your d NA. Yeah, and that's kind of an

711
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:31,000
Speaker 1: essential ingredient in life and evolution, right, Like if you

712
00:36:31,120 --> 00:36:34,319
Speaker 1: didn't have mutations, then life would never evolve, It would

713
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:37,279
Speaker 1: never change, like that's how it started. But also like,

714
00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:40,840
Speaker 1: you need mutations just to evolve life because the DNA

715
00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:43,840
Speaker 1: never changed. If it copied perfectly from one generation to

716
00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:46,320
Speaker 1: the other, you would just still have the same organism

717
00:36:46,360 --> 00:36:48,440
Speaker 1: you started with. You would never evolve or come up

718
00:36:48,480 --> 00:36:51,920
Speaker 1: with better versions of the species. Yeah, in order to

719
00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:55,920
Speaker 1: explore the space of all possible organisms effectively, right, you

720
00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:59,560
Speaker 1: need a population that has different abilities, and the best

721
00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:02,000
Speaker 1: way to do that is to introduce random mutation. That's

722
00:37:02,160 --> 00:37:05,440
Speaker 1: essentially what evolution does. So cosmic rays have played an

723
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:08,560
Speaker 1: important part in our evolution. We think it's actually key.

724
00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:10,520
Speaker 1: Like if you could build a perfect shield so we

725
00:37:10,560 --> 00:37:12,719
Speaker 1: had no radiation on the surface of the Earth, then

726
00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:15,160
Speaker 1: the history of life on Earth would be very very different.

727
00:37:15,320 --> 00:37:17,799
Speaker 1: It might not have succeeded. Right, Well, you would still

728
00:37:17,840 --> 00:37:20,880
Speaker 1: have mutations, did you just wouldn't have them from radiation

729
00:37:21,360 --> 00:37:23,960
Speaker 1: coming from space. Right, And we don't really know what

730
00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,960
Speaker 1: would happen in that scenario, right, life would evolve very differently.

731
00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:30,080
Speaker 1: Changes the conditions of life, And so what we do

732
00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:32,160
Speaker 1: know is that the conditions we have here on Earth

733
00:37:32,360 --> 00:37:34,840
Speaker 1: are the ones that gave birth to us, right to

734
00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:37,239
Speaker 1: this kind of life, Right, I guess, I guess if

735
00:37:37,280 --> 00:37:40,040
Speaker 1: we had less of a shielding from radiations from space,

736
00:37:40,239 --> 00:37:43,399
Speaker 1: we would have had more radiation and maybe too many mutations, right,

737
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:46,120
Speaker 1: in which case we wouldn't have evolved either. Yeah, it's

738
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:49,080
Speaker 1: really interesting question is sort of like bio philosophy, like

739
00:37:49,120 --> 00:37:51,560
Speaker 1: what is the best rate of mutation? We just don't

740
00:37:51,560 --> 00:37:54,319
Speaker 1: know the answer to that. People theorize and run experiments.

741
00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:56,080
Speaker 1: But you know, we have a certain level of radiation

742
00:37:56,080 --> 00:37:57,879
Speaker 1: and we think that that's a key part of how

743
00:37:57,960 --> 00:38:00,520
Speaker 1: we evolved to be who we are. Right, So, then

744
00:38:00,560 --> 00:38:02,960
Speaker 1: how does left the right handedness come into it? Well,

745
00:38:02,960 --> 00:38:05,919
Speaker 1: it turns out that these cosmic rays that come from

746
00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:09,200
Speaker 1: space are not equally left or right handed. When we

747
00:38:09,239 --> 00:38:11,759
Speaker 1: talk about the particle spin, is what happens when a

748
00:38:11,840 --> 00:38:14,520
Speaker 1: particle hits the upper atmosphere is it creates the shower

749
00:38:14,560 --> 00:38:18,480
Speaker 1: of particles. Typically, these particles called pions, which don't live

750
00:38:18,560 --> 00:38:21,960
Speaker 1: very long. They tend to decay, and they decay into muans.

751
00:38:22,040 --> 00:38:25,479
Speaker 1: That decay is done by the weak force. The weak

752
00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:27,880
Speaker 1: forces the thing that breaks up the pions, It turns

753
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:30,600
Speaker 1: it into a muon and also for example, a new trino,

754
00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:33,520
Speaker 1: and because the weak forces in charge of that moment,

755
00:38:33,760 --> 00:38:36,120
Speaker 1: it only makes left handed muans because that's all it

756
00:38:36,160 --> 00:38:37,600
Speaker 1: knows how to do. It doesn't know how to make

757
00:38:37,680 --> 00:38:40,680
Speaker 1: right handed muans. It ignores right handed muans. It pretends

758
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:44,560
Speaker 1: they don't even exist. So, coming from space, were overwhelmed

759
00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:48,200
Speaker 1: with left handed muans, which means that the cosmic rays,

760
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:50,719
Speaker 1: all of a sudden, are not symmetric. Right, so the

761
00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:54,080
Speaker 1: environment we've involved in is not symmetric because of the

762
00:38:54,120 --> 00:38:57,960
Speaker 1: weak force, and those left handed muans tend to interact

763
00:38:58,080 --> 00:39:02,360
Speaker 1: with our d NA slightly differently than right handed muans would,

764
00:39:02,520 --> 00:39:04,440
Speaker 1: meaning that most of the meals that come down on

765
00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:08,400
Speaker 1: Earth are left handed, not right handed exactly. Those muons

766
00:39:08,440 --> 00:39:11,160
Speaker 1: are left handed, and that creates a slight preference for

767
00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:14,840
Speaker 1: left handed amino acids. We think that left handed muons

768
00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:20,240
Speaker 1: have a slightly higher probability of ionizing left handed amino

769
00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:24,440
Speaker 1: acids than right handed amino acids. Wait, what, why why

770
00:39:24,480 --> 00:39:27,480
Speaker 1: is it that left handed muons interact mostly with left

771
00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:30,520
Speaker 1: handed amino acids. It's very subtle effect, but it's again

772
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:32,920
Speaker 1: because of the weak force. The weak force has this

773
00:39:33,040 --> 00:39:36,920
Speaker 1: asymmetry and has very small effects on the chemistry of life.

774
00:39:37,239 --> 00:39:40,920
Speaker 1: It can, for example, change the electric and magnetic dipole

775
00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:44,960
Speaker 1: moments of some of these atoms inside these molecules, so

776
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:47,840
Speaker 1: their shape is like slightly different if they're left handed

777
00:39:47,920 --> 00:39:50,040
Speaker 1: or right handed, which means that the muons passing through

778
00:39:50,040 --> 00:39:52,960
Speaker 1: them are like more or less likely to interact with

779
00:39:53,040 --> 00:39:56,000
Speaker 1: them because they spend like more or less time within

780
00:39:56,080 --> 00:39:59,520
Speaker 1: that electric or magnetic atomic fields. It's a very subtle

781
00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:02,360
Speaker 1: calculat Wait, are you saying that the left handed muons

782
00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:05,279
Speaker 1: showering the Earth, coming down on earth thrower atmosphere are

783
00:40:05,360 --> 00:40:10,280
Speaker 1: more likely to interact with a certain type of atom

784
00:40:10,640 --> 00:40:13,000
Speaker 1: or a certain type of electron that you can only

785
00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:16,279
Speaker 1: see on the left handed molecules. Yeah, that's right. Left

786
00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:20,160
Speaker 1: handed muans will interact with right handed or left handed

787
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:23,279
Speaker 1: amino acids, but they are more likely to interact with

788
00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:25,960
Speaker 1: left handed amino acids than right handed just by a

789
00:40:25,960 --> 00:40:29,080
Speaker 1: little bit. It's not like a complete preference. Why because there,

790
00:40:29,280 --> 00:40:31,400
Speaker 1: like a left handed amino acid is different than the

791
00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:33,759
Speaker 1: right hand aminu acid, not because of any spin, it's

792
00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:37,120
Speaker 1: just how the particles atoms are arranged. So why would

793
00:40:37,120 --> 00:40:40,120
Speaker 1: the left handed muan, which is a tiny tiny particle

794
00:40:40,640 --> 00:40:43,719
Speaker 1: care about the giant structure of a molecule, because when

795
00:40:43,719 --> 00:40:47,040
Speaker 1: the muon is interacting with that atom, it's interacting not

796
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:50,200
Speaker 1: just with the electromagnetic force, but also with the weak force,

797
00:40:50,239 --> 00:40:52,799
Speaker 1: because the mulan feels the weak force. And so there

798
00:40:52,920 --> 00:40:55,600
Speaker 1: is a difference between the left and right handed amino

799
00:40:55,640 --> 00:40:59,280
Speaker 1: acids because of the weak force affects the electric dipole

800
00:40:59,320 --> 00:41:02,960
Speaker 1: moment in the mag netic dipole moments of these atoms,

801
00:41:03,040 --> 00:41:05,440
Speaker 1: and so that affects how the left or right handed

802
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:07,960
Speaker 1: particles will interact with them. Are you saying that like

803
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:11,360
Speaker 1: a left handed amino acid is made up of different

804
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:14,399
Speaker 1: atoms or different atoms with different spins than the right

805
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:17,239
Speaker 1: handed amino acid. No, it's the same atoms, right, it's

806
00:41:17,280 --> 00:41:20,440
Speaker 1: just flipped to be left handed, and so the arrangement

807
00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:23,840
Speaker 1: is slightly different, and that gives a different pattern of

808
00:41:23,880 --> 00:41:27,319
Speaker 1: the electromagnetic fields. And this is a very small effect, right,

809
00:41:27,360 --> 00:41:30,120
Speaker 1: This is really a tiny effect. It's like second order.

810
00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:33,640
Speaker 1: This effect is like three parts in twenty thousand. Right,

811
00:41:33,760 --> 00:41:36,160
Speaker 1: most of the time these things will be treated exactly

812
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:39,240
Speaker 1: the same, because most of the time is the electromagnetic

813
00:41:39,280 --> 00:41:42,080
Speaker 1: interaction that dominates, which is symmetric, but the weak force

814
00:41:42,280 --> 00:41:44,960
Speaker 1: sometimes it is a thing that mediates at interaction, and

815
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:47,480
Speaker 1: so it tends to prefer the left handed version of

816
00:41:47,520 --> 00:41:50,440
Speaker 1: these amino acids. But again just a tiny fraction of

817
00:41:50,480 --> 00:41:53,040
Speaker 1: the time. Oh, it seems to be like a totally

818
00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:55,799
Speaker 1: different effect, like a left handed muon. It could have

819
00:41:55,800 --> 00:41:58,440
Speaker 1: been that the left handed muon prefers to interact with

820
00:41:58,440 --> 00:42:02,759
Speaker 1: the right handed molecule. Right, It's just that it just

821
00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:05,200
Speaker 1: so happens that the molecules that left handed meals like

822
00:42:05,239 --> 00:42:08,399
Speaker 1: to interact with a little bit more are the ones

823
00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:11,319
Speaker 1: we call the left handed amino acids. Yeah, that's right.

824
00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:14,000
Speaker 1: Or in this paper they call them the live choice.

825
00:42:14,719 --> 00:42:17,719
Speaker 1: And the paper they go through this very complicated calculation

826
00:42:18,080 --> 00:42:20,000
Speaker 1: and they come out with this prediction. They say, we

827
00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:22,319
Speaker 1: predict that there is a difference and it has to

828
00:42:22,360 --> 00:42:25,719
Speaker 1: do with the time the particle spends traversing the electromagnetic

829
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:28,360
Speaker 1: field and how the weak force interacts with it, and

830
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:32,080
Speaker 1: so they predict this very slight effect. Again, really really

831
00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:35,799
Speaker 1: tiny effect. But the idea is that maybe over millions

832
00:42:35,880 --> 00:42:40,520
Speaker 1: and billions of years, these cosmic rays introduced more ionization

833
00:42:40,560 --> 00:42:44,279
Speaker 1: effects in our kind of chirality and not in the

834
00:42:44,320 --> 00:42:48,160
Speaker 1: evil the alternative kind of bio chirality which give us

835
00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:51,680
Speaker 1: a boost, which let us explore these things faster, create

836
00:42:51,719 --> 00:42:54,880
Speaker 1: more mutations and sort of like adapt more rapidly to

837
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:59,120
Speaker 1: changing conditions, And that maybe over billions of years, lad

838
00:42:59,160 --> 00:43:02,480
Speaker 1: life to have this chirality instead of the opposite hiality

839
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:06,000
Speaker 1: because we get more mutations from left handed cosmic rays.

840
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:08,919
Speaker 1: I see. I think it's all making sense now because

841
00:43:08,920 --> 00:43:11,839
Speaker 1: there are many different kinds of amino acids right like,

842
00:43:11,880 --> 00:43:13,879
Speaker 1: I think maybe what this writer is saying is that

843
00:43:13,880 --> 00:43:17,279
Speaker 1: there's lots of different kinds of amino acids, but the

844
00:43:17,280 --> 00:43:19,839
Speaker 1: ones that are used by life right now, he wants

845
00:43:19,880 --> 00:43:23,120
Speaker 1: to call those like A and the one. The versions

846
00:43:23,160 --> 00:43:25,920
Speaker 1: that are not used by us, he wants to call

847
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:29,200
Speaker 1: those B and so he wants he's trying to say,

848
00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:32,719
Speaker 1: or she's trying to say that left handed muons, can

849
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:36,640
Speaker 1: you can prove that maybe that left handed muans somehow

850
00:43:36,719 --> 00:43:39,520
Speaker 1: like to interact more with a kinds of amino acids

851
00:43:39,520 --> 00:43:42,319
Speaker 1: than be kind of amino acids. They're saying that he's

852
00:43:42,320 --> 00:43:45,239
Speaker 1: saying left and right for the muons and left and

853
00:43:45,320 --> 00:43:47,920
Speaker 1: right for the molecules is confusing. Let's just call them

854
00:43:48,120 --> 00:43:50,680
Speaker 1: molecules A or B, A being the ones that life

855
00:43:50,680 --> 00:43:53,480
Speaker 1: prefers seems to have preferred here on Earth. And then

856
00:43:53,520 --> 00:43:55,480
Speaker 1: let's take the left and right hand for the Muans,

857
00:43:55,520 --> 00:43:58,000
Speaker 1: where in the article they call A live and be evil.

858
00:43:58,120 --> 00:44:00,200
Speaker 1: But yeah, we can go with A versus B. Yeah,

859
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:01,960
Speaker 1: it sounds a little more benign. I mean, if we

860
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:04,680
Speaker 1: do meet like humans from another place and they have

861
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:08,680
Speaker 1: the other handedness of their biochyrality, you're not gonna let

862
00:44:08,680 --> 00:44:11,279
Speaker 1: me call them evil humans? No, because how do you

863
00:44:11,320 --> 00:44:14,240
Speaker 1: know you're not the evil one? Maybe left handed humans

864
00:44:14,239 --> 00:44:17,480
Speaker 1: are better than right hand humans. I think I've just

865
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:19,880
Speaker 1: realized we are the badis, aren't we? That's right? The

866
00:44:19,960 --> 00:44:25,239
Speaker 1: enemy is us. We've met the enemy and it is us, Yes, exactly.

867
00:44:25,640 --> 00:44:28,400
Speaker 1: So that's the idea. And nobody knows if this effect

868
00:44:28,520 --> 00:44:31,160
Speaker 1: is big enough to actually have an impact on life

869
00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:33,759
Speaker 1: at all. There's a lot of dot dot dots here.

870
00:44:34,040 --> 00:44:37,240
Speaker 1: It's like almost the same as pasteurs saying like maybe

871
00:44:37,280 --> 00:44:40,840
Speaker 1: somehow the universe prefers one kind of chirality. This is

872
00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:43,560
Speaker 1: the way that the universe does seem to prefer one

873
00:44:43,640 --> 00:44:46,319
Speaker 1: side of a symmetric pair, and you can draw some

874
00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:49,080
Speaker 1: dots between that and how it might have influenced life.

875
00:44:49,360 --> 00:44:52,319
Speaker 1: It's not conclusive to say that this is definitely why

876
00:44:52,760 --> 00:44:55,960
Speaker 1: life has this reality, but maybe the the idea here

877
00:44:56,080 --> 00:44:58,840
Speaker 1: is that the kinds of I mean, assets that flourished

878
00:44:58,840 --> 00:45:02,600
Speaker 1: here on Earth flourished because they're more likely to be

879
00:45:02,640 --> 00:45:05,600
Speaker 1: affected by left handed new muans, which is what the

880
00:45:05,680 --> 00:45:07,919
Speaker 1: universe prefers to make. And so it's in a way,

881
00:45:07,960 --> 00:45:10,439
Speaker 1: the universe kind of preferred to make the a kind

882
00:45:10,480 --> 00:45:13,200
Speaker 1: of amino acid or the one the kind that lead

883
00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:15,920
Speaker 1: to us, at least here on Earth. You know, in

884
00:45:15,960 --> 00:45:18,880
Speaker 1: our Solar system, Earth is the only planet that has

885
00:45:18,920 --> 00:45:22,000
Speaker 1: an atmosphere, which creates these muon showers that come all

886
00:45:22,040 --> 00:45:24,839
Speaker 1: the way down to the Earth's surface. Muans don't last

887
00:45:24,920 --> 00:45:28,000
Speaker 1: very long. They last form micro seconds, but because they're

888
00:45:28,040 --> 00:45:31,040
Speaker 1: going so fast, they actually do penetrate down to the

889
00:45:31,080 --> 00:45:34,640
Speaker 1: Earth because their clocks are time dilated due to special relativity,

890
00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:37,120
Speaker 1: so they tend to die off right around the Earth's surface.

891
00:45:37,520 --> 00:45:40,080
Speaker 1: If the Earth's atmosphere was thicker, for example, they would

892
00:45:40,160 --> 00:45:41,879
Speaker 1: make it all the way down to the ground. Right,

893
00:45:41,880 --> 00:45:44,160
Speaker 1: But that's just our solar system. This preference for left

894
00:45:44,160 --> 00:45:48,480
Speaker 1: handed muons is universal, right, It's a basically a lot

895
00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:51,200
Speaker 1: of the universe. And so if there are other planets

896
00:45:51,280 --> 00:45:54,799
Speaker 1: like ours with an atmosphere, and if maybe the very

897
00:45:54,840 --> 00:45:57,719
Speaker 1: existence of life depends on having that kind of atmosphere

898
00:45:58,280 --> 00:46:02,120
Speaker 1: in that planet, the condition may also prefer the A

899
00:46:02,360 --> 00:46:04,720
Speaker 1: kind of amino acid that we're made out of, because

900
00:46:05,160 --> 00:46:08,640
Speaker 1: the universe is prefers left handed muance and so over there,

901
00:46:08,719 --> 00:46:12,920
Speaker 1: also the universe will prefer the A kind of amino acid. Yeah,

902
00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:15,759
Speaker 1: that's the hypothesis right, not yet proven, but that's the

903
00:46:15,840 --> 00:46:18,600
Speaker 1: idea that maybe this is the reason that we have

904
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:21,320
Speaker 1: the A kind of amino acid and not the B kind.

905
00:46:21,920 --> 00:46:25,399
Speaker 1: So you're saying we're less likely to meet evil twin

906
00:46:25,520 --> 00:46:28,479
Speaker 1: versions of us out there, were more likely to meet

907
00:46:28,560 --> 00:46:31,280
Speaker 1: people who are just like us. Yeah, maybe particle spin

908
00:46:31,440 --> 00:46:34,879
Speaker 1: will make for happy reunions with aliens. Yes, with non

909
00:46:34,920 --> 00:46:37,319
Speaker 1: awkward hand shaps. Maybe we should just fist bump the

910
00:46:37,320 --> 00:46:39,560
Speaker 1: aliens when they get here, just in case. Yeah, that

911
00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:42,279
Speaker 1: always works. I'm up for that that way, Well, you

912
00:46:42,280 --> 00:46:44,120
Speaker 1: don't have to have that awkward question when you meet

913
00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:47,360
Speaker 1: an alien. Hey are you right handed or left handed? Uh?

914
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:50,120
Speaker 1: Fist bump? All right. Well, that's an interesting idea that

915
00:46:50,360 --> 00:46:53,719
Speaker 1: maybe the universe does have a preference for the kind

916
00:46:53,760 --> 00:46:56,600
Speaker 1: of life that we're made out of, and that we

917
00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:58,799
Speaker 1: were maybe destined to be the way we are right now,

918
00:46:58,880 --> 00:47:02,240
Speaker 1: and maybe Particles six is actually relevant to our life

919
00:47:02,280 --> 00:47:05,440
Speaker 1: and your life and all life in the universe. We

920
00:47:05,480 --> 00:47:07,680
Speaker 1: hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, see you

921
00:47:07,680 --> 00:47:17,920
Speaker 1: next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and

922
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:21,320
Speaker 1: Jorge explained. The Universe is a production of I Heart Radio.

923
00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:24,319
Speaker 1: For more podcast for my heart Radio, visit the i

924
00:47:24,480 --> 00:47:28,160
Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to

925
00:47:28,239 --> 00:47:30,960
Speaker 1: your favorite shows. Ye